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Versão Do Texto Completo Em Pdf VISÕES DE IMPÉRIO NAS VÉSPERAS DO “ULTIMATO” UM ESTUDO DE CASO SOBRE O IMPERIALISMO PORTUGUÊS (1889) VISÕES DE IMPÉRIO NAS VÉSPERAS DO “ULTIMATO” UM ESTUDO DE CASO SOBRE O IMPERIALISMO PORTUGUÊS (1889) Luís Filipe Carmo Reis VISÕES DE IMPÉRIO NAS VÉSPERAS DO “ULTIMATO” UM ESTUDO DE CASO SOBRE O IMPERIALISMO PORTUGUÊS (1889) Autor: Luís Filipe Carmo Reis Editor: Centro de Estudos Africanos da Universidade do Porto Colecção: e-books Edição: 1.ª (Maio/2008) ISBN: 978-989-8156-05-1 Localização: http://www.africanos.eu Centro de Estudos Africanos da Universidade do Porto. http://www.africanos.eu Preço: gratuito na edição electrónica, acesso por download. Solicitação ao leitor: Transmita-nos ([email protected]) a sua opinião sobre este trabalho. Imagem da capa: Macololos sob fogo das armas de uma expedição europeia, protegida por fortificações (1855). Cena fictícia, ilustrada por J. Ferat e gravada por Pannemaker, para o frontispício da edição original das Aventuras de Três Russos e Três Ingleses, de Júlio Verne (Aventures de trois Russes et de trois Anglais dans l’Afrique australe, Paris, Jules Hetzel & Cie., 1872). ©: É permitida a cópia de partes deste documento, sem qualquer modificação, para utilização individual. A reprodução de partes do seu conteúdo é permitida exclusivamente em documentos científicos, com in- dicação expressa da fonte. Não é permitida qualquer utilização comercial. Não é permitida a sua disponibilização através de rede electrónica ou qualquer forma de partilha electrónica. Em caso de dúvida ou pedido de autorização, contactar directamente o CEAUP ([email protected]). ÍNDICE AGRADECIMENTOS 9 INTRODUÇÃO 11 Formulação da Tese 11 Estrutura do Trabalho 12 Metodologia e Fontes 13 1.0 BREVE HISTÓRIA DOS MACOLOLOS (1822-1890) 18 1.1. A Origem dos Macololos 18 1.1.1. O Mfecane 18 1.1.2. Êxodos nguni 21 1.1.3. A origem dos Matabeles 21 1.1.4. Os Macololos no Baroce 22 1.2. Livingstone 24 1.3. A Nova Macolololândia 29 2.0 VISÕES DE IMPÉRIO 42 2.1. Uma Expedição em África 42 2.2. Lobengula 45 2.3. As Minas de Salomão 47 2.4. O Coração das Trevas 50 2.5. “Survival of the Fittest” 55 2.6. Tentativas de Explicação do Imperialismo 61 2.6.1. Explicação económica 61 2.6.2. Explicação humanitário-ideológica 65 2.6.3. Explicação política 71 2.6.4. Explicação sócio-psicológica 75 2.6.5. Explicação tecnológica 82 2.7. A Falsificação da História 82 3.0 A GUERRA LUSO-MACOLOLA (1889-1890) 86 3.1. Uma Expedição em África 86 3.2. Lobengula 90 3.3. As Minas de Salomão 93 3.4. O Coração das Trevas 98 3.5. “Survival of the Fittest” 105 3.6. Tentativas de Explicação do Imperialismo 115 3.6.1. Explicação económica 115 3.6.2. Explicação humanitário-ideológica 124 3.6.3. Explicação política 141 3.6.4. Explicação sócio-psicológica 152 3.6.5. Explicação tecnológica 163 3.7. A Falsificação da História 165 ConCLUSÃO 169 ANEXOS Anexo 1 – Uma notícia do “Economista” 174 Anexo 2 – A nota de Barros Gomes 176 Anexo 3 – O editorial da “Actualidade” 187 Anexo 4 – Uma notícia de Angola 190 Anexo 5 – Um telegrama para o “Times” 191 Anexo 6 – O artigo do “Pall Mall Gazette” 192 Anexo 7 – Um poema patriótico 196 Anexo 8 – No teatro de guerra 199 Anexo 9 – O testemunho de Trivier 201 ICONOGRAFIA 204 Fontes E BIBLIOGRAFIA 210 ÍNDICE DAS FIGURAS 223 Visões de império nas vésperas do “ultimato” AGRADECIMENTOS