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Lecture Slides Basic Neuroanatomy Online Tutorial Lars Klimaschewski MD PhD Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Division of Neuroanatomy Medical University Innsbruck www.neuroanatomy.at Resources CNS Compendium for medical students (Division of Neuroanatomy) Frozen brain sections (Division of Clinical Anatomy) Histological sections (Division of Histology) Brain Model (3B Scientific) Embryonic 3 vesicle stage 5 vesicle stage (day 25, 4 mm) (day 42, 12 mm) Telencephalon Neuroanatomy I II Lateral ventricle Prosencephalon Foramen Monroi (forebrain) III Diencephalon Mesencephalon (midbrain) Mesencephalon Rhombencephalon IV Aquaeduct (hindbrain) Rhombencephalon Met- and Myelencephalon Medulla spinalis (spinal cord) Medulla spinalis Canalis centralis CN VII/VIII Flexura cervicalis Isthmus (CN IV) Medulla spinalis Flexura pontina Cerebellum CN V CN IX-XII Telencephalic vesicle (day 60, 30 mm) Optic cup Bulbus olfactorius (CN I) Adult Gyrus precentralis Neuroanatomy Gyrus postcentralis Lobus frontalis Lobus parietalis Sulcus lateralis Insula Lobus occipitalis Lobus temporalis Cerebellum Medulla spinalis 8 cervical segments 12 thoracic segments 5 lumbal segments 5 sacral segments Diencephalon Corpus callosum Chiasma opticum Pineal gland - Pituitary gland - Epiphysis Hypophysis Cerebellum Mesencephalon (Arbor vitae) Pons Aquaeduct Medulla oblongata Central canal IV. ventricle Functional Neuroanatomy Hearing Special INPUT sensory CNS Vestibular Vision Taste Smell INPUT OUTPUT Sensory Motor (afferent) (efferent) Exteroception Proprioception Enteroception (surface) (musculosceletal) (viscera) Somatic Visceral Noci- Thermo- Mechano- Chemo- ceptor ceptor ceptor ceptor Involun- Volun- Para- Sym- Enteric tary tary sympathetic pathetic SKELETOMUSC. GLANDS BRANCHIO- CARDIAC GENIC MUSC. MUSC. SMOOTH MUSC. Spinal cord Main motor and sensory systems dorsal horn ventral horn Cervical spinal cord Fasciculus gracilis Posterolateral tract Fasciculus cuneatus (from Th3) (Lissauer) Dorsal horn Zona intermedia I II III IV Tr. corticospinalis lat. Tr. spinocerebel. post. V Autonomic tracts VI Tr. spinocerebel. ant. VII Tr. tegmentospinalis X VIII IX Tr. spinothalamicus lat. Ventral horn IX Tr. spinoolivaris Fasciculi proprii Tr. spinotectalis Tr. olivospinalis Tr. spinovestibularis Tr. reticulospinalis Tr. tectospinalis Tr. spinothalamicus ant. Tr. vestibulospinalis Tr. corticospinalis ant. Cortical areas* Capsula interna (Crus posterius) Mesencephalon (Crura cerebri) Pons (ventral) Corticospinal tract (CST) Medulla spinalis (Tr. corticospinalis lat.) Pyramidal decussation in medulla oblongata 12% of fibers cross over at segmental level *sources: motor cortex, pre- Ventral horn motor cortex, frontal eye field, prefrontal cortex, Broca center, cingulate motor cortex, soma- tosensory cortex (25%) Ventral horn lesion – C7/8 flaccid paralysis Corticospinal tract lesion spastic paralysis Conscious proprioception and exteroception Gyrus postcentralis (discriminative touch): dorsal column - medial lemniscal pathway Nucleus ventr. Lemniscus medialis posterolat. Nucleus ruber Nucleus ventr. posteromed. Substantia nigra Ganglion trigeminale Lemniscus med. Nucl. n. trigemini Nucleus gracilis Dorsal root ganglion Nucleus cuneatus Dorsal column syndrome (Th10) hypesthesia sensory ataxia Exteroception (pain, temperature): Gyrus postcentralis spinothalamic pathway Thalamus (VPLN) Formatio reticularis Spinal lemniscus Tractus spinothalamicus lateralis (LSTT) Dorsal horn syndrome (C5-C8) analgesia thermanaesthesia Unconscious proprioception: spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts Vermis, Zona intermedia Pedunculus cerebellaris superior Tractus spinocerebellaris anterior Tractus spinocerebellaris posterior Tractus cuneocerebellaris Brain Model White matter Granule cell layer Fissura cerebelli Arbor vitae Nucl. globosus Nucl. fastigii Nucl. emboliformis Nucl. dentatus Folia cerebelli Molecular layer Caput nucl. caudati Pedunculi cerebri Capsula interna Nucl. ruber crus anterius Putamen Pars sublentiformis Pars retrolentiformis Nucl. n. III Aquaeduct Substantia nigra pars compacta Dopamine Striatum Frontal lobe Substantia nigra VTA (Ventral Tegmental Area) week 8 Lateral ventricle Epithalamus Epiphysis and Commissura posterior Plexus of lateral ventricle Thalamus dorsalis Specific and unspecific nuclei, Plexus of III. ventricle Metathalamus (Corpora geniculata) Ganglionic eminence Subthalamus Globus pallidus Nucl. subthalamicus Hypothalamus Hypophysis Corpora mamillaria Nucleus caudatus adult Corpus callosum Thalamus dorsalis Fornix Putamen Capsula interna Globus pallidus III. ventricle Tractus opticus Hypothalamus Hippocampus Lateral ventricle Fornix C.c. Thalamus Caudate nucleus Hippocampus Claustrum Caudate nucleus * * * * * * Internal capsule * * III. V. * Fornix Archi- and Paleocortex - 'Limbic System' Limbic structures Commissura fornicis Genu corporis callosi Splenium corp. callosi Nucl. anterior thalami Corpus fornicis Columna fornicis Corpora mammillaria Crus fornicis Fimbria hippocampi Chiasma opticum Gyrus dentatus Infundibulum Hypophysis Pes hippocampi Cornu ammonis Pons C.c. * * * Cajal Acetylcholine Neocortex Thalamus Medial septal nuclei Basal nucleus of Meynert Ponto-mesencephalo- tegmental complex Neocortex cerebri I II III IV V VI white matter Brodmann Areas Quantitative neuroanatomy of the neocortex - comparative aspects • 50,000–100,000 neurons under 1 mm2 cortical surface (primates have higher numbers in the visual cortex) • Cortical thickness varies (2–4 mm) and is highest in humans • 100,000,000 cortical minicolumns with up to 110 neurons each • Cortical neurons packed at high density: ~100,000/mm3 (mouse), humans (24,000/mm3), rats (55,000/mm3), and only 6,000/mm3 in elephants Terrestrial brain Elephant Human Rat Brain weight (g) 4800 1300 2 Neocortex (mm2) 630,000 250,000 600 Neuron density (/mm3) 6000 24,000 55,000 Neuron number 11 billion 20 billion 0.02 billion • Each neuron contacts 500 other neurons on average; synaptic density remarkably similar at around 1 billion synapses per mm3; 80% of cortical neurons are excitatory and 20% are inhibitory; average number of synapses per neuron = 8000 • Dependent on cortical thickness axonal length is appr. 4 km/mm3 and dendritic length is appr. 0.4 km/mm3 Thank you for your attention! .
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