Reflexiones Sobre La Producción Arquitectónica Premium Del Turismo Residencial En Punta Del Este, Uruguay

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Reflexiones Sobre La Producción Arquitectónica Premium Del Turismo Residencial En Punta Del Este, Uruguay Reflexiones sobre la producción arquitectónica Premium del turismo residencial en Punta del Este, Uruguay Fiorella Russo Cardozo 31 Docente Arquitecta, Facultad de Arquitectura, Universidad ORT Uruguay. Diploma de Estudios Avanzados del Doctorado en Urbanismo y Ordenación del Territorio, Universidad de Granada, España. Beca F.P.I [Formación de Personal Investigador de la Consejería de Economía, Innovación y Ciencia de la Junta de Andalucía – Departamento de Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica y en la Ingeniería, Área de Urbanismo y Ordenación del Territorio de la Universidad de Granada] (2010-2014). ANALES DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN ARQUITECTURA 2011 / Cátedra de Historia y Teoría de la Arquitectura 32 Facultad de Arquitectura - Universidad ORT Uruguay Reflexiones sobre la producción arquitectónica Premium del turismo residencial en Punta del Este, Uruguay arquitectónicaFiorella Premium Russo del Cardozoturismo residencial en Punta del Este, Uruguay “El neoyorquino de alto poder económico pasa el verano boreal en los “Hamptons”, una serie de pequeños pueblitos sobre la costa de Long Island con enormes y carísimas propiedades frente al mar y bahías. Quizás lo más similar a los presti- giosos Hamptons con sus magníficas residencias estivales y campos de golf y nutrida vida social sean Punta del Este y José Ignacio. Con una salvedad, y disculpen mi chauvinismo: la costa uruguaya es muy superior en todo a la costa neoyorquina”1 Arq. Carlos Ott INTRODUCCIÓN Desde los años 70, momento en que el balneario turístico consolidó gran parte de su infraestructura La siguiente investigación2 centra su atención edilicia -fundamentalmente residencial-, no se había en la realidad del Uruguay post-crisis financiera vuelto a vivir tanto optimismo en cuanto al desarrollo de principios de siglo XXI -año 2002-. Frente a la inmobiliario y turístico en Punta del Este. Es a partir depresión que se vivió en ese momento en la región del año 2005, pasado ciertamente el letargo de la 33 nos interesa el impulso que el país toma para su crisis, que la ciudad toma fuerza e instaura su récord recuperación, lanzándose a nuevos mercados extra- histórico en cuanto a las autorizaciones otorgadas regionales, con el fin de reactivar la industria de la por parte de las administraciones locales para la construcción y promover el desarrollo inmobiliario construcción de 800.000 metros cuadrados, inversión de nuevos productos. De cara a esta situación tres que se valora en 500.000.000 de dólares, procedente ciudades cobran relevancia en el territorio uruguayo: en su mayoría de capitales internacionales extra- Montevideo, Colonia y Punta del Este. En tal contexto, regionales. Punta del Este representa uno de los vitales polos de inversión y desarrollo. La región sur del país, Hoy en día la ciudad está expuesta a una importante integrada por dichas ciudades, conforma un sector alteración y renovación; bajo el eslogan “Punta del del eje metropolitano del Cono Sur ubicado sobre la Este Internacional” la ciudad se ha lanzado con ímpetu costa atlántica desde Buenos Aires hasta San Pablo. por primera vez a “venderse” al mundo equiparándose Esta área es la más internacionalizada y globalizada a otros destinos de características de “primer mundo”, del territorio uruguayo y ofrece un gran potencial tal como refiere el arquitecto Carlos Ott al comparar de desarrollo futuro, exponiéndose notoriamente a Punta del Este con los Hamptons neoyorquinos. grandes transformaciones, especialmente Maldonado- Frente a esta situación, la voluntad de cautivar a Punta del Este como centro dinámico y privilegiado del los inversores internacionales más poderosos, la turismo internacional, y Colonia debido a su paulatina ambición de conquistar más capitales y sobre todo integración a la dinámica metropolitana de Buenos este tipo de negocios para la ciudad, es lo que motiva Aires así como por su alto nivel de calidad de vida. a buscar nuevos modelos residenciales capaces de satisfacer la “supuesta” demanda turístico-residencial de esta nueva clientela de altísimo poder adquisitivo. 1. OTT, Carlos. El Uruguay es un país de gente inteligente. En: MAR Y SOL. Punta del Este Internacional. Anuario 2008, p.88 2. Este artículo surge a partir de la investigación realizada durante el año 2007 y comienzos de 2008, en el que se estudia el caso de la ciudad de Punta del Este circunscrita en el contexto de la globalización. Es preciso aclarar que a lo largo del presente trabajo se retomarán ideas y conceptos anteriormente planteados en la tesis que le da origen: RUSSO CARDOZO, Fiorella. 