Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia

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Trends in Microbiology | Microbe of the Month Stenotrophomonas [49_TD$IF]maltophilia

Shi-qi An1,* and Gabriele Berg2 1The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK 2Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria

KEY FACTS: fi S. maltophilia Ax21 S 2+ The rst strain was ? Mg , DSF Ca2+ ? initially described as Pseudomonas maltophilia in 1961. S. maltophilia was Lipopolysaccharides RaxCAB RpfC then grouped in the genus RaxH PhoQ Outer membrane Xanthomonas DSF before eventually being Inner membrane given its own genus Stenotrophomonas in 1993. RpfF Ax21 RaxR PhoP RpfG Cytokinin, ACC(1- The first published S. maltophilia aminocyclopropane-1- carboxylate) deaminase, genome was the clinical isolate K279a. ax21 phoPQ Cyclic di-GMP GMP gibberellic acid, It consists of one circular chromosome indole acec acid, siderophore, of 4.85 Mbp with no plasmids. chinase, etc. The S. maltophilia genome encodes several regulators of virulence, including Extracellular the PhoPQ two-compoment system, Synthesis of Virulence Plant growth Biofilm polymeric Molity extracellular factor and Ax21 signalling system, and DSF formaon substances enzymes synthesis biocontrol producon (diffusible signal factor) cell-to-cell signalling[52_TD$IF] system. Interestingly, DSF signals are shown to mediate intraspecies Factors involved in plant and animal colonizaon and interacon and interspecies signalling to regulate various virulence-related processes. Environmental or clinical isolates of S. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia fi This infographic describes the key regulated traits of , important for bene cial maltophilia exhibit multiple antibiotic plant interactions, and also its increasing incidence as a nosocomial and community-acquired infection. and stress resistance phenotypes. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a cosmopolitan and ubiquitous bacterium found in a range of environmental These traits may promote the ability of S. maltophilia fi habitats, including extreme ones, although in nature it is mainly associated with plants. ful ls S. maltophilia to compete in the [50_TD$IF] important ecosystem functions in the sulfur and nitrogen cycles, in degradation of complex compounds and rhizosphere, an area of intense [51_TD$IF] Stenotrophomonas pollutants, and in promoti on of plant growth and health. can also colonize extreme man- microbial activity. made niches in hospitals, space shuttles, and clean rooms. S. maltophilia has emerged as a global opportunistic human pathogen, which does not usually infect healthy hosts but is associated with high morbidity and mortality S. maltophilia strains have a strong in severely immunocompromised and debilitated individuals. S. maltophilia can also be recovered from poly- capacity to adhere to and form biofilms microbial infections, most notably from the respiratory tract of cystic fibrosis patients. Close relatives of S. on different surfaces, including abiotic maltophilia, for example, S. rhizophila, provide a harmless alternative for biotechnological applications without surfaces such as those of catheters human health risks. and prosthetic devices. TAXONOMY AND CLASSIFICATION: S. maltophilia is an increasingly DOMAIN: Bacteria frequent colonizer of the lungs of cystic PHYLUM: Proteobacteria fibrosis patients. Although chronic S. CLASS: Gammaproteobacteria maltophilia infection is per se not ORDER: Xanthomonadales associated with a worse clinical FAMILY: Xanthomonadaceae outcome, its presence could be a GENUS: Stenotrophomonas marker of more pronounced lung Aerobic, nonfermentative, Gram-negative disease.

*Correspondence: [email protected] (S.-q. An).

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