THE PROJECT IS IMPLEMENTED BY THE GEORGIAN FOUNDATION FOR STRATEGIC AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES.

The Expansion of Russia in the and project offers the reader collection s Editor-in-chief: Giorgi Cheishvili of scientific-popular articles which Editor-corrector: Tinatin Evdoshvili aims to cover the Project author: Irakli Gegechkori Georgian-Russian

relations of the Designer: Tornike Bokuchava XVIII-XX centuries in a manner different from the widely propagated perspective of the official Russia.

© Georgian Foundation for Strategic and International Studies All rights reserved RUSSIA'S EXPANSION IN THE CAUCASUS AND GEORGIA Two Russias Myth or Reality?

Otar Janelidze Two Russias (Myth or Reality?)

It has been more than ten years since diplomatic mossy and reactionary Russia of the Skalozubs, Molchalins relations between the Russian Federation and Georgia and Famusovs, he juxtaposed the young and freedom-loving were severed but, nevertheless, the issue of relations Russia in the form of Chatsky. However, it should also be noted between the two countries is still relevant. The interest that the Chatskys were very few throughout Russia. Griboedov I is conditioned both by the desire to achieve a good- himself wrote: "In my comedy, 25 fools come for one sane neighborly coexistence between Russia and Georgia person." as well as by an objective insight of the past and From the point of view of modern Russian critics of the work, the need for a better understanding of it. In this regard, it is Griboedov describes the Russian society of the first half of worth discussing the so-called two Russias in order to find the XIX century and "Woe from Wit" is a poetic depiction of the out whether or not it is possible for the same country to be Russian reality. But the real or official Russia was different and both democratic and reactionary, and the guardian and the in relation to non-Russian peoples within the empire, which is conqueror of another country, for example, Georgia. most important to us, the head of this state and the absolute Anyone who is more or less familiar with the history of majority of its subjects held the similar point of view. Literary Russian-Georgian relations will agree that this topic is not criticism acknowledges that Chatsky exemplifies the views of new. The subject of an anachronistic conservative and new the Decembrists and the author himself. These views did not progressive Russia was first initiated by the Decembrists as differ much from the official policies pursued by Tsarism. For early as in the 1820s. example, the recognized leader of the Decembrists, Pavel Alexander Griboedov painted these two newly emerged and Pestel, in his program document entitled "Ruskaia Pravda," seemingly opposing camps in his poem "Woe from Wit." To the directly indicated that the non-Russian population of the

1 RUSSIA'S EXPANSION IN THE CAUCASUS AND GEORGIA Two Russias Myth or Reality?

Alexander Griboedov (1795 ‒ 1829) (1799 ‒ 1837)

Pavel Pestel Nikolai Chernyshevsky (1793 ‒ 1826) (1828 ‒ 1889)

Russian Empire should finally merge with the Russian people. of the ethnographic mixing of the Georgian regions and the On the subject of the Caucasus, Pestel wrote: national degeneration of the Georgian people and it did not actually stop until the overthrow of Tsarism.

"Let the peoples of the Caucasus be divided into two ranks - peaceful and turbulent. The first of The Decembrists, who themselves embodied them should be left at the place of residence. a young, progressive Russia and were willing Give them Russian law. Russian colonists should to sacrifice themselves for the renewal and be settled in the Caucasus who should be better future of the country, did not differ much given the confiscated lands from the turbulent from autocratic Tsarist Russia in relation to population. This will ensure the calming of Georgia. They, too, were less concerned about the Caucasus and transform this region into a the fate of the freedom of the nations that were peaceful and prosperous Russian county." suffering violence in Russia's "People's Prison." Alexander Pushkin also hailed the conquest of the Caucasus by the Russian army when he By this time, the Tsarist government had already begun the wrote: "Bow Caucasus, Ermolov is coming!" process of the colonization of the Caucasus, including Georgia. Tsitsianov had already started settling foreigners in Georgia when he moved several thousand from neighboring Take Nikolai Chernyshevsky - the greatest democrat and khanates to Kartl-Kakheti. In 1817-1819, the authorities settled revolutionary in pre-Lenin Russia. Did Niko Nikoladze make German colonists in , Bolnisi, Sartichala and other some effort to release the punished Chernyshevsky from exile? places and allocated the best plots of land. This was followed Was it not the same Niko Nikoladze who was the curator and by the creation of compact settlements of retired Russian editor of Chernyshevsky's works? At least as a sign of gratitude soldiers and officers – the creation of military boroughs and should Chernyshevsky not have thrown a few words in favor of so on. This artificial migration, along with the industrial and Georgia? He did not speak out! You will start searching for such economic interests of the empire, also served the purposes a thing in vain in his writings. Our national grief and sorrow

