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Bos Taurus 1 Bos Taurus Bos taurus 1 Bos taurus Zébu, Vache, Bœuf, Taureau, Génisse/Taure, Taurillon, Vachette, Veau Pour les articles homonymes, voir bœuf. Bos taurus Vache brune suisse ou Brune des Alpes (Bos taurus) Classification selon MSW Règne Animalia Embranchement Chordata Classe Mammalia Ordre Artiodactyla Famille Bovidae Sous-famille Bovinae Genre Bos Nom binominal Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 Synonymes Bos taurus 2 • Bos primigenius Bojanus, 1827 • Bos primigenius taurus • Bos primigenius f. taurus Bos taurus est le nom scientifique donné à l'ensemble des bovins domestiques de l'Ancien Monde issus de l'aurochs sauvage. Il s'agit d'une espèce de mammifères ruminants de grande taille (120 à 150 cm pour 600 à 800 kg). Deux sous-espèces principales sont distinguées : la Vache domestique d'Europe (Bos taurus taurus, syn. Bos primigenius taurus) et le Zébu (Bos taurus indicus, syn. Bos primigenius f. taurus), auxquelles certains auteurs ajoutent Bos taurus primigenius, l'Aurochs éteint au XVIIe siècle sous sa forme sauvage, mais dont les éleveurs tentent de reconstituer une race très proche. Bos taurus a été domestiqué il y a 10 000 ans au Moyen-Orient, puis son élevage s'est progressivement développé sur l'ensemble de la planète. Ses premières fonctions furent la production de viande de bœuf et de lait et le travail. Les bovins servent également à la production de cuir, de cornes pour les couteaux, ou de bouses pour le chauffage et la fertilisation des sols. Les bovins ont toujours passionné l'homme, pour lequel le taureau est un symbole de force et de fertilité. C'est pourquoi ces animaux sont présents dans diverses religions. Ils font partie intégrante de la culture occidentale, et ils sont retrouvés en tant que thème d'inspiration des peintres et des sculpteurs ou comme personnage de bandes dessinées, de films ou de publicités. Noms désignant les représentants de l'espèce Cette section ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources (décembre 2012). Pour l'améliorer, ajouter en note des références vérifiables ou les modèles {{Référence nécessaire}} ou {{Référence souhaitée}} sur les passages nécessitant une source. L'espèce n'a pas de nom vernaculaire général[réf. nécessaire] mais différents termes sont utilisés pour distinguer ses représentants suivant leur sexe, leur âge ou leur origine. Caractéristique Dénomination adulte femelle reproductrice vache adulte mâle reproducteur taureau mâle castré bœuf jeune (terme générique) veau jeune femelle génisse ou taure au Québec jeune mâle taurillon lignée avec bosse zébu Il existe d'autres noms désignant des groupes particuliers comme le broutard, le culard, la vachette, taure, etc. Dans le contexte de l'élevage, le terme « bovin » est souvent utilisé pour désigner l'espèce, bien que ce terme puisse également désigner d'une manière plus large l'ensemble de la sous-famille Bovinae, qui comprend d'autres espèces comme le yack, le buffle ou le gayal. Bos taurus 3 Description Anatomie Bos taurus est un grand animal robuste, qui pèse en moyenne 750 kg, avec de larges variations (entre 150 et 1 350 kg), pour une taille au garrot variant entre 120 et 150 cm suivant la race et l'individu. Sa dentition est adaptée à la nourriture fourragère. Elle est composée de 32 dents chez l'adulte : huit incisives inférieures, quatre prémolaires et trois molaires par demi-mâchoire. Les incisives sont coupantes et orientées vers l'avant. Elles permettent de couper l'herbe. Les bovins n'ont pas d'incisives supérieures. Celles-ci sont remplacées par un bourrelet gingival. Le mâchoire est adaptée au mouvement circulaire qui permet à l'animal de brouter l'herbe. Leurs molaires leur permettent Crane de l'espèce de broyer les végétaux afin qu'ils soient suffisamment fins pour être digérés convenablement. Leur langue protractile est recouverte de papilles cornées qui la rendent rêche au contact. Le mufle est large et épais. Le front est assez vaste, plat, et porte des poils crépus et épais à son sommet : le chignon. Entre la ligne des yeux et le mufle, le front se prolonge par le chanfrein. L'animal possède deux cornes creuses, dont la taille varie suivant les animaux, de chaque côté de son crâne. Les cornes sont généralement orientées vers le haut, ou latéralement, et leur forme rappelle les branches d'une lyre. Les oreilles sont basses et en forme de cornets, pendantes chez les zébus. Elles sont couvertes de poils fins à l'extérieur et de poils longs à l'intérieur des pavillons. Les yeux sont légèrement globuleux. Schéma descriptif de la tête d'une vache : 1. Salière 2. Oreille 3. Tempe 4. Corne 5. Chignon 6. Front 7. Œil 8. Chanfrein 