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A Provisional Compilation of Expeditionary Forces, 1914–1918

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APPENDIX: A PROVISIONAL COMPILATION OF EXPEDITIONARY FORCES, 1914–1918 EXPEDITIONARY FORCES BY DESIGNATION American Expeditionary Forces (incl. US Marine 4th and 5th Brigades) Belgian Expeditionary Force of Armoured Cars in Russia (Corps expédi- tionnaire belge des Autos-Canons-Mitrailleuses en Russie), 1915–1918 British Expeditionary Force (incl. the Royal Naval Division, whose units saw separate action in Belgium and Gallipoli and were incorporated into the BEF in 1916) Canadian Expeditionary Force Egyptian Expeditionary Force (overseeing the Sinai and Palestine campaigns) Indian Expeditionary Force (by letter designation) © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), 329 under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 A. Beyerchen and E. Sencer (eds.), Expeditionary Forces in the First World War, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25030-0 330 APPENDIX: A PROVISIONAL COMPILATION … A. Western Front (infantry divisions transferred mostly to Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force in 1916, and cavalry divi- sions later reassigned to Egypt for the Sinai and Palestine campaigns) B. East Africa C. East Africa D. Mesopotamia (by far the largest Indian force; later reorganized within Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force) E. Egypt (and later the Sinai and Palestine campaigns) F. Egypt (formed to defend the Suez Canal, but eventually dis- banded as units assigned to other formations) G. Gallipoli Italian Expeditionary Corps in the East (Corpo di Spedizione Italiano in Oriente, an Army corps in Albania under direct Italian General Headquarters command) and Corpo di Spedizione Italiano in Macedonia (the 35th Division under the Armées alliées en Orient) Italian Expeditionary Force (British, French and later a few American forces sent to Italy 1917–1918) Mediterranean Expeditionary Force (Allied forces at Gallipoli 1915) Mediterranean Expeditionary Forces (British, ANZAC, Canadian, Newfoundland and Indian units in the Gallipoli campaign, later joined with the Force in Egypt to become the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, serving as the strategic reserve for British Empire) Expeditionary Corps of the East (Corps expéditionnaire d’Orient, which was the French Gallipoli campaign, later named the Corps expéditionnaire des Dardanelles and still later subsumed on the Macedonian front into the Armée d’Orient) Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force (formerly Indian Expeditionary Force D) New Zealand Expeditionary Force (after Gallipoli, the brigade was expanded into the New Zealand Division within the ANZAC Corps) Portuguese Expeditionary Force (Corpo Expedicionário Portuguêse) APPENDIX: A PROVISIONAL COMPILATION … 331 Russian Expeditionary Forces (Corps expéditionnaire russe en France, 1st and 3rd Brigades in France) and Corps expéditionnaire russe sur le front d’Orient (2nd and 4th Brigades under the Armée d’Orient in Macedonia) South African Overseas Expeditionary Force (different elements fought in East Africa, Egypt, the Western Front, and in Palestine) North Russia: American North Russia Expeditionary Force (“Polar Bear Expedition”) British-led intervention sometimes called the North Russia Expedition (see below) Italian Expeditionary Force in Murmansk (Corpo di spedizione ital- iano in Murmania) Siberia: American Expeditionary Force Siberia (incl. the US Russian Railway Service Corps) Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force Italian Expeditionary Corps in the Far East (Corpo di Spedizione Italiano in Estremo Oriente) OCCUPATION FORCES WITH “EXPEDITIONARY” DESIGNATION Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force (1914 force that con- quered and occupied south Pacifc German territories for the duration of the war) Samoa Expeditionary Force (New Zealand force that seized and occu- pied German Samoa August 1914–March 1915) Various forces fghting in Africa, such as the British East African Expeditionary Force or Cameroons Expeditionary Force, including Askari, British, Indian, French, Portuguese, Belgian Force Publique, West India Regiment and South African Overseas Expeditionary Force troops. Even when carrying the designation “expeditionary,” other than in East Africa these turned quickly into occupation forces with intention to acquire the German colonies after the War. Altogether perhaps as many 332 APPENDIX: A PROVISIONAL COMPILATION … as 2 million carriers suffered approximately 10% casualty rates. In East Africa the fghting continued through the November 1918 armistice in Europe. ALLIED EXPEDITIONARY FORCES WITHOUT THE DESIGNATION Allied Armies of the East (Armées alliées en Orient), i.e., Salonika front: British, French, Italian, Serbian, Russian, and Greek military units, as