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Phone (202) 872-0060 Fax (202) 466-9064 Telex 64514 Cable Clements/Washington FOSSIL FUELS AND FOREIGN FOUJES AMERICAN FOREIGN- President Bush got a standing ovation from Congress on January 29 for his tribute SERVICE ASSOCIATION to “every man and woman now serving in the Persian Gulf.” Sharing in this tribute Governing Board President: THEODORE S. WILKINSON are the Foreign Service personnel within the zone of hostilities; for example, in State Vice President: RICHARD MILTON Riyadh and Tel Aviv. But the president only touched upon another theme of crucial AID Vice President: PAULA BRYAN USIA Vice President: VANCE PACE interest to Foreign Service people for the post-war future—putting into effect a Retiree Vice President: CHARLES A. SCHMITZ comprehensive national energy policy. Central to any decisions on energy policy Secretary': MICHAEL COTTER Treasurer. MICHAEL DAVILA is the future of the international oil market, about which AFSA conducted a State Representatives: PURNELL DELLY discussion in depth during a day-long symposium on February 7. DAVID T. JONES THOMAS MILLER No single domestic issue has more significance for our foreign affairs, and it’s high SANDRA ODOR time for the administration to deliver on its two-year-old promise to propose a HARRY GALLAGHER AID Representative. HELENE KAUFMAN strategy. There is room for debate about the primacy of oil in the U.S.-Iraqi con¬ USIA Representative. BERNARD HHNSGEN frontation, but there can be no doubt about the importance of a coherent national Retired Representatives. JOHN J. IIARTER L. BRUCE LA INGEN energy policy for the reconstruction phase, and conservation has a special urgency DAVID SCHNEIDER for our entire international agenda. Staff Economics and national security both demand that we stop disbursing more for Executive Director: SABINE SISK one import (oil) than we earn from any single export. Beyond contributing heavily General Counsel: TURNA R. LEWIS to our trade imbalance, our current over reliance on foreign oil is again becoming LegalAssistant. MARK W. SMITH Duv Clerks: ELLEN THORBURN a strategic liability. With our nuclear industry withering and our oil reserves CHRISTIE E-LOON WOO dwindling, we’re in danger of sliding back into the kind of vulnerability to an oil Member Sendees Director: CHRIS BAZAR embargo to which we fell prey in the 1970s. Representative: CATHERINE SCHMITZ What serves our own national interest will also serve everyone else’s. We need DEBORAH M. LEAHY Membership Sen 'ices to curtail drastically the rate at which we’re pumping carbon into the atmosphere. Director: JANET L. HEDRICK Whether we’re warming the earth 1 degree per decade, per century, or per mil¬ Assistant: IRENE LOWY lennium may be the least important uncertainty. There’s no telling what other Professional Issues- RICHARD S. THOMPSON biospheric damage we’ve been doing by changing the formula for air. As the world’s Congressional Liaison. ROBERT M. BEERS RICK WEISS largest consumer, the United States must provide leadership toward a framework Scholarship Programs: GAIL VOLK convention to confront this problem. And we cannot lead without setting an Outreach Program example in conservation. Director CHARLES SCHMITZ Outreach Coordinator JEFF NEIL Nearly everyone can agree we must increase costs for consumption and rewards Outreach Assistant: CHRIS TOPH DHEIN for savings. The difficulty is to spread the burden evenly and avoid slowing down Business Department Controller. CATHY FREGELETTE a recession economy. The answer probably lies in gradualism, i.e., pursuing con¬ Executive Assistants. BARBARA THOMPSON, servation in small steps that allow producers and consumers time to adjust to SANDRA DOUGLAS Administrative Assistant. Cl JAM PA JARMUL incremental change. We are already doing this domestically in several ways. Last fall’s The American Foreign Serv ice Association, founded in 1924. is the professional association of the Foreign 5 cent-per-gallon gasoline tax increase probably didn’t cross most peoples’ threshold Service and the official representative of all Foreign of pain. The Clean Air Bill contains a number of phased rewards and penalties for Service employees in the Department of State and the Agency for International Development under the terms “clean” and “dirty” producers. The concept of “feebates” (fees for polluters, rebates of the Foreign Service Act of 1980. Active or Retired membership in AFSA is open to all current or retired for the saintly) is gaining greater currency, and we may see it in other legislation. employees of the U.S. foreign affairs agencies. Associ¬ ate membership is open to persons having an interest Any new federal revenues from energy legislation will of course bring out each in or close association with the Foreign Service. Annual agency’s lobbyists in full force to reap the benefits for their impacted budgets. The dues: Active Members—$80-165: Retired Members— $45-55; Associate Members—$45. All AFSA members foreign affairs agencies must not be forgotten in the free for all. For one thing, we are members of the Foreign Service Club. Please note. AFSA dues and Legislative Action Fund donations may will have to pay through enhanced foreign aid programs to get the developing countries be deductible as an ordinary and necessary business to take the painful conservation measures that our common interests demand. For expense for federal income tax purposes. Scholarship and AFSA Fund donations may be deductible as another, we need to restore the health and vigor of the United Nations and other charitable contributions. [email protected] SI-RVICI- ASSOCIATION, 2101 E Street international organizations that will increasingly be called upon to implement NW. W ashington. D.C. 20037. Executive offices, mem¬ international conservation measures. It goes without saying that we cannot put in bership. professional issues, scholarship programs, insurance programs. JOURNAL offices: (202) 338-4045. place essential new international programs by cutting the budgets of those in State Governing Board, standing committees, general coun¬ sel, laix>r-management relations, member services, and AID who will be charged with the job. grievances: (202) 6 0-8160. • FAX: (202) 338-6820 • TED WILKINSON Foreign Service Club (202) 338-5730.

2 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1991 FOREIGN SERVICE VOL. 68, NO. 3 MARCH 1991 JOURNAL

Editorial Board Chairman HOWARD SCHAFFER

RICHARD AHERNE WILLIAM BEECHER C. STUART CALUSON HELEN STROTHER FOUCHE JOE B. JOHNSON BENJAMIN LOWE ROBERT A. POLLARD THEODORE S. WILKINSON Latin American Lessons 11 Troubled Economies 17 “The Independent Voice of the Foreign Service” FEATURES

Editor Speaking Out: Lessons for Eastern Europe 11 ANNE STEVENSON-YANG CHRISTOPHER F. LYNCH Assistant Editor/Advertising Manager JULIA T. SCHIEKEN Editorial Assistant: DEREK TERRELL FOCUS: AFRICA’S OPPORTUNITY Design: MARKETING & MEDIA SOLUTIONS A Jump Start for Troubled Economies 17 The FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL is published JEROME WOLGIN monthly by the American Foreign Service Association, a private non-profit organization. Material appearing herein represents the opinions The Wrong Rx for Aid 21 of the writers and does not necessarily represent the views of AFSA or the JOURNAL. Writer queries FRANK RUDDY are invited. JOURNAL subscriptions: AFSA Members— included in annual dues; others, $25. Overseas Namibian Journal 25 subscriptions (except Canada), $35 per year. Airmail not available. PHOTOGRAPHS BY CHRISTOPHER AYERS Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C., and at additional post office. Postmaster: Send 26 address changes to AFSA, 2101 E Street NW, Escape from Mogadishu Washington, D.C. 20037. JAMES K. BISHOP Microfilm copies: University Microfilm Library Services, Ann Arbor Michigan 48106 (October 1967 to present). Indexed by Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS). Advertising inquiries invited. The .32 appearance of advertisements herein does not Diplomats in History: Benjamin Franklin on Peace imply AFSA endorsement of the services or goods offered. • FAX: (202) 338-6820 • Telephone: (202) .35 338-4045 or 338-4054. Books Frank Ruddy on the “fragile continent”; James Bahti on expats. American Foreign Service Association, 1991 ISSN 0015-7279 March 1991, Vol. 68, no. 3 Journal: Reflections of a Lukewarm Warrior .44 HOWARD R. SIMPSON DEPARTMENTS

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MARCH 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 3 To THE EDITOR: He was rebuffed by British officials and “How to Win Friends and Influence Congratulations on your new fea¬ unsupported by a weak Congress at Congress,” by Congressman Ralph ture, the Foreign Service quiz, which home. Attempts to negotiate a commer¬ Regula, hits the nail on the head. He began with the December 1990 issue on cial treaty and to clear up issues carried particularly pointed out the importance page 9. I like quizzes. But I’m sorry to over from the revolution were unsuc¬ of Foreign Service personnel’s meeting say you missed two of our presidents cessful. He was recalled at his own with their congressional representatives who served overseas in important U.S. request in February 1788. The following to discuss issues and their concerns. It is diplomatic posts. year he became the first vice president, too bad all members of Congress do not In addition to the five you mention and in 1797 the second president of the feel the same way as Congressman (Jefferson, John Quincy Adams, United States. Regula. Buchanan, Hoover, and Bush) there Robert E. Wilson My personal experience in attempt¬ were John Adams and William Henry The writer is a retired Foreign Service ing to meet with my representative or his Harrison. In fact, my article on Harrison’s officer. staff member has been very poor. They service as minister to Colombia was just did not want to talk with anyone published in the FSJ in January 1978. Editor’s note: Thank you for the from the Foreign Service. I had the Perhaps you do not agree that John correction. We hope we haven’t missed distinct impression they had “more im¬ Adams’ assignment constituted “service anyone else, but readers are invited to portant things to do” with constituents overseas in an important diplomatic let us know otherwise. back home rather than listen to someone post.” In 1777 Adams joined Benjamin wanting to discuss foreign affairs opera¬ Franklin as joint commissioner in Paris. To THE EDITOR: tions. Once I actually was allowed (by Upon arrival, he learned that France had The article in the November issue, pre-arrangement) to meet the congress¬ already entered into an alliance man and walk with him from a with the United States. Franklin meeting he addressed back to his was the official envoy to France, hotel, where he hopped into a and Adams found little to do, so car and sped off. The elapsed returned to Boston. He was sent time could not have been more back to Paris three years later, in than four minutes. 1780, to work on the peace James F. Prosser negotiations. In the meantime, Green Bay, Wisconsin he went to the Netherlands, to which he was also commis¬ sioned. Returning to Paris in The following letters were 1783, he and the other Ameri¬ sent to Ambassador Nat can commissioners—Franklin, Howell by Americans who John Jay, Harry Laurens, and found themselves or their William Temple Franklin (Ben¬ relatives caught in Kuwait jamin Franklin’s son)—signed after Iraq’s invasion. They are the definitive peace treaty on reprinted by permission of the September 3, 1783. David authors. Hartley signed for the British. It is for this treaty and for the I wish to express my heartfelt Dutch loans that John Adams’ appreciation to the gutsy mem¬ diplomatic career was most bers of the staff of the American

noteworthy. c Embassy in Kuwait. I can only Before returning to America I imagine what the conditions were in 1789, John Adams served sin the embassy compound. And three years as the first minister Jl don’t want to imagine the situ¬ plenipotentiary in London. His¬ ation for our people in Kuwait if torians and biographers describe Ambassador Nat Howell being greeted at Andrews Air Force Base by you had not stayed and kept this as a frustrating experience. Secretary of State James Baker, on his return from Kuwait. communications going, as lim-

4 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1991 ited as they might have been under the I would like to express my apprecia¬ United States of America passport change circumstances. tion to Ambassador Howell and his from a symbol demanding respect to a Sherry Vintson staff for their exemplary courage and document best concealed while travel¬ St. Petersburg, Florida service to the people of the United ing overseas, I am heartened to see States. I am dismayed that the media members of our Foreign Service acting I was one of Saddam Hussein’s guests have not afforded them the acclaim with strength, courage, and dignity. in Kuwait and had met you at the Easter they deserve. Leon Schwarzbaum function at the embassy (I brought the Having lived long enough to see the North Woodmere, New York m “bunny”). I am happy that we are all home, and I insisted that the family not remove the POLICY STATEMENT AFSA ELECTION 1991 yellow ribbon until the last of the staff had left Kuwait. With much relief, we The Committee on Elections and that the Foreign SewiceJournal and saw you come home and were able to the Governing Board have agreed to AFSA News are not used to support take it down. the following policy related to mate¬ or oppose any candidate or slate. I wish to thank you for your support rials submitted for publication in the to all the Americans who were “in hid¬ Foreign Service Journal and/or AFSA 2) During the election period, ing”—I prefer to call it artfully eluding News during the election period. beginning February 1,1991 and end¬ detention—in Kuwait. ing June 30, 1991, an Elections Com¬ I am now waiting for the situation to I) The Committee on Elections mittee member screens the April, be resolved, I hope peacefully. Should will not authorize publication of let¬ May, and June issues of the Foreign all work out well, I intend to return and ters to the editor, editorials, or articles, ServiceJournal to assure compliance complete my contract with the com¬ on, by. or referring to the candidates, with this policy. The February and pany. or bearing on the election in a manner March issues of the L'SJare excluded, I wish you all the best of luck and a not compatible with the Election as they go to press before candidates less eventful 1991. Committee’s responsibility to assure are nominated. Pete Dooley Hopkinsville, Kentucky

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MARCH 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 5 CLIPPING

NEW POSTINGS TO IRAQ but for the Dominican Republic. But AND BRITAIN according to administration officials, Helms THE WASHINGTON POST, JANUARY 30, 1991, BY sent back word that he “will be held up for

AL KAMEN AND ANN DEVROY any diplomatic post anywhere in the The State Department has selected world.” The same was said to be the case career diplomat A. Peter Burleigh to rep¬ for George Fleming Jones, who had been resent the United States in postwar nominated to be ambassador to Guyana. Baghdad and career diplomat Raymond G.H. Seitz to be ambassador to Britain, TURKEY’S MILITARY sources said yesterday. MUSCLE

Burleigh, deputy chief of the THE WASHINGTON POST, JANUARY 29, 1991, BY department’s Bureau of Intelligence and JONATHAN C. RANDAL Research, is an expert on the Middle East CIZRE, Turkey—Rumbling tank trans¬ and South Asia and has specialized in porters today brought in more war mate¬ Persian Gulf matters for much of his 24- riel, beefing up the array of tanks, ar¬ year career in the Foreign Service. mored personnel carriers and artillery in . . . Despite the war, the United States the hills overlooking this strategic city has not broken re¬ close to Turkey’s Let Colonial Moving & lations with Iraq, Tbe message intended by the borders with Syria Storage Co. provide you with and the U.S. Em¬ and Iraq. an up-to-date print-out bassy, while vacant, massive display of these old, With more ar¬ containing demographics, is not technically commodity listings, back¬ refitted American tanks, mor and bridging closed. The last U.S. ground material and cultural 105mm a rtillery pieces, M-113 equipment just out diplomats left of sight in the plains information about the country armored person nel carriers, you’re moving to—free! Baghdad in the on either side of the We’ll also send you our new week before the recoilless rifle-mounted jeeps, international high¬ brochure, detailing all of our war started. self-propelled artillery and way leading south¬ moving and storage services. . . . Seitz would other equipment, according to east to the closed Because, when it comes to be the first Foreign Iraqi border cross¬ moving foreign service Service officer to get diplomats, is that Turkey is ing at Habur, Tur¬ personnel—our experience is the prestigious determined to be a major key has taken a second to none. But don’t take posting to the Court player in the Middle East of the high-profile posi¬ our word for it, check our of St. James. references at the State future. tion that worries The 50-year-old Department, you’ll find our neighbors Iran and reputation as impeccable as Seitz, who is assis¬ Syria almost as the service we provide. Call tant secretary of state for European and much as it does Iraq. for a free fact kit and a Canadian affairs, has served in London The message intended by the massive brochure to help make your twice before, once in 1975 and again from display of these old, refitted American next move abroad— 1984 to 1989 when he was the deputy tanks, 105mm artillery pieces, M-113 ar¬ the right one! chief of mission. Seitz also has served in mored personnel carriers, recoilless rifle- Canada, Kenya, and Zaire. mounted jeeps, self-propelled artillery and COLO! The administration has not decided other equipment, according to diplomats, p what to do about two other nominees is that Turkey is determined to be a major STOJ^AG^CO. whose confirmations were blocked last player in the Middle East of the future. year by Sen. Jesse ffelms (R-N.C.), the Trucked in from the railhead at Batman We’ve Built Our Reputation One Move At A Time ranking minority member of the Senate 110 miles away, the tanks and much of the 9900 Fallard Ct„ Upper Marlboro, Md. 20772 Foreign Relations Committee. equipment came from armored garrisons Cad (301) 856-6500. Telex: 211038. Some administration officials consid¬ far to the north and east that, during the Cable: Colonial. Fax (301) 856-6530. ered nominating John Bushnell, who had Cold War, were considered vital bases in been tapped earlier to serve in Costa Rica, NATO’s southern flank opposite the So-

6 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1991 THE LEADER OF THE

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8 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1991 of Congress. Fearful that some catastrophic A spokesman for the Somali Congress event might kill the president and all 17 in Nairobi, Ali Mohammed Hirabe, said officials in the line of presidential succes¬ the group was preparing to fonn a “broad- sion, one Cabinet member is kept away to based democratic government.” Other ensure there will be a president. opposition forces would be invited to White House officials declined yesterday join, he said. to give details of the practice, citing security concerns. “There will be one who stays Clan-Based Politics home, but we never say which one it was,” The three groups that are to be in¬ said press secretary Marlin Fitzwater. cluded in the new government, the spokesman said, were the Congress, which FIGHTING SUBSIDES IN is drawn from the Hawiye clan from the SOMALIA center of the country; the Somali National

THE NEW YORK TIMES, JANUARY 29,1991 BY Movement, based on the Issak clan from

JANE PERLEZ the north, and the Somali Patriotic NAIROBI, Kenya, Jan. 28—Fighting Movement, whose members are Ogadenis subsided in Mogadishu today after rebels from the south. took the war-ruined Somali capital and But the other major rebel groups are forced President Mohammed Siad Barre also based on clans, and there is some to flee. question about how they can work to¬ The airport, where Mr. Barre main¬ gether for the government of “national tained a well-fortified bunker, was the last reconciliation” that the Somali Congress is important point to fall to the rebels of the calling for, experts on Somalia said. United Somali Congress, the British Boradcasting Corporation reported to¬ day. The deposed president and top aides were reported to have fled in a convoy of more tha 40 vehicles, some of them tanks, the BBC said.

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MARCH 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 9 ATTENTION... PEOPLE on the MOVE.. . “The New Importance of Electrical Communications,” prepared for the FSJ by the Federal Communications Commission, March 1941:

Radio’s development makes it possible for voices to be wafted between Europe Cathie Gill, inc. and America in one-sixtieth of a second! Operation of electrical apparatus capable of such farflung and almost instantaneous communication has been a commercial Opens Doors boon. But in war, as in peace time, broadcasts cut across time and distance to challenge any claim of isolation. The current war is the first major conflict to be fought on the land, on the sea, and in the air to the inclusion of the ether. The World War had no radio problem We specialize in of the magnitude now so evident. Then there was only the dot-and-dash signal to sales and property consider. Today there are commercial, amateur, and program transmissions to management in the perplex the international picture. “Policing” the ether has become an important duty in connection with the national Metropolitan Washington defense program. . . . area.

Our name means Personal Attention, Service, and Results. Answers appear on page 62. 1. When U.S. commissioner Nicholas Trist was recalled to Washington during the final stages of treaty negotiations, he disregarded his instructions in order to complete the treaty. What treaty was he negotiating? 2. In December 1923, which former senator from Minnesota was appointed ambassador to Great Britain? (Hint: He served at this post little more than a year, because he was appointed secretary of State upon the resignation of Charles Evans Hughes.) 3. Secretary of State William Learned Marcy requested that envoys CatfiieCM me. appear at foreign court functions “in the simple dress of an American citizen.” Faced with the prospect of being dressed REALTORS ® exactly like the court servants at a reception given by Queen Victoria, this U.S. envoy to Great Britain distinguished himself from them by wearing a “very plain black-handled and black¬ 4801 Massachusetts listed dress sword.” Who was this envoy? Avenue, NW 4. Who was the wealthy editor and publisher of the New York Suite 400 Tribunewho began his service as ambassador to Great Britain Washington, DC 20016 in 1905 and received a degree from Oxford University during this mission? (202) 364-3066 5. Ruth Bryan Owen, daughter of William Jennings Bryan, and Florence Jaffray Harriman were the first women to head Serving Washington, DC, diplomatic missions. Who appointed them, and where did Maryland & Virginia they serve?

