DOCSLIB.ORG

François Kazadi Kabuya Congo Atomic Energy Commission Lukusa Mukengabantu Centre for Research in Geology and Mining

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
François Kazadi Kabuya Congo Atomic Energy Commission Lukusa Mukengabantu Centre for Research in Geology and Mining Uranium and Thorium Resources in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Historical and Current Status François Kazadi Kabuya Congo Atomic Energy Commission Lukusa Mukengabantu Centre for Research in Geology and Mining 1 Agenda Historical Events Uranium Occurrences Uranium Today and Tomorrow Conclusions and Perspectives 2 Mineral Resources Mapping Session I CCPMQ/CGEA MAI 2010 3 Uranium from the beginning to Congo 1789 : U discovery by German Chemist Martin Klaproth. 1789 - 1939 : U has little commercial value and no strategic importance. (Pottery and Glass) 1896 : Henri Becquerel discovers radioactivity. 1898 : Curies discovered that U ore also contains Ra and Po (More than U). 1898 to 1925 : Ra is used to make dials glow in the dark, and to shrink malignant tumors. Ra becomes the most valuable substance on earth sold for 120,000 a gram. Ra is mined in Czechoslovakia, England, France, Russia and the Colorado Plateau (USA). Session I CCPMQ/CGEA MAI 2010 4 Uranium from the beginning to Congo 1925 to 1930 : December 1942 : By mining rich deposits in the Congo, The U.S. Army orders another 500 a Belgian company drives the price of T of U from Eldorado. radium down to about $75,000 / g, Eldorado interrupts its delivery of forcing its competitors out of business Canadian U to the US and begins and achieving a world monopoly processing the Congolese U instead. July 1942 : U from the Congo, refined at Port The US Army orders another 350 Hope, dominates the Manhattan tons of uranium from Eldorado. Project. September 1942 : The U.S. Army acquires 1200 tons of rich U concentrates from the Congo Session I CCPMQ/CGEA MAI 2010 5 Uranium from the beginning to Congo 1943 to 1945 : Po extracted from U ore is also U from Canada, Colorado, and the used, in combination with Be to Congo is used in the WW II Atom provide neutrons needed to Bomb Project: detonate both the Hiroshima and U is enriched and used as a nuclear Nagasaki bombs. explosive in the Hiroshima bombs 1906: Discovery of Shinkolobwe U is used as metallic fuel for the deposit (Union Minière) world's first Reactors 1915: A fraction of the U fuel is converted U is discovered as a yellow ore and into Pu which is then extracted and confirmed that the deposit was used as a nuclear explosive in the very rich in Uranium Oxide and Trinity and Nagasaki bombings Lead Session I CCPMQ/CGEA MAI 2010 6 Uranium from the beginning to Congo 1924: Highly concentrated Ra & U are discovered and commercialized. Belgium monopolized the world Shinkolobwe Mine market After WW I only Radium is mined, stored at Panda and sent to Oren in Belgium 1937: Shinkolobwe site is closed. 2000 tons of 65% U3O8 are stockpiled to supply the world demand for 20 years Session I CCPMQ/CGEA MAI 2010 7 Uranium from the beginning to Congo Up to 1937: Canadians and Belgians compete to control Ra market. Ra prices decline from $70,000 to 25,000 per gram U & Co Mills 1938: UMK & Eldorado Gold Mines joined in cartel with 60% of the world market to the Belgium. Radium price rises to US$2,000 /g 1938: U is sent to USA to prevent it from Germany possession About 25,000 tons of U were produced from the site Session I CCPMQ/CGEA MAI 2010 8 The Manhattan Project and the DRC Uranium Albert Einstein August 2nd 1939 Old Grove Rd. Nassau Point The U.S. assembled a team of Peconic, Long Island nuclear scientists from several F.D. Roosevelt President of the United States countries to work on atomic White House weapons Washington, D.C. Sir: Their work, known as the Some recent work by E.Fermi and L. Szilard, which has been Manhattan Project, resulted in the communicated to me in manuscript, leads me to expect that the element uranium may be turned into a new and important source of first nuclear explosion at the energy in the Immediate future. Certain aspects of the situation which has arisen seem to call for watchfulness and, if necessary, quick action on the Trinity test site in New Mexico in part of the Administration. I believe therefore that it is my duty to bring to your attention the following facts and recommendations: July 1945. In the course of the last four