well as Maltese and Egyptian labor battalions Armée d’Orient, which was renamed the Armée française d’Orient and formed partially from units that had been at Gallipoli British Army of Salonika (formed partially from units that had been at Gallipoli) Australian Imperial Force Détachement français de Palestine 1917 (expanded into the Détachement français en Palestine et Syrie 1918, French contingent in Egyptian Expeditionary Force) French colonial troupes indigènes (i.e., from North Africa, West Africa, Indochina, Madagascar) Italian contingent in Egyptian Expeditionary Force Japanese Siege of Tsingtao 1914 (Japanese 18th Division and British forces, including a regiment of Sikhs) Newfoundland Regiment (Newfoundland was at this time a separate Dominion from Canada) West India Regiment (action in the Egyptian Expeditionary Force in addition to the Cameroons and East Africa) ALLIED INTERVENTION FORCES NOT TERMED EXPEDITIONARY “Dunsterforce” (December 1917–September 1918, British, including Canadian, Australian and New Zealand troops, expedition to Baku to thwart Ottoman expansion and quest for oil) APPENDIX: A PROVISIONAL COMPILATION … 333 Malleson Mission (July 1918–April 1919, British expedition in opposi- tion to German and Ottoman [and ultimately Bolshevik] interests in sup- port of Transcaspian government north of India) Various Allied units intervening in European Russia after collapse of Tsarist army, namely the British North Russian “Allied Intervention in the Russian Ports of the Arctic Ocean” (under Allied Supreme War Council Collective Note No. 31, sometimes referred to as the North Russian Expedition— which also included other forces in addition to the American and Italian forces mentioned above), and French-led forces in southern Russia. Japanese Siberian Intervention (Shiberia Shuppei or “Siberian Dispatch,” comprising 70,000 troops, 1918–1922) CENTRAL POWERS EXPEDITIONARY FORCES WITHOUT THE DESIGNATION Troops serving in the Ottoman Empire either in German military units (Asienkorps) or often in Turkish uniform in Turkish military units (Deutsche Militärmission) Turkish divisions on the Galician, Romanian or Macedonian “Front” (Cephe) under direction of the German High Command German “Delegation” to the Caucasus 1918–1919 Free Corps (Freikorps) units in the Baltic lands LABOR FORCES ILLUSTRATIVE LIST In No Labour, No Battle: Military Labour During the First World War (Stroud, Gloucestershire: Spellmount, 2009) Starling and Lee recount the activities of fourteen separate military labor forces for the British and Dominions alone, plus seven foreign labor units in British service. This list is for illustrative purposes only. AEF Line of Communications (later named Services of Supply) units British West Indies Regiment (battalions served on the Western Front, in Italy and in the Middle East; some elements saw combat in Palestine) Canadian Overseas Construction Corps (light railway workers and operators) 334 APPENDIX: A PROVISIONAL COMPILATION … Cape Coloured Corps in East Africa and in the Egyptian Expeditionary Forces Chinese Labour Corps (under BEF and AEF military discipline; treated as civilian by the French) Maltese Labour Corps South African Labour Corps in Europe Vietnamese Battalions de l’Infanterie Coloniale, fourteen of which served as Labor Battalions. INDEX A France’s reserve army, 12 Africa and Islam, 31 European colonialism in, 6, 28–29, Allied Military Commission, 247 34, 42, 186, 313 Allwards, Walter Seymour, 301 German troops perpetrating sexual American Expeditionary Forces, 3 violence in, 85 arguments over deployment, 192 Muslim troops from, 35–46 arrival in France, 126, 194 Portugal-German confict in, 187 in France, 35–46 African Americans placement of African Americans in, citizenship rights, 40–42, 44 43–44 and racial unrest in the United relationship with France, 194–195 States, 40 repatriation of war dead, 322 return to the US after the war, transportation of, 315 38–39, 42, 195 American Expeditionary Force Siberia, African American troops 3 combat vs labor, 43–44, 195 American North Russia Expeditionary equal treatment of by French, 195 Force, 3 in the French army, 44, 193, 195 American troops. See also African martial skill of, 195 American troops opposition to as soldiers, 43–44 denigrating French troops, 194 race relations in France, 35–46 fghting ability of, 127 Albania, 124 trained by British and French, Algerian troops, 4 191–192 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), 335 under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 A. Beyerchen and E. Sencer (eds.), Expeditionary Forces in the First World War, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25030-0 336 INDEX views of British troops, 193 as veterans, 298–299 Anatolia wounded soldiers, 63–64 description, 276 Austria German plans for troop recruitment cultural dissonance with Ottoman from, 209 troops, 267
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