10 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1991 CHRISTOPHER F. LYNCH

What Eastern Europe Should Learn from Latin America

he countries of Eastern Eu¬ similar set of problems since the mid- ing throughout the region. At the same T rope have broken free of the 1980s. In the past several decades, both time, the recession in the industrialized Soviet stranglehold and are areas of the world relied on a state-led countries led to declining commodity moving quickly to integrate model of economic development, sup¬ prices. Latin America thus began its “lost themselves into a Europe without East- ported (with a few exceptions in Latin decade.” The countries in the region West divisions. The most dramatic ex¬ America) by an authoritarian or totalitar¬ tried to implement various reforms to ample is reunited Germany, where the ian government. Planners looked to the stem the decline. Most didn’t work. First, hated wall is now but a memory. Most state, largely due to a shared suspicion of the debt crisis cut off the possibility of countries in the former Warsaw Pact are the ability of markets to address social international financing, and a significant moving toward a pluralistic parliamen¬ concerns. chunk of internal savings was going to tary system. Various reforms service past foreign debts. are moving the economies Second, economic reforms, away from central planning such as opening the and toward greater reliance economy or reducing the size on prices and markets. of the state, ran quickly into In this moment of opti¬ opposition from established mism, a note of realism should interest groups, not the least be introduced: The path to of which was the entrenched successful reform is at best bureaucracy. Not surpris¬ difficult, and poorly executed ingly, most political leaders changes can make the situa¬ chose to try to patch up the tion worse. The former Ger¬ corporatist strategy. man Democratic Republic is In Eastern Europe, the having the easiest adjustment, Communist Party, backed by since it is receiving West Ger¬ President Jose Sarney of Brazil ended his term with public confidence the Soviets, decided on who man money and, more im¬ shattered, as economic package after package failed. got what shares of the pie. portant, West German insti¬ Eastern Europe ran into a tutions. The rest of Eastern dead end for most of the Europe, however, will have to reform or In Latin America, this suspicion trans¬ same reasons as in Latin America: bloated create new institutions and legal frame¬ lated into a corporatist approach to eco¬ government, inefficient parastatals, etc. works. The countries have the opportu¬ nomic policy, where government, busi¬ Similarly, economic change threatened nity to start over, but before pressing ness, and labor divided up the pie. the political structure. Eastern Europe ahead, policy-makers should look at Instead of being created, wealth was also tried to keep up with the world, but success stories and failures. One of the redistributed year after year. This meant without reforms to the underlying eco¬ best places to examine is Latin America, limiting competition, particularly from nomic and political structures, the result because it has experimented with just imports, and emphasizing exports of was economic stagnation and social dis¬ about every kind of economic model commodities. The strategy led to good content. With a monopoly on power, the over the past 20 years. growth through the 1970s, when com¬ Communist Party was able to forestall modity prices were high and international the inevitable for several years longer State-led model bankers eager to recycle petrodollars. than in Latin America. However, once It may appear at first that Eastern Unfortunately, much of the money that the Soviets allowed change, the Eastern Europe, with its heavily industrial eco¬ came in to Latin America quickly went European governments quickly collapsed nomic base, has little in common with out as flight capital. under their own weight. Third World Latin America. However, The 1981 Mexican debt moratorium Surprisingly, the common result of Latin America has faced a remarkably led international bankers to cut off lend¬ the changes in both Eastern Europe and

MARCH 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 11 Latin America was a return to democratic package after package failed. Their re¬ investors to back out of deals in that institutions, rather than the emergence forms had largely consisted of price country and to put their money instead of other totalitarian regimes. The wave controls and knocking zeros off the in neighboring Chile. of democratization had reached Latin currency. Merchants quickly figured how Third, Europe must avoid lax super¬ American countries some five years ear¬ to get around price controls, and the vision of the financial sector. Chile went lier, and as their experience demon¬ ones who suffered the most were those into a deep recession at the beginning of strates, making economic and political on fixed incomes, i.e. workers, elderly, the debt crisis in 1982, but the drop in changes at the same time is much more and the poor, who were supposed to be GDP was exacerbated by the near col¬ complicated. protected by the controls. Major reforms lapse of the entire financial system. No were avoided. one questioned why owners of banks • Deficit spending. Hyper-inflation in were allowed to shift assets through a Brazil, Argentina, and Peru resulted when variety of companies which existed only the central bank printed money to cover on paper. When foreign loans were cut the deficits of the government and state off, the house of cards came rtimbling entities. The newly elected congresses down. Eastern Europe is just starting to were not able to come to grips with the develop a financial sector. It must steer budget and responded to interest groups between two rocky shores of over-regu¬ in the absence of effective economic lation, where transactions are expensive policies by the executive. or complicated to cany out, and under¬ • Allowing the currency to appreciate. supervision, where the markets can be There is a great temptation to keep manipulated by a few unscrupulous imports cheap in order to spur consump¬ dealers. tion (generally of the urban elites), while at the same time keeping down domestic Successful strategies inflation. Venezuela’s currency was so Move quickly and across the board on i overvalued in the mid 1980s that it was adjustment policies. The public will ac¬ cheaper to take weekend flights to Mi¬ cept austerity only for a limited period of ami than a vacation to the local beach. time, and it is easier to introduce reforms President Carlos Andres Perez was forced at the beginning of a new government, Venezuelan President Carlos Andres Perez was to make a major devaluation when he forced to make a major devaluation when he when there is a mandate for change. came into office, and the resulting austerity, came into office, and the resulting aus¬ Later in the term of office, interest groups which hit hard at the poorest sectors, set off terity, which hit hard at the poorest will have had time to organize. Without unprecedented riots. sectors, set off unprecedented riots. across-the-board changes in internal markets, the foreign trade regime, and Possible pitfalls the financial system, markets and prices Avoiding easy solutions Ultimately, the most important goal will be distorted, leading to further cri¬ Overall, the experience of Latin for Eastern Europe is to quickly establish ses, as in Argentina. The key to success America in making economic reforms clear and consistent laws. First it must in Mexico, Bolivia, and Chile was in has yielded more lessons on how not to move to clarify its muddled and archaic addressing the economy as a whole, do things, but there have been some legal systems. This is probably where rather than introducing piecemeal re¬ interesting successes. In countries where Eastern Europe can learn the most. forms. the process has failed, inflation has sky¬ Hernan de Soto’s milestone book The Get the fiscal side under control. One rocketed and living standards have fallen. Other Path documented how compli¬ key to Bolivia’s success in reducing Those countries that seriously ap¬ cated laws for starting a business or inflation was to broaden the tax base. proached reform have been able to con¬ owning property were at the root of the Many countries, most recently Argentina, tain inflation, and in some cases also problems for the working-class Peru¬ have moved toward value-added taxes, make improvements in living standards. vian. De Soto also points out how the which are easier to enforce. On the other Generally, the successful countries have lack of public input into administrative side of the ledger, bloated bureaucracies moved quickly on reforms, before spe¬ rule making allows existing interest need to be cut back drastically. In order cial-interest groups could stop or dilute groups to manipulate the system to their to finance the budget until the tax base the program. Certain strategies, how¬ advantage, thwarting the development matures, many countries have sold off ever, have been more successful as of small enterprise. state enterprises. object lessons in how not to reform than Second, don’t scare off foreign in¬ Modernize and streamline the legal as truly progressive measures. For ex¬ vestors. Foreign investors accept that system. One of the key factors in the ample: there is greater risk (and greater return) ability of Chile to create so many busi¬ • Halfway reforms. Presidents Raul in developing countries, but they be¬ nesses and jobs was the guarantee of Alfonsin of Argentina and Jose Sarney of come nervous when the rules change. property rights, along with the enact¬ Brazil ended their terms with public Argentina’s changing policy on ment of simplified laws on investment confidence shattered, as economic privatizations led a number of potential and mining. Other countries have also

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1701 Florida Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20009-2697 Telephone: (202) 234-5600 The Hidden Economy How to give Africa’s troubled economies a fresh start

JEROME WOLGIN

I I the mind’s eye, Africa conjures up pictures of parched earth, children with swollen bellies and wasted limbs, and women picking with hoes at arid land. Over the last decade the misery has taken on the apocalyptic proportions of the Book of Revelation—famine, war, plague, and death besiege Africa as they do no other continent. The statistics are no less appalling than the popular image. Whether we examine debt, economic stagnation, infant mortality, birth rates, the number of people who are HIV positive, or the destruction of forests, the past looks grim, the

present hopeless, and the future disastrous.

Both the pictures and the numbers present, at best, a partial view, however. Famine, war, debt,

and AIDS are all real, but affect only a minority of Africa’s 500 million people. There is another

Africa often hidden from view, and it is a continent peopled with energetic

entepreneurs, skillful crafts- n, strong families, and a vi-

brant economy. Africa’s future depends on strengthening this hid- i den economy.

MARCH 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL *17 Understanding the reality and complex¬ ity of African economies requires two things. First, one must disregard official statistics about almost all elements of the economy—GDP, exports, agricultural pro¬ duction, infant mortality rates—which can¬ not be trusted to be even sketchily accu¬ rate. Second, one must think of African economies as having two separate, but interrelated parts, a formal, official economy and an informal, unofficial, hidden, some¬ times illegal, and largely unmeasured economy. The formal economy comprises the government sector, large-scale firms and farms (many owned by the government), and that part of the informal economy that the government is able to control directly. The informal economy encompasses the rest—millions of small-scale farmers, trad¬ ers, manufacturers, money lenders, tradi¬ tional healers, mechanics, miners, water carriers, taxi drivers, herders, food proces¬ sors, brewers, and so on. The formal economy of most African countries went into a deep recession in the late 1970s, as international stagflation caused by the two oil shocks led to serious trade declines. © Oil prices, interest rates, and the prices of manufactured goods all rose significantly faster than the prices of Africa’s There is another Africa often hidden from view, major exports—tropical agricultural products and miner¬ and it is a continent peopled with energetic als. These external shocks exposed and accentuated the entepreneurs, skillful craftsmen, strong families, weaknesses of undiversified economies, dominated by the government. As tax revenues and foreign exchange and a vibrant economy. Africa’s future depends availability fell because of this recession, governments on strengthening this hidden economy. responded in a number of unhappy ways: they borrowed, they printed money, they increased their direct control of the economy, they increased marginal tax rates on the private economy, and they rationed scarce goods. official figures show the following economic deterioration Economic free fall between 1973 and 1987: The results should have been predictable. Government • Annual decrease in agricultural production per and government-guaranteed debt grew much faster than capita 0.95 percent did the ability to service such debt. Inflation increased • Annual increase in debt per capita 17.64 percent dramatically, leading to widening distortions between of¬ • Annual decrease in GDP per capita ficially controlled prices and the scarcity value of many goods and services. This was particularly true for the most 1.08 percent • Annual decrease in export revenues per capita important price in the economy, that of foreign exchange. 1.68 percent As official prices became more distorted, more and more • Annual increase in consumer prices 23.62 percent economic activity moved from the formal to die informal economy. Real tax revenues declined, leading to declines in But we are only now learning how badly these figures government services and the erosion of real wages in the misrepresent what has actually happened in the lives of government sector. most Africans. What has new research, conducted over the All of this resulted in the African economic crisis that has past five to 10 years shown us? preoccupied donors and governments since 1984 and led to the mushrooming of World Bank and International Mon¬ Informal remedies etary Fund adjustment programs in Africa. The official First, African farmers manage complex income-genera¬ figures tell a dismal tale. Excluding oil exporters and the tion strategies. Most rural households generate substantial war-ravaged countries of the Horn and Southern Africa, portions of their income from activities off the farm: trading,

18 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1991 seasonal labor, and processing agricultural products— Hidden strength brewing beer, for example. Most households depend on an As a result, things were never as bad in most countries extended family network for income, frequently receiving as they seemed. For example, during the long day’s journey remittances from family members working in cities, other into night of the Ghanaian economic collapse, real food rural areas, and even overseas. This differentiated network prices actually fell. The decline was more likely to result of income sources helps households to reduce the risks they from increasing supplies rather than declining demand. face when prices for cash crops fall, rains fail, or a recession Over the entire period, the population shifted from urban affects the formal economy. to rural areas, thus reversing a post-independence trend. Second, infbnnal markets (including markets lor capital and And in 1983, over 1 million Ghanaians were expelled from foreign exchange) are efficient and dynamic. Transaction costs are Nigeria and absorbed into Ghana’s rural economy without generally high, because traders may be operating on a very small any difficulty, at a time when drought and economic scale and because there are high costs in bribing police and policies had brought the economy to its lowest point. government officials. Nevertheless, these markets work, and when In Tanzania, food prices also declined during the eco¬ a fanner cannot get credit from the agricultural bank because cheap nomic collapse. Evidence suggests that farmers shifted from subsidized credit has been allocated to the politically connected, he cash crops (coffee, cotton, and sisal) to food crops, and that or she can get credit from a trader or a money lender—albeit at high the land planted to food increased substantially during the real rates. When the government ration shop that sells controlled 1974 to 1987 period. food is empty, a consumer can buy food at the local market at an In Zaire, the failure of the government to provide unsubsidized price. When the local marketing board pays only 10 rudimentary education, health, and transport services has percent of the world price for cocoa, a local trader will pay 40 led to a total shift from the government to the voluntary percent and smuggle the cocoa over the border. (mostly church) sector for schooling and health care, and Third, it has been possible, in fairly limited circum¬ to the fragmentation of the country into a number of largely stances, for donors to circumvent the failure of governments independent regions, more linked to their neighbors (Tan¬ to provide key services. Nowhere has this been more zania, Zambia, Rwanda, Uganda, etc.) than to each other or evident than in the campaign to provide immunizations to the central government in Kinshasa. and oral rehydration salts to Africa’s children. These “child This economic resiliency has eluded official figures. As survival” programs have been successful because they are the informal economy has grown in importance and cheap and thus can be funded almost entirely by donors. government Capacity eroded, our ability to accurately As a result, infant and child mortality rates in Africa measure economic activity has declined. In some countries, continue to decline even when other parts of the social national accounts are made up of whole cloth. Even trade infrastructure are deteriorating. There is little doubt that figures, traditionally the most accurate of all macroeconomic donors will also be able to mount programs to provide aggregates, are off by 100 to 200 percent. For example, voluntary contraceptive services as broadly as they have estimates of informal exports from Tanzania are $600 been able to provide immunizations. million, while recorded exports are about $300 million. Fourth, countries that experienced the implosion of the Finally, since most households, and particularly most formal sector (for example, Ghana, Guinea, Zaire outside poor people, had already adjusted to economic crisis by Kinshasa, and Tanzania) quickly saw the growth of the increasing the share of their “informal” incomes and informal economy to offset this collapse. For example, as expenditures, the adjustment programs prescribed by the real wages plummeted for government workers, govern¬ World Bank and IMF were much less Draconian than they ment work became valuable only insofar as it provided appeared at first blush. Raising the price of foreign access to key perks such as housing and the ability to exchange does not reduce real incomes if most purchases barter influence or authority for what economists call are already at the parallel rather than the official exchange “rents,” and what the world calls bribes or extortion. Most rate. The same is true for food purchases and other items government employees diversified their income sources subject to price controls. In Mali, for example, the and became part-time farmers, traders, etc. The formal elimination of price controls led to a decrease rather than economy with its official prices set artificially low, became an increase in prices, because shopkeepers were includ¬ the venue for a small number of limited transactions, while ing in their prices a markup reflecting the “tax” they paid the bulk of market activity took place in the informal the economic police. economy. In Senegal, removing foreign exchange controls in¬ Fifth, African economies have always had porous bor¬ creased competition and allowed the informal sector access ders. The many economic dislocations, the prevalence of to spare parts, enabling refrigerator, air conditioning, and high rates of inflation and unrealistic exchange rates, and the auto repair firms to underprice the monopolistic formal predatoiy nature of marketing boards, have led to increased sector. In Cameroon, the government was able to reduce smuggling and informal trade. During the depths of Ghana's fertilizer subsidies without raising prices to fanners by economic crisis, almost all official imports (be they petrol or privatizing fertilizer marketing, thus saving millions of fertilizer or consumer goods) were so highly subsidized that dollars in “marketing costs.” In Mali, liberalizing food they quickly made their way to one of the borders to be markets allowed rural people (who are very often net exchanged for hard currency. Similarly, exports, even low- purchasers of food) to purchase food more cheaply and value items like cocoa, also crossed borders. more conveniently; previously, they had had to travel long

MARCH 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL *19 distances to buy large quanti¬ © educational sector in Mali ties from government depots. was moribund and peopled ... these economies are closer to turning things Finally, in Madagascar, the with dispirited, discouraged liberalization of the rice mar¬ around than many of us have realized. What is educators who came to work, ket and the elimination of needed is vision, political will, and patience. picked up their checks, and subsidies never hurt the poor tried to find something use¬ Donors and pundits alike have been imprisoned very much, because most ful to do. These were well- subsidies had been received by stereotypes of African politicians and civil educated, competent people, by the urban middle class servants as lazy, incompetent, and incorrigibly imprisoned in a dysfunctional rather than the rural poor, for greedy. organization. A.I.D., together whom they were intended. with the World Bank and the These folks always had to French, developed a sectoral depend on local markets for the bulk of their purchases. reform program that combined training, unilateral reform, It should not be surprising, then, that despite the gloom and decentralization, and financial assistance. By giving these doom surrounding discussions of African economies, many, if people relevant training, a professional job, and an important not most, Africans are engaged in economic activity that leaves and attainable mission for their organization, the refonn program them noworse off, if little better off, than they were in 1973, when has energized the Ministry of Education and led to a new spirit die bloom first began disappearing from the rose. of professionalism and competence among the staff. Formidable obstacles Standing Marx on his head None of this need gloss over the truth of Africa’s social What, then, should be the development agenda for the and economic weakness. Labor productivity in Africa next decade in Africa? In the broadest possible sense, remains very low, and, consequently, so are real wages. African institutions, governments, political structures, legal Welfare, whether measured by health and education indi¬ systems, and economies must be radically and quickly cators or income, is also probably lower than anywhere else restructured. This means deregulation of the economic in the world. African entrepreneurs, workers, and fanners system, empowerment in the bureaucratic system, and still operate in a very constrained environment that raises democratization of the political system. transaction costs, lowers the rate of return on investment, First, African countries must intensify efforts to scale back and discourages channeling savings into areas with the tlie state’s role in the economic affairs of the continent. highest long-term rates of return. Africa’s share of world Where possible, government production and regulation trade and access to private foreign capital has declined must be reduced to a minimum. precipitously, and, consequendy, Africa is in danger of Second, governments in Africa must be totally restruc¬ becoming completely marginalized from the world economy. tured to become service-oriented, decentralized, enabling In many ways, because of high levels of population growth, institutions that release rather than stifle the energies and a weakening world economy, and continuing political creativity of those who work in them. instability, African economies are more poorly positioned Third, political structures in Africa need to become more today to move onto a path of sustained growth than they representative, more democratic, and more pluralistic than were 20 years ago. they are now. Only a pluralistic political system that On the odier hand, these economies are closer to turning represents the needs and interests of the various sub-groups things around than many of us have realized. What is of the polity can lead to a sustained restructuring of the needed is vision, political will, and patience. Donors and economic and bureaucratic system. Indeed Marx had it pundits alike have been imprisoned by stereotypes of wrong. The political system, not the economic system, is the African politicians and civil servants as lazy, incompetent, substructure upon which society is built. and incorrigibly greedy. There is enough truth in this image Can this be done in Africa? Are the values of African to make it difficult to get through the image to reality. But cultures consonant with a pluralistic, democratic, decentral¬ clearly, while greed and corruption abound, there are many ized system? Can the haggling and barter of a pluralistic dedicated people who want desperately to turn their society be permitted in fragile, young nations, wary of the societies around, and who are frustrated by the system ever-present danger of tribalism and possessing a limited within which they work. They are shackled by organiza¬ sense of national identity? These questions have not been tions that are centralized, provide limited opportunities for answered in Europe, let alone Africa. Nevertheless, one growth or choice, discourage creative behavior, and subor¬ cannot know and love the people of Africa without dinate the interests of the society to the interests of the believing them capable of rising above their recent history individual. In short, die rules and institutional structures that and achieving the aspirations that have been dashed so dominate public and regulate private economic life in most cruelly during the last 20 years. ■ of Africa need to be profoundly restructured. Jerome Wolgin is chief economistfor the Africa Bureau For example, A.I.D. is involved in an education reform ofA.I.D. and has been working on African issues all of program in Mali. Among other elements of this program is his professional life, since his tour as a Peace Corps a training module for administrators, inspectors, and school volunteer in Malawi. The views expressed are not principals. Prior to the beginning of this program, the necessarily those of the U.S. government.

20 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1991 The Kindness of Strangers How foreign aid helps perpetuate Africa’s agony

FRANK RUDDY

A fricans are beginning to see the folly of three decades of African mismanagement that has been aided and abetted by Western aid. Encouraged by the revolutions in Eastern Europe and the now obvious failure of the despotic economies which many of their own countries closely imitate, people are taking to the streets in Nairobi, Accra, Cotonou, Niamey, and Lusaka, calling for a voice in government. While leaders try to laugh them off (Kenneth Kaunda called the public demand for a multi-party system an appeal for the “return of Stone Age barbarism”), these are the winds of change, and the Kaundas and Ahmed Kerekous, and maybe even Mobutu, would be well advised to brush up on their de Tocqueville. Along with this awakening of political freedom throughout the continent, there are signs, wrote David Ewing Duncan in July 1990’s

Atlantic, that Africans are more and more taking economic matters into their own hands, as they become disilli sioned with their own gov- ernments and the advice A of outsiders. The monstrosities of Idi Amin, Mengistu

MARCH 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 21 Haile Mariam, Samuel Doe, Jean-Bedel Bokassa, Sudan’s General Bashir, and the like are widely known. But international judgment has been far more lenient on other African leaders with equally disas¬ trous policies and shocking records of bru¬ tality: people like Tanzania’s former Presi¬ dent Julius Nyerere (called “Mwalimu”— the teacher), who forced practically the entire population into thousands of ujamaa (familyhood) villages; and die “saindy” Kaunda, whose delicate conscience doesn’t get in the way of torture or election rigging. The list of horrible leaders doing horrible things, and of demagogic leaders doing dumb things, goes on and on in Africa (there are, perhaps, four free countries among 45 in sub-Saharan Africa.) In March of 1990 Bishop Desmond Tutu told a nairobi audience: “I long forthe day Africa will be truly free... It is true God’s children in Africa suffer because there is less free¬ dom in their countries that during colonial times. African leaders need to be reminded that there is depotism nearly everywhere in Africa.” This not only spells terrible suffering across the continent, but makes of Africa a graveyard for investment, domestic and foreign, © and, consequendy, an economic horror story. The underground economy in Africa works. Farmers smuggle their products across borders No way but up for better prices; market ladies travel hundreds of After 30 years of independence and foreign aid, Africa’s miles to sell their goods then conceal their economy is having to start all over again. “The past 30 years have set it back 50,” writes Clive Crook in an extraordinary earnings from customs officials.. .men, women, survey of the Third World in The Economist (September 23, and children operate small stands in the streets 1989). Africa has hit rock bottom. The GNP forthe continent, day and night, selling peanuts and Sonys and advises Duncan, is $135 billion, or roughly the same as Belgium’s; 26 of the 34 poorest countries in the world are whatever they can get their hands on... These in Africa, which also has the lowest per capita income in the are hard-working, ordinary Africans who take world. The good news is that many African countries are risks to beat the system and provide for their now disposed by necessity to implement sensible economic policies, but structural adjustments and other solutions of families... the day have had, and will continue to have, no more than mixed results until they deal with root causes of economic used to be a disadvantage); they are former colonies with malaise. That, apparently, neither the World Bank nor the traditions of excellence in public administration (like India International Monetary Fund has the will to do. and many others); they have been generously provided The issue, really, is one of will, because we now have with foreign capital (like Latin America). Taiwan and South extraordinary data on what works and what doesn’t in Korea have the advantage of having no natural resources economic development. There are, for example, the Asian (yes, this has been suggested), as well as generous foreign tigers, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, and Singapore, aid (like many odier developing countries).” which confounded all the development experts when they Another argument Crook cites, and die only one he treats created an economic miracle by exporting simple, labor- seriously,is the claim that since all but Hong Kong have had intensive manufactures. That wasn’t supposed to happen. highly interventionist governments, their success is not so Keynes had told us that trade could not be the engine of growth much an argument in favor of free markets as it is proof that fertile less-developed countries, andso these Asian impertinences some governments intervene more effectively than others. have to be argued away. Crook gives a good sampling of die True enough. Government intervention is a fact of life in less current sophistry: the tigers are special cases and not translatable developed countries, with this difference: Singapore, Tai¬ to Africa: “Hong Kong and Singapore are too small (small wan, and South Korea intervened to pursue outward-