2 RUSSIA'S EXPANSION IN THE CAUCASUS AND GEORGIA Two Russias Myth or Reality?

King George XII Niko Nikoladze of Kartl-Kakheti (1843 ‒ 1928) (1746 ‒ 1800)

were as foreign and distant to the Democrat Chernyshevsky "If not the arm of the Russian sovereign, who can protect as they were to conservative and reactionary Russian officials. Christianity? … We have no other patron but the Russian So, when and where did the views on the two Russias came rulers," he maintained. about? As early as the XV century, Georgian monarchs turned In November 1799, according to the Treaty of Georgievsk, their eyes to their northern neighbor with a common faith regarding a Russian military regiment entered Tbilisi. A historical it as a savior and protector from Muslim aggression. From the source tells us: "The wise rejoiced the entry of the beginning of ambassadorial relations between Russia and Russian army as they were anticipating a common faith nation Kakheti, a generally positive view of Russia developed in Georgia. to defend the country." These people sincerely believed that In the minds of Georgians, Russia was perceived as a a strong Orthodox neighbor would shelter our country, give it powerful Orthodox state that could provide protection to an opportunity for peaceful development and so on. They did Christian comrades oppressed by the Muslim hordes. At not start looking for an "other Russia" in Russia because they that time, nobody thought about the danger that could follow believed in the country which signed a treaty with Erekle II and Russia's appearance in the Caucasus orbit. formally committed to defend his kingdom. At the beginning of the XIX century, the Georgian writer and philosopher, Iona Khelashvili, celebrated with admiration Even the late rulers of feudal Georgia were less the establishment of the Russian presence in Georgia: "The aware that Russia was an empire and that it was ancestors would long for these days to see for themselves spreading its influence over other peoples or this golden age... Behold the sun of wisdom shone forth by countries by means of force. In order to expand Nazarethian from the north. Behold, you have a golden age.” the dominions of the empire, the Russian The great feudal lord, Ivan the Abkhazian, dreamed: "God, do authorities, in addition to military expansion, not bring the into the abyss of doom such that would widely resorted to blackmail, recruitment, force them to leave Georgia which will fall victim to lawlessness, deception, intimidation and other methods from internal division and the invasion of the ferocious enemies." their diplomatic arsenal. These were still alien But it soon became clear that this "protector" was a "loving to the Georgian reality. enemy," it dismantled the Bagrationi throne, abolished the autocephaly of the Georgian Church, introduced an alien administration and imposed a brutal regime. Georgians Our kings and nobles were not able to comprehend that Russia's realized that they had been deceived. Russia broke the policy towards other peoples was not determined by religious unity emperor's word, broke the treaty and did not defend and and Christian tolerance but by the aims and geostrategic interests protect Georgia but instead conquered and annexed it to its of its own empire. At the end of the XVIII century, Father Nikola, empire. "Nobody expected that from the Russians," exclaimed who was in Tbilisi, tried in vain to reason with King George XII of bewildered Georgians but it was too late. It was from this time Kartl-Kakheti. The naive and Orthodox Christian George did not on that it became necessary to search for a "second Russia." believe the words of the priest that the Russians, "a foreign relative brought to the country as a patron would become the enemy of the nation ... the persecutor and the troublemaker" and that "from the The "new" and "other" Russia was considered to outset, the Russians will bring a heavy yoke and put it on the neck be those liberal, democratic and revolutionary of the country. They will demand great tributes,” etc. forces opposed to Tsarism which aimed to Until the very death George XII, it was believed that it was change the state apparatus of the empire and impossible to maintain Christianity in Georgia without Russia. strive for its reorganization.

