Portugal Nas Decisões Europeias

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Portugal Nas Decisões Europeias Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos Coordenador da Área do Estado e Sistema Político: «Numa União de 500 milhões de pessoas, os países pequenos possuem Pedro Magalhães menos recursos e devem desenvolver smart power para que as suas vozes sejam ouvidas e fazer parte de coligações que definam políticas Outros estudos da União Europeia.» Avaliações de impacto legislativo: droga e propinas [2012] «A expansão da União Europeia para a Europa de Leste e para Coordenador: Ricardo Gonçalves os Balcãs faz aumentar o número de países com reivindicações Publicado em duas versões: estudo completo e versão resumida económicas de fundos europeus mais fortes do que Portugal.» TRECHSEL, Alexander H. é Professor de Ciência Política e titular da cátedra suíça Justiça económica em Portugal [2013] de Federalismo e Democracia no Instituto Universitário Europeu em Florença, Itália. «O tamanho de um país é um dado constante; na União Europeia, Coordenadores: Nuno Garoupa, Pedro Magalhães Concluiu o doutoramento em Ciência Política (com distinção) na Universidade Portugal é e será sempre um Estado-membro de tamanho médio. de Genebra (Suíça). Antes do Instituto Universitário Europeu em 2005, foi vice-director e Mariana França Gouveia É maior do que muitos Estados pequenos, mas está na sombra de do Centro de Investigação e Documentação sobre Democracia Directa (c2d) na Faculdade Publicado em 9 volumes de Direito da Universidade de Genebra (1999-2005). O Prof. Trechsel deu início alguns Estados-membros com uma grande população e um grande e coordena o European Union Democracy Observatory (EUDO) no Centro Robert Segredo de justiça [2013] deslocamento económico.» Schuman de Estudos Avançados da EUI. Fernando Gascón Inchausti EUROPEIAS DECISÕES NAS PORTUGAL «Todos os governos democraticamente eleitos precisam do apoio ROSE, Richard está actualmente a concluir o manuscrito Representar Europeus: Feitura das leis, Portugal e a Europa [2014] dos seus cidadãos para fazerem o que têm de fazer. A crescente Uma Abordagem Pragmática, a ser publicado pela Oxford University Press. Ao longo dos anos, João Caupers, Marta Tavares de Almeida a sua investigação sobre políticas públicas comparadas tem sido apresentada em seminários europeização das políticas requer um entendimento por parte da e Pierre Guibentif em 25 dos 27 Estados-membros da União Europeia e traduzida em 18 idiomas. população do que os governos de cada país fazem em Bruxelas, além É professor em tempo parcial no Robert Schuman Center do Instituto Universitário do que fazem a partir da sua respectiva capital. A compreensão e o Europeu e professor de Investigação na Universidade de Strathclyde, em Glasgow. apoio são ainda mais importantes para países da zona euro tais com Portugal, que se encontram sujeitos a políticas que impõem visíveis custos, em troca de fundos para superar a sua crise financeira.» «Portugal tem uma das maiores taxas de rotatividade no Parlamento Europeu, com 68% de novos eurodeputados, comparando com a média de 50% dos 27 da União Europeia. Alguns países de maior dimensão como, por exemplo, o Reino Unido (20%), ou a Alemanha (41%) reduziram significativamente a sua taxa de rotatividade. Consequentemente, Portugal sofre uma perda significativa de experiência e conhecimento acumulado após as eleições europeias, com consequências para a sua capacidade de exercer poder no Parlamento Europeu.» ISBN 978-989-8662-72-9 Director de Publicações: António Araújo Um estudo da Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos Conheça todos os projectos da Fundação em www.ffms.pt 9 789898 662729 www.ffms.pt Largo Monterroio Mascarenhas, n.º 1, 8.º piso 1099 ‑081 Lisboa Telf: 21 001 58 00 [email protected] © Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos Maio de 2014 Director de Publicações: António Araújo Título: Portugal nas decisões Europeias: uma perspectiva comparada Autores: Investigadores principais: Alexander Trechsel Richard Rose Investigadores associados: Daniela Corona Filipa Raimundo José Santana ‑Pereira Jorge Fernandes Revisão do texto: Helder Guégués Design: Inês Sena Paginação: Guidesign Impressão e acabamentos: Guide – Artes Gráficas, Lda. ISBN: 978‑989‑8662‑72‑9 Dep. Legal: 383 574/14 As opiniões expressas nesta edição são da exclusiva responsabilidade dos autores e não vinculam a Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos. Os autores desta publicação não adoptaram o novo Acordo Ortográfico. A autorização para reprodução total ou parcial dos conteúdos desta obra deve ser solicitada aos autores e ao editor. PORTUGAL NAS DECISÕES EUROPEIAS Uma perspectiva comparada Investigadores principais Alexander Trechsel Richard Rose Investigadores associados Daniela Corona Filipa Raimundo José Santana ‑Pereira Jorge Fernandes PORTUGAL NAS DECISÕES