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(Decapoda, Brachyura) from the Late Cretaceous Of Contributions to Zoology, 67 (4) 237-255 (1998) SPB Academic Publishing bv, Amsterdam The Dakoticancridae (Decapoda, Brachyura) from the Late Cretaceous of North America and Mexico G.A. Bishop¹,R.M. Feldmann² & F. Vega³ 1 Department of Geology and Geography, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia 30460, U.S.A.; 2 3 Department of Geology, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, U.S.A.; Institute de Geologla, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, Mexico, D.F. 04510, Mexico Keywords; Dakoticancridae, Brachyura, paleobiology, paleobiogeography, Late Cretaceous, North America, Mexico, taxonomy, cladistics Contents Abstract Introduction 237 The podotrematous crab family Dakoticancridae includes four of the 239 Tetracarcinus Diagnosis family Dakoticancridae genera: Dakoticancer Rathbun, Weller, Avitel- Biology 239 messus Rathbun, and Seorsus Bishop, all known solely from General 239 the Late Cretaceous ofNorth America. Lathelicocarcinus Bish- 239 referred the be Fine Reproductive structures op, originally to family, must reassigned. details of of Intersexuality of Dakoticancer overanus Rathbun, anatomy, preserved on specimens D. overanus 1917 239 Rathbun and A. grapsoideus Rathbun, permit description of Sensory apparatus 240 genital openings and interpretation of functional morphology 240 Feeding and food gathering of appendages. Although one species, D. australis Rathbun, Burrowing 241 has been found associated with burrow structures, all were Decoration 241 probably vagrantepifaunal animals on fine- to medium-grained 241 substrata. Color patterns siliciclastic Food was probably obtained by gener- alized low-levelpredation and scavenging. Results ofa cladistic Genera and species 241 analysis are consistent with the stratigraphic data suggesting to and species 246 Systematic keys genera that T. subquadrataWeller is nearest the rootstock ofthe family Carapace key 246 and that other taxa within the family are derived from it. Chelipede key 246 Cladistic analysis 246 Introduction Paleoautecology 247 General 247 Paleoautecology of Dakoticancer overanus 247 The Dakoticancridae comprise a small, homo- Paleoautecology of Dakoticancer australis 248 of geneousgroup podotrematous crabs that thrived Paleoautecology of Avilelmessus grapsoideus 249 in North America during the Late Cretaceous. Paleoautecology of Tetracarcinus subquadratus 250 They that Dakoticancroid crab assemblages 250 are sufficiently distinctive they remain the sole 251 in Origin of the Dakoticancridae family the Dakoticancroidea. The name of the Dakoticancridae is derived from the family’s type Cretaceous paleogeography 252 genus, Dakoticancer, which in turn is a name de- General 252 rived from the occurrence of the in Western Interior Seaway 252 type species Mississippi Embayment 252 South Dakota, (Dakota + Cancer = Dakoticancer Northern Plain 253 Atlantic Coastal - Dakoticancridae). Western Gulf Coastal Plain and Mexico 253 Weller described the first dakoticancroid crab of dakoticancrids 254 Biogeographic range in 1905 when he described Tetracarcinus subqua- dratus from New in Interpretation 254 Jersey figured 1905a, figs. 4, and and References 254 5, 6, again in 1905b (same figures but 238 G.A. Bishop et al. - Late Cretaceous Dakoticancridae (Decapoda) with 5 and 6 reversed) and four specimens figured discerned and described. The assignment to the in 1907 (PI. Ill, figs. 16, 17, 18, and 19). Weller Atelecyclidae was maintainedby their allusion to did not assign the crabs to a family at the time of Rathbun’s assignment and by a comparison to the definition (Weller, 1905a: 328) but subsequently atelecyclid Bellia picta Edwards from the coast referred it to the family Dromiacea (sic)(Wel!er, of Peru. It must be noted that subsequently Bellia 1907: He These 852). designated no holotype. has been assigned to the Bellidae and is no longer specimens were probably available to Henry B. referred to the Atelecyclidae. Avitelmessus was Roberts (1962), who, as first revisor, designated subsequently assigned to the Dakoticancridae 17 The the specimen illustrated by Weller, 1907, fig. (Glaessner, 1960). genus remains a signifi- (NJSM #7788) and refigured by Rathbun, 1935 cant one in that it may be ancestral to another family. (pi. 10, fig. 16) as the best preserved of the “three Glaessner (1969: 440) said: “A derivative of the syntypes”. This specimen can be considered the Cancridea from a form like the Upper Cretaceous lectotype. Avitelmessus (Dakoticancridae, originally placed The family was named by Rathbun in 1917. She in Atelecyclidae) seems possible”. described Dakoticancer overana Rathbun, 1917, To this list of taxa, Bishop added two additional based to the National Mu- Lathelicocarcinus and upon specimens sent genera; Bishop, 1988b, W.H. seum by Over, of the University of South Seorsus Bishop, 1988a. Both were based upon spec- Dakota, from collections made in Pennington imens collected from lower Maastrichtian deposits County, South Dakota from rocks of the Upper in Mississippi. The former genus is probably Cretaceous Pierre Shale. In 1935, Rathbun (1935: referable to a different family and the latter is known 40) cited the type locality as being “West side, only from the type material. Subsequent Missouri River, a short distance below Mobridge, work on the family has resulted in the elevation eastern Corson County....”