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WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS and TRANSCENDENTALISM Williain Carlos Williains and Transcendentalisin Fitting the Crab in a Box

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WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS and TRANSCENDENTALISM Williain Carlos Williains and Transcendentalisin Fitting the Crab in a Box WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS AND TRANSCENDENTALISM WilliaIn Carlos WilliaIns and TranscendentalisIn Fitting the Crab in a Box Ron Callan Assistant Professor, Dickinson College Carlisle, Pennsylvania Palgrave Macmillan © Ron Callan 1992 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1992 All rights reserved. For information, write: Scholarly and Reference Division, St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 First published in the United States of America in 1992 ISBN 978-1-349-12118-2 ISBN 978-1-349-12116-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-12116-8 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Callan, Ron, 1948- William Carlos Williams and transcendentalism: fitting the crab in a box / Ron Callan. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 978-0-312-07596-5 1. Williams, William Carlos, 1883-1963-Criticism and interpretation. 2. Transcendentalism in literature. I. Title. PS3545.I544Z5825 1992 811 '.52-dc20 91-42218 CIP For Gillian, Gavin, Sorcha and Breda Carson Callan Contents Acknowledgements viii List of Abbreviations x Introduction xiii 1 Emerson: Facing the Ignoble World 1 2 Thoreau: A Purely Sensuous Heaven 27 3 Whitman: A New Distribution of Roles 50 4 Marriage out of Despair: The Stecher Trilogy 77 5 Caught Half Off the Earth in Ecstasy: The Poems 103 6 The Art of Domestic Husbandry: Paterson 134 Snail-like 138 The grasshopper 149 White hop-clover 158 Pregnant ash 169 King-self 180 Fiercely loyal 190 Notes and References 193 Select Bibliography 201 Index 207 vii Acknowledgements I first studied American Literature with Peggy O'Brien and it was her excellence as a critic and teacher which inspired me to see the importance of working in this field. For her criticisms of my work, for the example of an exemplary passion for excellence and for the gift of friendship, my debt is enormous. Stephen Matterson became involved at a crucial stage of my research and has made many valuable suggestions. Again I have been very fortunate in having a colleague and friend with the ability and interest to be significantly helpful. There has been some very fine scholarship in the area of Williams's studies but I must acknowledge the work of Paul Mariani in particular. His A New World Naked is a watershed in this field and was the source of so much support for me in my research. I would like to record my thanks to the following people who have in their own inimitable ways contributed to the development of my work: Bob French, John Hicks, Stanley Koehler, Paul Mariani, John Nelson, Sharon O'Brien, David Rabey and Gareth Reeves. To Geraldine Mangan I am deeply grateful for years of support. India Nolen and Romeo Grenier of South Hadley deserve much praise for their efforts to keep my personal library up to date. The Scholarship Exchange Board and the Embassy of the United States of America in Dublin financed an extended visit to the University of Massachusetts during my thesis studies. My work there was an important addition to my research. I have had two editors at Macmillan. Sarah Roberts-West guided me through the early stages of the project but it has been left to the perceptive Margaret Cannon to suffer the trials of completing the work. I wish to thank the School of English in Trinity College Dublin for the opportunities they have given me and for their unstinting support. The Department of English at Dickinson College, Carlisle has provided me with the facilities and encouragement to complete the final stages of my work. During my time of study and research I have worked in non­ scholastic fields. These experiences were made significant and pleasant by the remarkable people I have met. I would like to acknowledge the men and women, too numerous to name, who work the night shift in the Central Telephone Exchange in Dublin. viii Acknowledgements ix From an earlier career I wish to record the long and stimulating conversations I shared with Tony Fahey. My family has been a particular source of strength. My parents, Michael and Margaret Callan, created a loving environment in which to grow and constantly urged their children to do their best. Eamonn helped me begin my studies and has never stopped willing me on; Jeannette fed me on her surfeit of enthusiasm while Michael has shown by example how much can be achieved. To my wider family of in-laws, The Carsons, and especially the late Paddy Whack and Mary, I acknowledge their extraordinary faith in such dreams as mine. To Breda Carsen Callan, Gillian, Gavin and Sorcha I dedicate this book. In many ways you wrote it by making my love for Williams not simply a matter of criticism but also a belief born out of experience. Your love has meant the world to me. I alone am responsible for all the errors in this