First Atlas of Maps for Invasive Alien Species Within the Kruger National Park As in 2001

FIRST ATLAS OF MAPS FOR INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES WITHIN THE KRUGER NATIONAL PARK AS IN 2001

No 01/02 2002

This report has been compiled by:

B.W. Martin & L.C. Foxcroft Alien Biota Section January 2002

Issued by the Scientific Services Section Kruger National Park Private Bag X 402 Skukuza 1350

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We wish to thank the following persons for their assistance in the development and compilation of this report:

The Kruger Park Marathon Club for donation of funds towards the purchasing of hardware and software to start the development of a GIS based database. The Working for Water programme for the sponsorship of a GIS technician post to work with the Alien Biota Section to further develop the GIS applications. The KNP GIS lab for providing data for use in the production of maps and other data. KNP personnel for recording plant distributions throughout the KNP. Dr Harry Biggs for kindly reviewing the manuscript and providing valuable advice.

CONTENTS

HEADING PAGE

1. ..Introduction ………………………………………………………………. 4

2. Overall objectives ………………………………………………………….. 5

3. Description of area ………………………………………………..………. . 7

4. Data capture ……………………………………………………………… 7

5. Species distribution data …………………………………………………… 7

5.1 Invasive alien plant species ………………………………………………... 8

5.1.1 Distribution of species throughout the KNP ………………………….. . 8

5.1.2 Distribution of species in residential areas and restcamps …………….. 35

5.2 Invasive alien bird species …………………………………………………. 35

5.3 Invasive alien fish species …………………………………………………. 35

6. Summary and recommendations …………………………………………… 40

7. References ………………………………………………………………….. 41

8. Appendices …………………………………………………………………. 42

Appendix 1: Record form for sightings of invasive alien species Appendix 2: Determination of densities of alien plants Appendix 3: List of alien plant species found in restcamps and residential areas Appendix 4: List of plant species referred to in the report and status thereof

1. INTRODUCTION Invasive alien species have been present within the Kruger National Park (KNP) for over a century, however up until only a few decades ago were neglected in wildlife management systems (Foxcroft as in McNeely, 2000; Foxcroft and Richardson, in prep). Currently, approximately 360 alien plant species, 1 alien bird species and 3 alien fish species have been recorded in the KNP (Figure 1: Graph of increase of alien plants in the KNP).

The aim of this document is to provide a point in time “snapshot” of the distribution of invasive alien species within the KNP for further reference use. The report makes use of historical data as well as data obtained from the KNP Working for Water clearing operations and other collections. One shortcoming however is the lack of information available regarding infestations in the terrestrial zones as most of the information currently available relates to infestations in the riparian zones. The mapping of the Opuntia stricta infestations is currently underway, however little is known regarding the establishment of other species in the terrestrial zones. This will need to be addressed in the near future and methods will need to be determined for the mapping thereof.

Knowledge and understanding of the extent of the problem, of the management initiatives in place and of progress achieved, are essential to success in control programmes. For this reason, knowledge of the distribution and density of invasive species is paramount in determining priorities in clearing operations and to provide a baseline against which to measure success. Willing support is needed to gain momentum and continue extensive surveys and data collection over wider areas to provide a more complete picture of the invasion in the KNP.

Figure 1: Increase in alien plant species in KNP over time

400

350

300

250 Alien Biota Section records

200 MacDonald & Gertenbach

150 Number of species of Number

100 Van Der Schjiff

50 Obermeijer Codd

36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 Years

Fig. 1. From Foxcroft and Richardson, (In prep).

2. OVERALL OBJECTIVES The primary goal of this report is to provide an indication of the extent of infestations of invasive alien plants within the boundaries of the KNP. Specific objectives provided for in this report are: This report will for the first time in the KNP provide a snapshot of the Invasive species situation in the KNP, which will be available to researchers, rangers, guides, planners and decision makers. Use in determining baseline costs of control options, as these can be determined from extent and density of weed infestations.