months it has been made probable st through the work of Joliot in France as well as Fermi and Szilard in America 1939: 1 Einstein letter to Roosevelt that it may become possible to set up a nuclear chain Reaction in a large to discuss development of nuclear mass of uranium, by which vast amounts of power and large quantities of new radium‐like elements would be generated. Now it Appears almost weapon and suggesting the use of certain that this could be achieved in the immediate future. This new phenomenon would also lead to the construction of Bombs, U from Belgian Congo and it is conceivable ‐ though much less certain –that extremely powerful bombs of a new type may thus be constructed. A single bomb of this type, carried by boat and exploded in a port, might very well destroy the whole port together with some of the surrounding territory. However, such bombs might very well prove to be too heavy for transportation by air. Session I CCPMQ/CGEA MAI 2010 9 The Manhattan Project and the DRC Uranium The United States has only very poor ores of uranium in moderate quantities. There is some good ore in Canada and the former Czechoslovakia. August 1939: Leo Szilar Memo to while the most important source of uranium is Belgian Congo. Roosevelt to use U from Belgian In view of the situation you may think it desirable to have more permanent Congo in the development of nuclear contact maintained between the Administration and the Group of physicists working on chain reactions in America. One possible Way of achieving this weapons might be for you to entrust with this task a person who has your confidence and who could perhaps serve in an unofficial capacity. His task might comprise 1940: Stockpile of U bearing ore is the following: shipped to the USA a) to approach Government Departments, keep them informed of the further development, and put forward recommendations for Government action action, giving particular attention to the problem of securing a supply of August 15, 1942: Manhattan Project uranium ore for the United States; Director General Lislie Groves b) to speed up the experimental work, which is at present being carried on within the limits of the budgets of University laboratories, by providing funds, purchased 1250 ton of Belgian Congo if such funds be required, through his contacts with y private persons who are willing to make contributions for this cause, and perhaps also by obtaining the U to UMK co‐operation of industrial laboratories which have the necessary equipment. August 1945: Japan Cities of I understand that Germany has actually stopped the sale of uranium from the Czechoslovakian mines which she has taken over. That she should have Hiroshima and Nagasaki were bombed taken such early action might perhaps be understood on the ground that the son of the German Under‐Secretary of State, von Weizsäcker, is attached to the and destroyed. Kaiser‐Wilhelm‐Institut in Berlin where some of the American work on uranium is now being repeated. The world became aware of the Yours very truly, enormous destructive power of nuclear weapons Session I CCPMQ/CGEA MAI 2010 10 Uranium Occurrences Katanga Province Shinkolobwe, Kalongwe Musoshi Musonoi Swambo Luiswishi Kambove Principal Kambove west Kalongwe 11 Uranium Occurrences 12 Uranium Occurrences Province of South Kivu Kobokobo Kobokobo 13 Uranium Deposit and Resources Evaluation U Deposit Resources Mineralization Mining Evaluation Shinkolobwe 1000 T ‐ 3000 Uraninite, Mining started in Uranium associated 1921 (U extracted T of U308 with Cu, Co,Ni, Gold from Ra). and REE Ra mined in 1922. U mined from 1939 until 1960. The mine was closed in 1961 Swambo 255,000 T of ore Uraninite Never mined yielding 600 T Uranium is associated Of U308,other With palladium and sources report Gold some 2000 T of U308 in ore grading between 0,1 and 1 % Session I CCPMQ/CGEA MAI 2010 14 Uranium Deposit and Resources Evaluation U Deposit Resources Mineralization Mining Evaluation Kalongwe 500 T U308 in Pitchblende. Never ore grading U associated with mined Cu and Gold. 0,1%; (100 to Kalongwe belongs 200 T U308 in to ore grading 2% SHINKOLOBWE‐ U308). type 16,600 T of ore with 0,19¨% U‐Oxides. Session I CCPMQ/CGEA MAI 2010 15 Uranium Deposit and Resources Evaluation U Deposit Resources Mineralization Mining Evaluation MUSOSHI ‐ Torbenite,Uranoph Never ane. mined At 370 m depth uraninite is associated with pyrite, molybdenite, quartz, albite,microcline