Gostaríamos, em primeiro lugar, de agradecer ao nosso orientador, Professor Doutor Maciel Santos, que, com as suas úteis observações e su- gestões de pesquisa, em muito contribuiu para a elaboração deste traba- lho. Merece também uma menção especial a Professora Doutora Elvira Mea, quer por nos ter iniciado no estudo da História de África, quer por nos ter despertado para a importância de não adoptarmos uma perspec- tiva eurocêntrica quando abordamos o continente africano, do ponto de vista historiográfico. Foi graças ao apoio e receptividade, obtidos junto destes docentes, que pudemos enveredar por um tema que havia muito desejávamos abordar. Igualmente não podemos deixar de referir os esclarecimentos pres- tados pelo Dr. José Soares Martins (José Capela), no âmbito da história de Moçambique. Mencionaremos ainda, com sentido agradecimento, o Professor Doutor António Custódio Gonçalves e o Professor Doutor José Carlos Venâncio, por nos terem iniciado nas complexidades da antropo- logia africana; o Professor Doutor Adelino Torres, pelos esclarecimentos em matéria de epistemologia e metodologia; o Professor Doutor Mário Vilela, que nos fez mergulhar num mundo novo, o da linguística africa- na; e o Professor Doutor Carlos Pimenta, o qual, pela primeira vez, nos fez compreender tudo o que se esconde por detrás da problemática do 9 “desenvolvimento” económico. A eles, e a todos os restantes docentes do curso de Mestrado em Estudos Africanos, devemos, em grande parte, o termos ficado habilitados com as ferramentas mentais necessárias à realização da tarefa que nos impusemos. 2008 E-BOOK CEAUP Visões de império nas vésperas do “ultimato” INTRODUÇÃO Quem acredita em absurdos, acaba por cometer atrocidades. Adaptação de um dito atribuído a Voltaire. O presente estudo visa sujeitar uma velha problemática (a questão do chamado “ultimato” britânico a Portugal) a um enfoque relativamen- te pouco sublinhado: o acontecimento precipitante da mesma, a invasão portuguesa da Macolololândia, em finais de 1889. Trata-se, de facto, de uma das “pequena guerras” coloniais do século XIX, as quais, muitas vezes, constituem, no tratamento historiográfico, algo próximo àquilo que se convencionou chamar de “os silêncios da história”. FORMULAÇÃO DA TESE Em Portugal, entre os leigos em matéria histórica, é corrente conside- rar o imperialismo português do século XIX, em África, como meramente defensivo, como uma resposta a agressões internas dos autóctones (vis- tos como “rebeldes”) e ambições externas de outras potências europeias, ávidas de obterem territórios que, por direito histórico, pertenciam 11 legitimamente aos Portugueses. Argumenta-se ainda que, de todos os impérios coloniais europeus no continente africano, o português era o menos racista, devido aos alegados “brandos costumes” e à prática da mestiçagem. O presente trabalho pretende abalar decisivamente ambos esses pontos de vista, e mostrar, a partir de um estudo de caso (a invasão por- tuguesa da Macolololândia, em 1889, evento esse que suscitou o “ultima- 2008 E-BOOK CEAUP Luís Filipe Carmo Reis to” inglês de 1890), que Portugal se revelava tão agressivo e racista como qualquer outra potência europeia envolvida no “novo imperialismo” de finais do século XIX, traduzido na “corrida a África”.