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La Recherche Au Service Du Développement Humain : L’Évolution Du Secteur De La Recherche Au Canada

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La Recherche Au Service Du Développement Humain : L’Évolution Du Secteur De La Recherche Au Canada La recherche au service du développement humain : l’évolution du secteur de la recherche au Canada par Stuart M MacLeod, M. D., Ph. D., directeur général, BC Research Institute for Children’s & Women’s Health, et vice-doyen (recherche), Faculté de médecine, University of British Columbia Jerry Spiegel, Ph. D., directeur, Santé mondiale, Liu Institute for Global Issues, University of British Columbia Document de fond commandé par le Centre de recherches pour le développement international en vue de l’élaboration de sa stratégie générale et de son cadre programmatique 2005-2010 Août 2003 1 © Centre de recherches pour le développement international 2003 Toute reproduction, stockage dans un système d’extraction ou transmission en tout ou en partie de cette publication, sous quelque forme ou par quelque moyen que ce soit—support électronique ou mécanique, photocopie ou autre—est interdite sans l’autorisation expresse du Centre de recherches pour le développement international. Tous les noms de spécialité mentionnés dans la présente publication ne sont donnés qu’à titre d’information et le fait qu’ils soient mentionnés ne signifie pas que le Centre les approuve. Ce document n’a été révisé que pour en assurer la clarté et la cohérence et ne l’a pas été conformément aux normes de publication. 2 Table des matières Liste de sigles ..........................................................................................................ii Résumé .................................................................................................................. iii Une occasion pour le CRDI .....................................................................................v Historique................................................................................................................ 1 Le Contexte de la Recherche pour le Développement International....................... 4 La Modification du Cadre de la Recherche ............................................................. 8 Les Tendances Actuelles et Futures....................................................................... 9 Le financement de la recherche .......................................................................... 9 L’innovation ....................................................................................................... 10 Les Principaux Mécanismes de Financement de la Recherche............................ 11 La Perception des Organismes Subventionnaires dans les Universités ............... 12 Le Cadre de Financement International................................................................ 13 Les États-Unis................................................................................................... 14 L’Union européenne .......................................................................................... 14 Vue d’Ensemble de la Recherche pour le Développement Humain ..................... 17 Les points forts.................................................................................................. 18 Les points faibles............................................................................................... 19 Les possibilités.................................................................................................. 20 Les défis............................................................................................................ 21 La Formation de Partenariats ............................................................................... 21 Les Mécanismes d’Appui Fédéraux...................................................................... 23 L’ACDI............................................................................................................... 23 LE CRDI ............................................................................................................ 24 SOMMAIRE .......................................................................................................... 26 Annexe I : Sources d’information .......................................................................... 28 Annexe II: Sources de référence........................................................................... 30 Titres complémentaires......................................................................................... 30 Annexe III.............................................................................................................. 32 i Liste de sigles ACDI Agence canadienne de développement international APD aide publique au développement AUCC Association des universités et collèges du Canada CRC Chaires de recherche du Canada CRDI Centre de recherches pour le développement international (Canada) CRSH Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada CRSNG Centre de recherches en sciences naturelles et en génie du Canada DBRD dépense brute en recherche et développement DFID Department for International Development (Royaume-Uni) EER Espace européen de la recherche FCI Fondation canadienne pour l’innovation FP6 Sixième programme-cadre 2002-2006 (Union européenne) INCO Programme spécifique de recherche et de développement technologique dans le domaine de la coopération avec les pays tiers et les organisations internationales (Union européenne) IRSC Instituts de recherche en santé du Canada MAECI ministère des Affaires étrangères et du Commerce international (Canada) MMRP Multi-Annual, Multi-Disciplinary Research Program (Pays-Bas) NSF National Science Foundation (É-U.) OCDE Organisation de coopération et de développement économique OMS Organisation mondiale de la santé ONG organisation non gouvernementale PCI de Programme de coopération industrielle de l’Agence canadienne de l’ACDI développement international PCRC Programme des chaires de recherche du Canada PIB produit intérieur brut PNUD Programme des Nations Unies pour le développement PPUCD Programme de partenariats universitaires en coopération et développement RCE réseaux de centres d’excellence R-D recherche et développement SIDA Agence suédoise de développement international UE Union européenne UNESCO Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture UNICEF Fonds des Nations Unies pour l’enfance USAID United States Agency for International Development VIH/sida virus de l’immunodéficience humaine/syndrome d’immunodéficience acquise ii Résumé Le CRDI procède à un examen exhaustif du contexte dans lequel il exécute son mandat d’aide à la recherche au service du développement international. Les auteurs ont fait un tour d’horizon du contexte en évolution rapide de l’aide à la recherche des gouvernements fédéral et provinciaux au Canada. À l’aide d’entrevues avec des personnes clés, ils ont également examiné l’atmosphère qui règne dans les établissements universitaires canadiens, notamment le degré d’engagement à l’égard de l’internationalisation et le point de vue des administrateurs et des chercheurs sur la recherche pour le développement international proprement dite. Ils ont sans cesse mis l’accent sur la recherche au service du développement plutôt que sur la recherche dans le domaine du développement. Pour évaluer le contexte du financement de la recherche, les auteurs ont rencontré des dirigeants d’organismes de financement représentatifs et de l’Association des universités et collèges du Canada. Ils ont également consulté des personnes au fait de l’ambiance en matière d’internationalisation de la recherche dans les autres pays industrialisés, dans le secteur des ONG et dans l’industrie privée au Canada. On a défini l’internationalisation comme étant l’élargissement des activités nationales de recherche à des contextes internationaux. Cela suppose un engagement aux niveaux des projets, des programmes et des politiques avec les pays aussi bien en développement qu’industrialisés et englobe la production et l’interprétation des connaissances (la recherche), la transmission (l’enseignement) et le transfert (le renforcement des capacités). La recherche sur les grands enjeux internationaux et la participation des scientifiques canadiens aux réseaux de recherche en font également partie. L’internationalisation comporte certains éléments de la mondialisation, en particulier un engagement à l’égard d’un processus de changement planétaire et d’un développement humain mû par le savoir, l’information et la connectivité. Le contexte de la recherche Depuis 1998, l’aide du gouvernement fédéral à la recherche et aux infrastructures connexes a augmenté considérablement grâce à la hausse des budgets attribués aux conseils subventionnaires fédéraux et au meilleur appui accordé aux programmes d’infrastructures associés, dont les chaires de recherche du Canada et la Fondation canadienne pour l’innovation. La plus grande partie des ressources qui se sont ajoutées ont été attribuées à la recherche fondamentale et appliquée au Canada. Les programmes sont toutefois suffisamment souples pour intégrer la recherche au service du développement international exécutée par des institutions publiques, des ONG ou l’entreprise privée. Le secteur de la recherche est bien préparé à miser sur deux grands atouts : la position du Canada sur la scène internationale, qui est très attirante pour bien des partenaires éventuels, et l’éventail de ses compétences en recherche et la diversité des disciplines mises à contribution, qui sont particulièrement propices à des partenariats internationaux en recherche. iii Ensemble, toutes les sources de dépenses brutes en R-D au Canada ont connu une augmentation de 8 milliards $ par année de 1992 à 2002,
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