and carbonate. Session I CCPMQ/CGEA MAI 2010 16 Uranium Deposit and Resources Evaluation U Deposit Resources Mineralization Mining Evaluation KAMBOVE ‐‐‐ WEST KAMBOVE ‐ Francevillite, uranophane, PRINCIPAL cuprosklodowskite, Torbernite. ] Session I CCPMQ/CGEA MAI 2010 17 Uranium Deposit and Resources Evaluation U Deposit Resources Mineralization Mining Evaluation MUSONOI ‐ Torbernite, and ‐ Cuprosklodowskite. Selenium is closely associated to uranium. KAMOTO ‐ Uranophane Session I CCPMQ/CGEA MAI 2010 18 Uranium in the DRC Today 1 1982 COGEMA prospected U U is not mined anymore in the DRC since 1942 Most Cu and Co mines contain amount of low to moderate grade of U & Th U ore is classified as restricted material by a Presidential Decree Monitoring is conducted to prevent illegal mining in some mining sites Session I CCPMQ/CGEA MAI 2010 19 Uranium in the DRC Today 2 In July 2007: Brinkley Mining Company (UK) agreed with the DRC for the production of uranium and for financial assistance to halt uranium smuggling.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Authority Review for the Former Staten Island Warehouse
    -. -“” i\lf 2’-L THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION Suite 4000, 955 L’Enfant P.!aza, S. W., Washington, D. C. 20024, Telephone: (202) 488-6000 7117-03.85.eav.15 20 August 1985 bee: A. Wallo F. Hoch (w/o) Mr. Arthur Whitman F. Newman (w/o) Division of Remedial Action Projects, NE-24 R. Johnson (w/o) U.S. Department of Energy Germantown, Maryland 20545 Dear Mr. Whitman: AUTHORITY REVIEW FOR THE FORMER STATEN ISLAND WAREHOUSE Aerospace has completed the analysis of the available documentation related to the former Staten Island Warehouse. The attachment is sub- mitted for your review to determine whether DOE has authority to pursue remedial action at the site under FUSRAP. As indicated in the summary of the attached analysis, it would appear that, except for export controls imposed by the State Department, the ore stored in the former Staten Island Warehouse was not under the control of the U.S. Government. The Manhattan District only purchased a portion of the U308 content of the ore, while African Metals Corpora- tion retained ownership of the radium and other precious metals that remained in the ore after processing. Further, the U.S. Government did not take custody of the ore until delivered by lighter free alongside ship to the Lehigh Valley Railroad at the Dean Mill Plant of the Archer- Daniels-Midland Company. As a result, it does not appear that DOE has authority under the Atomic Energy Act to take remedial actions, if needed, at this site. Based upon your review and final authority determination, Aerospace will prepare an elimination package to document the status of the site as it is turned over to the EPA for remedial action.
    [Show full text]
  • Junior Ranger Book Is for All Ages
    National Park Service Manhattan Project U.S. Department of the Interior National Historical Park NM, TN, WA Manhattan Project National Historical Park JUNIORat Hanford, RANGERWashington Turn the page to accept this mission Welcome friends! My name is Atom U235 Fission. I will be your guide as we explore the Hanford site of the Manhattan JR JR RANGER Manhattan a Project N Project National Historical Park G SITE, WA ER together. This project was So big it changed the world! How to earn points This junior ranger book is for all ages. You may find some activities harder than others. That’s okay. You choose what activities to complete by earning enough points for your age. 4 points —— ages 6-8 Points needed 6 points —— ages 9-11 to earn a badge 8 points —— ages 12-14 10 points —— ages 15 and older ACTIVITIES POINT VALUE YOUR POINTS Complete activities in 1 activity = the Junior Ranger Book. 1 pt Join a docent tour or 1 pt ranger program. Total: Watch a park film. 1 pt Download the park’s app. Learn about our other locations. 1 pt This QR code will take you to the free National Park Service app. Once you have the app, search for the Manhattan Project to explore the entire park including sites in New Mexico, Tennessee, and Washington. WHEN FINISHED: Return your book to the visitor center and be sworn in as an official junior ranger. PARENTS: Participate with your aspiring junior ranger to learn about this park as a family. NEED MORE TIME? Mail your book to Manhattan Project National Historical Park, 2000 Logston Blvd.