22 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1991 looking trade policies while leaving the price system intact the great scourge of the 20th century, tire professional as a signal to the private sector. politician. Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana was the foremost African among tire Bandung leaders, and he left a legacy that Beating the system has plagued Africa to this day. Briefly stated, he maintained Beneath the economic jargon, the real objection to the that ex-colonies were poor because of the political fact of Asian model for African development is the belief that colonization, and therefore they could be made wealthy by Africans are just not up to it; they don’t have the discipline other political decisions. There were political solutions to or drive. This is an unstated, condescending premise, much economic problems. It was also believed, as Johnson points like what Hernando de Soto encountered in Peru: “Peruvi¬ out, that new nations required charismatic leaders who ans have a more family-oriented philosophy. They are could become spiritual leaders as well. (Nkrumah became better at the guitar than at work.” Nonsense in Peat, as de Osagyefo, the Redeemer.) Soto demonstrated, and nonsense in Africa, as anyone who Ghana and other newly emerging African states followed has lived in Africa knows. The underground economy in the Bandung-Leninist model, instead of laissez-faire policies Africa works. Farmers smuggle their products across bor¬ of colonial times, and adopted protectionist systems designed ders for better prices; market ladies travel hundreds of miles to create self-sufficiency. The idea was that government to sell their goods then conceal their earnings from customs planners could easily anticipate whatever level of exports officials, who hustle in their own way, using their underpaid and imports a country required and the rest would be just positions to cadge bribes and booty from travelers; men, a matter of bookkeeping. women, and children operate small stands in the streets day Of course it didn’t work and, as planners made adjust¬ and night, selling peanuts and Sonys and whatever they can ment after adjustment to keep output and input tables up to get their hands on; and bootleggers’ canoes carry cham¬ date, governments grew and economies crashed. pagne, whiskey, and other luxury goods from entrepots In providing assistance to African states formed along hidden in the forest to buyers across an open sea. These are this model, the United States and other donors were actually hard-working, ordinary Africans who take risks to beat the underwriting poor economic decisions and subsidizing system and provide for their families, because suffocating inefficiency. Instead of encouraging countries to provide for government policies keep them from making a legal living. themselves by creating markets and encouraging invest¬ De Soto observed much the same thing in Peru, as he ments, our aid all too often relieved them of any such recounts in The Other Path. There, 60 percent of the obligation. Why go to all the trouble and run the economic population is employed in the informal economy and tisks associated with free markets, when there are donors who produces 40 percent of the GNP. De Soto’s message, will come to your aid, whatever you do or don’t do. It’s not so directed as much to donors as to governments, is that the much that donors encourage ridiculous and wasteful projects poor are an active economic force whose industriousness (although they have done so often, see Books, page 35). Rather, and assets should be integrated into national economies by by providing Kinds to inefficient governments, they free up for reducing bureaucratic controls on enterprise, establishing white elephants—ike the Inga Shaba power line in Zaire—Kinds private ownership and making rules affecting business the country would otherwise have had to meet real needs. democratically. De Soto’s book shows the remarkable per¬ sistence and ingenuity of Peru’s entrepreneurs, and, as The rich get richer Crook observed, “Africa awaits its De Soto” someone who We now know that the main beneficaries of social aid will shatter the stereotypes and show Africans as the hard¬ programs in such countries are not the poor but the working, clever businesspeople and traders that they are subsidized middle classes, that more is spent on university now and have been for centuries. education for future bureaucrats than on elementary edu¬ cation for the masses, that well-intentioned programs like the Killing them with kindness U.S. Import-Export Bank’s foreign credit insurance encourage America invented foreign aid after World War II to help foreign borrowing instead of investment, and, as Ayittey has countries get on their feet and provide for themselves. In pointed out, more money goes out through the back door Africa, however, aid hasn’t worked as planned. The Ghana¬ ($10 billion) every year in the form of money squirreled away ian historian George Ayittey calculates that the West has in foreign bank accounts and embezzled funds, for example, poured more than $230 billion in aid in various forms into than comes through the front door as foreign aid. Africa since the 1960s, more than $100 billion in the 1980s Charles Murray’s Losing Ground argued that Lyndon alone, yet Africa is worse off now than when we started. Johnson’s Great Society programs, for the very best of Why? Part of the answer, according to the Harvard reasons, offered so much to those they reached that they professor Nicholas Eberstadt, is our fault. What was meant took away the incentive to get ahead on one’s own. Inertia to eliminate foreign poverty became in some cases a way of was a rational response to those programs, as Murray solving domestic problems. Donating Kansas wheat to documents, even though society lost as education declined, Tanzania, for example, amounted to a nice subsidy for unemployment increased, single-parent families increased, Kansans but not so nice for Tanzanians, when fanners could etc. A similar phenomenon has been occurring in Africa. not compete with donated food. Let me give an example from my own experience: A more elemental cause was the rise of the Bandung Equatorial Guinea, where I lived for a little more than three generation, an ex-colonial variety of what Paul Johnson calls years, receives more than $30 million a year in foreign aid

MARCH 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 23 for a population of 300,000 o rich people in poor coun¬ people, making it one of the ... it might amaze us what energies might be tries. He noted as well that highest per capita recipients “if all conditions for devel¬ of aid in the worlci. The Bank released in Africa if our own foreign assistance opment other than capital and IMF officials would come programs could convey to Africans what East are present, capital will be to Malabo looking very seri¬ Europeans have so dramatically communicated to generated locally or from ous and would lay down very abroad. If the conditions for tough terms for die IMF agree¬ the world: the vital link between the rule of law, development are not present, ment and structural adjust¬ the right to property, and limited government to then aid will be unproduc¬ ment loan. The government human, as well as economic, development. tive and ineffective.” It’s would pledge austerity, civil worth thinking about. servant reductions, whatever If there is to be foreign was required, and go its merry way until the team turned up aid, it makes good sense, as Nicholas Eberstadt observes, for to measure progess; then the government would lie. At first it to produce more than it costs, except in the case of acts I was shocked. Then I had to admit I was somewhat of God or natural disasters (and most of today’s disasters are impressed that the Guineans played the game better than far from natural. The Sahelian and Eritrean famines, for their visitors from Washington. example, were the direct effect of foolish policies and a On one occasion, after pledging all kinds of austerity deliberate government policy respectively.) measures, including not spending any government funds on an annual Central African states meeting which Equa¬ The necessity of liberty torial Guinea was to host in 1986, the government went As Carlos Rangel wrote in Third World Ideology and ahead and built five villas for visiting heads of state and Western Reality “Two centuries ago virtually the entire purchased 29 Mercedes for the participants’ use, just as we world was underdeveloped, only it didn’t know it. ” What we knew they would. When the Bank and IMF people returned in the West have learned over time, beginning in England to check on the country’s progress under the austerity with the Industrial Revolution, is that there are certain program, the government denied doing any of these things, conditions for prosperity. People must be able to enjoy the even though state television had regularly showed the fruits of their labor. That means governments cannot over¬ president inspecting the villas in progress, and everyone in tax, and private property must be respected. People must town saw the Mercedes arriving. When I asked the Bank and know the rules of the game, and that they will be enforced, IMF people why they did not pursue this, since all of it was before they take risks and make the investments needed to common knowledge, I was told the government had denied make an economy grow and create wealth. “There is it, and that was the end of the matter. Of course, the probably no single factor which has contributed more to the Guineans knew all along it would be the end of the matter. prosperity of the West,” wrote Friedrich Hayek, “than the relative certainty of the law which has prevailed there.” And On another occasion the United Nations Development there are other benefits. Daniel Patrick Moynihan has noted, Program (UNDP), after spending several years trying to “those nations which have put liberty ahead of equality an-ange a donors’ conference for Equatorial Guinea, [have] ended up doing better by equality than those with the scheduled a preliminary meeting of donor countries in Malabo reverse priority.” to work out what donors might be prepared to offer at tire formal But there are real political risks in letting people explore donors’ conference in Geneva. Notice for the Malabo meeting the best markets for their services without government was sent out many months in advance, and a date agreeable to interference, it gives them independence, and, in Paul all was set. On the day of the meeting, donor representatives Johnson’s words, “a huge access of liberty” which must, from all over the world came to Malabo. Only one country was sooner or later, be transformed into political liberty. The missing: Equatorial Guinea. The foreign minister had decided to African dictators know this well and know the mortal threat take a trip somewhere, leaving that morning, and couldn’t the that free markets pose to their regimes. The late Alan Woods donor representatives stay around another week or so until knew this well, but this most brilliant of A.I.D. administrators he got back? They could not. As a result, donors were even died before he could carry out his new directions for A.I.D. more convinced that Equatorial Guinea needed help and Let’s hope those who come after him are as wise and proposed even more aid, including instruction to Guinean forceful. If they are, it might amaze us what energies might be officials on how to get it. Like offering to teach Ivan Boesky released in Africa if our own foreign assistance programs how to play the market, I thought. could convey to Africans what East Europeans have so The infuriating part, of course, is that a small group of dramatically communicated to the world: the vital link embezzlers were doing exactly what the international aid between the mle of law, the right to property, and limited system encouraged them to do, for which they were being government to human, as well as economic, develop¬ maintained in the style to which they had become accus¬ ment. ■ tomed, while the people and institutions of the country, which were supposed to benefit from the aid, never would. Frank Ruddy, former assistant administrator for The great British economist Lord Bauer referred to foreign Africa, A.I.D., served as ambassador to Equatorial aid as a tax on poor people in rich countries which goes to Guinea.

24 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1991 Namibian Journal PHOTOGRAPHS BY CHRISTOPHER AYERS

Man attending a SWAPO rally, Rundu, 1989, SWAPO, Namibia’s largest political party, won the majority of the newly created Constituent Assembly’s 72 seats in the 1989 elections.

A woman sells beef and cow shanks at a market in Ondangwa, 1989

A Namibian man in a cemetery in the black township of Katatura, outside Windhoek. The Namibian war for independence lasted for 23 years, ending in 1989, when South Africa, in accord with Cuba, the Soviet Union, and the United States, agreed to allow Namibia to begin moving toward independence under UN supervision.

During a march through a black township in Rundu, led by the Democratic Turnhalie Alliance (DTA), Namibia's second-largest party. A rally followed the march, which was held in anticipation of November 1989 elections, Namibia’s first.

MARCH 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 25 JAMES K. BISHOP

A he illuminated tips of their rotors described five Editor’s Note: James K. Bishop was sworn in as T phosphorescent circles above the swirling sand, as the first ambassador to the Democratic Republic of Somalia in wave of helicopters was loaded with evacuees. Bob Noble July 1990. Three rebel armies were already contesting radioded that Major Sayed, the local police commander, had the government’s control of the countryside. Six months appeared at Gate 1. With a grenade in one hand and a radio later, a popular uprising in the capita! was to drive in the other, he was threatening to signal prepositioned President Mohammed Siad Ban e, who had ruled the Somali troops to open fire on the choppers if they tried to Horn of Africa nation for 21 years, out of office. take off. Thinking to myself that reality seemed patterned on As violence increasingly threatened their lives and a State Department crisis management exercise, I told Bob, inhibited the embassy 's normal business, dependents the manager of our contract guard force, to bring the major and non-essential employees were ordered out of to the front of the chancery, where I would talk to him. Mogadishu in December, andprivate Americans were It had been a full day since two CH-53 helicopters had utged to leave. The uprising at the end of the year left dropped over the compound wall at dawn on January 5 and those American diplomats who remained, and other disgorged 60 very welcome Marines and Seals. Their Americans and foreigners who had taken refuge with presence presumably would deter the armed looters at them, gravely imperiled by lawlessness. Two l .5. Navy whom we had been obliged to shoot the previous morning. ships sailed from the Persian Gulf to the Hast African As they were deployed, the Marines had pulled down coast. From a distance of450 miles, the ships sent a ladders that looters had positioned against the compound team of Marines and Seals by helicopter to secure the wall in preparation for renewed assault. endangered embassy compound. Within 24 hours, Soon after their colleagues stationed themselves around 281 ei acuees were rescued, as armed lootersscaled the the compound, a team of Marines and Seals had driven the compound walls. quarter mile to the military mission compound. Colonel On Ambassador Bishop s return to Washington, the David Staley, chief of the Office of Military Cooperation FSJ asked him to recount his last days in Somalia, (OMC), and other officers safehavened with him, as well as describing both the decisions to evacuate and the a badly abused Kenyan ambassador, his wife, and staff, manner in which the evacuations were accomplished. were waiting in lighdy armored vehicles. The two mini¬ Bishop is no stranger to conflict-tom posts. Before convoys had emerged and sped back to Gate 1, as our being posted to Somalia, he served as ambassador to lookouts signaled the absence of Somali military traffic on Liberia and then as director of the task force that Afgoy Road outside the gate. helped organize the evacuation of that post. Earlier in As the sun rose higher in the sky, the volume of fire his career, and in more peaceful circumstances, he around the embassy compound had picked up more slowJy served as ambassador to Niger. than it had on the several mornings since December 30. That

26 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1991 was die day when the Somali government’s attempt to outside Gate 1 sent bullets flying through the air, and into disarm residents of eastern Mogadishu provoked a sponta¬ our vice consul’s home, just as our employees left for the neous popular uprising. Nor had we yet heard that day any day. Roundtable talks to include the government and sound of the artillery and armor fire the army had been representatives of the three rebel groups fighting govern¬ employing indiscriminately against rebellious neighbor¬ ment forces in the countryside aborted when the govern¬ hoods, after having first tried to subdue them with mortars ment arrested two of the prospective representatives. Then and rockets. the United Nations moved to an ordered departure of their own employees and dependents. With our own people Widening chaos instructed to go by December 19, our official community Violence had been endemic in Mogadishu for many had shrunk from 147 to 37 by that date, and we believed that months. During the summer, embassies and government half of the 90 remaining private Americans also had left. buildings had been bombed by the regime’s opponents, Between the 19th and the 30th we had been busy and senior police officials had been assassinated. Westerners, including one of our Marines, had been injured, and several others had been killed in criminal attacks. My family and I encountered this violence soon after our arrival, when a shot was fired at my wife by a gang of thieves during a robbery at a supposedly safe beach. The embassy had earlier withdrawn all American personnel to the part of Mogadishu where the chancery and other embassy buildings were located, on a 160- acre compound. Self-imposed travel restrictions and a curfew were intended to keep official Americans out of harm’s way. But by December these measures were proving inadequate, as criminal activity grew. Vehicles were being taken and their drivers killed by soldiers, policemen, rebels, and Ambassador Bishop (front, center) on board the U.S.S. Guam after evacuation. common criminals throughout the city and at all With him were (left to right): Chris Swenson, administrative counselor; Karen Aguilar, PAO; John Fox, political-economic officer; Bishop; Robert Noble, hours of the day. Foreigners as well as Somalis manager of the embassy’s contract guard force; and Walt Fleming, facilities were being targeted, and neither diplomatic per¬ manager. sonnel nor their vehicles enjoyed immunity. A robbery and gunfight outside the chancery compound in packing up the belongings of those who had departed, early December made it evident that distance from the rehearsing our emergency procedures, and trying to en¬ centers of earlier violence no longer provided any real courage both cabinet members and opposition leaders to protection. curb the violent activities of their followers. But the situation For several months there had been frank discussion of only became more acute, as an eruption of intertribal the security situation at the community meetings open to fighting in the capital added to the lawlessness. Sensational both official and private Americans. Everyone familiar with press reports claiming that one of the rebel armies was the embassy knew that our top priority now was to take poised to attack Mogadishu rang alarm bells in Washington. measures that would improve our physical security and our In meetings with the prime minister and the president, I ability to cope with emergencies. Few Americans, therefore, could identify no government game plan for stemming the seemed surprised when, at a standing-room-only special growing chaos. community meeting December 5, I told them I had rec¬ Our plans to further reduce our numbers were overtaken ommended voluntary departure of U.S. government de¬ by the December 30 uprising. Its nature and extent were not pendents and non-essential employees to Washington. To clear for several days, but the firing which broke out underline to private Americans the seriousness of the throughout much of die city made it evident that we were situation, we read the text of the travel advisory proposed dealing with violence on a new order of magnitude. The to Washington. I also volunteered that my wife and greater danger was personalized die next morning, when daughter would be among the early departees. Subsequent our defense attache, Colonel Ken Culwell, arrived at the telephone calls to parents with children at post emphasized residence with several bullet holes in his car. One shell had the desirability of the children’s early departure. found a gap in the vehicle’s armor and cut across the driver’s Well before those leaving voluntarily had flown off, we seat an inch behind Culwell’s backbone. A bullet hole in die recognized several of the benchmarks we had set to identify roof of another defense attache office vehicle parked beside the time when ordered departure for U.S. government the chancery reminded us of the damage the stray rounds employees should begin. The tide of violence was swelling. flying into the compound could do to less resistant surfaces. Another of our drivers, the second in three weeks, was shot, That evening an impatient soldier at an improptu roadblock and his vehicle stolen. The daily light-arms fire around the sprayed a carry-all driven by Lieutenant Colonel Neil embassy took an ominous turn when a firefight on the road Youngman, die deputy OMC chief. He rode it back to the

MARCH 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 27 OMC compound on the rims, thankful that only the front the compound overnight, because their homes were be¬ tires had received fatal punctures. yond government lines. The new year brought the first requests from private Americans for refuge within the Circling the wagons compound. U.S.A.I.D. Director Mike Rugh took on the task Over December 30 to 31, we moved almost eveiyone of housing and maintaining order for a compound popu¬ into our residence, the marine house, or the K-7 compound lation that ultimately exceeded 500. U.S.A.I.D. Contractor across Afgoy Road. As both the government and the political Peggy O’Rourke, our Irish Jewish mother, who had preparing leadership of the tribe which was fighting the government’s meals for 50 Foreign Service Nationals and guards at the troops in the city seemed receptive to Italian efforts to now-vacated A.I.D. compound, took over the embassy promote a ceasefire, we thought this a likely outcome. If not, snack bar kitchen. There she was ultimately to prepare hot government forces, already making unrestricted use of their meals for some 350 evacuees, FSNs, and guards. At the OMC greater firepower, presumably would extinguish the upris¬ compound, Colonel Stanley was preparing more than 100 meals a day, many of them for the local guards and armed policemen who were chasing away the soldiers looting elsewhere in the neighborhood. My executive assistant, Lynda Walker, nurse prac¬ titioner Karen McGuire Rugh, and PAO Karen Aguilar took over direction of the embassy and USIS kitchens and began providing gourmet cooking for the embassy staff. By January 2, the government was employing heavy artillery against the dissidents, whose strength nevertheless appeared to be increasing. Low altitude overflights by government MIGs suggested the regime might bomb the rebels, as it had two years earlier in similiar circumstances in the northern city of Hargeisa, destroying much of On board a helicopter on the U.S.S. Guam. On left: Jim Maher, budget and fiscal that town. Looting was becoming commonplace, officer; Paulette Ripley, the DCM’s secretary; and Marine Thomas J. Sheffield, and the nervous behavior of the soldiers calling at helicopter crew chief. On right: Margaret O’Rourke, A.I.D., and Bill Matthews, communicator. a supply depot set up across Afgoy Road inspired little confidence in their discipline. Already, uni¬ ing. By staying within the high walls of our compounds, we formed men had broken into several A.I.D. compounds to hoped to keep out of the fray. steal vehicles and were beginning to loot homes vacated by However, the insurgents would not negotiate or be embassy personnel. Although we saw Somali Airline’s cowed. They held their own in the eastern neighborhoods airbus occasionally use the airport, the firing all around us and attacked government strongholds at the presidential precluded any movement in that direction. Accordingly, I compound and the airport. In other parts of the capital, cabled Washington on January 2 to say we would need U.S. including our own, soldiers became the targets of armed military assistance in departing a city in which the lives of youth. The military responded by indiscriminate use of Americans were now seriously endangered. mortars and heavy machine guns as well as rocket-pro¬ In Washington, an urgent meeting took place early the pelled grenades. What proved to be my last early morning morning our message was received, and a task force under jog around the chancery compound was aborted New Jeff Davidow’s very capable and sympathetic leadership Year’s Day, when small arms fire around the embassy forced was established. Later in the day we were told that the me to take cover three times in 20 minutes. Nervous soldiers president had ordered C-130s to fly immediately to Mombasa. made Afgoy Road a shooting gallery that same morning, They would be prepared to fly into Mogadishu as soon as cutting off from the embassy those safehavened outside its flight clearances could be obtained and arrangements made walls. As would become the case until the K-7 compound for us to proceed safely to the airport. In addition, the U.S.S. was invaded four days later, we began opening our gate to Guam and the U.S.S. Trenton had been instructed to set send armored vehicles to pick up people or to receive course for Mogadishu from their position in the Gulf of evacuees, only when lookouts posted on the roof of the K- Oman. By January 7 they would be able to evacuate us by 7 apartment building radioed that no anned personnel were helicopter from the compound itself, should this be neces¬ on the road. Communicator Matt Kula, Administrative sary. Couaselor Chris Swenson, and Buildings Maintenance Although Mogadishu’s phones were out, we were able Officer Bill Mueller’s sunburned faces became their lookout to communicate with most western European embassies by badges of office. radio. They reported that the Italians, whom we could not Among the thousands of Somalis who began streaming contact directly, were negotiating a ceasefire with the past our gate on their way out of the embattled city were government and rebels. Indeed, several ceasefires were members of the families of our employees. Many of the announced by the government radio. However, our efforts latter, as well as numerous contract guards, were staying on to obtain landing clearance for the C-130s at Mogadishu

28 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1991 were frustrated by our inability to communicate with physical courage. She and Bob fired over tire heads of the anyone in the government. A runner we sent to the Foreign looters when more subtle means of chasing them off were Ministry found its gates chained and the building vacant. We unsuccessful. The looters returned fire, directed at Elaine then passed word to the Italians to ask the government for and Bob, who defended themselves, hit at least one looter. the landing permission we needed. Both sides then withdrew. The response we received from the Italians was that the While Bob negotiated with a militia commander whom president had agreed in principle that foreign governments he had befriended for armed help fighting off the golf course could evacuate their nationals. Details, he told the Italians, looters, soldiers broke into the K-7 compound and seized were to be worked out with the Foreign Ministry. More Bill Mueller. They released Bill when he gave them the keys significant than this non-reply was that the fact that to one of the vehicles in the courtyard. Bill and Chris noncombattants in both camps were ignoring the ceasefires Swenson then retreated to a safehaven, while the soldiers accepted by their nominal leaders. Increasingly, it became helped themselves to our vehicles. Back at the chancery evident that the rebels had no command and control structure. They were fighting as individuals © and small groups. It was also becoming apparent that command and control within government We could not predict how long Bob’s militiamen would forces was eroding fast, and guns were being stand guard at the golf course. And the army’s violation distributed to members of the president’s Marehan of the K-7 compound clearly put us in greater jeopardy. tribe. We also began receiving reports that soldiers had shot officers of other tribes when given orders We certainly could not count on remaining unmolested to which they objected. On January 3,1 therefore until the scheduled arrival of the marines three days advised Washington that the C-130 option was later. I therefore asked Washington for two platoons of impractical and evacuation would have to be in a non-permissive mode by helicopter, as soon as the parachutists from Saudia Arabia to hold the compound Guam and the Trenton could launch their aircraft. until the vessels approaching us could launch their helicopters. Golf course gun battle With artillery thundering, plumes of smoke marking impacts to the southeast, small aims fire everywhere, compound, commercial officer Mike Shanklin, a retired and looting becoming more widespread, I received notes Marine officer, armed himself and took an armored van to from several diplomatic colleagues asking for rescue and/ evacuate everyone to the chancery from the glass-walled or refuge. The response to each was that he and his staff residence now in the line of fire of any looters on the golf were welcome but that we could not mount any rescue course. We then buttoned up the chancery and the JAO operations. Some took advantage of lulls in the firing to headquarters, our other safehaven. In a series of flash make their way to us. Eventually the heads of 10 diplomatic messages, Washington was alerted to our situation. missions, most of those in Mogadishu, were among the Bob’s militiamen came to our rescue, chasing the looters evacuees. Several chiefs of mission, including the Kenyan off the golf course in a brisk exchange of fire. Bill and Chris and the Sudanese, had been beaten and robbed by uniformed made it back to the embassy compound once the soldiers looters. Walt Flemming, our tireless and courageous For¬ departed the K-7 area and Bob identified a gap in the eign Buildings Office facilities manager, helped Mike Rugh military traffic on Afgoy Road. Bill and Chris were replaced accommodate them, ducking at one point an AK-47 burst later as lookouts by Matt Kula, who kept watch from a trap which drew an arc in the wall just over his head. door on top of the water tower until it came under fire later January 4 was our worst day. Half of our 160-acre in the day. In addition to small-arms impacts, a rocket- compound was a primitive 80-acre golf course. The internal propelled grenade, probably aimed at the water tower, wall separating the recreation area from the chancery, struck a warehouse near the JAO safehaven. marine house, residence,JAO complex, etc., was perforated, like the wall on Afgoy Road, every 20 yards by 2-foot gaps SOS underfire blocked by thin bars. Normally we did not have to worry We could not predict how long Bob’s militiamen would about anything more lethal than wild dogs coming through stand guard at the golf course. And the army’s violation of the gaps. But early January 4 we learned that looters armed the K-7 compound clearly put us in greater jeopardy. We with AK-47s were trashing the golf club and terrifying the certainly could not count on remaining unmolested until the FSN families safehavened there. From the golf course they scheduled arrival of the marines three days later. I therefore would be able to fire through the gaps in the internal wall asked Washington for two platoons of parachutists from at anyone moving on the embassy half of the compound. Saudia Arabia to hold the compound until the vessels Bob Noble, a former Special Air Services trooper always at approaching us could launch their helicopters. After high- the point of maximum danger, went to deal with the level meetings in Washington, we were infonned that intruders, accompanied by Elaine York. On her first tour advance elements of the marines would reach the com¬ abroad as a security officer, Elaine had come from Abidjan pound at dawn the following day. Moreover, as the Guam to assist us and was to demonstrate remarkable stamina and and the Trenton had been proeeding at top speed, they