3 RUSSIA'S EXPANSION IN THE CAUCASUS AND GEORGIA Two Russias Myth or Reality?

Historically, the famous Russian writer and religious thinker, Vasily Rozanov (1856-1919), wrote about the existence of two Russias. He singled out the Russia of the visible events; that is, the and the Holy Russia - "Matushka Russia." Moreover, Russia was "discovered" by the prominent Russian philosopher and thinker, Nikolai Berdyaev (1874-1948). According to Berdyaev, historically there were five different Russias: Kiev’s Russia, Russia of the Mongol-Tatar period, Moscow’s Russia, Peter the Great’s Russia and, finally, the new Soviet Russia. According to the recently popular British writer, Orlando (1840 ‒ 1915) Figes, “Russia was an overly complicated, intricate country, socially severely fragmented and politically diverse, hard to allocate in terms of geography and probably too big to create a common national heritage on its territory." We can now add the post-Soviet Russia to Berdyaev's list and, unlike Figes, it must be said that neither Russia's "abundance" nor its size can change its imperial character. The formation of the idea of two Russias in the consciousness of the Georgian public has little to do with the artistical depictions of Alexander Griboedov, the "young man" presented in Akaki Tsereteli's toast or the "many" Russias of Nikolai Berdyaev. The main role in this regard was played by Soviet propaganda which was based on Lenin's views. It

Mate Skobelev constantly emphasized the differences between the old Tsarist (1885 ‒ 1938) Russia and the new Bolshevik-Communist Russia, not only in terms of culture but also regarding state and politics. The propaganda presented the former as an anachronistic and reactionary manifestation and the latter as a highly democratic and progressive phenomenon.

The propaganda did not take into account the fact that there could not have been, nor has there ever been, two Russias in official terms. Russia's state policy has always been the same – imperial – during the Tsarist era, in the Soviet era and it is the same now.

Vasily Rozanov (1856 ‒ 1919) Today, a lot is being written about this topic in Russia as well. Post-Soviet Russian It is known that Akaki Tsereteli also had some hopes for historiography, especially publicism, no longer cooperation with such forces. In 1913, the poet met with the hides the imperial nature of Russia not only in Georgian community in Moscow. After the literary evening, the era of autocracy but also in the Communist a traditional banquet was held. The Russian State Duma MPs era. Many publications of modern Russian elected from Georgia and the Caucasus attended the feast. They scholars also reflect the colonial nature of were warmly welcomed by the Social Democrat, Mate Skobelev. the Russian Empire and emphasize that for In his response, Akaki Tsereteli noted: "We ... highly value Russia rejecting the idea of an empire might brotherhood, unity and friendship with the nations of Russia. It is be tantamount to the collapse of its statehood. true that there are many Russians who quarrel with our fraternal The Russian Empire disintegrated twice in the union; nevertheless, there is a young Russia with which we want XX century (1917 and 1991) and, normally, to join hands not only in the pursuit of national but also of human imperialism had to be a thing of the past but ideals, the ideals known as brotherhood, unity, equality." nostalgia for the old empire is present in Russia

4 RUSSIA'S EXPANSION IN THE CAUCASUS AND GEORGIA Two Russias Myth or Reality?

to this date and the imperial myth still stirs in the hearts of many.

It is noteworthy that over the decades, a stereotype has been formed among us as well about the inseparable friendship between the Russian and Georgian peoples and Russia's special role in the history of Georgia. The opinion was raised that there was no alternative for the Georgian people other than Russia in terms of its political orientation and so on.

Grigol Robakidze (1882 ‒ 1962) In 1976, Eduard Shevardnadze, the Party leader of Georgia, tried to revive the view expressed at the end of the XVIII century that "in Georgia, modern historical literature of these countries is reflected in a the sun rises from the north." As he writes, "my completely different way. compatriots could not forgive me for a long time In this regard, the Internet project, entitled Russia in the but it was dictated by the interests of my country." History Textbooks of Post-Soviet Countries, provides some interesting material. It was commissioned by the Naumann Foundation and implemented in 2004. Let us refer to a few samples for illustration. For example, in Armenian school and student history textbooks today, one

Eduard Shevardnadze (1928 ‒ 2014)

When we talk about Georgia's connection to Russia, it is necessary to say that our ancestors did not really have a wide variety of choice in this regard. They repeatedly tried to get closer to the Western states but due to the geographical distance, the voice of Georgia was hardly heard in Europe ("We have always had a tragedy of geography" - Grigol Robakidze). The tragic fate of the Georgian people was generating a moral sympathy in Europe but things were not going beyond that. Georgia did not fall into the realm of the serious interests of Western countries and so Russia became a last resort of hope.

