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282 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS A.P.E.S. Apes, Populations, Environment, Surveys ACCFOLU Community Association for the Conservation of Forests in Lubutu AFADA Association of Officials and Attorneys for the Rights of Animals (Asociación de Funcionarios y Abogados por los Derechos de los Animales) AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome ANPN Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux AOO Area of occupancy API Animal Protection Index ARU Autonomous Recording Unit ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN-WEN Association of Southeast Asian Nations Wildlife Law Enforcement Network asl above sea level AZA Association of Zoos and Aquariums BKSDA Natural Resources Conservation Agency of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry of Indonesia (Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam) CAP conservation action plan CAR Central African Republic CBD United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity CFA Central African franc CFCL Local Community Forestry Concession (Concessions Forestières des Communautés Locales) CGI computer-generated imagery CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora cm centimeter CMBNR Chuxiong Management Bureau of Nature Reserves CMP The Conservation Measures Partnership CMS Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals CoCoLuWa community conservation zone of Lubutu and Walikale Territories Congo Republic of Congo CoP Conference of the Parties CPUE catch per unit effort DRC Democratic Republic of Congo EAGLE Eco Activists for Governance and Law Enforcement EAZA European Association of Zoos and Aquaria EOO extent of occurrence EVD Ebola virus disease FFI Fauna & Flora International FMU forest management unit FODI Forest for Integral Development, DRC State of the Apes Killing, Capture, Trade and Conservation 283 FR forest reserve FSC Forest Stewardship Council GDANCP General Department of Administration for Nature Conservation and Protection, Cambodia GFAS Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries GPS Global Positioning System GRACE Gorilla Rehabilitation and Conservation Education Center GRASP Great Apes Survival Partnership ha hectare HIV human immunodeficiency virus HuGo Human–Gorilla (Conflict Resolution) IAR International Animal Rescue ICCN Congolese Institute for the Conservation of Nature, DRC (Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature) ICCWC International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime ICD integrated conservation and development ICDP integrated conservation and development project IDR Indonesian rupiah IFAW International Fund for Animal Welfare INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature (also UICN: Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature) IWT illegal wildlife trade JGI Jane Goodall Institute kg kilogram km kilometer LAGA Last Great Ape Organization Lao PDR Lao People’s Democratic Republic LCRP Liberia Chimpanzee Rescue and Protection m meter MEA multilateral environmental agreement MGMC My Gorilla–My Community MINFOF Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife, Cameroon (Ministère des Forêts et de la Faune) MIST Management Information System MPF Missouri Primate Foundation NGO non-governmental organization NhRP Nonhuman Rights Project NP national park PAM passive acoustic monitoring PETA People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals PHVA population and habitat viability assessment PIDEP Integrated Program for Endogenous Development of Pygmies POV point of vulnerability PSA public service announcement PSG Primate Specialist Group Acronyms and Abbreviations 284 PVA population viability analysis RCO Oku Community Reserve, DRC RFID radio frequency identification RILO Regional Intelligence Liaison Office SES socio–ecological systems SHCA Species and Habitat Conservation Area SMART Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool SODEPE Solidarity for the Development and Protection of the Environment, DRC sp. species (singular) spp. species (plural) SSA Section on Small Apes SSC Species Survival Commission ssp sub-species SSP Species Survival Plan TOC transnational organized crime TV television UAE United Arab Emirates UAV unmanned aerial vehicle UCOFOBI Community Union for the Conservation of Forests of Bitule, DRC UGADEC Union of Associations for Gorilla Conservation and Community Development, DRC UN United Nations UN Comtrade United Nations International Trade Statistics Database UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNEP-WCMC United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNTOC United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime US United States of America UTDPE Union of Landowners for the Development and Protection of the Environment, DRC UWA Uganda Wildlife Authority VGT Association Against Animal Factories (Verein gegen Tierfabriken) WAZA World Association of Zoos and Aquariums WCF Wild Chimpanzee Foundation WCO World Customs Organization WCS Wildlife Conservation Society WEN Wildlife Law Enforcement Network WWF World Wide Fund for Nature/World Wildlife Fund ZSL Zoological Society of London State of the Apes Killing, Capture, Trade and Conservation 285 GLOSSARY Abundance: The number of individuals of a species in an area or in a population. Acoustic monitoring: The recording of animal vocalization or threatening activities, such as gunshots, to inform on the state of a species in the area of interest. Adaptive management: An iterative process of decision-making that is continuously informed by ecological and project monitoring and thus improved over time to meet the management objectives in the most effective way. Administrative penalty: A sanction that limits an offender’s rights or position held in government, whether applied by an administrative or a criminal law. Advertising: The act of producing, paying for, or otherwise being engaged in announcing the sale of wildlife or wildlife products in any media or form, including online, in print, on television or on the radio. Agency: The capacity of individuals to act independently and to make their own free choices. Aggravating circumstances: Aspects of a crime that can be used to increase fines and penalties, such as repeat offenses (recidivism). Agropastoralism: A way of life or a form of social organization based on the growing of crops and the raising of livestock as the primary means of economic activity. Alternative livelihoods: An approach to conservation which seeks to reduce conservation threats to particular species or sites by providing alternatives – including alternative food options if the conservation threat is hunting for food; alternative income sources if the conservation threat is caused as a result of trying to generate income; and alternative (lower impact) methods for harvesting wildlife if the conservation threat is over-exploitation. Anthropocene: A buzzword used to refer to the current geological epoch in view of humankind’s profound impact on the Earth. The term was popularized by atmospheric chemist Paul Crutzen in 2000 and recommended for adoption by a dedicated working group of the International Union of Geological Sciences in 2016. Scholars disagree about the start date of the Anthropocene, with suggestions ranging from 8,000 years ago to about 1950. Aquaculture (or aquafarming): The farming of animals and plants in all types of water environments. Autonomy: One’s liberty to freely choose, within wide parameters, how one wishes to live one’s life. Backend: The part of a computer application or system that stores and manipulates data to fulfill user requests and actions, but that is not visible to or accessed directly by the user. Bimaturism: Development characterized by differing stages or timings within a species or within a sex; among orangutans, mature males are flanged or unflanged (see flanged). Biodiversity: The variety of plant and animal life on Earth or in a particular habitat. Biodiversity hotspot: A significant reservoir of biodiversity that is threatened with destruction. Biomonitoring: Repeated surveying of the distribution and abundance of species, and of the threats they face. Blackback: An adolescent male chimpanzee or gorilla between the ages of 8 and 12 years old. As opposed to silverback, as the silver on the back develops when males reach sexual maturity. Bovid: A hoofed mammal in the family Bovidae, such as antelopes, sheep and bison, whose horns do not branch and are never shed. Brachiation: Arboreal locomotion that relies exclusively on the arms to propel the body forward. Related term: brachiate. Branhamism: The teachings of the US preacher William M. Branham (1909–65), including anti-denominationalism, the denial of eternal hell and the Serpent’s Seed doctrine. Camera trapping: The use of cameras triggered by motion or infrared sensors in animal surveys. Capture–recapture: An analytical approach to estimating animal abundance by repeated identification and re-identification of individuals. Glossary 286 Catch per unit effort (CPUE): In relation to law enforcement action for conservation, it is a measure of effective- ness arrived at by calculating, for example, the number of illegal activities or items, such as snares, detected per given area or time patrolled. Civil law: A system that dates back to Roman times and relies predominantly on comprehensive legal codes/ statutes that are updated frequently. In civil law, the judge’s task is to establish the facts and decide on the appropriate action based on the laws in place. Civil law systems vary widely in procedure and substantive law. Co-use:
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