Visões De Império Nas Vésperas Do “Ultimato”: Um Estudo De Caso Sobre O Imperialismo Português (1889)

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Visões De Império Nas Vésperas Do “Ultimato”: Um Estudo De Caso Sobre O Imperialismo Português (1889) UNIVERSIDADE DO PORTO CENTRO DE ESTUDOS AFRICANOS VISÕES DE IMPÉRIO NAS VÉSPERAS DO “ULTIMATO”: UM ESTUDO DE CASO SOBRE O IMPERIALISMO PORTUGUÊS (1889) Luís Filipe Moreira Alves do Carmo Reis Dissertação de Mestrado em Estudos Africanos Orientador: Professor Doutor Maciel Morais Santos PORTO 2006 2 Agradecimentos Gostaríamos, em primeiro lugar, de agradecer ao nosso orientador, Professor Doutor Maciel Santos, que, com as suas úteis observações e sugestões de pesquisa, em muito contribuiu para a elaboração deste trabalho. Merece também uma menção especial a Professora Doutora Elvira Mea, quer por nos ter iniciado no estudo da História de África, quer por nos ter despertado para a importância de não adoptarmos uma perspectiva eurocêntrica quando abordamos o continente africano, do ponto de vista historiográfico. Foi graças ao apoio e receptividade, obtidos junto destes docentes, que pudemos enveredar por um tema que havia muito desejávamos abordar. Igualmente não podemos deixar de referir os esclarecimentos prestados pelo Dr. José Soares Martins (José Capela), no âmbito da história de Moçambique. Mencionaremos ainda, com sentido agradecimento, o Professor Doutor António Custódio Gonçalves e o Professor Doutor José Carlos Venâncio, por nos terem iniciado nas complexidades da antropologia africana; o Professor Doutor Adelino Torres, pelos esclarecimentos em matéria de epistemologia e metodologia; o Professor Doutor Mário Vilela, que nos fez mergulhar num mundo novo, o da linguística africana; e o Professor Doutor Carlos Pimenta, o qual, pela primeira vez, nos fez compreender tudo o que se esconde por detrás da problemática do “desenvolvimento” económico. A eles, e a todos os restantes docentes do curso de Mestrado em Estudos Africanos, devemos, em grande parte, o termos ficado habilitados com as ferramentas mentais necessárias à realização da tarefa que nos impusemos. 3 Introdução Quem acredita em absurdos, acaba por cometer atrocidades. Adaptação de um dito atribuído a Voltaire. O presente estudo visa sujeitar uma velha problemática (a questão do chamado “ultimato” britânico a Portugal) a um enfoque relativamente pouco sublinhado: o acontecimento precipitante da mesma, a invasão portuguesa da Macolololândia, em finais de 1889. Trata-se, de facto, de uma das “pequena guerras” coloniais do século XIX, as quais, muitas vezes, constituem, no tratamento historiográfico, algo próximo àquilo que se convencionou chamar de “os silêncios da história”. Formulação da Tese Em Portugal, entre os leigos em matéria histórica, é corrente considerar o imperialismo português do século XIX, em África, como meramente defensivo, como uma resposta a agressões internas dos autóctones (vistos como “rebeldes”) e ambições externas de outras potências europeias, ávidas de obterem territórios que, por direito histórico, pertenciam legitimamente aos Portugueses. Argumenta-se ainda que, de todos os impérios coloniais europeus no continente africano, o português era o menos racista, devido aos alegados “brandos costumes” e à prática da mestiçagem. O presente trabalho pretende abalar decisivamente ambos esses pontos de vista, e mostrar, a partir de um estudo de caso (a invasão portuguesa da Macololândia, em 1889, evento esse que suscitou o “ultimato” inglês de 1890), que Portugal se revelava tão agressivo e racista como qualquer outra potência europeia envolvida no “novo imperialismo” de finais do século XIX, traduzido na “corrida a África”.1 De facto, os imperialistas portugueses em 1 Embora, tal como outras potências europeias, os Portugueses também empreendessem operações militares de “pacificação” noutras áreas do globo, nomeadamente em Timor. Veja-se, a título de exemplo, THOMAZ, Luís Filipe F. R. – De Ceuta a Timor. 2.ª ed. Algés: DIFEL, 1998, p. 670-671. Não existe consenso entre os historiadores acerca da periodização exacta da corrida a África, mas podemos, com Pieterse, situar o 4 nada se distinguiam dos seus congéneres europeus, quer em motivações quer em “instrumentos de império” (isto é, no tipo de tecnologia utilizada pelos expedicionários), como demonstraremos no decurso do nosso estudo de caso. Se o “nível de desenvolvimento” da economia portuguesa (isto é, o “atraso” económico em relação à Europa) implicava ou não uma diferença de mentalidade relativamente aos empreendimentos imperialistas, eis o que será, também, objecto da nossa investigação. Estrutura do Trabalho Num capítulo inicial, traçaremos os antecedentes, próximos e remotos, do conflito luso-macololo de 1889-1890, e abordaremos ainda que de forma breve, a história dos Kololo, entre 1822 e 1890. Debruçar-nos-emos, de seguida, no contexto mental do imperialismo (capítulo