Andrés Musacchio

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Andrés Musacchio Andrés Musacchio INTEGRACION, ACUMULACION Y REGULACION: LA EXPERIENCIA EUROPEA DE LA POSGUERRA A LA CRISIS ACTUAL Tesis defendida en la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad de Buenos Aires el 27 de abril de 2011 Director de tesis: Mario Rapoport. Jurados: Alejandro Rofmann, Julio Cesar Neffa y Alberto Cimadamore. Resumen de contenido El trabajo se propone analizar el proceso de integración regional en Europa, en el período que va de la segunda Posguerra a la actualidad. La hipótesis principal es la idea de que los procesos de integración se encuentran estrechamente vinculados al despliegue espacial de los procesos de acumulación y los modos de regulación y están permeados además por factores estratégicos que inciden fuertemente en sus características. Por lo tanto, deben ser estudiados con un enfoque multidisciplinario, que considere las dimensiones económica, política, social y estratégica. Una discusión teórica inicial muestra la insuficiencia de los modelos económicos tradicionales de cuño neoclásico y propone un conjunto de instrumentos para aproximarse a la integración regional con un enfoque inspirado en la teoría de la regulación. La integración tiene, en nuestro enfoque, un vínculo estrecho con los procesos concretos y se enmarca en una dinámica política y social de la que los modelos tradicionales intentan aislarse. Partiendo de las relaciones internacionales en general, abordamos la integración como un fenómeno específico, proponiendo una “estructura triádica” y un conjunto de determinantes de distintos órdenes para estudiarla. Por intermedio de ella vinculamos los modelos de desarrollo nacionales, la territorialidad de la acumulación y los objetivos y las características de la integración regional. Con dicho modelo analítico analizamos luego la integración europea, un caso especialmente interesante para aplicar el herramental propuesto, pues su extensión en el tiempo y sus transformaciones ofrecen una base empírica adecuada. Descubrimos allí la existencia de dos procesos diferentes. La integración de los años 50 y 60 se encontraba asociada a modelos de desarrollo centrados nacionalmente, con una territorialidad también nacional de la acumulación y de los procedimientos de la regulación. Los objetivos, las formas y la institucionalidad de la integración se diferencian claramente del otro proceso, que comienza a mediados de los 80 y se asocia a la imposición del modelo neoliberal, con una acumulación que se despliega en el espacio regional y un modo de regulación estructurado en un sistema de múltiples instancias. Tres características se recortan en el análisis de los dos procesos. La primera es un vínculo entre los modelos de desarrollo, las características de la integración y los factores estratégicos y políticos. Esa constelación es muy diferente en cada uno de ambos y se convierte en un factor profundamente diferenciador. El segundo aspecto es la relación entre 1 compatibilidad y diferenciación de los procesos económicos internos de los países participantes, que permite, a partir de una diferenciación acotada pero efectiva, la articulación en una integración con características específicas en cada uno de los dos casos. Por último, se destaca la presencia directa o indirecta de los grupos sociales internos y sus estrategias espaciales en la confrontación de intereses, lo que se contrapone con las interpretaciones de la integración que la centran exclusivamente como cuestión referida a los estados. Un foco central de nuestro interés, que diferencia el análisis de los enmarcados en la corriente funcionalista es la idea de que las características de la integración se gestan en su etapa de formación, asociadas a modelos de desarrollo nacionales compatibles, cuya disolución también conduce al fin del proceso de integración. Por lo tanto, las etapas constitutivas y las crisis son terrenos más fecundos para el análisis que el estudio de las formas de funcionamiento. Por eso, además, dedicamos dos capítulos a analizar en detalle las crisis económicas y su efecto sobre los dos procesos de integración identificados. Abstract The purpose of this contribution is to analyze the process of regional integration in Europe during the period between the end of the Second World War and the present. The main hypothesis is the idea that the processes of integration are closely linked to the spatial unfold of the processes of accumulation and the regulation modes and are permeated by strategic factors that strongly influence their characteristics. Therefore they should be studied from a multidisciplinary standpoint that takes into account the economic, political, social and strategic dimensions. An initial theoretical discussion shows the deficiency of the traditional economic models of neoclassical orientation and proposes a series of instruments to approach the regional integration from a standpoint based on the theory of regulation. From this point of view, the integration has a close link with the factual processes and is framed within a political and social dynamics from which the traditional models attempt to separate. Starting with the international relations in general, we approach the concept of integration as a specific phenomenon, proposing a “triadic structure” and a series of different orders of determining factors to study this structure. By its means, we link the models of national development, the territoriality of the accumulation and the objectives and characteristics on the regional integration. 2 Using the mentioned analytical model, the European integration is analyzed being this an interesting case to apply the proposed instruments. Its extension in time and its transformations offer an appropriate empirical basis. We discover here the existence of two different processes. The integration during the 50’s and 60’s was associated with the development models nationally centered, with a territoriality of the accumulation and the processes of regulation also national. The objectives, the forms and the institutionalism of the integration can be clearly distinguished from another process that starts during the mid 80’s and is associated with the imposition of a neoliberal model, with an accumulation that unfolds in the regional space, and a regulation mode structured on a system of multiple instances. Three characteristics are delineated in the analysis of the processes. The first is the coupling between the development models, the characteristics of the integration and the strategic and political factors. This “constellation” is very different in each of them and becomes a profoundly differentiating factor. The second aspect is the relationship between compatibility and differentiation of the internal economic processes within the participating countries that allow, starting from a demarcated but effective differentiation and the articulation of integration with specific characteristics in each one of the cases. Finally, the direct or indirect presence of the internal social groups and their spatial strategies in the confrontation of interests is emphasized. This perspective is in opposition with the interpretations of the integration that only center it exclusively as an issue referred to the states. A central focus of our interest that differentiates this analysis from those framed within a functionalistic approach is the idea that the characteristics of the integration generate in their initial stages associated to models of compatible national development, whose dissolution also conducts to the end of the process of integration. Therefore, the constitutional stages and the crises are more fruitful grounds for the analysis than the study of the functioning ways. For this reason we also dedicate to chapters to analyze in detail the economic crises and their effects on the identified processes of integration. 3 RESUMEN DE CONTENIDO ............................................................................................................................ 1 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................ 2 PRÓLOGO ................................................................................................................................................. 6 ABREVIATURAS ........................................................................................................................................ 12 CAPITULO 1: INTRODUCCION METODOLOGICA: LA INTEGRACION REGIONAL COMO PROBLEMA ANALÍTICO ......................................................................................................................................................... 13 La integración regional en la teoría tradicional ............................................................................. 13 Análisis crítico y puntos de partida para una teoría alternativa .................................................... 19 Economía y política .................................................................................................................................... 20 La economía mundial como espacio económico ....................................................................................... 23 Cuando el mercado ya no es la medida de todas las cosas ........................................................................ 27 Estado y economía ..................................................................................................................................... 28 CAPÍTULO 2: DE LAS RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES
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