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MANGROVE LIVELIHOOD, UTILIZATION and VALUATION Palau Artwork MANGROVE LIVELIHOOD, UTILIZATION AND VALUATION Palau Artwork J.H. Primavera Chief Mangrove Scientific Advisor Zoological Society of London Iloilo City, Philippines FUNCTIONS OF MANGROVES 1. Information • spiritual/religious • educational/historical 2. Regulatory • coastal buffer zone • flood regulation • decreased erosion • nutrient supply & recycling • land accretion • wildlife habitat 3. Resource • forestry - wood for fuel, housing, construction, fishing poles - honey & beeswax - medicines - others: dyes (tannins, fodder, etc.) • fisheries - seaweeds, shrimps, crabs, fish Philippine places named after mangroves (Primavera et al, 2004) Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea (nilad) Maynilad (now Manila) Avicennia marina (piapi) Piapi Beach, Dumaguete City Barringtonia spp. Bitoon, Jaro, Iloilo City Excoecaria agallocha (alipata) Lipata, Culasi, Antique Lipata, Surigao City Heritiera littoralis (dungon) Dungon, Jaro, Iloilo City Hibiscus tiliaceus and Thespesia Balabago, Jaro, Iloilo City populnea (balabago) Lumnitzera racemosa Culasi, Antique (culasi, tabao) Matabao, Agusan del Norte Tabao, Buenavista, Guimaras Taba-ao, Sagay, Negros Occid. Matabao, Siquijor Nypa fruticans (nipa, sapsap, sasa) Canipaan River, Palawan Casapsapan, Aurora Rhizophora spp. (bakhaw) Bakhaw, Jaro, Iloilo City Bakhawan, Concepcion, Iloilo Sonneratia alba (pagatpat) Pagatpatan, Agusan Pequeno, Agusan Norte Pagatpatan Jasaan, Misamis Or. Rhizophora species (bakhaw) bakhawan Ceriops tagal (tungog) katunggan TRADITIONAL USES OF PHILIPPINE MANGROVES (Primavera et al., 2004) Species Uses Avicennia alba bark as astringent; resinous secretion for birth control; ointment from seeds for smallpox ulceration Avicennia marina smoke of dried branches as mosquito repellent Avicennia officinalis fruits as astringent, seeds and roots as poultice to treat ulcers Bruguiera sexangula roots and leaves for burns; leaves have tumor-inhibiting alkaloids; fruits chewed as substitute for betel nut, lotion made from fruits to treat sore eyes Ceriops tagal bark infusion for obstetric and haemorrhagic conditions, e.g. ulcers; dried bark chewed by old folks Excoecaria agallocha leaves for epilepsy; sap for ulcers and toothache; twigs as pest repellent Heritiera littoralis seed extract for diarrhea and dysentery Lumnitzera littorea leaf decoction for thrush in infants Rhizophora spp. pounded bark placed on skin to relieve jellyfish sting; bark decoction used to wash jellyfish before eating; and for scabies and skin infection Sonneratia caseolaris sap as skin cosmetic Xylocarpus granatum seed oil used for lamps and grooming hair, fruits and seeds for diarrhea; bark decoction for cholera Xylocarpus mekongensis seeds for insect bites and diarrhea; seeds and bark as astringent FOOD 1) vegetables: A. marina, Sesuvium portulacastrum leaves 2) flavoring: O. octodonta leaves 3) tea leaves: C. decandra, B. cylindrica, R. apiculata 4) seasoning: salt leaves of A. floridum, Avicennia sp. 5) fodder: Rhizophora leaves for pigs OTHER USES* • fibers, ropes – Hibiscus, Pandanus • corks, floats – S. caseolaris, S. alba pneumatophores • perfumes – B. gymnorrhiza, B. sexangula • hair preservative – A. ilicifolius • skin cosmetics – S. caseolaris • aphrodisiac – Excoecaria agallocha • soap substitute – A. marina, R. apiculata, R. mucronata ash • adhesives – B. gymnorrhiza, C. tagal bark • dyes – Ceriops tagal, Bruguiera, Rhizophora * Bandaranayake, 1998 Arabs – developed rich pharmacopoeia of mangroves Abu Sina – famous Arab doctor whose Latinized name Linnaeus gave to mangrove genus Avicennia marina – most widely distributed mangrove species MEDICINAL USES OF MANGROVES Chemicals: alkaloids, saponins, quinolone derivatives, flavonoids, polyphenolds, glycosides, giberellins, triterpenes, PUFAs Uses: • molluscicide, insecticide, piscicide, spermicide • antihelminthic • antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal • cancer, tumors • diarrhea, hemorrhage • analgesic, inflammation, disinfectant • antioxidant, astringent Ref: Bandaranayake, 1998 Value of ecosystem services of mangroves (Barbier et al, 2012) Examples of value (US$/ha/yr)a Raw materials and food 484-585 Coastal protection 8,966-10,821 Erosion control 3,679 Maintenance of fisheries 708-987 Carbon sequestration 30-50 TOTAL 14,166-16,142a aNo estimates available for a) water purification, and b) tourism, recreation, education and research CONCLUSIONS (M. Langdown & K. Hutchinson, 2005) • Fewer trees in nipa and pond areas • Fewer crab catches in nipa areas MANGROVE-FISHERIES CONNECTION FISH FAMILIES ASSOCIATED WITH MANGROVES AUTHORS CRITERIA FAMILY Pinto (1987) predom. estuarine Ambassidae, Chanidae (vs. marine, Gobiidae, Hemiramphidae, stragglers) Labridae, Megalopidae, 17/54 families