Figure 2: Map of the KNP

3. DESCRIPTION OF AREA The KNP covers an area of approximately 2 million hectares and is the flagship National Park of South Africa. Seven major rivers flow through the park from the higher lying escarpment areas in the west and include the Crocodile, Sabie, Olifants, Letaba, Shingwedzi, Levuvhu and Limpopo Rivers (refer Figure 2). All of these rivers have their source outside the park and are therefore major vectors of propagule dispersal, from the densely infested areas outside the boundaries of the park. It is speculated that dispersal also takes place up catchments and with possible high levels of infestations in Mozambique and Zimbabwe the external threats create a complete island effect around the KNP, increasing possibilities of infestations from all sides.

Annual rainfall decreases as one moves from south to north with the entire park receiving an average rainfall of 530mm, with two high areas of rainfall being Punda Maria (600mm/year) and Pretoriuskop (743mm/year) (Gertenbach, 1983). This is under the international average and would be classified as arid to semi-arid. However, the riparian zones provide a haven for the establishment of alien vegetation and are susceptible to invasion by plants such as Lantana camara, Ricinus communis, Chromolaena odorata and numerous others. Aquatic weeds such as Pistia stratiotes, Azolla filiculoides and Eichhornia crassipes also find suitable habitats in the dams and river pools.

4. DATA CAPTURE Data was captured using the Geographical Information System (GIS) Arcview 3.2 software. The KNP Alien Biota Section maintains this database and queries can be directed to [email protected]. In most cases, point features were recorded (i.e. single GPS points) with no measure of density. This data provides only an indication of distribution. Other data, collected from the Working for Water project and other sources include alien plant density, either per area or per contract. Appendix 2 includes the systems used to estimate plant density.

5. SPECIES DISTRIBUTION DATA The following section includes maps and tables related to the distribution and abundance of invasive alien species within and adjacent to the KNP. It should however be noted that the absence of a particular species on a figure does not necessarily signify absence of the species from that area. The data presented is according to records at this stage, which may be particularly weak from a number of areas or the species may have recently invaded the area and therefore has not been recorded on the system. 8

5.1 Invasive alien plant species

The invasion of natural plant communities by alien plants is non-cyclical and permanent (Lotter, 1996) and the permanent loss of ecological diversity frequently leads to reduced stability and resilience within ecosystems. The establishment of more than 200 alien plant species in the KNP in the space of about four decades is at a rate which is alarming (Lotter, 1996). According to Versfeld, Le Maitre and Chapman (1998), Mpumalanga is one of the most heavily invaded provinces with approximately 16% being infested to some extent, the equivalent of 185 000ha being completely covered. The Olifants, Crocodile, Sabie and Sand rivers are heavily invaded by a wide range of species.

5.1.1 Distribution of species throughout the KNP

The following section provides distribution maps of the internal and external threats to the KNP, Working for Water distribution and abundance data and maps of 23 invasive alien species (IAS) recorded in the KNP. These species represent the greatest threat to the biodiversity of the KNP.

In Figure 3 areas were evaluated for number of species present and densities of all the species in that area. For each (density and species) an approximate score was allocated and then combined to provide the threat index for that region or the river (refer Table 1).

Table 1: Indices used for calculation of threat index

Density No. of species Density Classes Index Spp. Classes Index 1 – 2 1 1 – 5 1 3 – 4 2 6 – 10 2 5 – 7 3 11 – 16 3 8 – 11 4 17 – 25 4 12 – 15 5 26 – 35 5 16 – 20 6 36 – 48 6 21 – 25 7 49 – 64 7 26 – 30 8 65 - 80 8

In Figure 5 a similar method was used to determine the threat index, however due to very little information being available from these areas, assumptions were made based on personal experience of the authors regarding the infestations in these areas. 9