But focusing on Russia was a choice between bad and worse for Georgia. The worst, obviously, was the Muslim milieu of Iran- and the bad - Russia. Here, we can The Berlin Wall (1961-1989). The fall of the Wall also say that a misconception about the role of Russia in the embodied the Western hope for a liberal Russia - lives of the peoples of the periphery was prevalent in many an illusion that faded away amid Russia's modern so-called allied republics as well. Now, the situation in the actions.

5 RUSSIA'S EXPANSION IN THE CAUCASUS AND GEORGIA Two Russias Myth or Reality?

General Giorgi Kvinitadze (1874 ‒ 1970) with wife Mariam Grigol Uratadze Makashvili (1878 ‒ 1959)

The aspiration of some politicians from the unrecognized republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia to join Russia is a modernized version of the Tsarist-Leninist plan. There is no doubt that Russia is the one that encourages this aspiration.

Historically, the Russian state has always acted on the

Sergo Orjonikidze principle of "the strong subdue the weak." The difference was that (1886 ‒ 1937) if Tsarist Russia did so openly, Soviet Russia would deliberately disguise itself in order to deceive the world community and avoid responsibility for what it had done. So does modern can no longer read that Russia was a liberating and benevolent Russia as well. It is also typical for Russia to disguise its official state for Armenia. It is presented as a powerful empire that course as if the supreme government does not know what its acted to achieve its own goals and interests. "By sowing subordinates are doing, be they military or political officials. Let hope in the enslaved peoples of the Caucasus, Russia would us cite a few examples. The following fact is known: in April 1920, facilitate the realization of its military-political tasks," Armenian after Russian troops painlessly occupied Baku and the Soviet historians conclude. government was declared in Azerbaijan, Sergo Orjonikidze sent In Azerbaijani textbooks, Russia is referred to as the Red Army units to the Georgian border and sent a telegram to colonizing country that conquered the Caucasus. Moscow – “I will be in Tbilisi in a few days, everything will settle The textbooks of Ukrainian history focus on the display fine.” The Georgian army, under the command of General Giorgi of the hostile face of Russia which for centuries relentlessly Kvinitadze, gave a worthy response to the enemy and drove exploited Ukraine, conducted Russification, stifled its national the Russians back to Azerbaijan. But this time it is not the main culture, persecuted the local language and so on. Recently, point of focus. Here is another more interesting detail. Soviet Georgian authors have also tried to impartially present both the historiography attributed Orjonikidze's move to the Georgian negative and objectively positive consequences of the Russian Bolsheviks and separated his actions from those of the Kremlin. presence in Georgia, although the whole post-Soviet space is They were citing the telegram sent to Orjonikidze on behalf of prone to the politicization of the past and history textbooks are Lenin and Stalin which said: "The Central Committee instructs not immune to the signs of the instrumentalization of history. you to withdraw detachments from the Georgian territories at The above course of the Tsarist government was also carried the border and refrain from attacking Georgia." In this way, they out by Bolshevik Russia. In 1922, in the process of the formation wanted to shield the Kremlin’s aggression and present its main of the USSR in order to disguise the forced unification of non- protagonist – Lenin as a supporter of only peaceful and good Russian nations liberated from the Tsarist empire into a new neighborly relations with Georgia. and imperial Soviet empire, Lenin demanded that the initiative In fact, events unfolded differently. Two projects for the for the further rapprochement with the Russian people had to Sovietization of Georgia were developed in Moscow at that come from below - from previously oppressed peoples which time. The first aimed to achieve this task through peaceful indeed has been executed in this fashion. means and the second through military intervention. Sergo The same policy continues today. Orjonikidze was responsible to act upon the second plan. He