    [Show full text]
  • Uranium Mining and the U.S. Nuclear Weapons Program
    Uranium Mining and the U.S. Nuclear Weapons Program Uranium Mining and the U.S. Nuclear Weapons Program By Robert Alvarez Formed over 6 billion years ago, uranium, a dense, silvery-white metal, was created “during the fiery lifetimes and explosive deaths in stars in the heavens around us,” stated Nobel Laureate Arno Penzias.1 With a radioactive half-life of about 4.5 billion years, uranium-238 is the most dominant of several unstable uranium isotopes in nature and has enabled scientists to understand how our planet was created and formed. For at least the last 2 billion years, uranium shifted from deep in the earth to the rocky shell-like mantle, and then was driven by volcanic processes further up to oceans and to the continental crusts. The Colorado Plateau at the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, where some of the nation’s largest uranium deposits exist, began to be formed some 300 million years ago, followed later by melting glaciers, and erosion which left behind exposed layers of sand, silt and mud. One of these was a canary-yellow sediment that would figure prominently in the nuclear age. From 1942 to 1971, the United States nuclear weapons program purchased about 250,000 metric tons of uranium concentrated from more than 100 million tons of ore.2 Although more than half came from other nations, the uranium industry heavily depended on Indian miners in the Colorado Plateau. Until recently,3 their importance remained overlooked by historians of the atomic age. There is little doubt their efforts were essential for the United States to amass one of the most destructive nuclear arsenals in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Addressing Belgium's Crimes in the Congo Free State
    Historical Security Council Addressing Belgium's crimes in the Congo Free State Director: Mauricio Quintero Obelink Moderator: Arantxa Marin Limón INTRODUCTION The Security Council is one of the six main organs of the United Nations. Its five principle purposes are to “maintain international peace and security, to develop diplomatic relations among nations, to cooperate in solving international problems, promote respect for human rights, and to be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations” (What is the Security Council?, n.d.). The Committee is made up of 10 elected members and 5 permanent members (China, France, Russian Federation, United Kingdom, United States), all of which have veto power, which ultimately allows them to block proposed resolutions. As previously mentioned, the Security Council focuses on international matters regarding diplomatic relations, as well as the establishment of human rights protocols. For this reason, Belgium’s occupation of the greater Congo area is a topic of relevance within the committee. The Congo Free State was a large territory in Africa established by the Belgian Crown in 1885, and lasted until 1908. It was created after Leopold II commissioned European investors to explore and establish the land as European territory in order to gain international, economic; and political power. When the Belgian military gained power over the Congo territory, natives included, inhumane crimes were committed towards the inhabitants, all while under Leopold II’s supervision and approval. For this reason, King Leopold II’s actions, as well as the direct crimes committed by his army, must be held accountable in order to bring justice to the territory and its people.