Below is a description of the additional information on the distribution maps: a) First recorded in KNP: This is the first documented record of this species in the KNP. b) Status in KNP: This is classified according to the threat posed by this species as well as historical spread of the species. Two categories (as described by Richardson et al, 2000) are mentioned in this report: Invasive: Naturalised plants that produce reproductive offspring, often in very large numbers, at considerable distance from parent plants, and thus have the potential to spread over a considerable area. Transformer: A subset of invasive plants which change the character, condition, form or nature of ecosystems over a substantial area relative to the extent of that ecosystem. c) Legal Status: This is classified according to the amendments to the regulations of the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act, 1983 (Act no. 43 of 1983). Declared weed (Category 1): Prohibited on any land or water surface in South Africa. Must be controlled or eradicated if possible (except biological reserves). Declared invader (Category 2): Allowed only in demarcated areas under controlled conditions. Import and trading by permit only. To be controlled outside demarcated areas. Prohibited within 30m of 1:50 year floodline of watercourses or wetlands. Declared invader (Category 3): No further plantings allowed. No trade permitted. Existing plants to be prevented from spreading. Prohibited within 30m of 1:50 year floodline of watercourses or wetlands.

Figure 3: Overall distribution and abundance of Alien Invasive Species represented by the potential threat to the integrity of the KNP (From Foxcroft & Richardson, In prep).

Figure 4: Alien plant densities as recorded by Working for Water from 1997 to 2001

Figure 5: Threats of invasions from outside the KNP as presumed by the authors

Figure 6: Distribution of Argemone spp. (Mexican poppy) within the KNP

First recorded in KNP: A. mexicana = 1949 A. ochroleuca = 1952

Status in KNP: Invasive

Legal Status: Declared weed Category 1 14

Figure 7: Distribution of Azolla filiculoides (Water fern) within the KNP

First recorded in KNP: 1994

Status in KNP: Invasive

Legal Status: Declared weed Category 1

Biocontrol: Effective agent released 15

Figure 8: Distribution of Cardiospermum spp. (Balloon vine) within the KNP

First record in KNP: C. grandiflorum = 1995 C. halicacabum = 1953

Status in KNP: Invasive

Legal Status: (C. grandiflorum) Declared weed Category 1 16

Figure 9: Distribution of Catharanthus roseus (Graveyard flower) within the KNP

First record in KNP: 1951

Status in KNP: Invasive

Legal Status: None 17

Figure 10: Distribution of Chromolaena odorata (Triffid weed) within the KNP

First recorded in KNP: 1997

Status in KNP: Invasive

Legal Status: Declared weed Category 1

Figure 11: Distribution of Datura spp. (Thorn apples) within the KNP

First recorded in KNP: D. ferox = 1993 D. innoxia = 1991 D. stramonium = 1953

Status in KNP: Invasive

Legal Status: Declared weed Category 1 19

Figure 12: Distribution of Eichhornia crassipes (Water hyacinth) within the KNP

First recorded in KNP: 1977

Status in KNP: Invasive

Legal Status: Declared weed Category 1

Biocontrol: Effective agents released 20

Figure 13: Distribution of Lantana camara (Lantana) within the KNP

First recorded in KNP: 1940

Status in KNP: Transformer

Legal Status: Declared weed Category 1

Biocontrol: Two agents released 21

Figure 14: Distribution of Melia azederach (Syringa) within the KNP

First recorded in KNP: 1948

Status in KNP: Invasive

Legal Status: Declared invader Category 1 22

Figure 15: Distribution of Nicotiana glauca (Wild tobacco) within the KNP

First recorded in KNP: 1958

Status in KNP: Invasive

Legal Status: Declared weed Category 1 23

Figure 16: Distribution of Opuntia stricta (Sour prickly pear) within the KNP

First recorded in KNP: 1953

Status in KNP: Transformer

Legal Status: Declared weed Category 1

Biocontrol: Effective agents released 24

Figure 17: Distribution of Pistia stratiotes (Water lettuce) within the KNP

First recorded in KNP: 1977

Status in KNP: Invasive

Legal Status: Declared weed Category 1

Biocontrol: Effective agent released 25

Figure 18: Distribution of Psidium guajava (Guava) within the KNP

First recorded in KNP: 1949

Status in KNP: Invasive

Legal Status: Declared invader Category 2

Figure 19: Distribution of Ricinus communis (Castor oil) within the KNP

First recorded in KNP: 1953

Status in KNP: Invasive

Legal Status: Declared invader Category 2 27

Figure 20: Distribution of Salvinia molesta (Kariba weed) within the KNP

First recorded in KNP: 1975

Status in KNP: Invasive

Legal Status: Declared weed Category 1

Biocontrol: Effective agent released 28

Figure 21: Distribution of Senna didymobotrya (Peanut butter cassia) within the KNP

