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How to Reduce the Risk of Pesticide Resistance in Apple Pests in Oregon

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How to Reduce the Risk of Pesticide Resistance in Apple Pests in Oregon EM 8950 • September 2008 • $15.00 How to Reduce the Risk of Pesticide Resistance in Apple Pests in Oregon C. Kaiser, A.N. Azarenko, and R.A. Spotts Pesticides—including insecticides, acaricides, currently registered for use on apples in Oregon, fungicides, and bactericides—are essential for including information regarding the pests for which maintaining healthy crops with reliable yields and each product is registered, mode of action, chemical quality. In many instances, pesticides have become groupings, and classification. Extension personnel, less effective as target organisms have developed field consultants, and growers should use this infor- resistance. The first record of resistance dates to mation to reduce the risk of resistance to insecticides 1897, when orchardists began having problems con- and fungicides. trolling San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus [ Comstock]) and codling moth (Cydia pomonella Insecticide and acaricide resistance [L.]). Since then, pesticide resistance has become According to the Insecticide Resistance Action a worldwide threat to commercial agriculture. By Committee (IRAC), resistance to insecticides is “a the end of 2006, there were 645 specific cases of heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest popu- agricultural insecticide resistance, with 542 species lation that is reflected in the repeated failure of a of arthropods resistant to at least one compound. In product to achieve the expected level of control when total, 316 compounds are affected. used according to the label recommendation for that There has also been a gradual increase in fun- pest species.” gicide resistance since 1960. Fungicide resistance When a chemical is used continuously, insecti- usually develops rapidly compared to insecticide cide resistance may lead to reduced insect control resistance. However, poor disease control can also in the field. One likely response is to reapply the result from other factors such as incorrect disease insecticide; when that fails, the dosage is raised, and identification, adverse weather conditions, and poor the interval between applications may be shortened. application technique or timing. Always consider These strategies work only for as long as it takes for these possible causes before concluding that poor resistance to be expressed across the entire insect control is the result of resistance. population. The product is then abandoned, and Timely action to prevent resistance develop- another class of products with increased efficacy is ment will ensure that horticultural industries gain used. The cycle repeats, and crop losses may amount maximum benefit from effective pesticides for as to millions of dollars internationally. long as possible. This publication suggests strategies Not only does resistance lead to increased costs to prevent resistance development. It also provides of production, but in some cases secondary or minor detailed information on insecticides and fungicides pests have become major pests as predator popula- tions are reduced by pesticide use. Clive Kaiser, Extension faculty (horticulture), Umatilla County; Anita Nina Azarenko, Department of Horticulture; and Robert A. Spotts, Mid-Columbia Agricultural Research and Extension Center; all of Oregon State University. Furthermore, resistance to a specific compound Chart 2 lists active ingredients alphabetically, also confers cross resistance to other chemically related together with all currently registered trade names. In compounds that share a common target site and mode addition, Chart 2 details the chemical class, mode of of action within the pest. action, IRAC main group and primary site of action, Insecticide and acaricide resistance has occurred and chemical subgroup or exemplifying active ingredi- across the entire spectrum of arthropods, including ent for each compound. Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Heteroptera, Cole- Product trade names currently registered by optera, and Acarina. Insect pests of apples with docu- Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) are shown mented resistance to insecticides in the United States, in bold in Chart 2 (http://www.omri.org/). Products and in particular in the Pacific Northwest, include listed by OMRI change frequently, and organic growers codling moth, European red mite, Pandemis leafroller, are advised to check the latest information concerning obliquebanded leafroller, aphids, western flower thrips, label registrations before selecting and applying a prod- and many others. uct (http://www.omri.org/). Some pesticides are more prone to resistance Classifications used by IRAC (http://www. problems than others. Chemistries implicated include