Monodactylidae, Mugilidae, Muraenidae, Muraenesocidae, Ophichthidae, Catophagidae, Scorpaenidae, Sillaginidae, Sparidae, Tetraodontidae, Theraponidae Dolar et al frequency, biomass Apogonidae, Siganidae, (1991) 4/21 families Gobiidae, Mugilidae Blok (1995) frequency Lutjanidae, Siganidae, 4/17 families Theraponidae Ronnback abundance, biomass Atherinidae, Chanidae et al (1999) 5/21 families Mugilidae Mangrove Valuation Total Goods and Services • Costanza et al. (1997) PhP495,000/ha/yr ($9,900/ha/yr) • Spurgeon & Roxburgh (2005) PhP520,000/ha/yr ($1,040/ha/yr) American Samoa (=$104,000/sq km/yr) • Sathirathai & Barbier (2001) PhP1.8-17.5 million/ha/yr ($27,000-35,000/ha/yr) Thailand ($2.7-3.5 million/sq km/yr) • Wells et al (2006) PhP20-45 million/ha/yr ($200,000-900,000/ha/yr) • Barbier (2007) $10,158–12,392/ha NPV Individual Goods and Services • Fisheries: Ronnback 1999, 2000 PhP45,000-620,000 ($900-12,400/ha/yr) • Wood products (Malaysia) ($11,561/ha/yr) • Erosion control: Ruitenbeek 1992 PhP3,000/household/yr ($600/household/yr) • Waste disposal: Lal 1990 (Fiji) PhP264,000/ha/yr ($5,280/ha/yr) Cabrera etal, 1998 (Mexico) PhP59,500/ha/yr ($1,190/ha/yr) • Coastal protection & waste PhP420,750/ha/yr ($8,414/ha/yr) disposal (Costanza et al 1997) The Asian earthquake tsunami Main earthquake epicentre Aftershocks _ Plate boundaries (Source: US Geological Survey) Earthquake Tsunamis (1) (4) (2) (5) (3) (6) The movement in the earth’s crust causes the water surface to lift (Source: School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii) The Asian earthquake tsunami Travel time in hours (Source: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan) What do they look like? • In deep water they move very fast but may only be 0.5 to 1m high • In shallow water they slow down and become higher (Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA) A comparison with wind waves at the coast • Tsunamis are often the same height as wind- waves • It is the volume of water behind them that causes the damage Wind-wave Tsunami Wave period 5 to 15 sec 20 min to several hours Wave length 100 to 200 m 200 to 350 km Wave height 20 to 50 cm 20 to 400 cm (Source: Department of Earth and Space Sciences at the University of Washington) (Latief & Hadi, 2006) Philippine Seismicity Map (1907-2000) Source: www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph beach forest COASTAL PROTECTION Bangladesh, 1991 – thousands died from a tidal wave but intact mangroves dissipated comparable tidal wave in 1960 Orissa, India, 1999 – supercyclone with 5-6 m waves, floods up to 15 km inland; at least 10,000 people killed, 10 million homeless in areas with no mangroves Capiz, Philippines, 1984 – Typhoon Undang caused 1,000 deaths where mangroves had been converted to ponds Cotabato Trench, Mindanao, 1976 - tsunami left 5000 dead, 2300 missing, in 3 provinces Myanmar, 2008 – 140,000 deaths from Cyclone Nargis 1976 tsunami, Cotabato Trench, Mindanao - 5000 dead, 2300 missing, >3,000 homeless in Cotabato, Lanao, Zamboanga Sur, Sulu PROTECTION BFD A.O. 2 (1979) Minimum 25% total mangrove forest of given area completely protected as Mangrove Wilderness Area P.P. 2151 & 2152 (1981) Declaration of 4,326 ha mangroves as wilderness areas, 74,767 ha (including entire Palawan province) as forest reserves P.P. 2146 (1982) National prohibition on mangrove cutting DENR A.O. 15 (1990) Prohibit further conversion of thickly vegetated areas R.A. 7161 (1991) Ban on cutting of all mangrove species GREENBELT/BUFFER ZONE P.D. 705 (1975) Revised Forestry Code: retention (exclusion from pond development) of 20 m wide mangrove strip along shorelines facing oceans, lakes etc. P.D. 953 (1976) Fishpond/mangrove leaseholders to retain/replant 20 m mangrove strip along rivers, creeks MNR A.O. 42 (1986) Expansion of mangrove belt in storm surge, typhoon areas: 50- 100 m along shorelines, 20-50 m along riverbanks DENR A.O. 76 (1987) Establishment of buffer zone: 50 m fronting seas, oceans and 20 m along riverbanks DENR A.O. 76 (1987) Pond leases under FLA required to plant 50 m mangrove strip DENR A.O. 16 (1993) Guidelines for buffer zones in protected areas R.A. 8850 (1998) J.H. Primavera NATURAL BUFFERS Coastal Planning for Disaster Management Seminar – June 30, 2006 PHILIPPINE MANGROVE GREENBELT/OTHER LAWS P.D. 705 (1975) Revised Forestry Code: mangrove strips in islands providing protection from high winds, typhoons shall not be alienated P.D. 953 (1976) Fishpond/mangrove lease holders required to retain or replant 20-m mangrove strip along rivers, creeks BFD A.O. 2 (1979) Min. 25% of total mangrove forest in given area completely protected as Mangrove Wilderness Areas P.P. 2151 & 2152 Declaration of 4,326 ha mangroves as wilderness areas, 74,767 ha as forest reserves (1981) MNR A.O. 42 (1986) Expansion of mangrove belt in storm
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