    [Show full text]
  • General Index
    CAL – CAL GENERAL INDEX CACOXENITE United States Prospect quarry (rhombs to 3 cm) 25:189– Not verified from pegmatites; most id as strunzite Arizona 190p 4:119, 4:121 Campbell shaft, Bisbee 24:428n Unanderra quarry 19:393c Australia California Willy Wally Gully (spherulitic) 19:401 Queensland Golden Rule mine, Tuolumne County 18:63 Queensland Mt. Isa mine 19:479 Stanislaus mine, Calaveras County 13:396h Mt. Isa mine (some scepter) 19:479 South Australia Colorado South Australia Moonta mines 19:(412) Cresson mine, Teller County (1 cm crystals; Beltana mine: smithsonite after 22:454p; Brazil some poss. melonite after) 16:234–236d,c white rhombs to 1 cm 22:452 Minas Gerais Cripple Creek, Teller County 13:395–396p,d, Wallaroo mines 19:413 Conselheiro Pena (id as acicular beraunite) 13:399 Tasmania 24:385n San Juan Mountains 10:358n Renison mine 19:384 Ireland Oregon Victoria Ft. Lismeenagh, Shenagolden, County Limer- Last Chance mine, Baker County 13:398n Flinders area 19:456 ick 20:396 Wisconsin Hunter River valley, north of Sydney (“glen- Spain Rib Mountain, Marathon County (5 mm laths donite,” poss. after ikaite) 19:368p,h Horcajo mines, Ciudad Real (rosettes; crystals in quartz) 12:95 Jindevick quarry, Warregul (oriented on cal- to 1 cm) 25:22p, 25:25 CALCIO-ANCYLITE-(Ce), -(Nd) cite) 19:199, 19:200p Kennon Head, Phillip Island 19:456 Sweden Canada Phelans Bluff, Phillip Island 19:456 Leveäniemi iron mine, Norrbotten 20:345p, Québec 20:346, 22:(48) Phillip Island 19:456 Mt. St-Hilaire (calcio-ancylite-(Ce)) 21:295– Austria United States
    [Show full text]
  • Spies in the Congo
    Intelligence in Public Media Spies in the Congo: America’s Atomic Mission in World War II Susan Williams (Public Affairs, 2016), 332 pp., cast of characters, lo- cations, abbreviations, codewords, notes, index. Reviewed by David A. Foy While the US effort to develop the atomic bomb, mation. His “extra” mission—and the focus of Williams’s usually referred to by the umbrella term the Manhattan book—was to prevent enemy seizure of the uranium ore Project and headed by Army MG Leslie Groves, is be- during its transit from the Shinkolobwe mine to the Unit- coming better-known to the public, certain aspects of that ed States. To preserve arguably the most important secret compelling story remain largely in the shadows—partly of the war, neither Hogue nor any of his accomplices by design, partly by neglect. Susan Williams’s Spies in were ever told why uranium was so important, only that the Congo: America’s Atomic Mission in World War II it was so sensitive that they were never to use the term in shines a welcome light on one aspect of the tale—name- either oral or written communications and to use “dia- ly, the resolute US desire to control the highest-quality mond smuggling” (also a legitimate concern in Africa) as and quantity of uranium ore available in the world in a euphemism. By the time Hogue arrived in the Congo, order to ensure that the all-important ore did not reach Groves had tasked the Army’s Counterintelligence Corps Nazi Germany, working on its own atomic weapons (CIC, or the “Creeps,” as colleagues referred to them) program.
    [Show full text]
  • Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
    UA: 208/09 Index: AFR 62/013/2009 DRC Date: 30 July 2009 URGENT ACTION LEADING DRC HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDER ARRESTED A prominent human rights defender has been detained as prisoner of conscience since 24 July in the south-east of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). His organization had recently published a report alleging state complicity in illegal mining at a uranium mine, and he is facing politically motivated charges. Golden Misabiko, President of the Association Africaine de défense des Droits de l'Homme in Katanga province (ASADHO/Katanga), was arrested on 24 July by the intelligence services in the provincial capital, Lubumbashi. He is held at the Prosecutor’s Office (Parquet), sleeping outdoors on a cardboard box because the holding cell is overcrowded and filthy. On 29 July, the Lubumbashi High Court ordered that he should be detained for 15 days, for further investigation and possible trial on charges of "threatening state security" (atteinte à la sûreté de l’Etat) and "defamation" (diffamation). The court rejected a plea from his lawyers to release him on bail. The Katanga judicial authorities appear to have been put under political pressure to keep Golden Misabiko in detention. The charges against Golden Misabiko relate to a report published by ASADHO/Katanga on 12 July about the Shinkolobwe uranium mine. The report alleged that military and civilian officials had been complicit in illegal mining at Shinkolobwe after the government closed the mine for reasons of national security and public safety, in January 2004. The report said that the DRC authorities had not done enough to secure the mine.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Congo Crisis, 1960-1961
