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Pollination Efficiency of Different Bee Species on Cucumber (Cucumis Sativus) in Tarai Region of Uttarakhand

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Pollination Efficiency of Different Bee Species on Cucumber (Cucumis Sativus) in Tarai Region of Uttarakhand Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) Special Issue-11: 2832-2839 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Special Issue-11 pp. 2832-2839 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Pollination Efficiency of Different Bee Species on Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) in Tarai Region of Uttarakhand Mahendra Singh1* and Pramod Mall2 1Department of Agriculture Sciences, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad-244001, Uttar Pradesh, India 2Department of Entomology, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar – 263145, Uttarakhand, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Pollination Efficiency of different bee species on Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) was studied in Tarai region of Uttarakhand. The region has a great diversity of flowering plants and has good potential for commercial beekeeping. The area fall under Foothills of Himalayas in Uttarakhand state. This region was selected for maximum utilization of flora by beekeepers and recognizes the major pollen and nectar source to honeybees. The present study was conducted at Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263145, District K e yw or ds Udham Singh Nagar (Uttarakhand) India, during the period 2011-2013. Pollination Index, Pollinators The present study revealed that the honeybees and Xylocopa spp. are the major pollinators on Cucumis sativus. The pollination index was maximum (512565.7) in Apis mellifera, followed by Apis dorsata (428160.2) and Apis cerana (320718.5), The Ceratina sexmaculata was (0202632), Nomia melanderi (199008.1), Megachile bicolor (195700.5), Megachile disjuncta (191452.8), Apis florea (183055.4), Megachile hera (0182405), Xylocopa iridipennis (127223.5), Xylocopa aestuans (124426.7), Xylocopa amethystine (97416.25), Xylocopa latipes (0096685) and lowest pollination index (074232.9) was found in Xylocopa verticalis. Introduction separately on the same plant. Cucumber flowers are attractive, colourful and visited Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is a widely by a number of insects. The pollen grains cultivated plant in the gourd family, being large and sticky, need an external agent Cucurbitaceae. The crop is grown worldwide for transfer of pollen grains between flowers in tropical and subtropical parts of the world. (Sedgley and Scholefield 1980). Pollination The cucurbit plants are monoecious indices calculation on the basis of relative producing both male and female flowers abundance, foraging behaviour (foraging 2832 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) Special Issue-11: 2832-2839 speed, rate, amount of loose pollen carried on Study sites the body has been found as an alternate parameter to evaluate the pollination Geographically Pantnagar is located in the efficiency (Sharma, 1990). Fruits, vegetables sub-tropical zone at 290N latitude and 79.30E or seed production from 87 of the 115 leading longitude and at an altitude of 243.8 m above global food crops depends upon animal the mean sea level in the “tarai” region of pollination Klein et al., (2007). The value of Uttarakhand in Northern India (Fig. 1 and 2). insect pollination for worldwide agricultural production is estimated to be 153 billion, The location has sub-humid tropical climate which represents 9.5% of the value of the and is situated in the foot hills of “Shivalik” world agricultural production used for human range of the Himalayas. The meteorological food in 2005 Gallai et al., (2009). data indicate that the humid climate here is characterized by hot dry summer and cold The Xylocopa species are also the major winter. insect pollinators of Cucurbitaceous crop. Xylocopa species belong to the family The temperature rises up to 400C in summer, Anthophoridae and subfamily Xylocopinae. while it falls to 2-100C in winter. A pollen grain is a marvelous product Approximately, 1400 mm mean rainfall has evolved by flowering plants to continue their been recorded and relative humidity generation. Honeybees and flowering plants fluctuates around 90 ± 5 per cent during rainy have been considered as an example for co- season. evolution and mutualism. Bees pollinate flowers, which mean they transfer the pollen Materials and Methods from the flower of one plant to the flower of another plant. When pollen from one flower Abundance of insect pollinators of is carried to the stigma of another, this is different cross- pollinated crops called cross-pollination. Abundance of different insect pollinators on Pollination efficiency of different insect Cucumis sativus crop was studied during pollinators has been evaluated on the basis of their peak blooming periods. The total number of characteristics. However, it is numbers of different insect pollinators were recognized that there are inherent differences recorded randomly selected per meter row in the ability of various species to effect length for