6 RUSSIA'S EXPANSION IN THE CAUCASUS AND GEORGIA Two Russias Myth or Reality?

King Erekle II of Kartl-Kakheti Michail Gorbachov (1720 ‒ 1798) (დაბ. 1931)

Gottlob Curt Heinrich Tottleben Boris Elcin (1715 ‒ 1773) (1931 ‒ 2007)

had been given a carte blanche but the situation suddenly regular army operate without directions from the government or changed. This is the time when Pilsudski attacked from Poland the head of state? Moscow has long denied the involvement of and took Kiev while Wrangel became active in Crimea and Russian generals and officers in the Abkhazian tragedy but Boris landed detachments in Kuban. In addition, the British Foreign Yeltsin later acknowledged Russia's responsibility in the crime. Secretary, Lord Curzon, demanded that Moscow suspend military operations in Crimea and the Caucasus. Soviet Russia could not afford to fight on an additional front The Kremlin’s secret has already been which is why it temporarily gave preference to a peaceful plan deciphered. A formula is found that sheds light in resolving the Georgian issue. Moreover, the authorities of on this puzzle. It is a directive of Lenin issued the Democratic Republic of Georgia also had aspirations to as early as 1920, still unchanged and enforced negotiate with Moscow and Grigol Uratadze, who was sent to to this date, which emphasizes that "troops Russia for this purpose, was already on his way. That is why must be deployed by order of the front or the Orjonikidze was told to stop the combat operations and refrain army and on behalf of the front or the army, but from an attack. not on behalf of the government." If the invasion of the Red Army in Georgia was solely Sergo Orjonikidze’s doing and not a campaign organized by the earlier permission of the center, obviously there would not have been Unfortunately, Georgian politicians did not always guess any necessity to persuaded Orjonikidze - to stop the attack due Russia's real intentions in time. The Russian General, Gottlob to a change in circumstances, that contradicts the current line Curt Heinrich Tottleben, who was sent to "help" Kartl-Kakheti, of the Central Committee - he would have been simply shot left Erekle II near the Aspindza Fortress in the middle of the according to the laws of the revolution. battle in April 1770, returned to Kartli and began to force the local Let us recall April 9, 1989. To date, there has been no population to take an oath of allegiance to the Russian emperor. documented answer to the question: Who gave the order to the Erekle thought that the general was acting independently and he Soviet Army soldiers to disperse the demonstration in Tbilisi which wrote to Catherine II: “Totleben brings to Russia more shame ended in casualties? It is a fact that they are shielding Mikhail than fame" and demanded his recall. Although the Georgian Gorbachev; otherwise, where, when and in which country does a king did not believe this, Totleben was behaving exactly as he

7 RUSSIA'S EXPANSION IN THE CAUCASUS AND GEORGIA Two Russias Myth or Reality?

Noe Jordania Alexsandr Kerensky (1868 ‒ 1953) (1881 ‒ 1970)

Lev Trozky Vladimir Lenin (1879 ‒ 1940) (1870 ‒ 1924)

Iosif Stalin Davit Kldiashvili (1878 ‒ 1953) (1862 ‒ 1931)

was instructed by the imperial court. Essentially, Catherine of War, and Stalin, the Minister of Nationalities (Commissar), II and her generals were pursuing the same authoritarian and and the former, by Lenin." imperial Russian policy: it is known that Totleben's successor, After the coup d'état of October 1917, indeed two political General Alexey Sukhotin, was given the same instructions as forces emerged in Russia. On the one hand, the Bolsheviks his predecessor. As for Totleben, no one punished him and, were in power and, on the other hand, there was the White moreover, his service was quite appreciated. Catherine placed Guard movement, loyal to the old regime. These groups with the Order of Alexander Nevsky on his chest with her own hands completely different worldviews; that is, "red" and "white" and also promoted him to the rank of lieutenant general. Russia which fought to the death for power, had one thing in Noe Jordania, the Head of the Democratic Republic of common. Neither agreed to the partition of the former empire Georgia, was mistaken in believing that Russia had two and they did not recognize the independence of the peripheral tendencies towards Georgia: "One - political, the other - states separated from Russia but sought to resubjugate them. imperialist. The latter was commanded by Trotsky, the Minister