9. Naseau 10. Mufle 11. Barbe 12. Auge 13. Gorge Bos taurus a une encolure courte et large, et un fanon qui pend au-dessous de la poitrine. Sa queue est longue et touffue à son extrémité appelée toupillon. Elle s'attache très haut, dans un renfoncement situé entre les os du bassin. Le dos est légèrement creux. Les zébus possèdent une bosse juste après l'encolure. Le bassin est saillant et les hanches larges et plates. Les femelles possèdent un pis attaché sous le ventre à l'arrière de l'animal et maintenu par des ligaments de suspension. Il comporte quatre mamelles qui se terminent par un trayon long de 5 à 10 cm pour 2 à 3 cm de diamètre. Son corps est recouvert de poils courts dont la gamme de couleur s'étale du blanc au noir en passant par diverses teintes de rouge et de marron. Les motifs de la robe sont également variés, pouvant être unie, pie, bringée. Comme les autres ongulés, il marche sur les doigts, au nombre de deux. Ceux-ci sont recouverts d'une enveloppe cornée qui Bos taurus 4 forme un sabot. La température moyenne (anale) est de 39 °C, variant entre 38,5 °C et 39,2 °C. Schéma descriptif d'une vache adulte : 1. Tête 2. Gorge 3. Encolure 4. Garrot 5. Épaule 6. Bras 7. Avant-bras 8. Genou 9. Canon 10. Sabot 11. Paturon 12. Boulet 13. Passage des sangles 14. Côtes 15. Dos 16. Rein 17. Flanc 18. Ventre 19. Grasset 20. Mamelle 21. Cuisse 22. Jambe 23. Jarret 24. Fesse 25. Bassin 26. Sacrum 27. Attache de la queue 28. Queue Appareil reproducteur Mâle Les testicules du jeune sont d'abord localisées en position abdominale avant de migrer vers le sac scrotal. Ils pèsent généralement 800 g à eux deux. Ils sont recouverts d'une membrane fibreuse non élastique, l'albuginée, reliée au muscle cremaster qui peut faire varier leur hauteur. Au testicule est accolé l'épididyme, constitué des canaux afférents. Sa tête est très appliquée au testicule et communique avec celui-ci par plusieurs conduits, et sa queue, plus fine, débouche sur le canal déférent. C'est dans l'épididyme que les spermatozoïdes finissent leur maturation. Le canal déférent se connecte à l'urètre au même endroit que les vésicules séminales. Ces dernières sont des glandes lobulées qui mesurent entre 8 et 15 cm de long, pour 3 à 5 cm de largeur et 1 à 2 cm d'épaisseur. Elles forment avec la prostate et les glandes de Cowper les glandes annexes, qui sécrètent divers composants du sperme. La prostate du taureau est de petite taille et dispersée autour de l'urètre. Les glandes de Cowper, de la taille d'une châtaigne, sont localisées dans la portion postérieure de l'urètre. Le pénis mesure entre 80 et 110 cm. Il est composé de tissus faiblement érectiles, mais cela est compensé par son inflexion en forme de S, appelée S pénien ou inflexion sigmoïde, qui est capable de se déplier et permettre l'allongement de l'organe en dehors du fourreau au moment de l'accouplement. Le fourreau, d'une longueur de 35 à 40 cm pour un diamètre de 3 cm, se situe quelques centimètres en arrière de l'ombilic. Bos taurus 5 1. Rectum 2. Prostate 3. Glandes de Cowper 4. Muscle ischio-caverneux 5. Muscle bulbo-caverneux 6. Cremaster 7. Épididyme 8. Testicule 9. Vésicule séminale 10. Canal déférent 11. Vessie 12. Panse 13. Flexure sigmoïde 14. Pénis 15. Gland 16. Bourse Femelle Les ovaires de la vache sont localisés à mi-hauteur du corps de l'ilium, à 40 cm de la vulve. Ils sont de petite taille (10 à 20 g) et en forme d'amande. Les ovaires sont contenus dans des bourses ovariques qui s'ouvrent sur les oviductes. C'est dans l'oviducte que se déroule la fécondation et les premiers stades de développement de l'embryon. L'oviducte est composé d'un infundibulum ouvert sur la bourse ovarique, d'une ampoule et d'un isthme rétréci qui débouche dans la corne utérine. L'utérus, organe de la gestation, est séparé en deux cornes utérines de 35 à 40 cm légèrement circonvolutionnées. Le col de l'utérus mesure une dizaine de centimètres. Ses plis en collerette lui donnent la forme d'une fleur épanouie lorsqu'elle est observée de face. Le vagin est relativement long : 30 cm de long pour 5 à 6 cm de diamètre. Il s'arrête au niveau du méat urinaire et des vestiges de l'hymen. La vulve mesure seulement 10 cm. Elle débouche sur les deux lèvres et le clitoris. Bos taurus 6 1. Rectum 2. Vulve 3. Clitoris 4. Vagin 5. Os 6. Glande mammaire 7. Trayon 8. Col de l'utérus 9. Vessie 10. Pavillon 11. Ovaire 12. Corne utérine 13. Oviducte 14. Pis Appareil digestif Les bovins passent environ huit heures par jour à l'ingestion de leur alimentation. Ils attrapent leurs aliments avec leur langue agile et rêche, et leurs incisives leur permettent de couper l'herbe contre leur bourrelet gingival.
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