five minutes of crop at different pollination inspite of their abundance. time intervals such as 0600-0800h, 0800- Therefore, efficiency of an insect species as 1000h, 1000-1200h and1600-1800h for 7 pollinator has also been attributed to its days, using a stop watch. These observations foraging behaviour and the amount of loose were started when 50 percent of the plants pollen grains adhered to its body (Bohart and came in to bloom. Nye, 1960; Free, 1993). The behaviour of pollinator is very important aspect in bid to Estimation of pollen grains promote the pollination and pollinators. The behaviour of pollinators, their relative The loose pollen grains sticking to the body abundances and foraging speed is indeed of different bee species were estimated. The3 helpful for determining the extent of bees were captured on their peak activity contribution in ecosystem and agricultural during peak flowering. The bees were kept in production. 70 percent alcohol in glass vial after 2833 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) Special Issue-11: 2832-2839 amputating the hind pair of legs very gently. Pollen efficiency index The bees were shaken vigorously to wash out the pollen grains from their body. Total The data on comparative pollination volume of the rinsate was made to 5 ml efficiency of different bee species were before pollen count. assessed based on their relative abundance on Cucumis sativus and the amount of loose An aliquot, 0.01 ml (replicated 5 times) was pollen grains sticking their bodies at taken, and with the help of a haemocytometer Pantnagar during August to September. and binocular microscope (15×10 magnification), the number of pollen grains Statistical analysis were counted. The total number of pollen grains in the whole rinsate was calculated. In order to find out the abundance of insect pollinators on Cucumis sativus, the data was Neubauer Haemocytometer- Neubauer statistically analyzed in to two factorial haemocytometer was used to count the randomized block design. number of loose pollen grains sticking on bee body in aliquot following the method Results and Discussion suggested by Traynor (1981). Abundance of different bee species on Number of pollen grains Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) flowers at Pollen grain count ×dilution different hours of the day during August- = Number of squares (1mm2 ) counted September 2013 at (Vegetable Research Centre) Pantnagar Microscope The average abundance of different bee species on Cucumis sativus flowers at A microscope was used to magnify and count different hours of the day presented in table 1 the number of loose pollen grains on revealed that mean abundance of different neubauer haemocytometer. bee species over different day hours on Cucumis sativus flower ranged from 3.82 in Pollination efficiency Megachile hera to 6.25 in Xylocopa amethystine. Among 6 species of carpenter Pollination efficiency of different bee species bees the Xylocopa aestuans exhibited higher were assessed based on their relative abundance 8.14, 6.14, 6.00 and 4.42 abundance and foraging behaviour parameter bees/m2/5 minutes throughout different day such as foraging speed and the amount of hours at 0800-1000 h, 0600-0800 h, 1000- loose pollen grains sticking to their bodies. 1200 h and 1600-1800 h respectively with The pollination index was calculated by higher abundance at 0800-1000 h. Xylocopa number of loose pollen grains sticking on the verticalis was highest (6.42 bees/m2/5 body of the bee x abundance of different minutes) at 0800-1000 h, (5.28 bees/m2/5 insect pollinators on flowers of different minutes) at 0600-0800, (5.14 bees/m2/5 crops. minutes) at 1000-1200 h. The lowest abundance (4.14 bees/m2/5 minutes) was Based on pollination index (number of loose observed at 1600-1800 h. The abundance of pollen grains sticking to their body x Xylocopa iridipennis observed maximum abundance), the pollination efficiency (7.00 bees/m2/5 minutes) at 0800-1000 h, calculated. 2834 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) Special Issue-11: 2832-2839 followed by 6.85 bees/m2/5 minutes at 0800- Apis cerana maximum abundance (5.14 1000h, 5.71 bees/m2/5 minutes at 1000-1200 bees/m2/5 minutes) was recorded at 0800- h and 5.14 bees/m2/5 minutes at 1600-1800 h. 1000 h, followed by 4.71 bees/m2/5 minutes In case of Xylocopa amethystine the at 0600-0800 h, 4.57 bees/ m2/5 minutes at maximum abundance (7.28 bees/m2/5 1200-1600 h and lowest abundance (4.42 minutes was observed at 0800-1000 h bees/ m2/5 minutes recorded at 1600-1800 h. followed by 6.57 bees/m2/5 minutes at 0600- Apis florea exhibited maximum abundance 0800 h, 6.14 bees/m2/5 minutes and lowest 4.71, 4.14, 3.57 and 3.42 bees/ m2/5 minutes (5.00 bees/m2/5 minutes) at 1600-1800 h. X. at 0800-1000 h, 0600-0800 h, 1000-1200 h latipes exhibited higher abundance 7.85, and 1600-1800 h respectively. Nomia 6.71, 5.42 and 4.42 bees/m2/5 minutes melanderi was observed maximum throughout different day hours at 0800-1000 abundance (5.85 bees/ m2/5 minutes) h, 0600-0800 h, 1000-1200 h and 1600-1800 followed by 5.57 bees/ m2/5 minutes), 4.85 h respectively with higher abundance at bees/ m2/5 minutes at 1200-1600 and lowest 0800-1000 h.
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