8 RUSSIA'S EXPANSION IN THE CAUCASUS AND GEORGIA Two Russias Myth or Reality?

Giorgi Zdanovich Zbigniew Brzezinski (1855 ‒ 1917) (1928 ‒ 2017)

could not go beyond the view of the two Russias but he himself became convinced of its absurdity. Against the background of tense relations with the neighboring state, Shevardnadze was pursuing a so-called "two Russia" policy. He blamed the Supreme Council and, especially, the military for the situation which Russia created and not Yeltsin and the “Democrats” from the presidential apparatus. When the Abkhaz war ended tragically for Georgia, Shevardnadze loudly declared that aggressive separatism was being waged from outside the country. He openly called the conflict in Abkhazia a conflict

Romano Prodi between Georgia and Russia and unequivocally blamed Russia (1939 ‒ ) for "suppressing" Georgia.

It is also necessary to note another Russian The newspaper, Georgia, rightly remarked: feature. It has been observed that if, by fate, "Regardless of the substance of the colors in democratic Russians in the opposition to their Russia (red, white or green), one thing is clear: own government come to power, they forget Russia will not change its imperial attitude about democracy and become aggressive towards Georgia." vis-à-vis other people. A striking example is Alexander Kerensky and Boris Yeltsin.

If we can talk about two Russias at all, and only with certain conditionality, it will mostly While opposing Tsarism, Kerensky, as the head of the refer to the section of history from 1918-1920 Russian Provisional Government, was no less zealously when Russia was engulfed in the fires of civil defending the integrity of the state and supporting the idea war and no one knew who would win, the of maintaining Georgia within Russia. Kerensky opposed not Soviet government (Bolshevism) or the White only granting political autonomy to Georgia but even restoring Guard generals as their opponents. During this the autocephaly of the Church. During the meeting with his period, Georgia practically had to deal with fellow party members and other Georgians, he shamelessly "both Russias" or, rather, defend itself from the declared: "There is a big misunderstanding between us, we invasion of both Russias as it was convinced of cannot understand each other." Davit Kldiashvili recalled how its conquest aspirations. Giorgi Zdanovich reprimanded Kerensky who visited : "Alexander Fyodorovich, if you have such a view of Georgia, it would have been better not to have set foot here!" Russia's policy towards Georgia, as we have seen, has In connection with the events of April 9, 1989, Boris Yeltsin, never been good-neighborly. It has always been imperial and a contender for power in Russia, visited Tbilisi and promised aggressive. King Erekle was not able to witness the true face of support to the Georgian people. When he took over the Russia while Noe Jordania became not only an eyewitness but Kremlin and became the country's president, Yeltsin no longer also a victim of Russian violence. Eduard Shevardnadze also remembered the pain of Georgia. Moreover, during his rule,

9 RUSSIA'S EXPANSION IN THE CAUCASUS AND GEORGIA Two Russias Myth or Reality?

similar to Gorbachev's time, Russia tried to maintain political and economic influence over the country. Moscow openly or covertly incited the separatist movement in Georgia and so on. Even today, we can still hear talk about the two Russias in a different variation. For example, in one of his interviews, Romano Prodi, the Prime Minister of Italy and the President of the European Commission from 1999-2004, talks about two Russias. According to his words: "For me, there are two Russias. The first – the Russia of the great novels of the XIX century. The country, the society, full of wisdom, but at the Konstantine same time suffering and pain. And the modern Russia, which Gamsakhurdia has remained largely old but looks different. A country that is (1893 ‒ 1975) undergoing the greatest transformation. One is the Russia that is in my heart and the other is in my mind. I'm trying to bring these two countries together." prevail: tanks, nuclear bombs, army, planes, land grabs ... in The world-renowned American political scientist and one word, imperialism." sociologist, Zbigniew Brzezinski, also has notes about two Russias. He believes that one is the Russia which portrays Putin as a hero and is characterized by "chauvinism, cruelty, According to the words of the great Georgian cynicism and hypocrisy and the other is a hopeful middle- writer, Konstantine Gamsakhurdia: "With a class Russia which developed during the presidency of Dmitry democratic Russia, we will not need a translator." Medvedev. This is a cosmopolitan Russia that travels and Indeed, the language of democracy must be realizes the need for democracy." understood by all. Every now and then a ghost You will find similar discussions about two Russias on the of democracy is kindled in the vast Russia. Of Internet: “Two different Russias coexisted in one territory. One course, we should welcome that. Nor can we large, highly developed European state with a European way of deny the connection with it. But we must not life and standard where they built liner ships, received Nobel make a new mistake, this is not the second Prizes, created the greatest works of literature and art. Next to Russia because in terms of state-politics, the two it was a rural Russia, patriarchal, living on a natural or a semi- Russias neither existed nor exist now. It is just a natural farm." There is even the idea that there is a TV version myth, the fruit of imagination and it has nothing of Russia and then a real Russia. to do with reality! "Two Russias" is a kind of A modern Polish publicist has an interesting observation cliché. It is true that the argument used against about Russia. He writes that he has his own Russia; first of it that "a good and a bad Russia are inextricably all, Turgenev’s and even Okudzhava’s and Vysotski’s. But not linked has itself become a stereotype" but it does so long ago, this Russia was conquered by another Russia in not lose the value of the truth. which "imperial tendencies and the means for their realization