MARCH 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 29 would be ready to evacuate us a day earlier than scheduled. those chiefs of diplomatic missions who had arrived, and During the afternoon our “combat consuls,” Brian Phipps, Deputy Chief of Mission Joe Borich, who went out to the Mark Manning, and John Fox, dressed in flack jackets, Guam to coordinate with the naval and Marine commanders ducked bullets at Gate 1 as they decided whom to admit to aboard. the compound for evacuation. These were painful deci¬ sions, made in a tense and emotional environment, and all Repeated rescues three performed superbly. An American woman, shot two Later in the morning, once the recovery of the group at days earlier, turned up at the gate and was treated, together the OMC compound had reunited our ranks, we focused on with a Sudanese diplomat’s wife nine months pregnant, by what help we could provide to other diplomatic missions. Karen McGuire Rugh and our contract physician, who was The Soviets had made contact with us by radio the previous among the evacuees. Beginning to realize we would be day, informing us they had been attacked and lost vehicles leaving, many of the FSNs and guards were asking nervous to looters the day before. Their ambassador did not want to try to reach our compound without an escort. Bob Noble persuaded a then cooperative Major Sayed to provide one for a fee, and an hour later we had 38 Soviet guests. A similar operation, at a signifi¬ cantly higher per capita fee, brought us 15 British nationals from their embassy, which was in a more dangerous area. Unfortunately, the South Koreans did not trust the bonafidesof the escort we sent them. Special arrangements made with a senior Somali resulted in the recovery of the British ambassador and German charge, who had spent five days under intense fire across from the president’s headquarters—brave men both. Leaving our FSNs was an extremely painful experience for many, such as Personnel Officer DCM Joseph Borich (left) and military attache Ken Culwell review a list of Sharon Nichols, Bill Mueller, and Walt Fleming, evacuees from 15 countries. who had particularly strong bonds with those who worked directly for them. Every one was questions about their safety and future. Meanwhile, we troubled leaving their household help, especially after Mike were trying to check out reports that a 50-caliber machine Shanklin’s manservant turned up brutally beaten by looters. gun had been set up in the K-7 apartment building, from We did not even have sufficient cash to pay the FSNs and where it could dominate the helicopter landing zone in the household staff their wages due. During a break in the firing chancery compound below. Crowded into the chanceiy around us, I met with FSNs under a tree and explained that and JAO building, we talked through the night with the task we would leave what cash we had and the commissary keys force. Culwell updated the Guam, and we caught some with the FSN committee to distribute money and food sleep. among them. They also were promised that everything It is doubtful any of the evacuees will forget the welcome possible would be done from Nairobi to send hinds to them. chatter of helicopter blades, as two CFI-53s came over the The FSNs agreed that fate gave us few options, and only a compound wall soon after dawn. Our rescuers had flown handful made futile requests to be evacuated. for three and a half hours, meeting their refueling aircraft Mike Rugh and his helpers had done a characteristically twice in the dark, a mission that reduced safety margins to thorough job preparing the evacuees for their midnight a razor-thin edge. Despite their ordeal, the 60 Marines and departure. As the first of the Guam’s CH-46 helicopters Seals were on top of the situation as they exited the landed right on schedule, the passengers went aboard with choppers. From the start, coordination between military and few hiccups—and only one successful stowaway. civilian authorities could not have been smoother. Marine and Seal officers decided where to deploy their men, and Last-minute escape responsibility for use of lethal fire remained mine. While a Back in front of the chanceiy, I listened through an shot or two was fired as the Marines and Seals took up their interpreter to an excited but disarmed Major Sayed, while positions, the 50-caliber machine gun report proved bogus, Bob, and several Seals beyond the circle of light, kept Sayed and a C-130 gunship flying overhead held its fire. Later in and his radio in their sights. After 15 minutes of discussion, the day, incoming 50-caliber rounds and the impact of a the major agreed that the first wave of helicopters could take rocket on the compound wall added to the stimulation off without interference. For the next three quarters of an provoked by the usual small-arms racket round the com¬ hour, I kept Sayed engaged in sometimes insane conver¬ pound and the sounds of artillery fire across town. sation while walking him toward the landing zone, as other As soon as the Marines and Seals had their gear out of the choppers landed, loaded, and took off. Finally, after gaining helicopters, we had boarded 60 evacuees. These included possession of the major’s radio, Bob and I joined the Marines all of the private Americans who had reached the compound, and Seals in their helicopters and sailed over the compound

30 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1991 walls, as our adrenaline rush ebbed. It was only after our old Maiy Lynda Rugh, the Somali infant Mike and Karen arrival on the Guam that we were told that the C-130 were bringing home to adopt much sooner than planned. gunship covering our departure had picked up the illumi¬ Several days out at sea, Capt. Saffell of the Guam announced nated radars of the SAM-2 battery at the airport, and that the birth of the 282nd evacuee, the Sudanese diplomat’s through their night-vision glasses, the helicopter crews had new daughter, with all the satisfaction of a senior family seen intruders coming over the compound walls while we member. A few ambassadors soon were proudly wearing were lifting off. The next day we discovered that rockets had Guam sweatshirts, or attired in naval uniforms purchased at been used to blast open embassy doors within two hours the ship’s store. of our exodus. Nartirally, there was considerable discussion about the Before leaving Mogadishu, we learned that General prospective conflict in the Gulf. The flyers showed some of Schwarzkopf had ordered the Guam and the Trenton to us the night-vision equipment in which they placed great return immediately to the Gulf of Oman, canceling plans to faith. At church services, some members of the ship’s have evacuees debark at Mombasa. As we set off on a five- complement and evacuees prayed together. Lynda Walker’s day voyage to Muscat, we were just happy to be aboard and powerful rendition of Black spirituals brought radiance to grateful to the Marines and sailors who had put their lives the faces of the young Marines and sailors who joined her at risk to save ours. The crews of both vessels were in song, and delight to a Soviet ambassador pleased to be justifiably proud of their achievement, certainly the most invited to join the fellowship. Embassy athletes were exciting event of theft five months at sea. Officers vacated welcome when the flight deck was opened to those desiring their quarters to make room for the embassy’s senior staff exercise. Jogging into a 35-knot wind proved less challeng¬ and the chiefs of diplomatic missions. Other embassy ing than trying to avoid becoming aerodynamic when members, including several who had been lodged in running before the same gale. Those invited to the chiefs officer’s quarters when last serving on a U.S. ship, found mess learned who ate best aboard ship. themselves stacked four high in the enlisted men’s com¬ My embassy colleagues and I debarked at Muscat with partments. the thanks of many of those we had helped leave Somalia. Two hundred marines and sailors volunteered within an Most of us had the telephone numbers of our sailing hour when the chaplin of the Guam asked those interested companions’ wives and parents. Many of us prayed silently to sign up as evacuee guides and escorts. For many of them, that those shipmates remaining aboard would be spared the evacuee children were surrogates for little ones back home. horrors of war, as with their help, we had escaped injury in Several extra-large marines helped bottle feed four-week- the chaos of Mogadishu. ■ F A R A We've Moved! From: Columbia Plaza To: The Statesman 2020 "F" St., NW/DC (2 blocks from Main State)

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MARCH 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 31 DIPLOMATS IN HISTORY: I 1 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN AUTHORIZED EXPORTER GENERAL ELECTRIC

The following is excerptedfrom an origi¬ nal dispatch by Benjamin Franklin, sent during his tenure as minister to Paris. GENERAL ELECTRONICS Tlje dispatch and introductory notes were INC. provided by Peter D. Eicher, a Foreign Service officer currently on sabbatical as an Una Chapman Cox fellow to undertake □ REFRIGERATORS □ FREEZERS studies of early American diplomats. □ RANGES□ MICROWAVE OVENS □ AIR CONDITIONERS □ DRYERS □ WASHERS □ SMALL APPLIANCES □ AUDIO EQUIPMENTS TELEVISION FRANKLIN ON PEACE □ DISHWASHERS □ TRANSFORM¬ ERS □ COMPLETE CATALOG (Please check box) From U.S. Minister Plenipo¬ Available for All Electric tentiary in France Benjamin Currents/Cycles Franklin to David Hartley, British treaty negotiator, Immediate Shipping/Mailing 1783 From our Local Warehouse

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Passy, October 16, 1783

My dear friend, ity, might have been made and estab¬ . . . What would you think of a lished with the money and men foolishly proposition, if I should make it, of a spent during the last seven centuries by compact between England, France, and our mad wars in doing one another mis¬ America? America would be as happy as chief! You are near neighbors, and each the Sabine girls, if she could be the means have very respectable qualities. Learn to of uniting in perpetual peace her father be quiet, and to respect each other's and her husband. What repeated follies rights. You are all Christians. One is the are those repeated wars! You do not want most Christian king, and the other de¬ to conquer or govern one another. Why fender of the faith. Manifest the propriety then should you be continually employed of these titles by your future conduct. “By in injuring and destroying one another? this,” says Christ, "shall all men knowthat How many excellent things might have ye are my disciples, if ye love one been done to promote die internal wel¬ another.” Seek peace, and ensure it. fare of each country; what bridges, roads, Adieu, yours, &c. canals, and other useful public works and institutions, tending to the common felic¬ BENJAMIN FRANKLIN

32 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1991 a H

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FAX OR MAIL TO: EVELYN COTTERMAN, LONG & FOSTER, 3918 PROSPERITY AVENUE, FAIRFAX, VA 22031 BOOKS prosperous pre-independence economy, With a novelist’s eye for detail and African Notebook which had been destroyed, Idi Amin language, Klitgaard has produced a fas¬ style, by the countiy’s first president, a cinating account, both funny and heart¬ TROPICAL GANGSTERS dope-chewing, voices-hearing, mass- breaking, of why economic develop¬ By Robert Klitgaard, Basic Books, 1990, murdering Hitlerophile, the late Fran¬ ment is not taking place in Equatorial $22.95 hardcover cisco Macias. Klitgaard’s book is the Guinea and many other African countries. AFRICA: DISPATCHES FROM A FRAGILE story of his own adventures as economist, As the title suggests, Klitgaard thinks Equatorial Guinea’s most eligible bach¬ corruption is largely responsible, but he CONTINENT elor, guitarist, seminar leader, govern¬ cites other causes as well (an almost By Blaine Harden, Norton, 1990, $22.50 ment adviser, handholder, and “Bob de completely untrained national labor pool, hardcover California” in search of the perfect wave. for one) and sees little relief in doctrinaire It is Klitgaard’s ability to blend interest¬ solutions of the right or left. Blaine Reviewed by Frank Ruddy ing and unusual persons and events into Harden’s Africa: Dispatches from a Frag¬ The explorer Richard Burton was his narration that turns a sure candidate ile Continent will add another major British consul in the city of Clarence on for oblivion, a 300-page examination of cause of development failures: donor the island of Fernando Po from 1861 to economic development in a country that dumbness. 1864 and called it “the lowest rung of the ladder of consular service ... the Foreign Against a backdrop of helping Equatorial Guinea prepare for an Office grave.” His wife, Isabel, felt “un¬ IMF agreement and a World Bank, structural adjustment loan, commonly suicidal” her first night there. Fernando Po became Bioko and Clarence Klitgaard introduces us to a world stranger than fiction: was renamed Malabo, the capital of Milagroso, the witch doctor/central bank head; Bonifacio, the Equatorial Guinea. But other things didn’t bright, courageous finance minister undone by tribal intrigue; change. Some 125 years after Burton’s arrival, the London Sunday Times de¬ the health minister from hell who sold the country’s measles scribed Equatorial Guinea as “the nasti¬ vaccine, leaving scores of children to die and was promotedfor est place on earth.” his effort, torturers and the tortured, diplomats and rock stars, A former Spanish colony (the British were there just briefly) where malaria is and many more. as commonplace as hay fever, monkey limbs are hawked in the equatorial sun, cats are a delicacy, mail may never arrive, the hospital is without blood or nobody can find on the map, into some¬ I knew Klitgaard in Equatorial Guinea, electricity, the water undrinkable; where thing the New York Times rates one of the and unlike so many people who were the No. 2 health official dies of AIDS and best books of 1990. there because they had to be or to make the very poor invite cholera by bathing, Against a backdrop of helping Equa¬ a fast buck, he went to Equatorial Guinea drinking, and relieving themselves in the torial Guinea prepare for an IMF agree¬ to help, by teaching Guineans what he same water, while government ministers ment and a World Bank structural adjust¬ knew best, how to run a government. I drive Peugeots and watch VCRs in air- ment loan, Klitgaard introduces us to a can’t agree with everything he says, but conditioned living rooms, where juju, evil world stranger than fiction: Milagroso, I can think of no more intelligent ob¬ eyes, and avenging spirits exist side by the witch doctor/central bank head; server, nor of one more worth reading. side with Sunday mass and the seven Bonifacio, the bright, courageous finance Blaine Harden was the Washington sacraments, where the American embassy minister undone by tribal intrigue; the Posts man in Africa from 1985 to 1989- doubles as a supplier of coffins to the health minister from hell who sold the His was a dream assignment: go to diplomatic community, such a place can countiy’s measles vaccine, leaving scores interesting places and take the time to be too much for some, but not for Robert of children to die and was promoted for write well about what you see. His book, Klitgaard. his effort, torturers and the tortured, Africa: Dispatches from a Fragile Conti¬ Knowing full well what to expect, diplomats and rock stars, and many nent, grew out of his columns for the Klitgaard came to Equatorial Guinea in more. They are all real people whose Post. 1986 to head a World Bank project. His names Klitgaard has changed to protect The first selection, about his trip down job was to help restore the country’s the innocent among them. the Congo, is one of the finest descrip-

MARCH 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 35 BOOKS tions of African life I have ever read. He Body,” concerns the legal battle to bury villager who became an NBA star and recreates the sounds, the smells, the Kenyan lawyer S.M. Otieno. The thor¬ dynamite shot blocker, is Harden’s next shoving, the heat, the wet of life on a oughly modem Mr. Otieno had wanted subject. More interesting than even large African boat (in this case on the to be buried at his farm in the Ngong Manute’s Cinderella story is the history Congo, but it could be anywhere, Gao to Hills. His tribe wanted him buried ac¬ of the Sudan Harden weaves in, the Mopti on the Niger or Malabo to cording to tribal customs. His widow and never-ending civil war between the Annobon) the bananas, the palm oil, the the tribe slugged it out for eight months Moslem North and Christian-Animist sleeping mats on deck, the tethered in the courts, while the remains of the South, and his look at the Dinkas, whose goats, the screeching monkeys, the offi¬ deceased lay in the Nairobi morgue. young men write more songs about cials you have to bribe on board to get On another plane, the court battle cows than girls. the accommodations they already soaked was about whether a modem African is In “Good Intentions,” Harden writes you for in port. Between ports of call, first a citizen (in this case of Kenya, but about foreign aid donors whose good Harden tells you about Zaire and, of it could be almost any African country) intentions sometimes result in disaster. In course, Mobutu. or a member of his tribe. Thirty years ago the early 1970s FAO pronounced that the Harden’s second story takes the reader Evelyn Waugh wrote, .. it is difficult to Turkana, nomadic herders of northwest west to Ghana, where he examines the guess what is meant by a nation of Kenya, had to give up herding or face extended family and the future of African people as dissimilar as the Chagga, the extinction. The British thought fish was family life, which, he maintains, migration Masai, the Gogo, the Arabs of Pagani, the the ticket to replace the Turkanas’ de¬ to the cities is making bleak. He includes fishermen of Kilwa, the Greek and In¬ pendence on milk from the herd, and a remarkable description of a Ghanaian dian magnates of Dar Es Salaam, whose Norway came to the Turkanas’ rescue family, as seen through the lives of an old frontiers were arbitrarily drawn by with a fish-freezing scheme that wound up man, a young university saident, and politicans who never set foot in Africa.” costing about $22 million for a plant, roads, battling wives of a polygamous marriage. Apparently, it still is. etc. There were a few setbacks, however. The third selection, “The Battle for the Manute Bol, the 7 foot, 6 inch Dinka The cost of freezing the fish was more than the fish were worth; die lake water for the freezing plant was too dirty to use, and the only part of the lake that produced There Is Only One Place sufficiant fish dried up, as it always did, every few years. No one had bodiered to To Stay In Washington check. It was probably moot anyway, because the Turkana didn’t eat fish. YOUR PLACE The plant lasted one week. There is a postscript. Ten years after the experts had talked the Turkana out of herding, it turned out that the Turkana had had the SHORT OR LONG TERM LUXURY right idea all along. Herding was a good “A Hotel Alternative APARTMENTS. TOWNHOUSES. PENTHOUSES idea, but by then, the Turkana had no For The Prudent Spender.” All Suites Tastefully Furnished & Fully Equipped Kitchens * Telephone * Cable herds left. The experts went home. The Television ★ Security Intercom System Turkana went on the dole. Complete Health Spa * Concierge ★ Parking Laundry and Valet * Maid Svc (optional) ★ Another selection, “The Good, the Convenience Store Bad and the Greedy,” begins with a classic description, a composite really, of SPECIALIZING IN RELOCATIONS SERVING CORPORATIONS ★ PENTAGON “the African Big Man,” whom Harden THE STATE DEPARTMENT ★ INSURANCE will describe in more detail in the per¬ INDUSTRY * EXTENDED TRAVEL CONVENIENT METRO LOCATIONS AT sons of Samuel Doe, Daniel arap Moi, ROSSLYN CAPITOL HILL and Kenneth Kaunda. There is also some GEORGETOWN talk of good things some Big Men like FOGGY BOTTOM DUPONT CIRCLE Houphouet-Boigny do, at least tempo¬ rarily, but they succumb to Big Man * Visa and Master Card Honored disease after a while, says Harden. TLC Development Corporation The abuses of Samuel Doe are well 1700 N Moore St. Suite 714 Arl., Va. 22209 known, and Harden criticizes the United States for supporting his regime with REAL ESTATE * SALES * RENTALS f(703)527-4441] MANAGEMENT $500 million in the 1980s and winking at his election-rigging in 1985 while react-

36 • FOREIGN SERVICE IOURNAL • MARCH 1991 BOOKS

ing so forcefully when Marcos did the EXPATS tirely without merit. Dickey is skillful and same thing in the Philippines. Harden is By Christopher Dickey, Atlantic Monthly accurate in describing the ambiance of a bit kinder to Kenneth Kaunda of Zam¬ Press, 1990, $18.95 such cities as Aleppo, Cairo, and Muscat. bia. He spends a good deal of space on There is a short course on mines (the the thuggery of Daniel arap Moi and explosive kind), another on Islam. He has Reviewed by James Bahti describes why bribery, favoritism, good sections on the explorer Wilfred demagoguery, and factionalism are axi¬ I have known many expatriates during Thesiger and Dame Violet Dickson, and omatic in African Big Man rule. He my time in the Foreign Service. Few, if Nobel prize winner Naguib Mahfouz rates concludes: any, of them resembled the “expats” about a full chapter. One of the most depressing “The simplest cure for the Big Man whom Christopher Dickey writes. He chapters discusses the slow destruction of disease in Kenya, as across Black Africa, makes no mention of the hundreds of many of Egypt’s antiquities caused by the would be Moi’s replacement with a new, A.I.D. contractors overseas, refers only rising water table along the Nile. Likewise improved Big Man. If such a leader briefly to ARAMCO employees, and virtu¬ depressing is Dickey’s account of the commanded personal authority he did ally ignores the scores of missionaries, heroic (but almost futile) efforts of such not have to buy, if he were willing to doctors, and nurses doing unsung work groups as the Save the Children Fund, the operate within a framework of laws, if he in obscure areas. These hard-working, UNHCR, and Oxfam among the starving exploited Kenya’s potential for acceler¬ responsible persons would not, of course, refugees in the Sudan. ated growth, if he was convinced of the be the stuff of a sensational book. Dickey’s The book lacks an index, there are no need to resuscitate Parliament and other expatriates are largely flotsam, drifters out footnotes, die chapter headings are cryptic. decision-making bodies that allowed to make a fast buck or find a marriage But then, there are no pretensions that this Kenyans to participate in their own gov¬ partner, heavy drinkers, compulsive for¬ is a scholarly work. ernance, the decline in Kenya could be nicators. They are not tenibly likeable. turned around.” This is not to say that this rather James Bahti is a retired Foreign Service True enough, but about as profound superficial, heavily anecdotal book is en¬ officer. as saying that if only they weren’t bad, they would be good. What Africa needs is not more Big Men, not more political saviors like “The Big Elephant” (Mobutu), We concentrate on “The Most Popular Leader in the World” only ONE thing ... (Bokassa), and “The Unique Miracle” Managing your property. (Macias), but a rule of law, systems of government that deal evenhandeclly with PROFESSIONAL all citizens, and that, perhaps, is what Harden is trying to say. PROPERTY As much as I stand in awe of Harden MANAGEMENT the stylist, I confess to being OF NORTHERN underwhelmed by Harden the moralist, VIRGINIA INC. who denounces “Western greed;” by Harden the economist, who pronounces Join our growing number of the United States “the stingiest of foreign owners from Athens to Zaire aid donors;” by Harden the ethnologist, who trust the management of who declares Ethiopia’s internal wars their properties to PPM. Pro¬ essentially tribal (Mr. Mengistu, call your fessional service with a per¬ sonal touch. office); and by Harden the professor of doomsday environmentalism. My cavils Discounts on appliances aside, Harden’s eye for detail, his instinct and more! Monthly comput¬ for the interesting, his extraordinary abil¬ erized statements. ity to make Africa and Africans come alive on his pages make Africa: Dis¬ 5105K Backlick Rd. Annandale, VA 22003 patches from a Fragile Continent great 703/642-3010 reading for anyone who has lived or is 11325 Seven Locks Road interested in Africa. Suite 217 Potomac, MD 20854 Frank Ruddy, a Washington, D.C lawyer, 301/983-2323 served as ambassador to Equatorial We also service Montgomery County, Maryland Guinea from 1984 to 1988.