First recorded in KNP: 1961

Status in KNP: Invasive

Legal Status: Declared invader Category 3 29

Figure 22: Distribution of Senna spp. (Other senna’s) within the KNP

First recorded in KNP: S. bicapsularis = 1992 S. occidentalis = 1952 S. pendula = 1995 S. septemtrionalis = 1993

Status in KNP: Invasive

Legal Status: (S. bicapsularis) (S. pendula) Declared invader Category 3

Figure 23: Distribution of Sesbania punicea (Red sesbania) within the KNP

First recorded in KNP: 1984

Status in KNP: Invasive

Legal Status: Declared weed Category 1

Biocontrol: Effective agents released 31

Figure 24: Distribution of Solanum mauritianum (Bugweed) within the KNP

First recorded in KNP: 1954

Status in KNP: Invasive

Legal Status: Declared weed Category 1 32

Figure 25: Distribution of Solanum seaforthianum (Potato creeper) within the KNP

First recorded in KNP: 1991

Status in KNP: Invasive

Legal Status: Declared weed Category 1 33

Figure 26: Distribution of Tithonia diversifolia (Mexican sunflower) within the KNP

First recorded in KNP: 1953

Status in KNP: Invasive

Legal Status: Declared weed Category 1 34

Figure 27: Distribution of Xanthium strumarium (Cocklebur) within the KNP

First recorded in KNP: 1953

Status in KNP: Invasive

Legal Status: Declared weed Category 1 35

5.1.2 Distribution of species in residential areas and restcamps

The residential areas and restcamps within the KNP represent the greatest internal threat of alien plant invasions as they house the highest diversity of invasive alien species and declared weeds (approximately 240 species). Due to restcamps being located mainly along watercourses the threat to the riverine ecosystems within the park is extremely high. Many species have already escaped from the Skukuza staff village and many of the other more established restcamps. Appendix 3 provides an indication of the alien plant species, as well as their abundance per residential area or restcamp.

5.2 Invasive alien bird species

Two sightings of Acridotheres tristis (Indian mynas) have been recorded in the KNP. Both occurred during October 2000 and both sightings were of a single pair. A. tristis is indigenous to the Indian subcontinent and have been exported to many parts of the world. They compete aggressively with many indigenous species for nesting and feeding sites and greatly affect the biodiversity of an area. Figure 28 provides a graphical representation of the distribution of A. tristis within the KNP as well as existing populations outside the park that may threaten to invade.

One species of sparrow, namely Passer domesticus (House sparrow) was introduced to Southern Africa, via Durban and East London, from Europe. P. domesticus is now widespread throughout the subcontinent, particularly in cities, towns and settlements. In the KNP the P. domesticus is found in most restcamps, bushveld camps and larger picnic spots. Figure 29 provides a graphical representation of the distribution of P. domesticus in the KNP. P. domesticus are reported to be sedentary and therefore do not roam far from their nesting sites. Thus these birds are only likely to compete with birds in the built up areas for nesting sites (Orkney Biodiversity Records Centre, 2001).

5.3 Invasive alien fish species

Three invasive fish species have been recorded in the KNP and are included in Table 2. Figure 30 provides an indication of the sites where the species indicated in Table 2 where recorded.

Table 2: Invasive alien fish species recorded in the KNP.

Species Common Date Location name recorded Cyprinus carpio Carp 1978 Olifants River Hypophthalmichthys Silver Carp 1996 Olifants River molitrix 2001 Crocodile River Oreochromis niloticus Nile tilapia Nov 1996 Manzeba Pan Oct 1999 Levuvhu River – Mangala Oct 1999 Levuvhu River – Bobomene Oct 1999 Levuvhu River – Crooke’s corner

Cyprinus carpio could have been introduced into South Africa as early as the 1700’s and is considered a valuable aquaculture and angling species. C. carpio is a hardy species and is tolerant of a wide variety of conditions, but generally favours large water bodies with slow-flowing or standing water and soft bottom sediments. It feeds in the sediments and therefore creates high turbidity while feeding (Skelton, 1993).