(1) De facto, os impe- rialistas portugueses em nada se distinguiam dos seus congéneres euro- peus, quer em motivações quer em “instrumentos de império” (isto é, no tipo de tecnologia utilizada pelos expedicionários), como demonstrare- mos no decurso do nosso estudo de caso. Se o “nível de desenvolvimen- to” da economia portuguesa (isto é, o “atraso” económico em relação à Europa) implicava ou não uma diferença de mentalidade relativamente aos empreendimentos imperialistas, eis o que será, também, objecto da nossa investigação. ESTRUTURA DO TRABALHO Num capítulo inicial, traçaremos os antecedentes, próximos e remo- tos, do conflito luso-macololo de 1889-1890, e abordaremos ainda que de forma breve, a história dos Kololo, entre 1822 e 1890. Debruçar-nos- emos, de seguida, no contexto mental do imperialismo (capítulo II), para, depois, aplicarmos os conceitos delineados ao caso prático que ser- virá de objecto ao nosso estudo (capítulo II). Não deve, assim, surpreen- der que a estrutura do terceiro capítulo mimetize em tudo a do segundo, pois a mentalidade vigente na Europa, relativamente ao continente afri- cano como um “coração das trevas” (Joseph Conrad), traduziu-se numa actuação dos europeus, em África, consentânea com quem projecta nos “outros” os seus próprios defeitos, para tentar corrigir, nestes últimos, deficiências imaginárias. 12 De facto, no capítulo II, mostraremos, a partir de uma coincidência significativa (a publicação, em fascículos, da tradução portuguesa da no- vela As Minas de Salomão, de Rider Haggard, nas páginas da Revista de 1 Embora, tal como outras potências europeias, os Portugueses também empreendessem operações militares de “pacificação” noutras áreas do globo, nomeadamente em Timor. Veja-se, a título de exemplo, THOMAZ, Luís Filipe F. R. – De Ceuta a Timor. 2.ª ed. Algés: DIFEL, 1998, p. 670-671. Não existe consenso entre os historiadores acerca da periodização exacta da corrida a África, mas podemos, com Pieterse, situar o respectivo início nas décadas de 1870 e 1880: PIETERSE, Jan Nederveen – White on black. New Haven [etc.]: Yale University Press, 1992, p. 76. E-BOOK CEAUP 2008 Visões de império nas vésperas do “ultimato” Portugal, dirigida por Eça de Queiroz, na mesma época em que decorria a questão africana entre Portugal e a Inglaterra, suscitadora do “ultima- to” – 1889-1890), o quanto os preconceitos europeus influenciavam a forma como a Europa se relacionava com África. Tratar-se-á, portanto, de uma incursão no imaginário, a que não faltarão também referências a escritores como Joseph Conrad e Júlio Verne. O capítulo III evidenciará como a realidade imita a ficção, quando o preconceito se ergue e, como diria o autor da frase em epígrafe, nos faz cometer atrocidades em nome de absurdos. Poderemos então verificar o quanto o imperialismo português se assemelha às restantes variantes do “novo imperialismo” europeu, com os mesmos factores económicos, humanitário-ideológicos, políticos, sócio-psicológicos e tecnológicos, e o mesmo esforço para falsificar a história, uma vez decorrida a “pequena guerra” colonial em questão. METODOLOGIA E FONTES Neste estudo, adoptaremos sensivelmente a mesma metodologia utilizada por Jan Nederveen Pieterse (Wit over Zwart, 1990) e Sven Lind- qvist (Exterminem todas as Bestas, 1992): a consulta da imprensa periódi- ca e de livros coevos, para assim tentar captar a essência da mentalidade da época, o chamado “imperialismo popular” europeu, no momento da sua concepção e incubação (finais de 1889).
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