MARCH 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 37 Milton Chase, 77, died on December did graduate work in government at Mary E. Mayio, 68, wife of retired 28. He lived in Nokomis, Florida. Harvard. Foreign Service officer Albert P. Mayio, Chase was bom in Harbin, and lived in He joined the Foreign Service in 1948. died of cancer in Washington, D.C. on China until coming to the United States in His overseas posts included Vienna, December 30, 1990. 1942. During his Foreign Service career, Baghdad and Helsinki, where he was Mayio was born in Antwerp, Belgium he was posted to Malaysia, Australia, and deputy chief of mission. He had been in 1922 and worked as an interpreter for Vietnam, and he served in other countries assigned in Washington in the Foreign the U.S. military government in Germany as a Foreign Service inspector. Service inspection corps and seived three after World War II. She accompanied her Before entering the Foreign Service, years as director of the bureau of Foreign husband on assignments in Munich, he was a radio and television commenta¬ Affairs Office in charge of Finland, Iceland, Mexico City, La Paz, and Buenos Aires. tor in Cincinnati, Ohio and a war corre¬ Norway, Sweden and Denmark. In addition to her husband, Mayio spondent in the South Pacific during Ingram was a recipient of the State leaves a daughter and a son. World War II. After retirement, he worked Department's Meritorious Honor Award as Washington correspondent for and a graduate of the National War Col¬ Odessa M. Parker, 73, died of cancer Singapore’s Straits Times and as an escort lege. He retired to Maine in 1971. in Washington, D.C. on November 27. officer for grantees under the U.S. His first wife Ashton Sommerville The wife of Foreign Service officer government’s International Visitors Pro¬ Ingram died in 1985. Survivors include James A. Parker, Parker accompanied her gram. his wife Helen Ingram, whom he married husband to postings in Liberia, Nigeria, Survivors include his wife, Betty; three in Febmary 1990; three children of his first Spain, Cameroon, and Bolivia. She was an sons, Jeffrey, of Olney, Maryland, Robert, marriage, George Mason Ingram IV and active participant in community and so¬ of Takoma Park, Maryland, and Isaac, of Ashton Douglass, both of Washington, cial affairs at each post. Parker received a Gainesville, Florida; and two grandchil¬ and Elinor Boyce of Silver Spring; five bachelor’s degree from Morgan Univer¬ dren. stepchildren and 13 grandchildren. sity and taught school in Baltimore, Maryland and Monrovia, Liberia. Donald I. Colin, 55, a senior inspec¬ Toy D. Kohler, 82, died of heart ail¬ In addition to her husband, she leaves tor for the Office of the Inspector Gen¬ ments in Jupiter, Florida on December 23. a son, two daughters, and one grandchild. eral and a former Foreign Service officer, Kohler attained the Foreign Service’s died in Woodbridge, Virginia on Decem¬ highest rank in 1962, when President Norma Powers-Palmer, 56, regis¬ ber 11, 1990. He had suffered heart Johnson appointed him career ambassa¬ trar for the Board of Examinars, died of failure. dor. He served in Moscow from 1962 to cancer in Chicago on December 29. Colin joined the Foreign Service in 1966 then served a undersecretary of State Powers-Palmer joined the Foreign Ser¬ 1962 and served in Fukuoka, Seoul, Saigon, for political affairs until his retirement, in vice in 1962 and served in Mexico City and and to the U.S. NATO mission in Brussels, 1967. Bmssels before leaving to work in insur¬ among other posts. He became an inspec¬ Kohler took his first post as vice consul ance in Chicago. She re-entered the tor and special assistant in the Office of in Windsor, Canada in 1931- Later assign¬ service in 1984 and served in Beijing, the Inspector General in 1977 then, in ments took him to Romania, Yugoslavia, Rome, and at The Office of Foreign Ser¬ 1981, served as a refugee and migration Greece, Egypt, Great Britain, and Turkey. vice National Personnel. She began her officer in Bangkok. After retiring in 1987, He also toured Vietnam, Pakistan, and position as registrar in 1989. he joined the Civil Service in the Office of Bolivia on fact-finding missions for Powers-Palmer leaves her mother, the Inspector General’s Office of Inspec¬ U.S.A.I.D. programs, and he seived as Hazel Powers, of Chicago; a sister, and tions. director of the Voice of America. He first two brothers. Colin’s survivors include his wife, Xuan went to Moscow in January 1947 as first Colin, of Woodbridge; two daughters, secretary of the U.S. embassy. John Pazourek, 85, a retired Foreign two sons, and a granddaughter. For almost 11 years after his retire¬ Service specialist, died in Sun City, Ari¬ ment, Kohler taught at the University of zona on December 20, 1990. George Mason Ingram III, 76, died Miami’s Center for Advanced Interna¬ Pazourek joined the Foreign Service in of a heart attack onjanuary 15 at his home tional Studies. 1945 and served in Praha, Rome, and on Rackliff Island, Maine. His wife, the former Phyllis Penn, whom Bonn as a construction supervisor. He Ingram was bom in Nashville and he met while both were serving in Romania became foreign buildings officer in Vienna graduated from Vanderbilt University. He in the Foreign Service, survives him. in 1955 and seived as deputy regional

38 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1991 buildings officer in Bonn from 1961 to retirement in 1976. 1964 before retiring, in 1965. He received his doctorate in public Pazourek was a native of Tabor, Czecho¬ administration late in life from Culver- EJ, MAYTAG slovakia who worked at the U.S. embassy in Stockton College in Canton, Missouri. " Washers and Dryers Prague before emigrating to the United Surviving Roeder are his wife, Mary States. He has no known survivors. Elizabeth, of Palm Springs, California; his son, Larryjr., of Centreville, Virginia, who We are proud to introduce Larry W. Roeder, works in State’s Economic Bureau; his Maytag’s new line Ph.D., 72, died on De¬ daughter-in-law, Nancy Catherine, who Now on display in our cember 18 at Loma serves in State’s Consular Affairs; and a Linda University Hos¬ grandson, Nicholas Watford. showroom pital in California after a long illness. Robert Taylor, 65, a retired Latin □ Manufactured for use over¬ Roeder began his career just prior to America and Far East specialist with the seas not converted or trans¬ Pearl Harbor as a non-salaried volunteer Agency for International Development, formed ambulance corpsman in the American died of cancer September 17 at his home Field Service, which was attached to the in Millersville, Pennsylvania. □ International warranty British Army. He served in India, South Taylor served in the Navy during World Africa, Egypt, Palestine, and Syria. War II and graduated from the University □ Free local delivery when In 1945, Roeder joined the Foreign of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School in 1949. you mention this ad, when Service, choosing consular work because He began working for U.S. foreign you place an order it provided him the best opportunity to assistance programs in West Gennany in directly assist people in need. His first 1950 and later served in Berlin, The □ Also featuring Amana, post was Dhahran, followed by postings Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Washing¬ Frigidaire, Black and Deck¬ ton. In 1980 he retired. in Beirut, Havana, Washington, Cairo, er, Caloric, Philips, Ken¬ Paris, Frankfurt, Tel Aviv (as consul gen¬ Survivors include his wife, Mary Tay¬ wood, Grunbig, Panasonic, eral and later as counselor of embassy), lor, of Millersville; his son, Robert, of Sansui, Sony and Winnepeg (as consul general). Roeder Olney, Maryland; four brothers; and five served at Winnepeg from 1974 until his sisters. ■

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MARCH 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 39 Thefollowing reflection on the 1975American evacuation ofSavannakhet jammed with motorcycles, scooters, bi¬ teas submitted by Donald A. Ranard, an editor and writer at the Center for cycles, and samlors, the motorcycles with Applied Linguistics in Washington, D.C., who spent two years in Laos as a sidecars that served as taxis. Fulbright teacher. His father was a Foreign Service officer who served For the past week I had stayed close throughout Asia. to home; it wasn’t student demonstra¬ tions I was afraid of as much as general anarchy. Everyone seemed to be carry¬ Farewell to Laos the porch. Ome, one of my students, was ing a weapon; two weeks earlier, a DONALD A. RANARD staying with us, as his family lived in a robber shot and killed a Chinese jewelry village a day’s bus ride away. shop owner across the street from where May 20, 1975-My housemate, Mike, “The Pathet Lao are coming!” Ome we were having dinner. A few days later, and I were sitting on the back porch of our said. “They’re 3 kilometers outside town. ” as I rode out of town on my motorcycle, house drinking Tiger beer, when the front We got on our motorcycles and headed I passed a boy carrying an old rifle. screen door flew open and Boun Ome for town. Usually empty except for a Something in his smile persuaded me to rushed into the living room and then onto bicycle or two, now the main road was lie as flat as I could on the gas tank and WORLDWIDE INSURANCE FOR FOREIGN SERVICE PERSONNEL PERSONAL PROPERTY ■ AUTO MARINE ■ MARINE TRIP Exclusively administered by HUNTINGTON T. BLOCK INSURANCE 2101 L Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 Telephone 1-202-223-0673 Toll-Free 1-800-424-8830 Telefax 202-331-8409 NEW REDUCED RATES ■ Very broad coverage ■ Automatic replacement cost ■ Automatic coverage up to 10% of total insured value for new acquisitions ■ Foreign comprehensive personal liability ■ On-the-spot claims service by representatives in every major city of the world Underwritten by London Insurers Join the ranks of our many satisfied repeat customers. Call toll free from anywhere in the United States or write our Overseas Division for more information. OVER 25 YEARS OF INSURANCE EXPERIENCE

40 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1991 gun the bike. I thought I heard a shot, families. though I was not sure. The students were spurred on by But now, as I came into the center of events in Vietnam. In late April 1975, CeaVe your town, I saw I had little to worry about after the Communist victories in Vietnam from this crowd. There was a feeling of and Cambodia, student demonstrations celebration. People lined both sides of in Laos became increasingly pro-Pathet most the street to watch two Chinese boys Lao and anti-American. A few weeks perform a dragon dance. Vendors sold later, the Pathet Lao skillfully used dem¬ grilled pieces of chicken and squid and onstrations in Vientiane to their advan¬ important small plastic bags of lemonade. tage, pressuring three right-wing mem¬ The crowd began to cheer as the bers of the coalition government into convoy came into view. The Pathet Lao resigning. Gradually, subtly, with a mini¬ investment commander sat in the head jeep, fol¬ mum of confrontation and almost no lowed by canvas- bloodshed, the covered trucks full balance of power of Pathet Lao sol¬ was shifting. With the diers wearing In late April 1975, after the On my way baggy khaki uni¬ home, I stopped forms and floppy, Communist victories in Viet¬ at the home of management Mao-style caps. nam and Cambodia, student Sandy Stone, head After the trucks, an of the A.I.D. mis¬ old Soviet-made demonstrations in Laos be¬ sion in tank coughed, Savannakhet, who sputtered, and came increasingly pro-Pathet had been trying to rattled. The tank Lao and anti-American. A few arrange an evacu¬ you trust. commander, a ation since May 14, small man with a weeks later, the Pathet Lao when a group of dour expression, students had taken Rental and Management straddled the gun skillfully used demonstrations three American oj Tine ‘Properties in barrel, his arm in Vientiane to their advan¬ officials hostage Northwest ‘DC, CheVy Chase, raised in stiff sa¬ and placed the lute, Third Reich tage, pressuring three right- entire U.S.A.I.D. Bethesda and Potomac style. The effect community under was unintention¬ wing members of the coalition house arrest. “Stay ally comic, like government into resigning. close to home,” Charlie Chaplin Stone told me as I playing the Ftihrer, left. I didn’t tell him and laughing chil¬ that I had just dren ran alongside the tank, their amis watched the town welcome the Pathet raised in mock salutes. Lao. The only thing modern about Laos, At 5:30 the following afternoon, we someone once observed, was the war. It got word from Stone: be at the airport in was one of the 20th century’s strangest one hour. They were sending two planes. incongruities that Laos, a tiny, land¬ We were ready in a few minutes. locked country that most Westerners Having anticipated this moment for a couldn’t find on a map, had become a week, we had already packed our bags theater in the Cold War. The easygoing —two each—and put the rest of our Executive Housing Lao showed little appetite for war, hot or belongings in boxes. Consultants, Inc. I took one last look at the house that cold, nor much interest in the great 7315 Wisconsin Avenue ideological struggle of the day. Now, for two years had been a gathering place after 20 years of war and corrupt govern¬ for students who came to borrow books, Suite 1020 East ment, the economy was in ruins and the listen to records, and talk. We had stud¬ Bethesda, Maryland 20814 people were fed up. For much of the ied the language and learned about the 301/951-4111 year, students around the country had culture and assumed that we were differ¬ been on strike, protesting government ent from the Westerners who never corruption and an economy so inflation¬ made the effort, but in the end, it was not “We care jor your home ary that my Lao colleagues at school a difference that counted for very much. as ij it Were our oWn. complained that they couldn’t buy Over the last few months, as the demon¬ enough rice on their salaries to feed their strations had adopted a more anti-

MARCH 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 41 to get out,” said Ruth Stone to the director of the French cultural center. Life After the Foreign The Frenchman, an old Indochina hand, Service Takes on New had come to say goodbye. He gave Ruth Meaning Stone a sympathetic look, but I won¬ 4 * * % dered how he really felt. Not so many years ago, tire Americans had watched Join a growing company of For¬ as the French gave up their empire in eign Service professionals and let your Indochina. We had arrived on the scene experience work for you, wherever American tone, fewer and fewer stu¬ confident that we would succeed where you may be around the world. dents had come, and now there was only the French had failed. Now we were Ome to say goodbye to. leaving, and the French were staying. We walked to A small twin- the road and ————- ^“— engine cargo Global Business Access, Ltd. flagged two plane appeared matches the talents of foreign affairs We bad arrived on the scene con¬ samlors. As 1 in the sky. I professionals to the needs of its clients climbed in, one looked at my in overseas markets. Clients are typi fident that we wouldsucceed where of my students watch; it was cally mid-sized American companies passed on a bi¬ the French had failed. Now we 6:30. A few min¬ exporting American products and ser- cycle, waving as utes later, as the if it were just an¬ were leewing, and the French were pilot, a tall other day. staying. American wear¬ Your Knowledge "Pai sai?” he ing aviator And Skills shouted. Where glasses and Are Marketable are you going? cowboy boots, “Yankee goes home,” Mike said. ambled across the tarmac, it struck me At the airport, a dozen or so Ameri¬ that this may have been the first time cans were waiting beside the airstrip. during my two years in Laos that some¬ “Nine years, and they give us an hour thing happened on schedule. ■ WE BRING YOU THE WORLD G L O b d l STUDENT CAMP & TRIP ADVISORS, inc. THE FIRST • THE MOST EXPERIENCED • THE BEST B • SCATA, a free referral service, has been in the business of matching high quality summer experiences with particular requirements of A ccess, students for 21 years. • SCATA currently represents over 650 camp, school, community service and travel programs worldwide and the td. L portfolio grows each day. • In addition to the home office in Boston, SCATA includes 9 branches throughout the US and in Canada Their clientele is truly international. Global Access Ltd. • Each summer, 18 SCATA reps visit and revisit programs worldwide. 4016 18th Street, N.W. These on site evaluations of facilities, directors and participants enable SCATA to recommend programs ideally suited to client- Washington, D.C. 20011 families. Last summer, SCATA traveled to CO, CA WA MI, MN, NC, FL, GA, VA NY, PA, ME, NH, MA CT, Canada France and England. Let us hear from you! • Each Fall, at an Annual Meeting in Boston, SCATA reps share Telephone and Fax information gained through summer travel, keeping the organi¬ (202) 723-1708 zation's evaluations "up-to-the-minute." Call THE EXPERTS SINCE 1970 STUDENT CAMP & TRIP ADVISORS, inc A Cooperative Enterprise Beverly Shiffman, President of 617-469-0681 FAX 617-469-0199 Foreign Affairs Professionals HOME OFFICE MASSACHUSETTS BRANCHES GEORGIA • FLORIDA • RHODE ISLAND • CONNECTICUT MICHIGAN • ILLINOIS • CALIFORNIA • CANADA

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ikhail Gorbachev’s sup¬ for what it was: an unsavory, totalitarian offensive 24 hours a day. M posedly magnanimous system based on tyranny in which the Cold War diplomacy on the working recommendation that individual counted for little. level was fairly simple. Reason was still we shouldn’t wrangle While the principal opposing military used, but a lukewarm warrior who ex¬ over who won the Cold War only em¬ forces eyed each other like pit bulls, pected this tool to work was soon phasized the fact that the Soviet Union we fought it out with words, enlightened. Verbal punching and and its former satellites are not being slogans, ideals, and constant counter-punching were more the issued passes to the winner’s enclosure. order of the day. Reams of propa¬ As the Cold War era blows away like a ganda kept the paper mills grind¬ tainted cloud, we might pause briefly to ing on both sides of the Iron congratulate ourselves. Only a brief pause Curtain. The airwaves hummed is warranted, as the world now faces with charges, denials, and invec¬ a dangerous period of national¬ tive, while films and television—the ist tensions and limited intensity comparatively new medium—heavy conflict linked to a proliferation with political messages were targeted of high-tech weaponry. at the world’s screens. We Foreign Service veterans of Cliches are often uncomfortably the Cold War are habitually non¬ close to the truth, and no more so demonstrative. You won’t than during the Cold War. I lollywood’s find us in parades, the version of the vodka-swilling Russian medals we may have diplomat and the bull-necked collected hang on Soviet security man in study walls or are bur¬ ^ stovepipe pants did ac¬ ied in drawers, and many tually exist. The State Cold War stories are better Department occasion¬ left untold. Yet we were in ally produced one of the frigid front lines from those dilettante stereo¬ Paris to Moscow and from types so dear to congressional Delhi to Seoul. When the i k folklore who still believed So¬ Cold war occasionally viet counterparts could be turned hot, we lukewarm wooed by social graces and warriors remained in place, conviviality. Fortunately, we also performing new tasks, taking Illustration Credit George Holton developed a new breed of hard- new risks, and enduring casual¬ nosed negotiators and whistle¬ ties. political and economic maneuvering. blowers who could politely but firmly Although we made mistakes and were Psychological warfare was not on the draw uncrossable lines on the world caught in blunders and hesitations, we curriculum of the Foreign Service Institute map. held the line with a sometimes naive when the Cold War began, but Foreign Like all war stories, those of the Cold tenacity, convinced that we were wear¬ Service personnel soon mastered this tac¬ War can be dull if the event were not ing the slightly soiled white hats. As tic through osmosis. The redundant classes shared by the reader. Today, digging diplomats, we were not given to fanati¬ on protocol told us how to drop our into the cluttered attic of memory, I find cism, and we did not rant about evil calling cards at a senior officer’s resi¬ that only the lighter moments have re¬ empires or refuse contact with our Iron dence; we were not warned that we were tained their clarity-—moments in which Curtain or Bamboo Curtain counterparts. entering an arena of not-so-diplomatic ideological confrontation often bordered But we did recognize the competition combat, where the opposition took the on farce.

44 • FOKEIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1991 The great wine battle floor. With fixed smiles and apologetic A “USSR Day” at the 1961 Montpellier nods they whisked their ward away from Wine Fair? Unbelievable but true. Not my friend and the vile temptations of a Executive only had Marseille just twinned with decadent, bourgeois Hollywood. Odessa, but a shipment of Georgian wines was on its way to Montpellier to Chicago on the Med link up with a visiting delegation from In 1964, I was on my second tour in ^^iternative 5 the Soviet Embassy in Paris. Such a coup Marseille, and I knew the local labor could not be permitted. scene pretty well. Marseille’s dockers Interim Accommodations for have always been a force to be reckoned Within weeks, with the help of the The Corporate and Government Wine Institute of California and a station with, and the Communist-dominated CGT wagon load of American vintages from union could block the port through Markets the stock of an American passenger strikes if the party gave the order. We liner, I was on my way to Montpellier for had always maintained good relations c/ffia'itmznti “America Day.” Our effort was marked with the influential but smaller socialist H" *ZJoivn(zoui£i by a hastily drafted speech underlining docker’s union. Our rare contacts with + Comity c^/om£i the assistance of California vintners to the CGT were limited to vociferous dem¬ their Montpellier colleagues during the onstrations outside the Consulate Gen¬ phylloxera epidemic in the early 1900s eral or the short visits of delegations TOR THE EXECUTIVE ON THE MOVE” and a tasting of the badly jolted, over¬ bearing petitions protesting U.S. policy. heated bottles from the ship. It may not It was therefore a surprise to receive have been high noon at Checkpoint a call from one of the city’s top CGT LOCATIONS Charlie, but we had accepted the chal¬ officials inviting me to visit him at lenge. I did suffer a minor wound. A headquarters. Puzzled but curious, I Crystal City subsequent letter from the New York accepted the invitation. The official and Ballston wine industry addressed to the ambassa¬ three of his lieutenants received me in Rosslyn dor demanded to know why one of his his office, and we quickly got down to officers (and a Californian) had been business. The official was approaching Springfield pushing California wines at an interna¬ retirement, and he had just received an Alexandria tional exhibition. invitation from an old friend and fellow Tyson’s Corner Marseillais who now lived in the United Reston Fraternization States and wanted the official to visit him A member of the U.S. delegation to in Washington state for two weeks of Falls Church the 1963 International Film Festival at fishing. A fervent angler, he wanted to go McLean Cannes had made informal contact with badly. But his staff had told him it was Washington, D.C. a shapely Soviet starlet on the beach impossible to get a visa. I had been outside the Carlton Hotel. He had invited invited to the lion’s den to confirm their her to join a number of friends for a pre¬ argument—and reinforce their prejudices. • Furnished and lunch drink in his room. When I men¬ The direct sincerity of the aging labor unfurnished tioned the omnipresence of the Soviet leader and the smug, negative attitude of • Furnished units fully delegation’s “minders” he shrugged it his staff combined to present a challenge. off. He planned to meet her in the lobby A strong case for a waiver was submitted equipped and and escort her to the gathering himself. and supported by considerable lobbying accessorized Alas, the long arm of the Cold War in the form of memos and telephone • Pets and children reached even to the heart of the film calls to the Paris Embassy. In the end— welcome in many locations world. The brief ballet in the Carlton’s despite some strong opposition—the halls was pure Bunuel, with a touch of CGT official received his visa and left for • Many “walk to metro” Woody Allen. Shrugging off the protests the Pacific Northwest. locations of her guardian angels, the rebellious On his return I was asked to his office • Accommodations to fit starlet took my friend’s ann as he escorted for an aperitif. The same staff members specific requirements her to tlte elevator. The two Soviet were present, sipping their pastis in heavies who had been escorting her silence while he described his voyage. • Variable length leases blanched and looked at each other in He spoke of the pleasure of seeing his available. horror. Their superiors at Dzerzhinsky old friend but inserted the standard dia¬ Square hadn’t prepared them for such an lectical zingers. The United States had eventuality. They dashed for the broad “many problems,” he had been shocked 5105-K Backlick Rd. stairway. To their credit, they were by the “low status” of American blacks, Annandale, Virginia 22003 present, puffing and wheezing, when and he couldn’t understand why the the elevator doors opened on the third American police had to be “armed to the (703) 642-5491