irac-online.org/) are used in this publication, and carbamates, organophosphates, and pyrethroids. How- IRAC’s cooperation is gratefully acknowledged. ever, other products such as indoxacarb and Bacillus Strategies for preventing insecticide thuringiensis (Bt), widely used in Oregon for insect and acaricide resistance control in apple orchards, are not immune from resis- tance buildup. Two recent studies found that insects can • When planting new blocks, consider planting develop resistance to crystalline toxins produced by cultivars with early-maturing fruit or those with the Bt bacterium. This is cause for concern due to the pest tolerance. For example, the Geneva rootstock increased worldwide reliance on this product. series from Cornell has resistance to woolly apple The coordinated use of two insecticides is bet- aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum). Rootstocks bred ter than using a single pesticide. However, improper in Quebec have woolly apple aphid resistance in application of two insecticides in one study resulted in addition to dwarfing attributes. resistance to both pesticides when a single resistance • Integrate chemical applications with other control would have arisen if only one pesticide had been used. methods; e.g., cultural and biological control To avoid pesticide resistance, growers need to programs. For example, consider inoculating with understand insecticide and acaricide modes of action beneficial nematodes, which control a wide range and how different chemical groups target pests. They of insect pests. also need a clear understanding of how to use an effec- • Before you spray, make sure that insect or mite tive multiple-pesticide strategy. populations are high enough to justify control. Use appropriate local economic thresholds. Contact Apple insecticide and acaracide charts your local OSU Extension agent to obtain threshold Chemicals currently registered for use on apples in levels. Oregon appear in Charts 1 and 2. Chart 1 lists pests of • Understand the specific pest’s life cycle and major concern to apple growers in Oregon, along with phenological model (http://ippc2.orst.edu/cgi-bin/ all active ingredients (and some common trade names) ddmodel.pl). When controlling larval stages, target registered for use on those pests. Restricted-entry inter- younger larval instars, if possible, because these vals (REI) and preharvest intervals (PHI) are included. stages usually are more effectively controlled by Use requirements change frequently, and similar insecticides than older stages. products may not have the same restrictions. Check the • Where possible, select insecticides and other pest latest information concerning label requirements and management tools that preserve beneficial insects. restrictions before selecting and applying a product. For When you kill natural enemies, you inherit their up-to-date information, see Washington State Univer- job. sity’s Pesticide Notification Network http://ext.wsu.( edu/pnn/). 2 • Use only well-maintained and well-calibrated Resistance has also resulted from improper use equipment to apply insecticides. Follow of systemic fungicides such as methyl benzimidazole recommendations for water volumes, spray carbamates, or MBC fungicides (e.g., carbendazim); pressures, and optimal temperatures. phenylamides, or PA fungicides (e.g., metalaxyl); QoI • Observe spray intervals on label recommendations. fungicides (e.g., azoxystrobin); demethylation inhibitor, or DMI fungicides (e.g., tebuconazole); and dicarboxi- • Alternate products from different IRAC mode mides (e.g., iprodione). of action groups to which there is no locally Fungicide resistance can arise rapidly and may known cross resistance. When making multiple result in partial or complete loss of disease control. applications per year or growing season, alternate Resistance is first noticed when expected levels of products from different mode of action classes, disease control are no longer achieved with label- preferably in rotations of at least three. Utilize recommended dosages. the IPM Decision Aid website from WSU (http:// Fungicides generally have very specific modes of entomology.tfrec.wsu.edu/das/). action, making them more susceptible than insecticides • In the event of a control failure, do not reapply the to resistance. Some fungal pathogens seem more likely same pesticide. Choose a pesticide with a different than others to become resistant. Factors that affect the mode of action and to which there is no locally development of fungicide resistance include the type of known cross resistance. fungicide, its frequency of use, whether it is used alone • Insecticide mixtures (cocktails) may offer a short- or in a rotation program, the target pathogen, and the term solution to resistance problems. However, ability of resistant forms to survive. each component must have a different insecticidal To prevent resistance
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