II), para, depois, aplicarmos os conceitos delineados ao caso prático que servirá de objecto ao nosso estudo (capítulo II). Não deve, assim, surpreender que a estrutura do terceiro capítulo mimetize em tudo a do segundo, pois a mentalidade vigente na Europa, relativamente ao continente africano como um “coração das trevas” (Joseph Conrad), traduziu-se numa actuação dos europeus, em África, consentânea com quem projecta nos “outros” os seus próprios defeitos, para tentar corrigir, nestes últimos, deficiências imaginárias. De facto, no capítulo II, mostraremos, a partir de uma coincidência significativa (a publicação, em fascículos, da tradução portuguesa da novela As Minas de Salomão, de Rider Haggard, nas páginas da Revista de Portugal, dirigida por Eça de Queiroz, na mesma época em que decorria a questão africana entre Portugal e a Inglaterra, suscitadora do “ultimato” – 1889-1890), o quanto os preconceitos europeus influenciavam a forma como a Europa se relacionava com África. Tratar-se-á, portanto, de uma incursão no imaginário, a que não faltarão também referências a escritores como Joseph Conrad e Júlio Verne. O capítulo III evidenciará como a realidade imita a ficção, quando o preconceito se ergue e, como diria o autor da frase em epígrafe, nos faz cometer atrocidades em nome de absurdos. Poderemos então verificar o quanto o imperialismo português se assemelha às restantes variantes do “novo imperialismo” europeu, com os mesmos factores económicos, respectivo início nas décadas de 1870 e 1880: PIETERSE, Jan Nederveen – White on black. New Haven [etc.]: Yale University Press, 1992, p. 76. 5 humanitário-ideológicos, políticos, sócio-psicológicos e tecnológicos, e o mesmo esforço para falsificar a história, uma vez decorrida a “pequena guerra” colonial em questão. Metodologia e Fontes Neste estudo, adoptaremos sensivelmente a mesma metodologia utilizada por Jan Nederveen Pieterse (Wit over Zwart, 1990) e Sven Lindqvist (Exterminem todas as Bestas, 1992): a consulta da imprensa periódica e de livros coevos, para assim tentar captar a essência da mentalidade da época, o chamado “imperialismo popular” europeu, no momento da sua concepção e incubação (finais de 1889). Isto para verificar até que ponto o imaginário europeu, relativo a África, se encontrava impregnado de preconceitos favoráveis ao imperialismo. Pois a nossa pesquisa não se debruçará sobre os pontos de vista político, jurídico, diplomático ou administrativo (embora tenhamos consultado também o Boletim Official de Moçambique e os Livros Brancos dos Negócios Externos portugueses), nem sequer sobre os pormenores da história militar, que só serão abordados à guisa de contraste, relativamente à imagem que passava, na altura, para a imprensa metropolitana. Os periódicos de Portugal constituíram, com efeito, o objecto da nossa análise, complementada, no entanto, sempre que necessário, por referências de livros da época ou posteriores. Estes últimos foram consultados quer em colecções particulares quer no espólio da Biblioteca Pública Municipal do Porto (pessoalmente), Biblioteca Nacional de França (através da Internet) e British Library (via correio). Quanto aos periódicos, recorremos essencialmente ao fundo da BPMP, à excepção do Diário do Governo, consultado na Biblioteca Municipal José Régio, em Vila do Conde. Cumpre aqui esclarecer que, embora tenhamos recorrido a um espólio de jornais muito limitado (os periódicos portugueses metropolitanos de 1889, disponíveis para consulta na BPMP), essa lacuna foi, de certo modo, compensada pelo acesso pleno à colecção de um deles, a Actualidade, diário portuense dirigido por Anselmo Evaristo de Morais Sarmento (1847-1900). Este último periódico, com efeito, além de uma atenção particular às questões africanas, caracterizava-se por abundantes transcrições de notícias e artigos de opinião provenientes da restante imprensa metropolitana, bem como de periódicos coloniais e estrangeiros. Para o assunto em análise, constitui, assim, um manancial não menosprezável. 6 Por essa época, existia em Portugal, a par da imprensa de opinião, panfletária, um número cada vez maior de jornais populares, preponderantemente noticiosos (e pretensamente “objectivos”), assistidos por uma rede de repórteres e correspondentes de província, bem como pelas informações telegráficas das grandes agências noticiosas estrangeiras, como a francesa Havas ou a britânica Reuter. O objectivo era atrair um leque tão vasto quanto possível de leitores, e isto não só no plano horizontal (com aumento da circulação dos periódicos) mas também verticalmente: doravante, os jornais não ficavam apenas reservados às classes mais abastadas (os quais constituíam ainda, apesar de tudo, o grosso dos assinantes), antes se dirigiam a todos os que soubessem ler, cujo número ia crescendo gradualmente.2 A pesquisa que efectuamos na Biblioteca Pública Municipal do Porto,
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