    The Congo Crisis, 1960-1961: A Critical Oral History Conference Organized by: The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars’ Cold War International History Project and Africa Program Sponsored by: The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars September 23-24, 2004 Opening of Conference – September 23, 2004 CHRISTIAN OSTERMANN: Ladies and gentlemen I think we’ll get started even though we’re still expecting a few colleagues who haven’t arrived yet, but I think we should get started because we have quite an agenda for this meeting. Welcome all of you to the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars; my name is Christian Ostermann. I direct one of the programs here at the Woodrow Wilson Center, the Cold War International History Project. The Center is the United States’ official memorial to President Woodrow Wilson and it celebrates, commemorates Woodrow Wilson through a living memorial, that is, we bring scholars from around the world, about 150 each year to the Wilson center to do research and to write. In addition to hosting fellowship programs, the Center hosts 450 meetings each year on a broad array of topics related to international affairs. One of these meetings is taking place today, and it is a very special meeting, as I will explain in a few moments. This meeting is co-sponsored by the Center’s Cold War International History project and 1 the Center’s Africa Program, directed by former Congressman Howard Wolpe. He’s in Burundi as we speak here, but some of his staff will be joining us during the course of the day.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Mining on Water of the Rivers Shinkolobwe, Lwisha And
    The Journal of Medical Research 2017; 3(2): 71-73 Research Article Impact of mining on water of the rivers Shinkolobwe, JMR 2017; 3(2): 71-73 March- April Lwisha and Kansonga in the province of Katanga (DRC) ISSN: 2395-7565 © 2017, All rights reserved Dominique Mudimbi Kalonda1, Arsène Kabamba Tshikongo1, Fridolin Kodondi Kule-koto2, Oscar Luboya www.medicinearticle.com Numbi3, Christian Kasongo Busambwa1, Dominique Kabundi Kalonda1, Yves Kisunka Bwalya1, Hervé Received: 07-02-2017 1 1 4 Musola Cansa , Albert Longanga Otshudi , Zet Lukumwena Kalala Accepted: 26-04-2017 1 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) 2 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) 3 Faculty of Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) 4 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) Abstract Background: These last decades were marked by the refuse tips, which caused many problems to the environment. Heavy metals resulting from these discharges are for the very dangerous majority when those manage to contaminate water. The contamination of water by heavy metals became an alarming matter, because not only it limits the use of water by the domestic uses but also for the damage, which it causes at the watery organizations. Objective: This study aims at determining the impact of mining around the Shinkolobwe rivers, Lwisha and Kansonga of the province of Katanga. Methods: Samples of water of the rivers Shinkolobwe, Lwisha and Kansonga taken during the period from October to December 2010; were used as equipment for the proportioning of heavy metals (52Cr-H2, 54 Fe, 59 Co, 60 Ni-H2, 65 Cu-H2, 75As, 114 Cd, 208Pb and 238U).
    [Show full text]
  • Views of the Belgian Congo Album
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8xg9shc No online items Finding Aid for the Views of the Belgian Congo album Beth Ann Guynn Finding Aid for the Views of the 97.R.58 1 Belgian Congo album Descriptive Summary Title: Views of the Belgian Congo album Date (inclusive): 1908-1909 Number: 97.R.58 Physical Description: 1 album(185 photographic prints) Repository: The Getty Research Institute Special Collections 1200 Getty Center Drive, Suite 1100 Los Angeles 90049-1688 [email protected] URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10020/askref (310) 440-7390 Abstract: The album, compiled by an unidentified colonial agent who was in the Belgian Congo from 1908 to 1909, documents one man's experiences in the region during the first year of the newly-annexed Belgian colony's existence. The album records the agent's journey from Antwerp to Matadi and thence up the Congo river to his post at Yoboila (Lomami). The remainder of the album documents the agent's daily life, local inhabitants and surroundings. Request Materials: Request access to the physical materials described in this inventory through the catalog record for this collection. Click here for the access policy . Language: Collection material is in French Biographical/Historical Note Central Africa was largely unexplored by Westerners before Henry Morton Stanley's expedition (1874-1878) to trace the course of the Congo river. Excited by Stanley's discoveries, King Leopold II of Belgium, who was anxious to acquire a colony to increase the prestige and wealth of his young country, subsequently hired Stanley to help him establish Belgium's interests in the Congo.