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Remarks:

1 „Горе от ума“ – анализ, кратко. http://rushist.com/index.php/literary-articles/4432-gore-ot-uma-analiz-kratko 2 P. Surguladze, The Russian Empire in the XIX Century, Tbilisi, 1973, pp. 139-140. http://vivovoco.astronet.ru/VV/LAW/VV_PES_W.HTM#2_11 3 P. Ioseliani, The Life of George the Thirteenth, Tbilisi, 1978, p. 152. 4 P. Ioseliani, The Life of George the Thirteenth, Tbilisi, 1978, pp. 152-153. 5 P. Ioseliani, The Life of George the Thirteenth, Tbilisi, 1978, p. 140 6 M. Gaprindashvili, on the History of Georgian Public Thought, III, Tbilisi, 1988, p. 300. 7 , Tbilisi, 1989, p. 235. 7 P. Ioseliani, The Life of George the Thirteenth, Tbilisi, 1978, p. 180 9 Klde, 1913, # 6, February 3, pp. 10-11. 10 Бердяев Н., Истоки и смысл русского коммунизма, Париж, 1955, с. 7. 11 Orlando Figes, Natasha’s Dance: A Cultural History of Russia, Tbilisi, 2013, p. XIV. 12 Козлова Г., Держава и империя: две качественно различные формы государственности. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/derzhava-i-imperiya-dve-kachestvenno- razlichnye-formy-gosudarstvennosti 13 Синдром двуглавого орла. https://www.svoboda.org/a/30391060.html 14 Communist, February 27, 1976. 15 Speech by Grigol Robakidze (European Socialist Delegation on behalf of the Writers), Barricade, 1920, # 1. 16 http://www.historia.ru/2004/01/bagdasarian.htm 17 http://www.historia.ru/2004/01/mamedova.htm 18 http://www.contrtv.ru/print/1838 19 A. Bendianishvili, A. Daushvili, M. Samsonadze, K. Kokrashvili, D. Chumburidze, O. Janelidze, Russian Colonialism in Georgia, Tbilisi, 2008. 20 V. Lenin, Essays, Vol. 35, p. 474; Also, A. Iremadze., At the Source of Dawn, Tbilisi, 1984, p. 233. 21 O. Janelidze, Shot Liberty, Tbilisi, 2000, p. 33. 22 Tbilisi, February 24, 1990. 23 Essays on the History of Georgia, Vol. IV, Tbilisi, 1973, p. 656. 24 I. Tsintsadze, Two Documents from the History of Russian-Georgian Relations in the 1768-1774 Russo-Turkish War, Enimki Moambe, 1940, # 5-6, p. 351. 25 https://polit.ru/news/2019/12/21/tottleben/ 26 N. Jordania, My Past, Tbilisi, 1990, p. 117. 27 Georgia, 1920, February 16. 28 G. Gvalia. How do Small Countries Choose Strategic Allies? Balancing and Siding Strategies in the South Caucasus Region. Dissertation, Tbilisi, 2013, p. 53. 29 R. Koiava, E. Baghaturia, I. Nikitina, Georgia and Russia: A Bilateral View of Quarter-Century Relations, Tbilisi, 2017, p. 15. 30 Vasil Tsereteli, Tbilisi, 1998, p. 214. 31 D. Kldiashvili, My Life’s Way, Batumi, 1984, p. 186. 32 https://iz.ru/news/314720 33 http://www.tvn24.pl 34 Две России. https://polit-ec.livejournal.com/15654.html 35 https://fn-volga.ru/news/view/id/111633 36 Most Niemcowa i dwie Rosje. ttps://www.salon24.pl/u/zbigwie/640055,most-niemcowa-i-dwie-rosje 37 G. Zedania, “Russia between Culture and Civilization,” Preface to the book Natasha’s Dance: A Cultural History of Russia, by Orlando Figes, Tbilisi, 2013, p. VII.

