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TAXON:Senna Septemtrionalis (Viv.) HS Irwin TAXON: Senna septemtrionalis SCORE: 17.0 RATING: High Risk (Viv.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby Taxon: Senna septemtrionalis (Viv.) H. S. Irwin & Family: Fabaceae Barneby Common Name(s): arsenic bush Synonym(s): Cassia elegans Kunth kolomona Cassia laevigata Willd. smooth senna Cassia septemtrionalis Viv. Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 20 Jun 2017 WRA Score: 17.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Tropical Shrub/Tree, Widely Naturalized, Environmental Weed, Light-Demanding, Seedbank Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 y 405 Toxic to animals 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n Creation Date: 21 Jun 2017 (Senna septemtrionalis Page 1 of 15 (Viv.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby) TAXON: Senna septemtrionalis SCORE: 17.0 RATING: High Risk (Viv.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 n Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 2 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 y growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 y 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 706 Propagules bird dispersed 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 y 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 y=1, n=-1 y yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 y=-1, n=1 n biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 21 Jun 2017 (Senna septemtrionalis Page 2 of 15 (Viv.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby) TAXON: Senna septemtrionalis SCORE: 17.0 RATING: High Risk (Viv.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of [No evidence of domestication] "Native to Mexico, widely cultivated the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University for ornament and medicinal use and widely naturalized" of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2017. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2017. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "Native: USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Northern America 2017. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Southern Mexico: Mexico - Chiapas, - Jalisco, - Michoacan, - Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Oaxaca, - Veracruz [Accessed 20 Jun 2017] Southern America Central America: Costa Rica; Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua" 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. 2017. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. [Accessed 20 Jun 2017] 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y Source(s) Notes [Elevation range exceeds 1000 m, demonstrating environmental Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of versatility] in Hawai'i cultivated and naturalized primarily at low the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University elevations in dry, disturbed areas, but occasionally at higher of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. elevations in pastures and even margins of wet forest, 150-1,160 m" Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Creation Date: 21 Jun 2017 (Senna septemtrionalis Page 3 of 15 (Viv.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby) TAXON: Senna septemtrionalis SCORE: 17.0 RATING: High Risk (Viv.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby Qsn # Question Answer Source(s) Notes "Native: USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Northern America 2017. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Southern Mexico: Mexico - Chiapas, - Jalisco, - Michoacan, - Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Oaxaca, - Veracruz [Accessed 20 Jun 2017] Southern America Central America: Costa Rica; Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua" Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes Wu, Z. Y., P. H. Raven & D. Y. Hong, eds. 2010. Flora of "Cultivated in Guangdong, Guangxi [native to tropical America; China. Vol. 10 (Fabaceae). Science Press, Beijing, and widely cultivated in the tropics]." Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of "Native to Mexico, widely cultivated for ornament and medicinal use the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University and widely naturalized" of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes "Native to Mexico, widely cultivated for ornament and medicinal use and widely naturalized; in Hawai'i cultivated and naturalized Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of primarily at low elevations in dry, disturbed areas, but occasionally the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University at higher elevations in pastures and even margins of wet forest, 150- of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 1,160 m, on Kaua'i, O'ahu, Moloka'i, and Maui. Escaped from cultivation as early as 1871 (Hillebrand, 1888)." 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed Source(s) Notes [Disturbance adapted environmental weed] "In the region, this BioNET-EAFRINE. 2011. Senna septemtrionalis (Smooth species is naturalised at low elevations in dry, disturbed areas, but Senna). occasionally at higher elevations in pastures and even margins of http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/ wet forest. It is a common garden escape in Nairobi area. It has been weeds/Media/Html/Senna_septemtrionalis_ recorded in Kenya in northern Kenya, Rift Valley, Nairobi, Western (Smooth_Senna).htm. [Accessed 20 Jun 2017] and Nyanza, Masai and Coast floral regions." 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed Source(s) Notes BioNET-EAFRINE. 2011. Senna septemtrionalis (Smooth Senna). [Invades plantations] "Senna septemtrionalis is a common garden http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/ ornamental plant that also invades; forest margins, savanna, weeds/Media/Html/Senna_septemtrionalis_ riverbanks, roadsides, waste ground and plantations." (Smooth_Senna).htm. [Accessed 20 Jun 2017] 304 Environmental weed y Creation Date: 21 Jun 2017 (Senna septemtrionalis Page 4 of 15 (Viv.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby) TAXON: Senna septemtrionalis SCORE: 17.0 RATING: High Risk (Viv.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby Qsn # Question Answer Source(s) Notes Schmidt, E., Lötter, M. & McCleland, W. 2002. Trees and "Noxious weed native to America, but now naturalised and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park. Jacana spreading widely along the escarpment and areas with high rainfall." Media, Johannesburg, South Africa "S. septemtrionalis is a leafy shrub or small tree which abundantly produces seeds that are easily dispersed by humans (machinery and vehicles), birds and animals, and by water (West, 2003). Once established in new areas, this species matures quickly, negatively impacting native flora. The species is listed in the Global Compendium of Weeds as an ͞agricultural weed, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalized, weed͟with records of occurrences in North and Central America, South America, Asia, Asia-Pacific, Africa, Australia, and Europe (Randall, 2012; DAISIE, 2014; USDA-ARS, 2014). It is considered invasive in Fiji, Australia, Ecuador, Hawaii, New Zealand, and a weed in South Africa and the United States (see Distribution Table; Randall, 2012; PIER, 2014). The species was given an Australian rating of 4, indicating it is ͞naturalised and known to be a major problem at 3 or fewer locations within a State or Territory͟(Groves et al., 2003); according CABI, 2017.
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