    [Show full text]
  • Uranium Deposits in Africa: Geology and Exploration
    Uranium Deposits in Africa: Geology and Exploration PROCEEDINGS OF A REGIONAL ADVISORY GROUP MEETING LUSAKA, 14-18 NOVEMBER 1977 tm INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA, 1979 The cover picture shows the uranium deposits and major occurrences in Africa. URANIUM DEPOSITS IN AFRICA: GEOLOGY AND EXPLORATION The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN HOLY SEE PHILIPPINES ALBANIA HUNGARY POLAND ALGERIA ICELAND PORTUGAL ARGENTINA INDIA QATAR AUSTRALIA INDONESIA ROMANIA AUSTRIA IRAN SAUDI ARABIA BANGLADESH IRAQ SENEGAL BELGIUM IRELAND SIERRA LEONE BOLIVIA ISRAEL SINGAPORE BRAZIL ITALY SOUTH AFRICA BULGARIA IVORY COAST SPAIN BURMA JAMAICA SRI LANKA BYELORUSSIAN SOVIET JAPAN SUDAN SOCIALIST REPUBLIC JORDAN SWEDEN CANADA KENYA SWITZERLAND CHILE KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COLOMBIA KUWAIT THAILAND COSTA RICA LEBANON TUNISIA CUBA LIBERIA TURKEY CYPRUS LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA UGANDA CZECHOSLOVAKIA LIECHTENSTEIN UKRAINIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST DEMOCRATIC KAMPUCHEA LUXEMBOURG REPUBLIC DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S MADAGASCAR UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF KOREA MALAYSIA REPUBLICS DENMARK MALI UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MAURITIUS UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT ECUADOR MEXICO BRITAIN AND NORTHERN EGYPT MONACO IRELAND EL SALVADOR MONGOLIA UNITED REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MOROCCO CAMEROON FINLAND NETHERLANDS UNITED REPUBLIC OF FRANCE NEW ZEALAND TANZANIA GABON NICARAGUA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC NIGER URUGUAY GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA VENEZUELA GHANA NORWAY VIET NAM GREECE PAKISTAN YUGOSLAVIA GUATEMALA PANAMA ZAIRE HAITI PARAGUAY ZAMBIA PERU The Agency's Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna.
    [Show full text]
  • Lessons from the History of the Congo Free State
    BLOCHER &G ULATI IN PRINTER FINAL (DO NOT DELETE) 2/16/2020 7:11 PM Duke Law Journal VOLUME 69 MARCH 2020 NUMBER 6 TRANSFERABLE SOVEREIGNTY: LESSONS FROM THE HISTORY OF THE CONGO FREE STATE JOSEPH BLOCHER & MITU GULATI† ABSTRACT In November 1908, the international community tried to buy its way out of the century’s first recognized humanitarian crisis: King Leopold II’s exploitation and abuse of the Congo Free State. And although the oppression of Leopold’s reign is by now well recognized, little attention has been paid to the mechanism that ended it—a purchased transfer of sovereign control. Scholars have explored Leopold’s exploitative acquisition and ownership of the Congo and their implications for international law and practice. But it was also an economic transaction that brought the abuse to an end. The forced sale of the Congo Free State is our starting point for asking whether there is, or should be, an exception to the absolutist conception of territorial integrity that dominates traditional international law. In particular, we ask whether oppressed regions should have a right to exit—albeit perhaps at a price—before the relationship between the sovereign and the region deteriorates to the level of genocide. Copyright © 2020 Joseph Blocher & Mitu Gulati. † Faculty, Duke Law School. For helpful comments and criticism, we thank Tony Anghie, Stuart Benjamin, Jamie Boyle, Curt Bradley, George Christie, Walter Dellinger, Deborah DeMott, Laurence Helfer, Tim Lovelace, Ralf Michaels, Darrell Miller, Shitong Qiao, Steve Sachs, Alex Tsesis, and Michael Wolfe. Rina Plotkin provided invaluable research and linguistic support, Jennifer Behrens helped us track down innumerable difficult sources, and the editors of the Duke Law Journal delivered exemplary edits and suggestions.
    [Show full text]