EUROPEIAS Uma perspectiva comparada Portugal nas decisões Europeias ÍNDICE Portugal nas decisões Europeias 15 Prefácio PARTE I A representação dos Estados através do sistema de proporcionalidade degressiva 21 Sumário Executivo 25 Introdução 25 Paradoxos da dimensão relativa Capítulo 1 29 Tirar as medidas a Portugal Capítulo 2 35 Tornar a voz de um pequeno Estado audível no processo político Capítulo 3 45 Representação no Parlamento Europeu Capítulo 4 53 Resultados das políticas Capítulo 5 59 Desenvolver um Smarter Power 64 Nota sobre a leitura e as fontes 65 Referências PARTE II Portugal no Parlamento Europeu 69 Sumário executivo 73 Introdução Capítulo 1 75 O PE ao longo do tempo: um sucessivo aumento de poder Capítulo 2 81 O poder dentro do PE 82 Grupos Partidários Parlamentares: 83 Estruturas de Liderança 84 Comissões Parlamentares Capítulo 3 87 A eleição dos representantes portugueses: as eleições para o PE Capítulo 4 95 Perfil dos eurodeputados portugueses 98 Perfil sociodemográfico e profissional dos eurodeputados portugueses Capítulo 5 103 Os eurodeputados portugueses nas estruturas do PE 105 Representação no PE: Grupos Partidários 107 Os deputados portugueses nas comissões do PE 109 O papel e o desempenho dos eurodeputados portugueses nas comissões Capítulo 6 113 O que fazem os eurodeputados portugueses no plenário? Capítulo 7 119 Como entendem os eurodeputados portugueses o seu trabalho no PE? 123 Conclusões PARTE III Definição vertical e horizontal de políticas na UE 129 Sumário executivo Capítulo 1 133 A forma como o sistema da UE afecta o governo de Portugal Capítulo 2 141 Propostas da Comissão: o primeiro passo Capítulo 3 151 Representar Portugal na filtragem de políticas Capítulo 4 161 Nacionalizar a política de Portugal na UE Capítulo 5 167 Ministros em Conselho Capítulo 6 173 Implementação de decisões em harmonia Capítulo 7 177 Até que ponto os resultados de Portugal na UE são bons? 185 Referências PARTE IV Representação de interesses portugueses na EU 191 Sumário executivo Introdução 195 Representação de interesses na União Europeia Capítulo 1 203 Os órgãos consultivos da União Europeia 204 1.1. O Comité Económico e Social Europeu (CESE) 218 1.2. O Comité das Regiões (CoR) 225 1.3. O impacto do CESE e do CoR na legislação europeia Capítulo 2 233 Características estruturais da sociedade civil portuguesa e o seu impacto na representação de interesses Capítulo 3 237 Além da representação institucional: associações portuguesas no Registo de Transparência 243 3.1 Uma análise qualitativa dos grupos de interesses portugueses na UE 249 Conclusões 251 Referências PARTE V O capital político europeu dos portugueses 257 Sumário executivo 261 Introdução Capítulo 1 265 Os portugueses como funcionários públicos supranacionais Capítulo 2 283 Os funcionários públicos portugueses em Bruxelas Capítulo 3 293 Os portugueses que trabalham no Parlamento Europeu Capítulo 4 301 Aumentar o capital político europeu de Portugal 309 Referências PARTE VI Síntese das principais conclusões Capítulo 1 313 A dimensão de Portugal em termos absolutos e relativos Capítulo 2 319 A forma como o sistema da UE afecta o Governo de Portugal Capítulo 3 325 Fazer ouvir a voz do governo Capítulo 4 333 Representar os portugueses no Parlamento Europeu Capítulo 5 339 A sociedade civil portuguesa e a UE Capítulo 6 345 O capital político europeu dos portugueses Prefácio A maior parte dos Estados-membros da União Europeia (UE) são de pequena dimensão. Não possuem os recursos materiais (hard resources) dos Estados com uma economia nacional forte ou uma força militar substancial. Contudo, os Estados-membros beneficiam, no seu conjunto, da estrutura única da UE. Os tratados que lhe conferem poderes têm de ser acordados unanimemente por todos os Estados e os pequenos países podem impedir a aprovação dos mesmos, se considerarem que os seus direitos não estão protegidos. Os direitos de voto no Conselho requerem supermaiorias baseadas numa distribuição desigual dos votos que favorecem os Estados menos populosos. Informalmente, a norma do consenso respeita a maior parte dos interesses da maioria dos Estados, independentemente da sua população. A distribuição dos assentos no Parlamento Europeu (PE) dá aos Estados mais pequenos um número de assentos para eurodeputados superior àquele que lhes seria conferido mera- mente com base na sua população. O principal risco político que os pequenos Estados enfrentam é o de serem ignorados. Muito embora as negociações entre os Estados de grandes dimen- sões não pretendam impor condições indesejáveis a um pequeno Estado, tal pode acontecer se esse pequeno Estado não participar nas discussões que con- duzem ao acordo. A política da presença dá a Portugal uma justificação básica para fazer parte da UE. Portugal, juntamente com todos os outros Estados- membros, tem assento, por direito,
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