El Romanticismo De Emilio Salgari En El Corsario Negro

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El Romanticismo De Emilio Salgari En El Corsario Negro Roberto Gerardo Flores Olague Número 12 / DICIEMBRE, 2020 (135-146) EL ROMANTICISMO DE EMILIO SALGARI EN EL CORSARIO NEGRO - Roberto Gerardo Flores Olague LA VENGANZA [email protected] EMILIO SALGARI’S ROMANTICISM IN Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Unidad Académica de Historia. THE BLACK CORSAIR – THE REVENGE Zacatecas, México DOI: https://doi.org/10.37135/chk.002.12.09 Artículo de Reflexión Recibido: (11/10/2019) Aceptado: (06/05/2020) Número 12 / DICIEMBRE, 2020 (135-146) 135 EL ROMANTICISMO DE EMILIO SALGARI EN EL CORSARIO NEGRO - LA VENGANZA Número 12 / DICIEMBRE, 2020 (135-146) Resumen En la sociedad occidental actual, la filosofía empieza a reconocer algunos de los elementos representativos del pensamiento romántico, sobre todo en lo concerniente al quebranto de las relaciones que vinculan al hombre con su entorno natural, a la búsqueda de propósito más allá de las miras productivas del mercado y al renovado interés por lo trascendental. Con esa motivación, el presente artículo propone una lectura en clave analítica de la influencia del romanticismo en la novela El corsario negro - La venganza de Emilio Salgari. El análisis, a partir de la propuesta de Domínguez Caparrós, comprende la exposición del entorno del autor, de la corriente romántica y demuestra la presencia de influencias del romanticismo en el EL ROMANTICISMO DE estilo y la estructura del relato. EMILIO SALGARI EN EL Palabras clave: Romanticismo; siglo XIX, análisis literario; Emilio CORSARIO NEGRO - LA Salgari; novela histórica. VENGANZA EMILIO SALGARI’S ROMANTICISM IN THE Abstract BLACK CORSAIR – THE In today’s Western society, philosophy begins to recognize some of the REVENGE representative features of romantic thought, especially concerning the breakdown of the relationship linking man with his natural environment, also to the search for a purpose beyond the productive aims of the market, and to the renewed interest in the transcendental. With this motivation, this article proposes an analytical reading of Romanticism’s influence in the novel The Black Corsair - The Revenge of Emilio Salgari. The analysis, based on the proposal of Domínguez Caparrós, includes the exposition of the author’s environment, and the romantic movement demonstrating the influences of Romanticism on the style and structure of the story. Keywords: Romanticism; 19th century, literary analysis, Emilio Salgari; historical novel. Número 12 / DICIEMBRE, 2020 (135-146) 136 Roberto Gerardo Flores Olague sentimientos de una manera atractiva y seductora, también es reflejo de una sociedad necesitada de nuevos valores e ideales ante la caída del pensamiento racional del siglo XVIII. INTRODUCCIÓN METODOLOGÍA El siglo XIX inició con la herencia del racionalismo y la Ilustración, una manifiesta tendencia al cientificismo y a fundamentar todos los individuos y todos los fenómenos en la razón, que permeaba en todos los El presente es un artículo de reflexión que se inscribe ámbitos de la sociedad. En este contexto nace el dentro del ámbito del comentario literario, movimiento del Romanticismo, en contraposición a la específicamente en la rama del comentario temático, propuesta del movimiento ilustrado. En este caso, los definido por Hernández (1996) como un estudio que elementos que se contraponen son la razón y el analiza y describe los asuntos sobre los que versan las sentimiento y, por extensión, lo claro y lo misterioso, composiciones literarias concentrándose en su lo científico y lo fantástico, la certeza y la irresolución contenido y sus valores estéticos e ideológicos. Los nebulosa del pensamiento. estudios temáticos, de acuerdo con el autor, buscan mostrar que el valor de la literatura radica en lo que El Romanticismo enaltece las emociones al contrario está fuera de ella, es decir, en los referentes, en los del tratamiento que el iluminismo del siglo XVIII y elementos y factores que la rodean y la preceden. el enciclopedismo francés les habían dado al considerarlas aspectos inferiores de la existencia. El La estructura que aquí se sigue, replica la metodología Novecento romántico define al sentimiento como “(…) de Domínguez (1985), quien propone dar al texto un una categoría espiritual que la antigüedad clásica había sentido basado en la exposición de elementos internos ignorado” (Abbagnano 2000:1135). “Romances fue el y externos a ella. Esto supone una exposición que nombre que (…) se dio a las narraciones (en verso o en relacione el contexto del autor, las características de la prosa) de las aventuras caballerescas” (Wolf 2007:7), corriente a la que pertenece con elementos textuales mundos fantásticos llenos de lances, donde lo dentro de la obra que ejemplifiquen dicha relación y tenebroso, lo misterioso y lo estremecedor creaban un vincular los resultados con la interpretación global de ambiente de arrebato. la obra. Los rasgos más importantes de esta nueva forma de Para los propósitos de este artículo, se realizará una pensar y de vivir, descrita por Friedrich Von recapitulación del movimiento romántico; Hardenberg, más conocido en el mundo literario como