MARCH 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 45 teeth.” When his staff drifted off for was a bearded, affable giant with a slight nated by the minuscule size of our staff. lunch he insisted I have one last drink. knowledge of English. The center was Such information was readily available He then shut the door and produced an celebrating some anniversary of the Great from the diplomatic list, but he rertirned album of polaroid shots demon¬ to the subject time and time strating his prowess as an angler again. He was also intrigued by and the outsized proportions of I doubt that anyone will look, back on tbe my three tours in Vietnam. My his catches. The political jargon comment that the continual war was set aside, and he beamed, Cold War with fondness. Standoffs at the in Indochina was a tragedy thanking me profusely for mak¬ Berlin Wall, surrogate wars in the Third seemed to discomfit him. ing it possible. His last comment Throughout our conversation, as I walked out the door was, World, and the kn ife-edge moments of the the glasses were refilled. I first “Monsieur, you have a truly became aware that the Algerian beautiful country.” In the long Cuban missile crisis do not make for heat and the vodka were affect¬ history of Cold War give-and- pleasant memories. ing the director by the strange take this effort counted for little. angle of his spectacles. He then But proving his party hacks began to complain about his wrong had been well worth the effort. past assignments and grumble Patriotic War, and while I waited for my about life in Algiers. By 1:30 p.m. his Trial by vodka host to appear, I examined the enlarged glasses were dangerously askew, and he Serving in the U.S. Interests Section of color photos of Soviet armored vehicles had a sprinkling of breadcrumbs on his the Swiss Embassy in Algiers in 1976 was hanging on the walls. When he arrived, beard. It was time to go. an unusual experience. Algeria, in all its it soon became obvious I was to endure This proved difficult. His staff had left revolutionary glory, was a playground the standard “trial by vodka,” a typical for lunch as we knocked back the vodka for Eastern Bloc diplomats who eyed our Soviet ploy. Although it was only 11:30 and munched the salty sandwiches. They small operation with disfavor and suspi¬ a.m., a secretary appeared bearing a had also locked us in, and the director cion. large tray of open-face sandwiches of could not find his own set of keys. The One hot morning I drove through the fish pate and three kinds of vodka. full import of being locked into his own White City to visit the director of the I’m not sure what my Soviet host center with an officer of the U.S. Interests Soviet Cultural Center at his office. He wanted to know, but he appeared fasci¬ Section appeared to have a sobering effect. My host was particularly grim¬ faced when he was forced to call the “Everywhere the human soul stands between a hemisphere of light and security office at his embassy for assis¬ another of darkness. ” tance in freeing his American guest. I — Thomas Carlyle tried to treat the accidental incarceration lightly, but the young, crop-haired secu¬ CONFRONTING POLITICAL AND SOCIAL EVIL: rity man who unlocked the doors for us Complicity, Resistance, Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy saw no humor in the situation, nor did An International Symposium at Tufts University the perspiring director. From that mo¬ ment on, he made a special effort to March 1-3, 1991 avoid me at all official functions. Cabot Intercultural Center Tufts University No nostalgia Medford, MA I doubt that anyone will look back on Join distinguished world leaders, policymakers, human rights monitors, academicians, the Cold War with fondness. Standoffs at journalists, military officials and former prisoners-of-conscience as they investigate the Berlin Wall, surrogate wars in the human rights dilemmas and the personal and institutional choices made when con¬ Third World, and the knife-edge mo¬ fronted by persecution, enslavement, torture, warfare and mass extermination. ments of the Cuban missile crisis do not make for pleasant memories. I prefer To receive registration materials or for more information, instead to remember the look on the please call (617) 381-3934. Soviet consul general’s face when I told him we had only two U.S. Foreign Ser¬ Sponsored by EPIIC (Education for Public Inquiry and International Citizenship) - a Program of the vice officers serving at our Consulate Experimental College at Tufts University. General in Marseilles, along with “three agents.” I did not tell him that the “agents” In Cooperation with Amnesty International, Article 19, Committee on scientific Freedom and Responsibility in question were members of the Drug (AAAS), Committee to Protect Journalists, Cultural Survival, Facing History and Our¬ Enforcement Agency. ■ selves, Freedom House, Human Rights Internet, Human Rights Program at the Harvard Law School, Human Rights Watch, Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, National Securi¬ ty Archive and Physicians for Human Rights. Howard R. Simpson is a retired For¬ eign Service officer.

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EORGETOWN MEWS COLUMBIA PLAZA EORGETOWN £7%ll6oUl MEWS ASSIGNED PHARMACY FURNISHED SUITES 516 23rd St. NW. Washington, D.C. 20037 TO in the heart of Telephone (202) 331-5800 GEORGETOWN FAX (202) 452-7820 EUROPE Washington’s PICK UP A SAAB OR MERCEDES FINEST LOCATION ORDER ANYTIME BY MAIL BENZ AND SAVE. • • • • and get our 20% discount You’ll not only save money by taking delivery in Europe or stateside, adjacent to world class on all prescriptions You have credit with us; you’ll save even more just for being in restaurants and shops order all your drug items the military or Diplomatic Corps. • FULLY EQUIPPED KITCHENS from us and pay upon receipt Call or fax for details. • FREE LOCAL TELEPHONE CALLS You can always rely on us for • OPTIONAL MAID SERVICE fast efficient service • FREE CABLE TV Satisfied customers all EuraMotopears • PARKING AVAILABLE over the world ASK FOR Daily, Weekly & We are anxious to Randy Merry Monthly Rates service you International and Diplomatic Sales from $48.00 per day Mercedes Benz / Saab 7020 Arlington Road (30 DAY MINIMUM) Bethesda, Maryland 20814-2996 Call (202) 298-7731 Tel. (301) 986-8800 / Telex 440155 FAX: (301) 986-0679 1111 30th St., N.W. WASH DC 20007 Factory Authorized Dealer SHOP IN AN AMERICAN DRUG STORE BY MAIL! VOLVO An ice cream soda is one of the few items we cannot mail. Drugs, cosmetics, sundries U.S.A.’s Largest mailed to every coun¬ try in the world. We Diplomatic Dealer maintain permanent family prescription CALVERT SCHOOL records. SEND NO MONEY — pay only after satis¬ HOME STUDY COURSES 740 GLE Sedan factory receipt of order. ♦ teach your child at home Diplomatic Discounts 4- complete curriculum K-8 ♦ no experience necessary Worldwide Delivery to Diplomats, Members of International Organizations 4 traditional education & Military Personnel 4 accredited, non-profit 4 advisory teachers available Contact: Dana Martens Diplomatic Sales Director 4 all materials included 4 French and music courses MARTENS 4 send for free information VOLVO OF WASHINGTON Morgan PharmacyTM CALVERT SCHOOL 4810 Wisconsin Ave., N.W. (301 )243-6030 fax 301-366-0674 Washington, D.C. 20016 3001 P Street, N.W. Dept. F31 Tuscany Road (202) 537-3000 Washington, D.C. 20007 Baltimore, Maryland 21210 Fax: (202) 537-1826 FAX: (202) 337-4102 V

| 1 Select and get fast delivery of new PAPERBACK (•THE^jcWERS) BOOKS HOTEL-SUITES rr§ Wherever you are in the world, use > Daily - Weekly - Monthly Rates ■"* \J FAX 202-686-9552 fj) our monthly newsletter to select and • All rooms have fully equipped PHONE 202-686-9551 order latest paperbacks. Each issue kitchens "Merci, Gracias, Thanks" $65 describes 300 new releases. Special • On premise laundry facilities "The Potpourri"-Lotion and Potions $45 orders filled. Not a club, no minimum "The Chocoholic" $40 ■ Walking distance to Landmark "The Student Care Package" $45 purchases. 16th year of Shopping Center "Get-Well-Soon" $50 worldwide service. ■ Exercise room "Tea for Two" or "Coffee Break $45 "Baby Shower" (boy « girl) $45 Rush free issue of SPECIAL PROMOTION SPECIAL SPECIAL paperback newsletter Easter and M-other's Day Baskets4^ Suite + Compact Intermediate £ 14 5 $60 $75 Name Rental Car = S79.95/Day FREE DELIVERY IN THE (unlimited mileage) CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES

^Send a 420 North Van Dorn Street • I Name Country Alexandria, Virginia 22304 | Street (703) 370-1000 . City _ State Zip . (800) 368-3339 I Message FAX (703) 751-1467 II enclose my check for $ Mail to: "Forget-me-not" Gift Baskets P.O. Box 44, Dept. 14 *Cbeck for applicable dates. Taxes and other options, 3389 Stephenson Place NW Winnetka, IL 60093 such as refueling and additional driver, are extra. Washington DC 20015 At Last! MCG A n opportunity perfectly suited WALK TO STATE to make all those overseas moves FINANCIAL and contacts finally pay off Short Term Rentals in a most lucrative way! PLANNING Excellent answer for FSO, spouses Remington Condominium Former State Department and/or dependents, and retirees 24th & G Streets NW Employee Stationed Overseas seeking added income to family budget Understands Unique Financial (part-time) or your own international Fully furnished and accessorized Situation of Foreign Service business organization (full-time). with balconies. Services Include: Business growth limited to imagination Included in each unit are: Retirement Planning whether you live in USA or Timbuktu. Weekly housekeeping services, Tax Preparation and Strategies Former Foreign Service employee, washer and dryer, full kitchen Analysis: Insurance and Investments with overseas assignments only, IV2 blocks to will train and assist in every the Foggy Botton Metro Lump Sum Retirement Options way to get you started. MARY CORNELIA GINN No experience necessary. Low rates and no deposits for Foreign Service Personnel 4550 Montgomery Avenue Contact directly or on next home visit. Suite 820N Remington Associates, Inc. Bethesda, Maryland 20814 (2 blocks down Oak Street from FSI). 601 24th Street NW, #106 (301) 656-3791 BLUE HAWK INTERNATIONAL Washington, D.C. 20037 Fax: (301)652-2183 1600 N orth Oak Street #1601 (202) 466-7367 Rosslyn, Virginia 22209 USA Securities offered through Nathan & Lewis (703) 525-1390 Fax (202) 659-8520 Securities, Inc. Member NASD & SIPC

SET YOUR CLOCK BY THE NEILL, FOREIGN SERVICE MULLENHOLZ VOLVO JOURNAL & SHAW Factory-Set Discounts To Diplomats Posted ATTORNEYS AT LAW Stateside and Abroad The FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL GOVERNMENT EMPLOYMENT U.S., U.K., European, or LAW INCLUDING U.S. FOREIGN compact quartz clock is SERVICE GRIEVANCE BOARD Overseas Specs perfect for any desktop, in ACTIONS * SECURITY Overseas and Domestic CLEARANCE ISSUES * EEO the office or at home. Shows Deliveries * TAXATION AND TAX PLANNING the time and date. * ESTATE PLANNING, WILLS AND TRUSTS * GOVERNMENT Actual size: 3 1/2" X 2 1/2" RELATIONS JERRY GRIFFIN Yes, I would like to order DIPLOMATIC SALES SPECIALIST # @ $4.00 per clock G. JERRY SHAW (plus $1.50 for postage & han¬ dbDon Beyer Volvo WILLIAM L. BRANSFORD dling) Please make checks pay¬ THOMAS J. O'ROURKE 1231 W. Broad Street able to: FSJ Clock, 2101 E Street 815 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Falls Church, VA 22046 Suite 800 N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. Washington, D.C. 20006 (703) 237-5020 Write or FAX orders to: (202) 463-8400 (202) 338-6820 FAX: (202) 833-8082 FAX: (703) 237-5028 Enjoy 1990 With Us!

The American Foreign Service Club Breakfast • Lunch • Cocktail Hour • Private Parties

THE ★ AMERICAN ★ FOREIGN ★ SERVICE ★ CLUB Serving America's Diplomatic Community

2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037 • 202/338-5730 (Directly across from the Department of State) SANDOZ & LAMBERTON PROFESSIONAL INCORPORATED REALTY

INVESTMENT

MANAGEMENT

ENTERPRISES

402 Maple Avenue, West Vienna, Virginia 22180

PRIME is a specialized company and we pride ourselves in providing a wide range of services including: Specializing in the rental and care of fine residential proper¬ ty throughout the metropolitan area. Sandoz & Lamberton • Residential & Investment Sales offers personalized service including: • Property Management & Rentals • detailed status reports • Tax Deferred Exchange and Investment • frequent inspections Counseling Expertise • monthly statements • in house maintenance Call, write or FAX us for ALL of For more details please contact John Countryman your real estate needs! PROPERTY MANAGEMENT SINCE 1921 1720 Wisconsin Avenue, NW Residential/Investment Sales 255-1566 Washington, DC 20007 Property Management 255-9522 FAX 202-333-1468 FAX 938-7225 Tel. 202-363-9800

jean fales associate broker lie. va & dc Coming Home? — Let Me Help You!

Let me help you find what you’re looking for anywhere in Northern Virginia!

CAROLYN MOONEY your real estate needs LIFETIME MEMBER, NVAR MILLION DOLLAR SALES CLUB are my speciality 14 YEARS EXPERIENCE IN REAL ESTATE SPOUSE OF FORMER FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICER

Write for my Real Estate Information Package! Carolyn Mooney c/o McEnearney Associates, Inc. 1320 Old Chain Bridge Road, McLean, VA 22101 RE/MAX 703-790-9090 or 800-548-9080 properties of distinction, inc. Name: 4600-c lee highway Address: arlington va 22207 703/522-1940 fax 703/564-0466 I will Q will not Q need temporary housing. Sales, Rentals, Investments Property Management D.C., Maryland, and Virginia

Among Our 36 Agents The Following Are Foreign Service Affiliated

John Baker John Clunan Christina Griffin Josephine Holliday A professional and personal service tailored Mariella Lehfeldt to meet your needs in: Lynn Moffley Magruder • Property Management John Y. Millar • Sales and Rentals Janice J. Lyon Millar • Multiple Listings Lynn Oglesby • Real Estate Investment Counseling Joanne Pernick Robert Skiff Our staff includes: John Turner Donna Courtney Fran Palmeri Donna Linton Bill Struck Rick Brown Randy Reed Gerry Addison Terry Barker MGMB Inc. Realtors All presently or formerly associated with the Foreign Service. Foxhall Square 202-362-4480 3301 New Mexico Ave., N.W. Fax: 202-363-8954 4600-D Lee Highway Arlington, Virginia 22207 Washington, D.C. 20016 Write for free relocation kit! (703) 525-7010 (703) 247-3350 Serving Virginia, Maryland and D.C.

We Give You Write for a Free OurBest Welcome Kit Linda Wilson Hurley, GRI with information Linda, a former Foreign Service spouse for 16 years, on Schools, has first-hand knowledge about Foreign Service relocations. She is a member of the Chairman’s Metro, Homes Club, WDCAR Top Producers and Multi-Million in the area, and more ... Dollar Sales Club and the MCAR Million Dollar Sales Club; she is listed in “100 of the Best Real CUP AND MAIL TO: Estate Agents in Washington, D.C. and Maryland.” Diplomat Properties, Inc., ATTN: Anne Gomez She is also licensed in Virginia and is a Graduate of 3900 N. Fairfax Drive, Suite 204, Arlington, VA 22203 the REALTOR® Institute. Please send me a Free Welcome Kit Mount Vernon NJlr INTOWN PROPERTIES, INC. NAME 5008 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. ADDRESS Washington, D.C. 20008 Office: (202)364-8200 Residence: (202) 363-9337 Fax #-.(202)364-1194 TEMPORARY QUARTERS NEEDED □ Yes □ No buying a home in Jfei Experienced Real Estate Agent l' wB With Well-Established Company

/ 64&* t*£to4>'r DC ? | Larry Kamins • Property Management is the expert you want to call! Please write or call Anita Murchie, Long & Foster, 5845 Richmond Highway #150, Alexandria, Virginia 22303 202/546-3899 (703) 960-8900 25 years as a Foreign Service wife enable me to understand your special needs. Photo by Martha Tabor

LEASING AND PROPERTY MANAGEMENT BY Stuart & Maury, Inc. Realtors We manage Results since 1956 For over 30 years we have professionally your MANAGED AND LEASED investment thousands of residential & condominium properties. property. Our experience—Personal Inspections, Monthly Statements and In-house Guidance— TAKE THE WORRY OUT OF RENTING If you are considering renting your HOME OR APARTMENT Call Dawn Jenets today for more information (202) 244-1000 5010 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20007 i\i>EPfc\DBvm OWNED AND OPERATED Excellent references upon request Washington, D.C. 20016 PAUL NORWOOD (202) 333-7157 1-800-234-8884 ATTENTIOIV: REALTORS Patricia W. Swierczek An ad in the Foreign Service Journal is an effective way Foreign Service Staff Officer (Ret) to reach a mobile audience that needs your services. 35 years Foreign Service experience plus the 60% of our readers invest in real estate other than primary residence 25 years brokerage experience of QUALITY HOMES Inc. 62% are homeowners add up to an unbeatable QUALITY team! Whether you 75% of those own a home worth over $100,000 are returning to the U.S., retiring in Alaska or Australia, In the last five years or going out on assignment, all of your real estate needs 61% have used the services of a real estate agent 49% have rented temporary living accommodations are given our QUALITY care. 55% have rented holiday accommodations Sales/Rentals • Property Management • Relocation Service You can make a direct and profitable approach to the Office: (703) 780-5100 • FAX: (703) 971-0340 • Res: (703) 971-9251 Foreign Service market by advertising in its own journal. Publishers Notice: All real estate advertised herein is subject to the* Federal Fair Housing Act of 1968 which makes it illegal to advertise any preference, limitations, or discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, or intention UALITY HOMES REALTY, INC to make any such preferences, limitation or discrimination. We will not knowingly accept any advertising for real estate which is in violation Experience the Quality Commitment! of the law. All persons are hereby informed that all dwellings advertised are available on an equal opportunity basis. Potomac Square • 8403-J Richmond Highway • Alexandria, VA 22309

CLASSIC ERA 114 N. Alfred Street Alexandria, VA 22314 McGrath Management Corporation

13100 Worldgate Drive, Suite 120, Herndon, VA 22070 • (703) 709-2264 • Fax: (703) 709-5230

Experienced Staff Providing Personalized Service Specializing in the NORTHERN VIRGINIA AREA ANNE M. CORRERI Associate Broker /’CALLUS * Property Management Licensed in Virginia and l DAY OR NIGHT * Residential Sales Home: (703) 256-9248 * Investment Properties “If we don 7 sell your house, ERA will buy it!” Property Management (703) 709-2264 Dedicated to professional service. Consultant in residential property and investment Residential Sales (703) 938-5050 property. Former Foreign Service and Foreign Service spouse. Fax Machine # (703) 709-5230 Allied Owners Are Serving at 46 Overseas Posts

Highest rental value Staff of trained agents Qualified, responsible tenants Monthly computerized statements Skilled maintenance personnel for your home management needs

AARON DODEK, CPM Property Manager THEODORE ARTHUR, USIA Ret. /Allied Associate Broker i \ Realty > CORP

7001 Wisconsin Avenue / Chevy Chase, MD 20815 (301) 657-8440 656-8600 FAX 907-4766 50 Years of Managing Foreign Service Properties in the Washington Metropolitan Area PROPERTY IVIGMT. HOUSE TO AMERICAN COMFORT, thirty minutes from PEAKE PROPERTIES LTD.: central London. Spacious 2 Specialists in the management bedroom, well furnished. No of homes primarily in Fairfax children. Available immediately and Arlington counties. Broker 3-6 months. $3,000.00 per month and staff with experience in Telephone (302) 239-1891. overseas living will give careful attention to your home. 1350 TAX RETURNS Beverly Road, Suite 220B, Georgetown. Photos. (703) 522- telephone, linens, etc. Shortterm McLean, VA 22101, PH:(703)- 2588 or write Adrian B.B. leases of 2+ months available. TAX PLANNING & 448-0212 Fax: (703) 448-9652. Templar, 1021 Arlington Blvd., Write Foreign Service Associ¬ preparation 15 years experi¬ FAHEY & ASSOCIATES: PH 1214, Arlington, VA 22209. ates, P.O. Box 12855, Arlington, ence. Virginia M. Test, CPA, Professional, residential, Member AFSA. VA 22209-8855. Call or FAX 1- 3485 Brittlewood Ave., Las property management service WASHINGTON, D.C. 703-636-7606. Children Vegas, NV 89120. for Northern Virginia properties. ARLINGTON, VA. Personalized welcome. Please send us dates. FREE TAX CONSULTATION Expertise and personal attention relocation, short or long term. EXECUTIVE CLUB for overseas personnel. We to detail are the hallmarks of We specialize in walk-to-Metro ARLINGTON AND OLD TOWN process returns as received, our established firm. References sales and furnished rentals. ALEXANDRIA. Immaculate without delay. Preparation and provided. JIM FAHEY, 9520B Arlington Villas, 1-1/2 blocks and beautifully furnished representation by enrolled Lee Highway, Fairfax, VA 22031 from Metro, luxurious studio, 1, apartments with full hotel agents, avg. fee $195 includes (703) 691-2006, FAX (703) 691- 2, 3 bedroom. Fully furnished. services. One-two bedrooms, return and TAX Trax, unique 2009. Washer/dryer, micro-wave, some with dens, all with mini-financial planning review WASHINGTON MANAGE¬ cable, linens. American Realty equipped kitchens. Complimen¬ with recommendations. Full MENT SERVICES: Specializing Group, 915 N Stafford St., tary shuttle to Metro, Rosslyn, planning available. Milton E. in property management Arlington, VA 22203. (703) 524- and Pentagon. Health Club and Carb, E.A., and Barry B. De services for the FS community. 0482 or (703) 276-1200. outdoor pool. Many extras. Mam, E.A.CFP, FINANCIAL Residential property manage¬ Children welcomed. Pets on Rates within your per diem. FORECASTS, metro location 933 ment is our only business. Call, approval. Shorter or longer terms N. Kenmore St. #217 Arlington, write, fax, or telex Mary Beth BACK FOR TRAINING? available. Executive Clubs, 610 VA 22201(703) 841-1040. Otto, 2015 Q St. NW, Washing¬ HOME LEAVE? D.C. TOUR? Bashford Lane, Alexandria. VA AFSA TAX COUNSELING: ton, D.C. 20009. Tel (202) 462- We are The Washington Metro 22304 (703) 739-2582, (800) Problems of Tax and Finance: 7212, Fax (202) 332-0798, Telex Area Short-Term Rental 535-2582. Never a charge to AFSA 350136 Wash. Mgt. Specialists. Excellent locations. AUSTIN, TEXAS: Lakeway members for telephone MANOR SERVICES: Former Wide price range. In Virginia homes and homesites outside of guidance. R.N. Bob Dussell (ex- federal law enforcement agent walk to FSI. In D.C. and Austin on 65 mile long Lake AID) enrolled since 1973 to Tax letting his 10-year residential Maryland walk to Metro. Large Travis. Three 18 hole golf Practice. At tax work since 1937 management company expand selection of furnished and courses, world of tennis center, and now still in practice solely upon retirement. Best tenant equipped efficiencies, 1- 400 slip marina, 4000 ft. airstrip: to assist Foreign Service em¬ screening. Frequent property bedrooms, 2-bedrooms and contact Roy & Associates for ployees and their families. Also inspection. Mortgages paid. some furnished houses. Many information, 2300 Lohmans lecture Taxes monthly at FSI in Repairs. Close personal welcome pets. For brochures & Crossing, Suite 122, Austin, TX Rosslyn, VA. Office located attention. We’re small but very info: EXECUTIVE HOUSING 78734 (512) 263-2181. across from Virginia Square effective. FS and military CONSULTANTS, INC., Short ARLINGTON GARDEN Metro Station, 3601 N. Fairfax references. Lowest rates, Best Term Rental, 7315 Wisconsin COMMUNITY within walking Dr., Arlington, VA 22201. (703) service. Tersh Norton, Box Ave., Suite 1020 East, Bethesda, distance to Metro, Unfurnished 841-0158. 42429, Washington, D.C. 20015, MD 20814. (301) 9514111. Reserve units to $520-Fumished from ATTORNEYS specializing in (202) 363-2990. early! Avoid disappointment! $800. Short term leases tax planning and return WILL YOU NEED A FULLY available. Close to DC, preparation for the Foreign REAL ESTATE FURNISHED apartment five Pentagon and Fort Meyers. Call Service Community available for minutes’ walk from FSI and (703) 276-7711. consultation on the tax WASHINGTON D.C. Rosslyn subway? We have first EASTERN SHORE, 8 miles implications of investment APARTMENTS: Short or long class efficiencies, 1 bedrooms, south of St. Michaels, Large decisions, business related term. Decorator furnished, fully and some 2 bedrooms and furnished 2 bedroom water deductions, separate mainte¬ equipped: microwave, cable, penthouses in River Place. They front with pool, guest house, nance allowances, real estate phone, pool, spa. Two blocks are completely furnished pier, slip; $850 a month plus purchases and rentals, home FSI and Metro, 5 min. State, including CATV, all utilities, utilities. 1-(301) 267-6958. leave deductions, audits, etc.