2008. Architectural Life-style Punta del Este. La colonización del lujo: vivir en el paraíso. Montevideo: Universidad ORT Uruguay. ANALES DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN ARQUITECTURA 2011 / Cátedra de Historia y Teoría de la Arquitectura Es así que la ciudad vuelve a ser colonizada por el lujo, cercanas a Montevideo donde solían veranear. En salvo que esta vez el lujo sobrepasa las capacidades 1934, Punta del Este fue, pues, declarada zona de económicas de la clase media-alta de nuestro país y interés nacional para el turismo. la región. De este modo se da origen al concepto de “arquitectura Premium”, que responderá a niveles de Con la caída del mandato del Gral. Perón en Argentina calidad suprema y exquisita, y que estará supeditada a en 1955 comienza un nuevo ciclo de desarrollo del las elites de mayor poder adquisitivo. balneario, favorecido también por la aprobación de la “Ley de Propiedad Horizontal” (1946) convirtiéndose Antecedentes Punta del Este en un polo de crecimiento regional. Si quisiéramos precisar los límites geográficos de “La eclosión de la construcción surge en el año 1956 Punta del Este como ciudad encontramos que por una coyuntura socioeconómica propicia a las históricamente, y al igual que sucede en la actualidad, inversiones, y la Ley de Propiedad Horizontal otorga se la asocia a un ámbito territorial más extendido al el sustento jurídico adecuado. La península era el que establecen los límites catastrales peninsulares. centro gravitacional en la época y se habían originado Se incluirían hacia el este la zona de San Rafael carencias habitacionales, de servicios y urbanísticas. traspasando la Barra del arroyo Maldonado; las bahías Como antecedentes existían algunos hoteles en altura 34 de Maldonado y Portezuelo, Punta Ballena, Laguna como el Nogaró y el Miguez que con el tiempo, se irían del Diario, las zonas intermedias y la extensa línea transformando también en propiedad horizontal”4. En costera3. principio, y siguiendo las tendencias racionalistas del pensamiento arquitectónico de la época, comienzan La evolución histórica de la región comprendida por a construirse los primeros edificios en altura. Es a Maldonado y Punta del Este está indudablemente partir de la década de los 50 que su silueta comienza ligada al desarrollo rioplatense, el cual se vio una importante transformación. Llegados los años 60, sensiblemente afectado por los sucesos internacionales y muy a pesar de la profunda crisis económica que -principalmente los económicos- que caracterizaron experimentó el país en esos momentos, la industria cada época. El desarrollo que tuvo lugar en las primeras de la construcción continuó con su actividad. décadas del siglo XX se asocia a la extraordinaria prosperidad del Uruguay y de la Argentina respecto La siguiente explosión transcurrió en la década de al resto de los países latinoamericanos. Asimismo, los 70 con el boom de la construcción que marcó las inmigraciones masivas de europeos a nuestras un récord histórico en cuanto a la habilitación de tierras y su concentración en las ciudades, sumado metros cuadrados. Surge por primera vez en nuestras al elevado nivel interno de inversión y consumo ciudades la tipología de la torre exenta, la cual promulgaron el progreso de las clases medias que ofrecería variadas posibilidades en comparación con el adoptaron manifiestamente las modas y costumbres anterior programa de bloque o pantalla, incorporando europeas. De esta forma las clases altas argentinas en su basamento las novísimas galerías comerciales y uruguayas comienzan a manifestar su interés por de Punta del Este. “Las torres típicas de este período, destinos próximos al mar, en zonas privilegiadas que modificaron totalmente el paisaje de la zona, son geográficamente, dejando a un lado las quintas el síntoma más evidente de los profundos cambios 3. SANMARTÍN, Lina. 1992. Punta del Este, de la infancia a la pubertad. En: Elarqa (5), p.4 4. ESTUDIO CINCO ARQUITECTOS. Sky Line: electro de un paisaje. En: Elarqa (5), p.18 Facultad de Arquitectura - Universidad ORT Uruguay Reflexiones sobre la producción arquitectónica Premium del turismo residencial en Punta del Este, Uruguay arquitectónicaFiorella Premium Russo del Cardozo turismo residencial en Punta del Este, Uruguay Beverly Tower Coral Tower Milenium Tower Fuente: fotografías tomadas por la autora que se habían venido operando en la economía, en la el Uruguay, la Argentina y la región en general. En sociedad, en la política, en el estilo de vida rioplatense: cuanto a la arquitectura residencial, en este período se abandona la ‘Belle Époque’ por la ‘Sociedad del se construirán las torres que serán las precursoras Consumo’”5. de la arquitectura Premium que se consolidará con 35 posterioridad a la crisis. En líneas generales diremos que este boom tuvo su cese en la década de los 80 como consecuencia de una 3. El contexto de inicios del siglo XXI y la visión crisis económica en Argentina que luego repercute transformadora de la ciudad en nuestro país con una marcada devaluación de la moneda local frente a la divisa norteamericana, Primeramente, para situarnos en los motivos que quedando así muchos proyectos sin concluir, cientos de dan origen a la situación actual de Punta del Este, personas desempleadas y provocando una importante enunciaremos que en la cuidad la crisis de comienzos pérdida de dinero por parte de los inversores. del siglo XXI implicó: Los años 90 fueron diferentes; reinó una prosperidad a. Una nueva caída de la industria de la construcción, que se reflejó, por ejemplo, en la mejora de la calidad que durante los años 90 venía desarrollando una de vida de los habitantes.
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