Hypophtalmichthys molitrix is a phyto-plankton feeder, requiring standing or slow- flowing conditions such as in impoundments or the backwaters of larger rivers. It therefore competes directly with juvenile fish of various indigenous species that feed on the same food source. It was introduced from Israel in 1975 as an important aquaculture species (Skelton, 1993).

Oreochromis niloticus is a highly undesirable exotic fish species that poses a significant threat to the biodiversity of aquatic systems. It was introduced before 1955 from Israel for aquaculture and as a fodder fish. It has the ability to feed at all levels in the food chain and out competes indigenous species of tilapia which live in identical habitat conditions. O. niloticus also has the ability to interbreed with the indigenous O. mossambicus (Mozambique tilapia), replacing them with hybrid populations and thus polluting the genetic purity of the Mozambique tilapia (Skelton, 1993). This species has the ability to invade the Olifants, Shingwedzi and Letaba rivers by migrating down the Limpopo and then upstream into the aforementioned rivers. The possibility exists that anglers and fish farmers could stock these fish in the Komati catchment, thereby threatening the Sabie and Crocodile rivers within the KNP. 37

Figure 28: Distribution of Acridotheres tristis (Indian myna) in and around the KNP

Figure 29: Distribution of Passer domesticus (House sparrow) in the KNP

Figure 30: Distribution of invasive alien fish species in the KNP

6. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Data was previously recorded on hand drawn maps and in other formats which were largely disjointed, with significant amounts of information being lost as the relevant section officers left the Alien Biota Section. The figures and tables indicated herein are preliminary and at this stage still have significant gaps. However, the data captured in the GIS based database is the first of its kind for the alien biota section and a significant step in developing a useful reference database of the Invasive Species in the KNP. It is recommended that a report of this nature be published at least every five years in order to determine the trend followed by IAS in the KNP and to provide a useful reference for personnel involved in any aspect of IAS control.

7. REFERENCES

FOXCROFT, L.C. 2001. A case study of the Human Dimensions of the invasion and control of alien plants in the Kruger National Park. In: McNeely, J.A. (editor). The great reshuffling: Human dimensions of Invasive alien species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, U.K. vi+242pp.

FOXCROFT, L.C. & RICHARDSON, D.M. In prep. Alien plant invasions and management systems in the Kruger National Park. The 6th International Conference on the Ecology and Management of Alien Plant Invasions. Loughborough University, UK, 12-15 September 2001.

GERTENBACH, W.P.D. 1983. Landscapes of the Kruger National Park. Koedoe 26: 9- 121.

HENDERSON, L. 2001. Alien weeds and invasive plants. Plant Protection Research Institute Handbook no. 12.

LOTTER, W.D. 1996. Strategic management plan for the control of Opuntia stricta in the Kruger National Park. Scientific Report 17/96. South African National Parks.

LOTTER, W.D. & Hoffmann, J.H. 1998. An Integrated Management Plan for the control of Opuntia stricta (Cactaceae) in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Koedoe 41: 63-68.

ORKNEY BIODIVERSITY RECORDS CENRE. 2001. House Sparrow Survey fact sheet. http://www.orkney.org/obrc/factsheet.htm

RICHARDSON, D.M., PYSEK, P., REJMANEK, M., BARBOUR, M.G., PANNETA, D. & WEST, C. 2000. Naturalisation and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions. Diversity and Distributions 6, 93-107

SKELTON, P.H. 1993. A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of Southern Africa. Southern Book Publishers.