56 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1991 Contact Susan Sanders or Paul Second Vice-President, Smith Clifford-Clifford, Farha & Barney, 1776 Eye Street, NW, Sanders 1606 New Hampshire Washington, DC 20006. Ave., NW, Washington, D.C. 20009 (202) 667-5111, FAX: ART WANTED (202) 265-1474. ATTORNEY FORMER JAPANESE WOODBLOCK FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICER: PRINTS purchased. (Antique Extensive experience with tax and modern, including Paul problems peculiar to the valuable books in the following WILLS-ESTATE PLANNING Jacoulet). Contact: Jeff Inman, Foreign Service. Available for subject areas: History, travel, by attorney who is a former 10710 Anita Drive, Lorton, VA consultation, tax planning, and biography, folkloie, military Foreign Service officer. Have 22079. (703) 339-6455. preparation of returns. No history, exploration, sociology your will reviewed and charge for telephone advice. M. and ethnography. Please contact updated, or a new one RESTAURANTS BRUCE HIRSHORN, BORING W.B. O'Neill, P.O. Box 2275, prepared. No charge for initial BURMA RESTAURANT, PARROTT & FOUST, P.C., Suite Reston, Virginia 22090, or call consultation. M. BRUCE Welcome to Burma Restaurant, D, 307 Maple Avenue, West, (703) 860-0872, or FAX: (703) HIRSHORN, BORING, 740 Sixth Street, NW Washing¬ Vienna, VA 22180. Tel. (703) 620-0153. PARROTT & FOUST, P.C., Suite ton, DC 20001. Reservations: 281-2161, FAX: (703) 281-9464. YOUR PERSONAL BOOK¬ D, 307 Maple Avenue, West, STORE AWAY FROM HOME: Vienna, VA 22180. (202) 393-3453: (202) 638-1280 Lunches Daily Dinners: Friday- MAIL ORDER Order any U.S. book in print. Tel.(703)281-2161, FAX (703) Store credit available. Salma¬ 281-9464. Sunday 6-10 pm. AVON for free catalog gundi Books Ltd. 66 Main SPECIALIZING IN SERV¬ mailed to you, write: Stephanie Street, Cold Spring, NY 10516. ING FOREIGN SERVICE AUTO Y Hughes, 713 Grandview EARN CASH with writing OFFICERS AND THEIR AUTOMOBILE PARTS & Drive, Alexandria, VA 22305. skills! Details: EARS, Box 1664, FAMILIES—Our finn can assist ACCESSORIES: Original THE MATCHETT CONNEC¬ Manassas, VA 22110 you in drafting wills and Equipment and Aftermarket for TION makes the significant FAR EAST Out-of-print travel powers of attorney, administer¬ most makes. Serving FSO’s and difference to easy, complete, history, art, scholarly books about ing estates, establishing embassies. ASAP AUTO PARTS, professional, one-stop shop¬ Asia bought and sold. Catalogue conservatorships and DIVISION OF HUMCO, INC. ping. We are your connection available. Tamarind Books, P.O. guardianships and providing (301) 327-4000 FAX: (301) 327- to gift giving, personal luxuries, Box 49217, Greensboro, NC advice on real estate matters. 7909. electronics, household and 27419-9217. Prompt response to your AUTOMOTIVE STORAGE: sundry items. What would you inquiries. CLIFFORD, FARHA & Controlled indoor, heated expect from 20 years of ATTORNEYS/WILLS SANDERS 1606 New Hampshire insured, high security. Long customer service? The best. For Ave., N.W. Washington, Term/Short Term. TSR or information write: The Matchett FORMER FOREIGN D.C.20009 FAX:(202) 265-1474 private. AUTO-VAULT, Connection, P.O. Box 3340, SERVICE OFFICER NOW Tel:(202) 667-5111. DIVISION OF HUMCO, INC. Ambler,PA 19002. Call (215) PRACTICING LAW in D C./ (301) 327-4000 FAX: (301) 327- 542-7054. Maty land, general practice, FINANCIAL PLANNING estate planning, real estate, 7909. BOOKS domestic. Gregory V. Powell, ORGANIZED FINANCES Furey, Doolan & Abell, 8401 UNLIMITED. Bill paying, PET MOVING SERVICES BOOKS, BOOKS, BOOKS! Connecticut Ave., PH-1, Chevy personal budgeting, net worth AIR ANIMAL, “The pet We have thousands in stock, do Chase, MD 20815. (301) 652- and cash flow analyses, movers” an IATA air freight special-orders daily, search for 6880. financial planning. Kathy Jatras, forwarder USA origin pet out-of-print books. “Free book REX R. KRAKAUER, CFP, 3209 North Nottingham shipping services 4120 W. reviews”. Visa, Discover or ESQUIRE Providing representa¬ Street, Arlington, VA 22207, Cypress-Tampa, FL 33607. MasterCard. The Vermont Book tion for the special legal (703) 237-5592. Voice: (813) 879- 3210. FAX: Shop, 38 Main Street, problems of Foreign Service INVESTMENT SERVICES (874-6722, USA/CANADA 1-800- Middlebury 05753. Personnel and Staff living former FSO specializes in 635-3448. Contact: Dr. Woolf- BOOKSELLER specializing abroad. Divorce, Pensions, Real providing financial services for Veterinarian. ■ in supplying scholarly and Estate, Wills and other matters. Foreign Service Personnel- reference material to libraries 51 Monroe Street, Suite #1400, stocks, bonds, tax-frees, mutual and research scholars will Rockville, Maryland 20850. funds, money management. purchase small or large Telephone: (301) 294-6100, Fax: Call COLLECT worldwide (202) collections and individual (301) 738-8802. 857-5485, Peter de Castro,

MARCH 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 57 AF S A ♦ INI E W

COPING WITH CRISIS Coming on the heels of large and delay seeking supplemental appropri¬ Evacuations and prolonged evacuations earlier from ations from Congress through OMB. ordered Panama and Liberia, the Somalia and A high-level State committee has Gulf War related drawdowns raised been appointed to address case-by¬ departures affect serious concerns that major changes case problems that the regulations do hundreds were needed in evacuation regula¬ not adequately address. Nevertheless, Richard Milton tions, allowances, and management. the entire process clearly needs re¬ State Vice President Areas of special concern include: view. AFSA is pressing the depart¬ An unprecedented movement of • adequacy of the Special Evacua¬ ment to write a comprehensive Foreign Service families began in Au¬ tion Allowance evacuation manual with periodic up¬ gust 1990, as post closures and draw¬ • duration of SEA eligibility dates. downs of staff from Morocco to • liability for R&R repayment if At a special meeting of the State Bangladesh brought home hundreds. overseas tours are shortened Standing Committee on February 11, More than 400 employees from State • effect of abbreviated tours for un¬ a comprehensive list of needed im¬ and AID alone had returned to Wash¬ tenured officers provements was prepared for submis¬ ington by the end of January. • need for a Home Service Trans¬ sion to State, which “manages” the The evacuations have been accom¬ fer Allowance equivalent evacuation process for all foreign af¬ panied by the financial and emo¬ • adequacy of claims ceiling of fairs agencies. tional strains associated with leaving $40,000 Because the Standardized Regula¬ friends and FSN co-workers, personal • concern for commissary/school tions are government-wide and not effects, and sometimes family pets at losses exclusively applied to the Foreign post. To make matters worse, some • questions about intermediate Service, changes are not routinely evacuees have found themselves in safehavens subject to negotiation. We believe an unclear job status back in Wash¬ • travel of en-route dependents to that a good-faith effort to work with ington. authorized departure posts State for improvements should never¬ The concerns of the evacuees • access to stored effects, if evacu¬ theless be useful for all concerned. have been quickly evidenced in calls ation is prolonged to AFSA for advice and assistance. • priority for shipments at time of For example, Foreign Service mem¬ evacuation for those unlikely to Tightened bers from four posts arrived in Janu¬ return security at Main ary on both authorized and ordered • consumables allowance for departures to join dependents who those returning to post State had been in the United States since • “Fair-Share” liability in future as¬ Deborah Leahy August. To their dismay, the post signment decisions Member Services Representative evacuees were told that they could The Department of State has im¬ not receive benefits due to evacuated AFSA’s experience has shown that plemented new security measures in employees beyond six months from many of these questions arise be¬ response to the crisis in the Persian the date in August that departure cause regulations were not written in Gulf. In addition to placing more rov¬ had been authorized, whether for anticipation of evacuations of the cur¬ ing security officers inside the build¬ themselves or for dependents. As a rent magnitude. Department officials ing, access to the immediate area result, in February AFSA was insist¬ are aware that the evacuations will around the building has also been ing that ways had to be found for cause substantial additional payments limited. the U.S. government to cover the to many employees beyond regular Twenty-first Street has become new evacuees’ unusual expenses. salaries and allowances, and AFSA is one-way southbound between encouraging management not to Virgina Avenue and C Street., and D

58 • FOREIGN SERVICE IOURNAL • MARCH 1991 s N E S

COPING WITH CRISIS The case for optimum medical Street is open only to department her spouse and up to $50,000 for shuttle traffic. The circular driveways each dependent child up to age 26. care at the 21st Street and C Street en¬ It pays 50 percent of the selected Turna R. Lewis trances have been blocked off. benefit for claims arising from acts of General Counsel Regular parking permits are still in war or terrorism, and this applies to effect, but the department is requir¬ all insured members of the family. AFSA has joined as a “friend of ing special building passes to drive Most insurance companies make an the court” in a suit by an A.I.D. em¬ into the garage under the building extra charge for war risk coverage, ployee whose infant son was perma¬ for any other reason. Access to the and no other accidental death and nently disabled after being denied a loading dock has also been severely dismemberment plan, to our knowl¬ medical evacuation from Liberia. limited. All trucks are searched be¬ edge, offers this protection for depen¬ AFSA filed its amicus brief on Jan¬ fore being allowed entry. In addition, dents. Most important, the cost for uary 7, urging the Supreme Court to no deliveries may enter the building family coverage under our plan is review the D.C. Circuit Court of Ap¬ through the pedestrian entrances. less than that charged by competing peals decision. That case held that Security has also been tightened plans offering more restricted cover¬ the Department of State may deal within the building. Even contractors age. This plan is available to AFSA with employee claims of medical neg¬ with building passes currently must members up to age 70, with no limi¬ ligence as it sees fit, without accord¬ go through metal detectors and have tations as to health, occupation, or ing due process to the employee. their property examined before being overseas assignment. The case is particularly troublesome allowed to enter. The metal detectors Furthermore, for those who are on two counts: it brings into doubt and x-ray machines have been concerned about loss of or damage the standard of care that will be pro¬ moved directly in front of the doors. to household effects while serving at vided to Foreign Service employees All department employees must dis¬ a foreign post (e.g., evacuees), the serving abroad, and it has been con¬ play their building passes not only as AFSA Personal Insurance Plan pro¬ ducted on the State Department’s they walk through the corridors but vides the most comprehensive cover¬ part with excessive secrecy. also outside, as they approach the age available and at the same rates Linda Wheeler Tarpeh-Doe, an building entrances. Employees are the as when we initiated the pro¬ A.I.D. employee, gave birth to a son asked not to display passes when gram, about 20 years ago. To our on May 18, 1982. On June 5, 1982, otherwise outside of the building, knowledge, no other insurance for the child became ill, and, despite her however. Until further notice, all pub¬ personnel serving abroad covers as repeated efforts to have him evacu¬ lic tours of the eighth floor have wide a range of perils as the AFSA ated immediately to the United been canceled, as have some pre¬ plan, which includes coverage for States, he was admitted on a viously scheduled events. riots and civil unrest not involving physician’s order to John F. Kennedy government forces. An important fea¬ Memorial, a Liberian hospital. The ture of this plan is that property is in¬ child was treated there for one night Prepared for the sured for its full replacement value then transferred to Monrovia’s ELWA rather than its actual cash value at hospital for two weeks before being worst: insurance the time of loss or damage. How¬ evacuated to the United States. As a for times of crisis ever, no plan of which we are aware result of his 1982 illness, the child is covers loss or damage caused by now institutionalized, blind, and may Hugh W. Wolff acts of war or by hostile or warlike suffer from permanent brain damage. Insurance Board Chairman action by any government or sover¬ Tarpeh-Doe contends that State With U.S. military forces in the Per¬ eign power. Indemnification of loss Department employees in Liberia and sian Gulf and the threat of ten-orist or damage from such causes is avail¬ in the United States acted negligently action increasing, AFSA members able only through the War Claims in providing medical care to her son. should know that, unlike most insur¬ Act (Military Personnel and Civilian She filed an administrative claim ance plans, AFSA’s group insurance Employees Claims Act of 1964, as under the Federal Tort Claims Act for accidental death and dismember¬ amended). with the Department of State on Janu¬ ment does cover losses due to acts For jiiore information, contact ary 31, 1984. Forty-five months later, of war or terrorism. AFSA representatives or AFSA head¬ the department formally denied her The plan provides worldwide cov¬ quarters. claim in a letter dated October 9, erage against accidental death and 1987, providing no legal or factual specified injuries in amounts up to reasons for the decision. Tarpeh-Doe $300,000 for the insured.and his or

.MARCH 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 59 was not provided a copy of the evi¬ deciding claims. The department con¬ dents in obtaining the best possible dence used by the department to de¬ cluded that no due process was medical care. This includes personnel cide her claim. owed applicants. of the department and all agencies Tarpeh-Doe initiated a lawsuit ap¬ The Court of Appeals reversed the participating in the medical program pealing the department’s decision, district court’s decision, holding that by agreement. This policy extends to which she contended was arbitrary the regulations giving the department the most remote parts of the world, and capricious. The State Department authority to determine claims do not so that no employee need hesitate to never provided her with a list of the expressly require that applicants be accept an assignment to a post witnesses it had consulted, the sub¬ afforded procedural due process. Tar- where health conditions are hazard¬ stance of witness testimony, nor any peh-Doe filed a petition for review ous, medical service poor, or trans¬ other evidence. The district court by the Supreme Court on November portation facilities limited.” (3 agreed with Tarpeh-Doe’s arguments, 9, 1990. Tarpeh-Doe, per a court Foreign Affairs Manual 681.2) ordered the department to reconsider order in separate and ongoing litiga¬ The memorandum concludes that her claim, and specifically required tion, was finally provided the in determining claims for medical the department to inform her in writ¬ department’s analysis of her claim in negligence under the Federal Tort ing of the evidence on which it had mid-November 1990. Claims Act, the appropriate standard relied in determining the merit of her The departmental memo reveals of care to be applied to the claim is claim. She also asked for an opportu¬ that in the administrative claims pro¬ that standard of medical care that nity to rebut that evidence. cess, the department ignored the would be required by local law. The department appealed the case promises of its medical and health Thus, the department said that Tar- to the U.S. Court of Appeals, arguing care program, which provides that: peh-Doe and her infant son were en¬ that it is not required to state rea¬ “The general medical policy of the titled only to that standard of sons, identify evidence, or even list Department of State is to assist all medical care afforded the average Li¬ the witnesses that it interviewed in American employees and their depen¬ berian. Obviously, this conclusion

News Briefs Tour of duty policy The Department of State notified AFSA in January that it was preparing to delink tour of duty length from degree of hardship and then study each 20-25 percent hardship allowance post to determine at which of them tours of duty could be extended to three years. AFSA’s January 15 response indicated appreciation of the department’s efforts to find cost-cutting initiatives that would inflict the least pain on the Foreign Service, but suggested that efforts be made to encourage voluntary extensions through a variety of incentives. AFSA particu¬ larly objected to plans for extended tours being given automatically to employees who have just received two-year assignments for 1991. Official residence expenses AFSA recently invited comments from the field on the Internal Revenue Service’s October 1990 decision that 5 percent of salary will no longer be deductible for those who receive Official Resi¬ dence Expenses (ORE). The ORE deduction was available to those who paid 5 percent of their salaries back to the government to compensate for housing benefits they receive as government employees. Of the 26 early replies, most indicated that the figure is excessive and unrealistic. A few thought 5 percent reasonable and yet others noted that arriving at a more accurate and equitable policy might prove impossible. Noteworthy were two reports of official residences that were almost uninhabitable. Other negotiations The Department of State has proposed to AFSA revisions to the Standardized Regulations, including welcome changes of educational travel rules and increased clarity in rules covering evacuation. Also under review are changes to R&R regulations, in which AFSA is striving for more reasonable treatment of the travel of minor dependents of separated parents. Do you want to keep your ivory? AFSA has received inquiries about the new law banning the import and ex¬ port of African ivory and how it will affect members. This new law is the domestic implementation by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service of the Convention on Interna¬ tional Trade in Endangered Sepcies (CITES), which added the African elephant to its endangered species list on January 18, 1990. On June 9, 1989, the ban took effect on the import and export of raw and worked African ele¬ phant ivoty. There are some exceptions to the ban, including trophies hunted in sport, certain personal effects, and antiques. The new regulations on African ivory are explained in a factsheet from the Fish and Wildlife Service. For further in¬ formation, contact: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Management Authority, 4401 N. Fairfax Drive, Room 432, Arlington, VA 22203- Tel: 703/358-2104.

60 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1991 NEWS represents a drastic change in the also balances the harm the agency writing. A.I.D. assured us in our meet¬ promise of the department to the may suffer against the potential harm ing that the agreement with State thousands of citizens employed over¬ to the grievant if prescriptive relief is was not a short-term solution. The seas. not granted. department has apparently acknowl¬ AFSA is gravely concerned about We support the recent amendment edged that the handling of pre-sort the potentially profound impact of to the law, which prevents employ¬ functions by agencies other than this decision on Foreign Service and ees who have been convicted of a state is ill-advised, and no future ef¬ other government employees serving crime from receiving prescriptive re¬ forts to decentralize the Foreign Ser¬ abroad. AFSA plans to discuss the im¬ lief. vice pouch system are anticipated. port of the memorandum with both The one remaining hurdle that A.I.D. State and A.I.D. and to actively partic¬ employees must face is a change ipate if the U.S. Supreme Court ac¬ Breakthrough in back to the old address used prior to cepts the case. August 1990. A.I.D. mail crisis AFSA took advantage of the meet¬ Chris Bazar ing with A.I.D. management to raise Dismantling Director of Member Services several concerns relating to a draft In a development that should fi¬ agency proposal on reimbursement prescriptive relief nally resolve the longstanding A.I.D. procedures for claims stemming from Turna R. Lewis pouch crisis, the State Department the pouch crisis. A.I.D.’s proposal General Counsel has agreed to resume processing dealt only with losses incurred as a The State Department continues mail for the foreign affairs agencies. result of the earlier “international its efforts to dismantle prescriptive re¬ The crisis began in August 1990, mail incident” (see AFSA News, De¬ lief, which allows a person against when State turned over responsibility cember 1990), in which mail for cer¬ whom charges are pending to remain for pre-sorting mail to the individual tain posts was accidentally employed until the case has been de¬ agencies. Chaos ensued—late mail, dispatched through the international cided. The department’s latest at¬ lost mail, opened mail, misrouted system rather than the pouch. This in¬ tempt is a proposed amendment to mail, etc. (see AFSA News, November cident was relatively narrow in the Foreign Service Act that would and December 1990 and January scope, and affected far fewer posts bring Foreign Service practices in sep¬ 1991). than the general, systemic problems aration cases into conformance with The severity of the crisis during which have beset A.I.D. missions current Civil Service practices. The the holiday season was such that ever since the agency took over the proposed amendment, if passed, AFSA felt compelled to raise the pre-sort function. AFSA was success¬ would end the longstanding practice issue with A.I.D. Administrator Ron¬ ful in convincing A.I.D. to also ac¬ of providing prescriptive relief to For¬ ald W. Roskens. Responding by letter cept claims resulting from these eign Service employees. on the administrator’s behalf was his general pouch problems, thus mark¬ The department has offered no ra¬ assistant for management (AA/MM). edly broadening the range of allow¬ tionale for the amendment. AFSA be¬ AFSA was disappointed by the able claims. lieves that current limits on vague, noncommittal nature of the let¬ AFSA also objected to A.I.D.’s pro¬ prescriptive relief adequately prevent ter. Indeed, the letter convinced us posal that all claims would have to abuse of the benefit and that no that we had no option but to raise be submitted within three months of amendments of law and/or practice this issue outside of agency chan¬ the date of the incident causing the are warranted. The Foreign Service nels. We were preparing to do so loss or damage, noting that it could Grievance Board has enunciated when we learned that AA/MM had re¬ take much longer to even ascertain clear standards for granting prescrip¬ sponded affirmatively to our request whether loss had occurred. A.I.D. tive relief to tenured and nontenured for a meeting. agreed to our proposal to increase employees. Tenured employees are At this meeting, on January 14, the time limit to 12 months. granted prescriptive relief upon a AFSA learned of State’s decision to re¬ AFSA further insisted that A.I.D. showing that the grievance is related sume full responsibility for the pro¬ guarantee that employees would be to separation and is not frivolous. A cessing of pouch mail. The decision compensated for interest charges as¬ nontenured employee must show came at the prompting of both A.I.D. sessed by their creditors because of that he or she has a reasonable pros¬ and USIA and took effect on January the pouch delays. Employees are re¬ pect of prevailing on the merits be¬ 22. The agency was predicting a quired first to attempt reconciliation fore the board will grant prescriptive fairly rapid return to normality (facili¬ with their creditors; to facilitate this relief. Further, the board considers tated by the marked decrease in mail process, A.I.D. has provided employ¬ other factors, such as timeliness of volume which accompanies the end ees with a letter for creditors which the request for prescriptive relief. It of the holidays) at the time of this describes the pouch delays.