posteriormente, se contextualizará al autor del objeto Novalis, se centraban principalmente en un marcado de análisis, el italiano Emilio Salgari, y finalmente se panteísmo, donde el hombre empezaba atribuirle a la expondrán los elementos del Romanticismo presentes naturaleza un alma divina “(…) y una inmersión de la en la novela El Corsario Negro - La venganza, buscando fantasía individual en contextos cósmicos” (Wolf asociarlos a la experiencia humana de búsqueda 2007:6). individual de propósito y significado. Se deificaba a la naturaleza, y de la misma manera al hombre, ya no por intervención de una deidad, sino por ser parte del universo. “Todo se vuelve romántico” (Wolf 2007:8), decía Novalis. Además, existía un exacerbado deseo de explorar y explotar la creatividad del hombre, el cual se refugió en la soledad de su interior, ya que experimentó la pérdida de la relación armónica entre él, la sociedad y el cosmos. Con base en lo anterior, este comentario tiene como objetivo hacer una identificación del pensamiento romántico de Salgari, escritor decimonónico tardío, a través de un análisis de su novela El corsario negro - La venganza. Esta obra además de dar fama al escritor por su descripción de espacios, sucesos históricos y Número 12 / DICIEMBRE, 2020 (135-146) 137 EL ROMANTICISMO DE EMILIO SALGARI EN EL CORSARIO NEGRO - LA VENGANZA Alemania en los últimos años del siglo XVIII, alcanzó su máximo florecimiento en toda Europa durante los primeros decenios del silgo XIX y constituyó la nota característica de este siglo” (Abbagnano 2000:1135). RESULTADO Y DISCUSIÓN El término romántico (del francés antiguo romanz, usado para contraponer el latín, lengua culta, con las lenguas vulgares o romances), era, y sigue siendo, considerado sinónimo de sentimental. Esto se debía a EL ROMANTICISMO que el romanticismo, a diferencia del racionalismo, propuso la afirmación del sentimiento por encima de la COMO RUPTURA CON EL razón. Este movimiento “(…) descubrió las fuerzas de RACIONALISMO lo profundo, los abismos de la existencia humana.” (Stein 2007:6). Fue el inglés Thomas Baily quien utilizó por primera Como ya se anticipó, el siglo decimonónico es un vez, en 1650, el término romantick para señalar “(…) parteaguas del pensamiento occidental; esta centuria la inverosimilitud de las ficciones novelescas” (Wolf vio un sinnúmero de cambios en los aspectos políticos, 2007:7). Pero Novalis empleó la palabra románticos en nacionales, sociales, culturales, filosóficos y artísticos 1799, para nombrar a todos los escritores de novelas. especialmente en Europa. En sus primeros años se Es de él la definición más categórica que tal vez se expresó con una clara manifestación ideológica en haya dado sobre este movimiento, cuando dijo que el favor de un academismo riguroso, científico y romanticismo consiste en “Dar a lo corriente un sentido racionalista a ultranza. sublime, a lo cotidiano una apariencia misteriosa, a lo conocido la dignidad de desconocido, a lo finito un El siglo XVIII dejó en claro que todo aquello que semblante infinito” (Wolf 2007:7). Se anhelaba habría de aspirar a ser considerado como verdad en la reconciliar: ciencia y bello en el arte, debía tener como fundamento la razón y la lógica. La sociedad burguesa se consolidó … naturaleza y espíritu, consciente e y se forjó a través de este pensamiento neoclásico, inconsciente, ley y libertad, cuerpo y alma, donde los valores culturales eran inamovibles. individualidad y universalidad, sensibilidad e idealidad, finito e infinito. El secreto de la La industrialización de la sociedad, el desarrollo de la belleza está en que lo infinito desciende a tecnología, las conquistas del imperialismo europeo en encarnarse visiblemente en lo finito y en que África, Asia y Oceanía, junto con el avance de las lo finito se torna símbolo de lo infinito. ciencias naturales, la consolidación de la historia con el (Hirschberger 2000:241) positivismo como disciplina científica, el nacimiento de estados nacionalistas, especialmente Italia y Alemania, De igual manera, algunos de los exponentes del son parte de los principales hechos que marcaron al movimiento, como Friedrich y Schegel, señalaban una siglo XIX. tendencia a recuperar la herencia cristiana medieval que había sido desvirtuada y rechazada por los La sociedad decimonónica se aferra por una parte a los movimientos de Ilustración en el siglo XVIII. Para el valores clásicos y al deseo de alcanzar el bienestar año de 1820, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe social a través del orden y el progreso (por medio de especificaba que ser romántico y “ser moderno no los gobiernos), y por otra parte, se desea redescubrir la significa dejar de lado la formación clásica, ni tampoco parte esencial del hombre, aquello que tiene más un el ideario procedente de la Biblia. Sin embargo, la gran carácter trascendental que material, anhelando mayoría se da por satisfecha con llamar romántico a recuperar la libertad del espíritu humano que se había todo lo que es oscuro, necio, confuso e incomprensible” anquilosado en una existencia racional y estática, (Hirschberger 2000:241). explorando “(…) lo misterioso, lo vedado, lo sugestivo” (Yegres 2015:20).
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