book. The author and Publisher are grateful to Carcanet Press Ltd and New Directions Publishing Corporation, New York for permission to reprint the following material: Extracts from The Autobiography of William Carlos Williams © 1951 William Carlos Williams; The Build-Up, © 1946, 1952 William Carlos Williams; The Collected Poems of William Carlos Williams, 1909-1939, Volume 1 © 1938 New Directions Publishing Corporation; The Col­ lected Poems of William Carlos Williams, 1939-1962, Volume II © 1962 William Carlos Williams; The Embodiment of Knowledge © 1974 Florence H. Williams; The Farmers' Daughters © 1938 William Carlos Wil­ liams; Imaginations © 1970 Florence H. Williams; In the American Grain © 1933 William Carlos Williams; In the Money © 1940 Florence H. Williams; Interviews with William Carlos Williams © 1976 the Estate of William Carlos Williams; I Wanted to Write a Poem © 1958 William Carlos Williams; Many Loves and other Plays © 1948 William Carlos Williams; Paterson © 1946, 1948, 1949, 1951, 1958 William Carlos Williams, 1963 © Florence H. Williams; A Recognizable Image © 1978 the Estate of William Carlos Williams; Selected Essays © 1954 William Carlos Williams; A Voyage to Pagany © 1938, 1970 New Directions Publishing Corporation; White Mule © 1937 New Direc­ tions Publishing Corporation; Selected Letters © 1957 William Carlos Williams. List of Abbreviations EMERSON CW The Complete Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson, 12 vols, 2nd edn, introd. and notes Edward Waldo Emerson; introd. to AMS edition Joel Myerson, (1903--4; rpt New York: AMS Press, 1979). THOREAU A W A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers, in Henry David Thoreau: A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers, Walden; or, Life in the Woods, The Maine Woods, Cape Cod (New York: Library of America, 1985). CC Cape Cod, in Henry David Thoreau: A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers, Walden; or, Life in the Woods, The Maine Woods, Cape Cod (New York: Library of America, 1985). TMW The Maine Woods, in Henry David Thoreau: A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers, Walden; or, Life in the Woods, The Maine Woods, Cape Cod (New York: Library of America, 1985). W Walden; or, Life in the Woods, in Henry David Thoreau: A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers, Walden; or, Life in the Woods, The Maine Woods, Cape Cod (New York: Library of America, 1985). WHITMAN LOG Leaves of Grass, eds, Sculley Bradley and Harold W. Blodgett (1965; rpt London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1973). x List of Abbreviations xi WILLIAMS A Autobiography of William Carlos Williams (1951; rpt New York: New Directions, 1967). BU The Build-up: A Novel by William Carlos Williams (1952; rpt New York: New Directions, 1968). CP1 The Collected Poems of William Carlos Williams, Vol. I, 1909- 1939, eds A. Walton Litz and Christopher MacGowan (New York: New Directions, 1986). CP2 The Collected Poems of William Carlos Williams, Vol. II, 1939-69, ed. Christopher MacGowan (New York: New Directions, 1988). EK The Embodiment of Knowledge, ed. and introd. Ron Loewin­ sohn (New York: New Directions, 1974). FD The Farmers' Daughters: The Collected Stories of William Carlos Williams, introd. Van Wyck Brooks (New York: New Di­ rections, 1961). I Imaginations, ed. and introd. Webster Schott (1970; rpt New York: New Directions, 1971). lAG In The American Grain: Essays by William Carlos Williams, introd. Horace Gregory (1925; rpt New York: New Direc­ tions, 1956). 1M In The Money: A Novel by William Carlos Williams (1940; rpt New York: New Directions, 1967). Int Interviews with William Carlos Williams: 'Speaking Straight Ahead', ed. and introd. Linda Welshirner Wagner (New York: New Directions, 1976). IWWP I Wanted to Write a Poem: The Autobiography of the Works of a Poet, ed. and rpt Edith Heal (1958; rpt New York: New Directions, 1978). ML Many Loves and other Plays: The Collected Plays of William Carlos Williams (New York: New Directions, 1961). P Paterson (New York: New Directions, 1963). RI A Recognizable Image: William Carlos Williams on Art and Artists, ed. and introd. Brarn Dijkstra (New York: New Directions, 1978). SE Selected Essays of William Carlos Williams (1954; rpt New York: New Directions, 1969). SL The Selected Letters of William Carlos Williams, ed. and introd. John C. Thirlwall (New York: McDowell, Obolensky, 1957). xii List of Abbreviations SS Something to Say: William Carlos Williams on Younger Poets, ed. and introd. James E. Breslin (New York: New Direc­ tions, 1985). VP A Voyage to Pagany, introd. Harry Levin (1928, rpt New York: New Directions, 1970). WM White Mule: A Novel by William Carlos Williams (1937; rpt New York: New Directions, 1967). Introduction 'I was attempting to imitate myself, is how William Carlos Williams explains the genesis of his triadic line to Stanley Koehler. 1 In understanding Williams's work as a whole, it is a statement of profound importance. It indicates the nature of the poet's creative identity in that the figure 'I' is separated from and yet inextricably part of another 8lement, 'myself'.
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