VERSFELD, D.B., LE MAITRE, D.C. & CHAPMAN, R.A. 1998. Alien invading plants and water resources in South Africa: A Preliminary Assessment. CSIR Division of Water, Environment and Forestry Technology, Stellenbosch. WRC Report No. TT 99/98. CSIR No. ENV/S-C 97154. 42

8. APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Record form for sightings of invasive alien species

Appendix 2: Determination of densities of alien plants

Appendix 3: List of alien plant species found in restcamps and residential areas

Appendix 4: List of plant species referred to in the report and status thereof

Appendix 1: Record form for sightings of invasive alien species

Recorded by:

RECORD 1

Date: / / Locality:

Species name:

GPS reading: S and E

No. of plants: * Sample taken: Yes No

RECORD 2

Date: / / Locality:

Species name:

GPS reading: S and E

No. of plants: * Sample taken: Yes No

RECORD 3

Date: / / Locality:

Species name:

GPS reading: S and E

No. of plants: * Sample taken: Yes No

* Where plants are difficult to count, please provide an estimate of their numbers using the following classification system: Rare, Occasional, Frequent, Abundant. (Refer page 2) ** Please note that these recordings are site specific, when providing a general indication of infestations throughout the area, please request a map of the area from Alien Biota.

Appendix 2: Determination of densities of alien plants

Two methods of density determination are used, one specifically for riparian and terrestrial areas and one for residential areas.

Riparian and terrestrial areas This method is based on the Working for Water system of density determination and uses the canopy width method, where the gaps between shrubs are estimated as the number of canopy diameters.

Rare: The species is present in the area but at very low densities with individuals being seen here and there; density = 0.01%

Occasional: Plants are widely spaced, occurring here and there – on average more than 10 canopy covers apart; density = 0.02 – 1%

Very Scattered: The plants average 3 – 10 canopy diameters apart; density = 1.1 – 5%

Scattered: The plants average 1 – 3 canopy diameters apart; density = 5.1 – 25%

Medium: There are clear and plentiful gaps between the canopies of the plants and other vegetation is still present and vigorous; plants average 0.3 – 1 canopy diameters apart; density = 25.1 – 50%

Dense: There are small gaps between canopies and no canopy overlap and the other vegetation is still present; plants average 0.1 – 0.3 canopy diameters apart; density = 50.1 – 75%

Closed: Plant canopies are closed, touching or overlapping and other vegetation is generally suppressed, sparse or lacking; the plants average less than 0.1 canopy diameters apart; density > 75%

Residential areas The densities of alien plants in residential areas are referred to as frequency classes. Four classes are used:

Rare: Only one individual is present in the immediate area and no other individuals can be seen.

Occasional: A species occurs here and there, e.g.: 1 plant per 10m2 would be classified as occasional.

Frequent: A plant that occurs frequently throughout the area interspersed between other vegetation.

Abundant: A dense stand of a specific species with little or no other species present. 45

Appendix 3: List of alien plant species found in restcamps and residential areas

Table 1: Presence of Category 1 plants in restcamps and residential areas Scientific name Common name Restcamps CB BD PK LS SK SA OR OL LE PH MO SH PM Ageratum conyzoides Invading ageratum O F F O F O O F Ageratum houstonianum Mexican ageratum O F F O F O O O Argemone mexicana Yellow-flowered mexican poppy F F F F O Argemone ochroleuca White-flowered mexican poppy O F F Arundo donax Giant reed R Bryophyllum delagoense Chandelier plant F F A F A F F A F A Canna indica Indian shot F O F F A F F Cardiospermum grandiflorum Balloon vine F Chromolaena odorata Chromolaena O Cinnamomum camphora Camphor tree R R Datura stramonium Common thorn apple O Hedychium gardnerianum Kahili ginger lily R O O Lantana camara Lantana O A F F F O O O Macfadyena unguis-cati Cat's claw creeper O F F O O A Nicotiana glauca Wild tobacco R Opuntia stricta Australian pest pear O Passiflora spp. Granadilla F F F F F O O A O R Sesbania punicea Red sesbania R Solanum mauritianum Bugweed O Solanum seaforthianum Potato creeper O O F O F O F R O Tecoma stans Yellow bells O R Thelechitonia trilobata Singapore daisy A F F O F F Thevetia peruviana Yellow oleander O R R Xanthium strumarium Large cocklebur A