MARCH 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 61 New member for Governing Board CALENDAR Helene Kaufman of A.I.D. joined the AFSA Governing Board in Febru- April 4-5: AFSA conference on Business Opportunities with Mexico ary. April 9'AAFSW monthly meeting in the State Department Helene has been active on the May 3•' Foreign Service Day A.I.D. Standing Committee and has June 13: AFSA conference on the pharmaceutical industry contributed to the AFSA legislative September 23: AFSA conference on Asia’s “four tigers” agenda as well as on women’s and minorities’ issues. With 16 years of service in the federal government, Helene worked for two years on the Hill and has been a member of the Senior Foreign Service since 1988. Human rights and She is particularly interested in assur¬ democracy in the 1990s: ing strong representation of Foreign Service employees’ interests during Michael Novak this period of flux and reorganization. Richard S. Thompson Professional Issues Coordinator

Human rights cannot thrive without a workable eco¬ nomic system and an appropriate underlying moral and Answers to the cultural foundation, according to Ambassador Michael Novak, former U.S. dele¬ Foreign Service gate to the UN Human Rights Commission. Ambassador Novak spoke at the Foreign Service Club December 18 in the “New Diplomacy for a New Era” se- Quiz He asserted that in Eastern Europe, and increasingly in Latin America, there (Questions appear on are three principles “that experience has forced on people.” The first is that page 10.) democratic government, where people live under governments formed through their own consent, is the ideal and only really legitimate form of government. 1. Trist was negotiating the The second principle, perhaps clearer to Eastern Europeans than to Americans, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, is that people won’t be satisfied with democracy unless they can develop a dy¬ which was signed in 1848 and for¬ namic and growing economy. The name for such an economy, which many mally ended the Mexican War. people are reluctant to use, is capitalism. Novak defined capitalism as not just a market economy, but a society in which invention and discovery are re¬ 2. Frank B. Kellogg warded. However, thirdly, both democracy and workable economic institutions require a new moral and cultural vision which and supports initiative and re¬ 3. James Buchanan, envoy to sponsibility. Great Britain from 1853 to 1857. He Ambassador Novak also stated that, in a world of mass communication, was elected president in 1857. human rights efforts have remarkable power, as demonstrated by the impact of the State Department’s annual country reports on human rights. But we must 4. Whitelaw Reid, who became be realistic; each country will follow these principles in its own way. the first American envoy to London In the discussion period it was noted that there is a debate in Africa on to die in office. He died on Decem¬ multi-partyism, and the examples of South Korea and Taiwan could be taken ber 15, 1912. to demonstrate that too much democracy is not a good thing. Ambassador Novak responded that he was empirical. There are local decision-making institu¬ 5. President Franklin D. Roose¬ tions in Africa that could be developed, and he was skeptical of the benefits of velt appointed both of these “controlled tyrannies,” because they stifle creative energies. women. They served as ministers In further remarks on Eastern Europe Ambassador Novak noted the problem to Denmark and Norway respec¬ of borrowing money in a society where the state owns most of die property, tively. and urged that governments and international institutions make credit available. “We should establish S & L’s everywhere.” The Soviets must learn that making money is not evil.

62 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1991 s N E S Planning AFSA’s Foreign Service and American busi¬ ness. Among the proposals: AFSA’s 1991 outreach • to reexamine the issue of East European investment, now that Retiree Directory to business expectations for quick profits AFSA’s 1991 Retiree Directory is have been dampened Meeting of the now available to members who • to consider reestablishing an ex¬ wish to stay in contact with their International Associates ecutive exchange program be¬ retired colleagues. The directory tween government and business Council costs $5, which includes postage • to produce conferences on the Lawyers, management specialists, and handling. To obtain your newly industrialized economies industrialists, government relations ex¬ copy, please send a check or perts, and business management con¬ of Asia money order to: AFSA, 2101 E sultants joined AFSA officers for a 2 • to organize breakfast workshops Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 1/2-hour planning session and lun¬ on such issues as privatization 20037. cheon at the Foreign Service Club in moves in economies that are late January. Together they examined moving away from the com¬ * Use of the directory for commer¬ the proposed Outreach Program con¬ mand-control system. cial purposes is strictly prohibited. ference schedule for the remainder Guest speakers at the luncheon of 1991 and offered new ideas for were Ambassador Nat Howell, only ways in which AFSA can help im¬ recently returned from his post in Ku¬ prove communication between the wait, and Hume Horan, former am¬ bassador to Saudi Arabia.

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MARCH 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 63 Legal Action Fund Contributors, 1990 Fredrick Aandahl Robert M. & Vincent W. Brown Carl J. Clement Mary M. Dewitt Patrick C. Fine Margarete A. Aayer Maria T. Beers Matthew J. Bryza Louis A. Cohen Philbert Deyman Blythe F. Finke John V. Abidian Francis J. Bell Andre M. Bumbesti Paul Cohn Colette Dickey Richard V. Fischer Margaret Abraham William Belton W. Bunce William E. Cole Dwight Dickinson Ernest H. Fisk Norman L. Achilles Lawrence Benedict Marilyn E. Burbison Robert Coleman Jr. Richard F. Dienelt Robert L. Flanegin Martin Ackerman Tapley Bennett Jr. William J. Burke Jr. Harold W. Collamer George J. Dietz Jack M. Fleischer Garret Ackerson Jr. George M. Bennsky Philip M. Burnett Edith G. Collier Thelma L. Dionne Maurice E. Fleming Michael J. Adams Robert O. Benson Findley Bums Jr. Carol A. Colloton Stephen A. Robert G. Flershem David Adamson Gordon R. Beyer Norman & James A. Colman Dobrenchuk John E. Fochs Mary Ahlert Paul A. Bialecki Constance Burns Stephen Comiskey Alan H. Dodds Thomas A. Forbord Joe L. Alarid Genevieve Bibos Robert L. Burns Mary S. Conaway Shaun Donnelly William J. Ford Leslie M. Alexander Mary Ann Bibus Alanson Burt Nicholas Conduras Mary E. Donovan James Foster Milo R. Alexander E. F. Biedrzycki Gregory S. Burton William Connett Jr. Lawrence W. Doran Robert Foulon Clarence Alspaugh Lee S. Bigelow Frank P. Butler Robert Conrad Carolyn C. Dorsey Bert & Charlotte Allen A. Birabaum Ruth E. Butler John O. Cook G. M. Richardson Jean L. Fraleigh Lafe F. Allen Francis M. Bires Margaret & Philip R. Cook Jr. Dougall George Frederick Dwight R. Ambach Robeit S. Black William Byrd Carolyn A. Cooper Mary P. Dougherty George Freimarck Robert C. Amerson Slator Blackiston Patricia M. Byrne John A. Cooper Ruth M. Dougherty Richard B. Freund Donald Anderson James J. & Charles B. Caessens Jean T. Copp Louanne G. Douris Carl R. Fritz Lester C. Anderson Brenda M. Blake William Calderhead William G. Corbett Robert E. Downey Robert E. Fritts Mark E. Anderson Dianne Blane Marjorie Caldwell Victoria Cordova Margaret C. Dray Julian P. Fromer Dexter Anderson David J. Bleecker Richard A. Calfee Edwin G. Corr William F. Drew William F. Fuller William Anderson Robert R. Bliss John A. Calhoun James N. Cortada William J. Drew Jadzia V. Fullerton D. Craig Anderson V. M. Blocker Michael Calingaert Arthur B. & Emilienne Dubois Walter C. Furst Robert F. Andrew Richard Bloomfield James P. Callahan Ann Corte Chloe Z. Duckett Suzanne J. Fuss Sara L. Andren Stuart Blow Jennie Callahan M. Lee Cotterman Lillian Dudley Richard Gaiani Alfonso Arenales Evelyn Blue Lucy Calloway Elaine C. Cowles Edwin M. Duerbeck William R. & Julio J. Arias Adilene Bohl Sandra J. Campbell Matilda P. Cowles Joske Y. Duffleld Claudia C. Gaines Lois A. Aroian Sarah H. Booke Gene Caprio John T. Craig Michael J. Duffy Michael Galli Theresa Arrington Parker W. Borg Victoria Cardova Agnes E. Crain Charles Dunham Jr. Louis A. Gallo Robert E. & Eleanor Borrowdale Carol E. Carpenter- David L. Crandall Thomas Dunlop Michael R. Gannett Barbara Arthurs William O. Boswell Yaman Janie G. Creekmore James F. Dunn Jon A. & Susan M. James H. Ashida Elizabeth C. Bouch Albert E. Carter John H. Crimmins Philip F. Dur Gant Giulia Assante Margaret Bourgerie William H. Carter Kennedy Crockett Elbridge Durbrow Daniel Garcia Alfred Atherton Jr. John A. Bovey Jr. Elizabeth Carver Margaret Cromwell Stuart Dwyer Benjamin A. Garcia Chris & Thomas D. Bowie Martha & Ellen C. Cronin Jake M. Dyels David J. Garms Joanne Athos Thomas D. Boyatt Harvey J. Cash Oliver S. Crosby William Eagleton Jr. John J. Garney Robert Austin Jr. James W. Boyd James G. Cassanos Charles T. Cross Donald B. Easum J. Howard Garnish Barbara S. Aycock James E. Boyle John D. Caswell John J. Crowley Jr. John B. Edlefsen Ruby N. Garrett G. Michael & Alice F. Boynton Yolanda Cattoche Virginia I. Cullen Edward R. Kelley Robert & Joanne Eleanor Bache William K. Braun Edward Ceaser Georgette J. Curry Xavier W. & Garrity John E. & Mary E. Paula M. Brave Judith B. & Ronald V. Curtis Jean M. Eilers Julia Gatewood Bagnal Robert Bravo Paul B. Cefkin Ann I. & Leo J. Cyr Lewis K. Elbinger Coradino E. Gatti John H. Baker William H. Bray Emma M. Celhay Antoinette Daggett Howard Elting Jr. Daniel & Charles R. Bakey Jr. Charles Brayshaw Philip Chadbourn Matthew P. Daley Michael E. C. Ely Helen M. Gaudin Marcela M. Baliles Charles Breitenbach Seymour Chalfin Marion G. Daniels Ellen C. Engels Helen E. Geen Frederick Barcroft Edward T. & Robert P. Chalker Lois Daris Mary England Edith M. Geerken Arthur A. & Lola Denise Brennan Davis Chamberlain Harold J. & Nels E. Erickson Robert S. Gelbard Bardos Ralph E. Bresler Edwin T. Chapman Betty R. Datta Martha C. Erwin Charles M. Gerrity Alba Barrera William D. Brewer William Chapman Ronald A. Davidson John H. Esterline Dale C. Gibb Martha F. Barnhill Roger C. & Jay Chanda Richard T. Davies Thomas S. Estes Jon M. Gibney Edward C. Bateman Mary T. Brewin Laurent Charbonnet Grace P. Davis Gordon W. Evans Ernest F. Gibson Lucius D. Battle Robert C. Brewster Wilbur P. Chase Roy T. Davis Jr. Florence B. Everill Roger G. Gifford Wilson T. M. Beale Betty S. Briggs Melvin R. & Anita Stephen P. Dawkins Stockwell Everts Alvin E. Gilbert William Beasley Jr. Hazel O. Briggs Chatman Richard Dawson Jr. Vincent J. Farley Winifred Gilmartin Veronica E. David G. Briggs James R. Cheek Robert W. Day Dorothy S. Faust Charles Gillespie Jr. Beauchamp Madison Broadnax William A. Chevoor Baudouin De Robert Featherstone Janet Gillett Robert M. Beaudry Jack C. Brockman William Christensen Marcken Janice J. Fedak William Gleysteen John P. & Priscilla Donald G. Brown Harold T. Christie John G. Dean Edward J. Feehan Ruth Godson C. Becker Frances W. Brown Joy Churchill Leslie A. & Oldrich Fejfar Alan B. Golacinski Susanne Beecham Jane S. Brown Lewis E. Clark Jeanne L. Dean Judith R. Fergin Francisco Gonzalez Robert M. Beecroft Lawrence Brown Kathryn Clark- Madge A. Dembski Gregory G. Fergin Andrew Goodman Elizabeth Beers Robert A. Brown Bourne George Denney Charles E. Finan Arthur Goodwin Jr. Willard O. Brown Helenann Clarke James A. Derrick Hazel E. Gordon

64 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1991 F S N E S

William Gordon Sr. Gordon Hellwig Jean Joyce Billie Jean King Jack B. Kubisch Ira H. & Nannette Graham Colin S. & Edward J. Joyce Moya B. King Donald B. Kursch Lesley A. Levy George J. Grande Francisca Helmer John M. Joyce Richard F. King John A. Lacey Howard S. Levy Theodora M. Grant- Douglas Henderson Herbert & Joy D. Francis M. Kinnelly William C. & Mary George E. Lewis Katz Lee W. Herrick Kaiser Robert L. & Jo Lakeland James H. Lewis Alta O. Gray David M. Hess Samuel Kamp Frances W. Kinney John W. Lamb Robert Lewis Gordon Gray III Mary Heyneker Walter T. Kamprad Richard Kinsella George B. Samuel W. Lewis Douglas A. Gray Ruth E. Higgins Edward Kaska Edward L. Kipp Lambrakis Theodore L. Lewis Elinor Green Lillard Hill Isaak Katz Alice L. Kirby Ernest G. Land Stuart Lillico Marshall Green Richard Hines Julius L. Katz Marie L. Kish James S. Landberg E. Russell Linch Todd R. Greentree Sheila Hinkle Robert E. Kaufman Raymond and Lyle F. Lane Gloria D. Lindahl Leonard Greenup G. R. Hipwood Jorma L. Kaukonen Mary Kitchell Anthony Lapka Edward V. Lindberg Morley H. Gren Martin Hirabayashi Richard W. Kautsky Herbert Klee Jr. Mason A. La Seiie Herman Lindstrom Robert E. Gribbin David Hitchock Jr. Douglas R. Keene Janet C. Kneeland Victor Lateef John A. Linehan Jr. Catharine Griffin Harry Hobbs Peter R. Keller William E. Knight Egon P. Laubsch Duane T. Linville Christa U. Griffin Nancy W. Hoe Edward R. Kelley Ridgway B. Knight John C. Leary Doris Lipscomb Donald R. Griffin Ralph E. Holben William M. Kelly Mathew R. Koch F. D. & Phyllis D. Dagmaar Litwin John C. Griffith Helen R. Holley Charles S. Kennedy Lawrence Koegel Leatherman James Lobenstine Viola Grise Donna Mae Holmes Edith G. Kennedy Phyllis Penn Kohler Helen A. Leavitt Edwin Lofthouse Kathryn J. Groot David C. Holton Lawrence Kennon Ruth B. & William H. LeBrane Alan Logan Marc Grossman Marian K. Hooker Graham B. Kerr Oris F. Kolb Allenanne LeClair Edna E. Long Rosario Richard & Catalina Inez G. 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Aileen S. Harrison Robert E. Jelley Jake Harshbarger Walter E. Jenkins Jr. • WORLDWIDE COVERAGE Fire, theft, comprehensive and collision Paul Hartenberger Dorothy F. Jensen protection are available at foreign posts. Mary L. Harvey Paul Y. Jhin Barbara S. Harvey William Jochimsen • U.S. AUTO LIABILITY Available for short term on home leave, change Constance Harvey Muriel B. Johnson of assignment, and new auto purchase prior to foreign departure. Tom S. Hatsukano Natalie A. Johnson • FOREIGN LIABILITY We suggest contacting your post on arrival. Local Irene S. Haugrose Robert R. Johnson laws require specific limits and coverage. Pricing is normally best on site. Roy T. Haverkantp Stephen T. & • CONTACT US TODAY Let us send you "The Embassy Plan" brochure. Judith R. Johnson Guy L. Haviland Jr. It contains all the answers about dependable coverage and low-cost Walter Hayden Jr. William A. Johnson premiums. William A. Hayne U. Alexis Johnson Rebecca M. 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MARCH 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 65 s N E S

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Replogle NATIONAL WINNEFMNN OF THE YEAR J. Graham Parsons Milton C. Rewinkel Givon Parsons Edward Reynolds David Passage William W. Rhodes SUBWAY TO STATE DEPARTMENT Ernest C. Pate Jr. Ralph J. Ribble John A. Patterson Patrick M. Rice ARLINGTON Wilma C. Patterson Lois Richards VIRGINIA Ann W. Patterson Dorothy S. Richards Mildred Patterson Cecil S. Richardson Fernand J. Paulin Yale W. Richmond Comfort Comfort Inn John D. Peabody Jr. Grace R. Riddle John Peevey Rozanne Ridgway Inn Ballston Al Pelland Bernard L. Riedel Robert Pelletreau Jr. Russell L. Riley •LOCATION Miles Pendleton Jr. Robert F. Ritchie Walk 7 min. to Hultsiun MiTrorail: Direct access to city on 1-66: 4 miles to State Department: 2 miles Alvin & Ellen Constance Roach from Mary mount University: 4 miles from Arlington Cemetery: 4 1/2 miles from the Pentagon, and Vietnam and Lincoln Memorials: 4 1 2 miles from National Airport, the White House. Washington Perlman Emory G. Roberts Monument and .Jefferson Memorial. Richard Peters David A. Roberts George J. Peterson Peter Roberts •RATES Single Dhl 76.00- 82.00 Richard W. Petree Owen W. Roberts Hack 85.00- 92.00 Janet Petronis Stuart W. Rockwell Kriday-Saturday 60.00- 75.00 James T. Pettus Jr. Philip Rodokanakis Offseason and long-term stay discounts availaLli Lyle R. Piepenburg Barbara Roesmann •FACILITIES* ACCOMMODATIONS Paul Pilkauskas Elise D. Rogers 1214 rooms and suites with climate control Shirlie Pinkham James G. Rogers Restaurant and Lounge oilers room service from 6:30 AM to 10 PM Free Underground Parking, no in out charges Henry C. Pitts Jr. Jordan T. Rogers Free color cable TV including CNN. KSPN and Showtime Edward J. Ploch Cordia Hubert Gift Shop. Travel Agency Janice Plowman Roller Ronald H. Pollock Lloyd Rollins Comfort Inn Ballston Richard A. Poole Danny & Sandi 1211 N. Glebe Road David H. Popper Root Arlington, Virginia 22201 Paul M. Popple Jack D. Roshold For reservations call 703-247-3399 or toll-free Leonard Porter Arthur H. Rosen 800-221-2222 Humphrey T. Potter William M. & Leila D. J. Poullada Suzanne Rountree Glenn Powell George Rovder

66 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1991 N E S

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MARCH 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 67 Individual Scholarship Contributors, 1990

Elizabeth Antal Cynthia Ely Max V. Krebs J. Stanley Phillips Alfred Atherton Harold E. Engle George Lambrakis Lyle R. Piepenburg Harry G. Barnes Jr. Thomas A. Ferrari Felix Lapinski Richard A. Poole Dorothy & Joseph Lyne Few Anthony Lapka David H. Popper Bartos Alta Fowler Francis P. LaRocca James Prosser Quentin R. Bates E. D. Frankhouser Mr. and Mrs. John Edward Reynolds B. G. Bechhoefer William Lee Frost C. Leary John F. Ritchette Mrs. Arthur Beedle Michael Galli Geoffrey W. Lewis Stephen H. Rogers Eliot S. Berkley Maty C. Genovese Bente Littlewood Arthur H. Rosen LIFE IS YOUR MOST Robert Bernstein Verna Gladstone Robert Locke James R. Ruchti VALUABLE POSSESSION. Zack Berry Dr. Goff Dott Ettore Lollini Edward B. Samuel Marie Besheer George C. Goodale Matthew J. Looram Cameron Sanders PASS IT ON. Gordon R. Beyer William Gordon Jr. James A. Lowe Donna Schloss Of all the riches you could Robert S. Black Kingdon Gould Jr. Dorothy Luketich David T. Schneider William D. Blair Jr. Alison Grabell Larue R. Lutkins Mr. & Mrs. Glen leave to your family, the Silvia Blake Felix & June Grant Mr. & Mrs. Thomas Schooley Thomas most precious is the gift of J. Max Bond Ernest T. Greene Martinus J. Scotes life. Your bequest to the Thomas D. Boyatt Leonard Greenup Mary J. Mahoney Dr. Donald R. Scott William T. Breer Marc & Mildred Lawrence & Judith Edwin E. Segall American Heart Association John C. Brooks Grossman Mandel Mary Lu Sheets assures that priceless legacy Elizabeth Brown Jane Grunwell David E. Mark Mary Ann Shenk Eloise Buenty Clarence S. Gulick Thomas A. Marten Abraham M. Sirkin by supporting research into George Bumbesti James R. Gustin Mr. & Mrs. Martinus Victor H. Skiles heart disease prevention. D. N. Burgess Marion Halle Edward E. Masters Herman T. Skofield Philip M. Burnett Mr. & Mrs. Philip Leslie & Larry Molly Skoll Stanton Burnett Harrick Matthews Judith Smallaf To learn more about the Maria Buttero Arthur A. Hartman James A.McDevitt Karen B. Stewart Patricia M. Byrne Barbara S. Harvey James McFarland Jr. Kate Stojakovich Planned Giving Program, Thomas Campen Mohammed al Edna C. McGuire Robert Tarr call us today. It’s the first Paul E. Carr Hasan Pearle McKeogh Richard W. Teare step in making a memory Dana D. Carragher Evelyn Hawkes Robert McKinnie Daniel S. Terrell Susanne Walter A. Hayden John A. McVickar George Thamakas that lasts beyond a lifetime. Chakrawarti Arlyne Heerlein Arthur J. Mekeel Etta Thurmond Timothy W. Childs Richard Herndon Thomas N. Metcalf Peter E. Tobia Harold T. Christie Donna Mae Holmes Howard Meyers Irving G. Tragen Albert Cizauskas Frank S. Hopkins Dorothy Miller Mary Vance Trent Nancy Dail Claridge Catherine Hurley Kyle B. Mitchell Jr. Blaine C. Tueller Jon B. Clements Tom S. Hutsukand Sorab K. Modi Nicholas A. Veliotes Paul M. Cleveland Jason Hyland Paul A. Modic Patricia Vogel Robert Cleveland Dennis Imwold Mr. & Mrs. Moody Maxine Wade Louis A. Cohen Alden H. Irons Walter J. Mueller Robert G. Walker Edward Lee Combs William & Melinda Mr. & Mrs. Nelson Alice R. Ward Robert Conrad Itoh Robert G. Neumann Clinton A. Ware Margaret Cooney Walter E. Jenkins Jr. George S. Newman Samuel & Jennifer Charles T. Cross David Jones Richard Newman Watson Anne Cusick Mack Jordan David D. Newsom Janet Weber J. M. D’Amato Sally Kalidy Daniel & Barbara Merle M. Werner Catherine DeLeo Susan V. Kelley O’Grady Elizabeth J. Claudette Dietz Charles Kennedy Jr. W. Paul O’Neill Jr. Wesoloski Boyd Doty Mr. Scott A. Kincaid William Orew Charles Whitehouse William J. Drew Oris F. Kolb James A. Parker Mrs. Billie Wilds Dr. & Mrs. Eben H. L. T. Koren Mr. & Mrs. Joe Orme Wilson Jr. Dustin Paul Kramer Parks-Little Julia Worthington Charles P. Edwards Mr. & Mrs. William Jefferson Patterson Brooks American Heart Lewis K. Elbinger Krauss RosalindPepperberg Wrampelmeier Association

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