. In that same work, she of Dakoticancer overana australis to species rank described a new subspecies, Dakoticancer overana (Bishop, 1983b), as well as enhancement of our australis Rathbun, 1935, from the Ripley Formation, understanding of the biology and biogeography of Union County, Mississippi. Rathbun (1937: 26) the included species. subsequently described Dakoticancer olsoni, but As presently understood, the group is small and that this did limited and Bishop (1988a: 75) pointed out taxon of geologic geographic scope, although not belong in Dakoticancer. specimens are abundant in fossil Lagerstatten in Rathbun described Avitelmessus North America. Glaessner In 1923, grap- Nonetheless, (1980) soideus from a large male specimen (USNM suggested that the family might figure prominently #31895) collected from the Peedee Formation by in the evolutionary history of the decapod crusta- L.W. Stephenson (Coll. #3452) “Near Hudlers Lap- ceans and applied the taxonomy of Guinot (1977, 30 1/2 miles above Wil- that three of ding, Cape Fear River, 1978) distinguished major groups crabs, mington....”, Rathbun assigned this crab to the the Podotremata, Heterotremata, and Thoracto- Family Atelecyclidae (1923:403). She subsequently tremata, into which were integrated the traditional (1926: 190-191, pis. 69-70) described and illustrated families of brachyurans. Glaessner’s interpretation several additional specimens from western Ten- of the evolution of the Brachyura documentedthree nessee. Kesling & Reimann (1957) further en- major times of adaptive radiations: Middle and hanced our knowledge of Avitelmessus grapsoi- Upper Jurassic, Mid-Cretaceous, and the Late deus by their description and illustration of a magni- Cretaceous-Early Paleogene. Implied, but not cited Coon ficently prepared specimen from the Creek in the text description is a fourth radiation in the Formation, Coon Creek, Tennessee (Univ. Mich. Eocene. No mention is made of the Dakotican- MuseumPaleont. #33406) that preserves the dorsal, cridae on Glaessner’s chart, nor in its description; and lateral of the and Glaessner did cite it earlier anterior, aspects carapace however, (1980: 188) both in his “A of the with that proximal pereiopods, including chelipedes. text; similarity carapace This specimen was described in great detail and of Avitelmessus Rathbun does not apply to its [Poro- illustrated by nine figures. A color pattern was raria eocenica Glaessner, 1980] median portion Contributions to 67 - Zoology, (4) 1998 239 which shows a corystoid Avitelmessus is pattern. cridae must be made by interpretation of functional very close to Dakoticancer. [Pororaria eocenica morphology, occurrence, and associations with has since been referred to the Portunidae (Feldmann other organisms. Where not stated, observations & As Guinot Maxwell, 1990)]. (1978) remarked, have been made on Dakoticancer overanus and these should genera not be assigned to the Dromia- are extended to the family. The number of speci- cea”. This is an interesting situation, especially that mens of species and the completeness of that since Glaessner called attention to the Dakotican- material far exceeds those of the other species. cridae as an unanswered problem (1960: 47): “...(3) the Upper Cretaceous Dakoticancridae including Avitelmessus Rathbunand their relation grapsoideus Reproductive structures to of a group large-eyed American crabs com- antennatus prising Archaeopus Rathbun, “Plagiolo- The of Dakoticancer genital structures overanus vancouverensis Carcineretes phus" (Woodward), lie on the coxae of the pereiopods (Figs 1.4, 1.5); and Within this Ophthalmoplax. incompletely the oviduct perforations on the coxa of the third known lie the the group may key to genetic re- and pereiopod the seminal ducts on the coxa of lationships of the and other Dorippidae Oxyrhyncha, the fifth pereiopods (Bishop, 1984b). The oviduct the Ocypodidae, and possibly the Portunidae”. If, perforations are small oval openings near the Glaessner as suggests, they are not assignable to corner of the posterior-proximal coxa, just in front the Dromiacea, where do the dakoticancroids of the articulator with the sternum. The orifice is belong? and, what
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