გამოყენებული ლიტერატურა: 20. Orlando Figes, Natasha’s Dance: A Cultural History of Russia, Tbilisi, 2013. 1. Bendianishvili A., Daushvili A., Samsonadze M., Kokrashvili Kh., 21. Koiava R., Baghaturia E., Nikitina I., Georgia and Russia: A Bilateral Chumburidze D., Janelidze O., Russian Colonialism in Georgia, View of Quarter-Century Relations, Tbilisi, 2017. Tbilisi, 2008. Tsintsadze I., Two Documents From the History of Russian- 2. Communist, February 27, 1976. Georgian Relations in the 1768-1774 Russo-Turkish War, Enimki 3. Tbilisi, February 24, 1990. Moambe, 1940, #5-6. 4. Georgia, February 16, 1920. 22. Janelidze O., Shot Liberty, Tbilisi, 2000. 5. Gaprindashvili M., History of Georgian Public Thought 23. Бердяев Н., Истоки и смысл русского коммунизма, Париж, 1955. 6. Essays, III, Tbilisi, 1988. 24. „Горе от ума“ – анализ, кратко. http://rushist.com/index.php/ 7. Gvalia G. How do Small Countries Choose Strategic Allies? literary-articles/4432-gore-ot-uma-analiz-kratko Balancing and Siding Strategies in the South Caucasus Region. 25. Козлова Г., Держава и империя: две качественно различные Dissertation, Tbilisi, 2013. формы государственности. https://cyberleninka.ru 8. Grigol Orbeliani, Tbilisi, 1989. article/n/derzhava-i-imperiya-dve-kachestvenno-razlichnye-formy- 9. Speech by Grigol Robakidze (European Socialist Delegation on behalf gosudarstvennosti of the Writers), “Barricade, 1920, # 1. 26. Две России. https://polit-ec.livejournal.com/15654.html 10. Vasil Tsereteli, Tbilisi, 1998. 27. Синдром двуглавого орла. https://www.svoboda.org/a/30391060.html 11. Zedania G., “Russia between Culture and Civilization,” Preface to 28. Most Niemcowa i dwie Rosje. ttps://www.salon24.pl/uzbigwie/ the book Natasha’s Dance: A Cultural History of Russia, by Orlando 640055,most-niemcowa-i-dwie-rosje Figes, Tbilisi, 2013. 29. https://iz.ru/news/314720 12. Ioseliani P., The Life of George the Thirteenth, Tbilisi, 1978. 30. https://polit.ru/news/2019/12/21/tottleben/ 13. Iremadze A., At the Source of Dawn, Tbilisi, 1984 31. http://www.historia.ru/2004/01/bagdasarian.htm 14. Kldiashvili D., My Life’s Way, Batumi, 1984 32. http://www.historia.ru/2004/01/mamedova.htm 15. Lenin V., Essays, Vol. 35 33. http://www.contrtv.ru/print/1838 16. Jordania N., My Past, Tbilisi, 1990 34. http://vivovoco.astronet.ru/VV/LAW/VV_PES_W.HTM#2_11 17. Klde, 1913, # 6, February 3. 35. https://fn-volga.ru/news/view/id/111633 18. Essays on the History of Georgia, Vol. IV, Tbilisi, 1973. 36. http://www.tvn24.pl 19. Surguladze P., The Russian Empire in the XIX Century, Tbilisi, 1973.

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