Table 2: Presence of Category 2 plants in restcamps and residential areas Scientific name Common name Restcamps CB BD PK LS SK SA OR OL LE PH MO SH PM Agave sisalana Sisal R O O O Psidium guajava Guava O O O O R Ricinus communis Castor oil F O F

Table 3: Presence of Category 3 plants in restcamps and residential areas Scientific name Common name Restcamps CB BD PK LS SK SA OR OL LE PH MO SH PM Eriobotrya japonica Loquat R Jacaranda mimosifolia Jacaranda A R Melia azederach Syringa R Morus alba White mulberry O Nephrolepis exaltata Sword fern F F F F A O A F Pontederia cordata Pickeral weed R Senna bicapsularis Rambling cassia O Senna didymobotrya Peanut butter cassia O Syzigium cuminii Jambolan O A R O R R F R R

Table 4: Presence of other alien plants in restcamps and residential areas Scientific name Common name Restcamps CB BD PK LS SK SA OR OL LE PH MO SH PM Agave attenuata Century plant R O Agave vivipara Narrow-leaved sisal R Alpinia zerumbet Shell ginger F A F F A F F F A A O A Alternanthera dentata Large purple Alternanthera F O F O A Antigonon leptopus Coral creeper O O O F F O R Aristolochia elegans Dutchman's pipe O O O F F O R Asclepias curassavica Orange-flowered milkweed R Bambusa glaucescens Hedge bamboo R R Bougainvillea spectabilis Bougainvillea R R O R O R R R Brugmansia cornigera Angel trumpet R Callisia repens Small-leafed wandering jew F F F F A O F O F A O F F Cannabis sativa Dagga R Capsicum minimum Bird's eye chilli O O O F O Cardiospermum halicacabum Heart pea vine O Carludovicia palmata Panama hat F F F A A Catharanthus roseus Graveyard flower O F O F O F O F F O Colocasia esculenta Elephant ears O O O F Cortaderia selloana Pampas grass R Costus speciosus Spiral ginger F F F F O F Delonix regia Flambouyant O R R Duranta repens Forget-me-not-tree O Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Hibiscus O Hylocereus undatus Queen of the night cactus R R R R Hypoestes phyllostachya Polka dot plant O O O Kalanchoe behariensis Donkey's ears F F

Table 4 (continued…) Scientific name Common name Restcamps CB BD PK LS SK SA OR OL LE PH MO SH PM Kalanchoe daigremontiana Mother of thousands O F F A O F Lagerstromia indica Pride of India O O Mangifera indica Mango R O O O O O O O Monstera deliciosa Delicious monster R O O F Pennisetum setaceum Fountain grass R R Peresia americana Avocado R Plumeria rubra Frangipani R R Polypodium aureum Blue fern F F F F F A F A O Pyrostegia venusta Golden shower R Rhoeo spathacea Boat plant O F F O F A O F F A F A Schleffera actinophylla Queensland umbrella tree O O O O O Senna occidentalis Wild coffee O Stachytarpheta mutabilis Pink flowers O R O O F A Stachytarpheta urticifolia Blue flowers R F O A Syngonium podophyllum Goose-foot plant O O O F A R O F A F A Syzigium paniculatum Australian water pear R Talinum paniculatum Pink bush talinum R Tradescantia pallida Purple wandering Jew F F F F F F F A A Tradescantia zebrina Wandering Jew F F F F F F F F A Zingiber zerumbet Wild ginger O F

Camp names: Frequency classes: CB = Crocodile Bridge R = Rare BD = Berg-en-Dal O = Occasional PK = Pretoriuskop F = Frequent LS = Lower Sabie A = Abundant SK = Skukuza SA = Satara OR = Orpen OL = Olifants LE = Letaba PH = Phalaborwa MO = Mopani SH = Shingwedzi PM = Punda Maria 48

Appendix 4: List of plant species referred to in the report and status thereof

Scientific name Common name Status Agave attenuata Century plant Potentially invasive Agave sisalana Sisal Invasive Agave vivipara Narrow leaved sisal Invasive Ageratum conyzoides Invading ageratum Invasive Ageratum houstonianum Mexican ageratum Invasive Alpinia zerumbet Shell ginger Invasive Alternanthera dentata Large purple Alternanthera Potentially invasive Antigonon leptopus Coral creeper Invasive Argemone mexicana Yellow-flowered mexican poppy Invasive Argemone ochroleuca White-flowered mexican poppy Invasive Aristolochia elegans Dutchman's pipe Invasive Arundo donax Giant reed Invasive Asclepias curassavica Orange-flowered milkweed Alien Azolla filiculoides Red water fern Invasive Bambusa glaucescens Hedge bamboo Potentially invasive Bougainvillea spectabilis Bougainvillea Alien Brugmansia cornigera Alien Bryophyllum delagoense Chandelier plant Invasive Callisia repens Small-leafed wandering Jew Invasive Canna indica Indian shot Invasive Cannabis sativa Dagga Invasive Capsicum minimum Bird's eye chilli Invasive Cardiospermum grandiflorum Balloon vine Invasive Cardiospermum halicacabum Heart pea vine Invasive Carludovicia palmata Panama hat Invasive Catharanthus roseus Graveyard flower Invasive Chromolaena odorata Triffid weed Invasive Cinnamomum camphora Camphor tree Invasive Colocasia esculenta Elephant ears Invasive Cortaderia selloana Pampas grass Invasive Costus speciosus Spiral ginger Invasive Datura stramonium Common thorn apple Invasive Delonix regia Flambouyant Potentially invasive Duranta repens Forget-me-not-tree Invasive Eichhornia crassipes Water hyacinth Invasive Eriobotrya japonica Loquat Invasive Hedychium gardnerianum Kahili ginger lily Invasive Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Hibiscus Potentially invasive Hylocereus undatus Queen of the night cactus Invasive Hypoestes phyllostachya Polka dot plant (sanguinolenta) Invasive Jacaranda mimosifolia Jacaranda Invasive Kalanchoe daigremontiana Mother of thousands Invasive

Scientific name Common name Status Lagerstroemia indica Pride of India Invasive Lantana camara Lantana Transformer Macfadyena unguis-cati Cat's claw Invasive Mangifera indica Mango Alien Melia azederach Syringa Invasive Monstera deliciosa Delicious monster Potentially invasive Morus alba White mulberry Invasive Nephrolepis exaltata Sword fern Invasive Nicotiana glauca Wild tobacco Invasive Opuntia stricta Sour prickly pear Transformer Passiflora spp. Granadilla spp. Invasive Pennisetum setaceum Fountain grass Invasive Peresia americana Avocado Alien Pistia stratiotes Water lettuce Invasive Plumeria rubra Frangipani Alien Polypodium aureum Blue fern Invasive Pontederia cordata Pickeral weed Invasive Psidium guajava Guava Invasive Pyrostegia venusta Golden shower Alien Rhoeo spathacea Boat plant Invasive Ricinus communis Castor oil plant Invasive Salvinia molesta Kariba weed Invasive Schleffera actinophylla Queensland umbrella tree Invasive Senna bicapsularis Rambling cassia Invasive Senna didymobotrya Peanut butter cassia Invasive Senna occidentalis Wild coffee Invasive Senna septemtrionalis Arsenic bush Invasive Sesbania punicea Red sesbania Invasive Solanum mauritanium Bugweed Invasive Solanum seaforthianum Potato creeper Invasive Stachytarpheta mutabilis Pink flowers Invasive Stachytarpheta urticifolia Blue flowers Invasive Syngonium podophyllum Goose-foot plant Invasive Syzigium cuminii Water pear/Jambolan plum Invasive Syzigium paniculatum Australian water pear Invasive Talinum paniculatum Jewel’s of Opar Invasive Tecoma stans Yellow bells Invasive Thelechitonia trilobata Singapore daisy Invasive Thevetia peruviana Yellow oleander Invasive Tithonia diversifolia Mexican sunflower Invasive Tradescantia pallida Purple Wandering Jew Invasive Tradescantia zebrina Wandering Jew Invasive Xanthium strumarium Large cocklebur Invasive Zingiber zerumbet Wild ginger Invasive