Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae) on Lima Bean (Phaseolus Lunatus; Fabaceae) from Costa Rica
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PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 109(2), 2007, pp. 265–276 A NEW GALL-INDUCING TORTRICID (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE: OLETHREUTINAE) ON LIMA BEAN (PHASEOLUS LUNATUS; FABACEAE) FROM COSTA RICA JOHN W. BROWN AND KENJI NISHIDA (JWB) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, c/o National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 168, Washington, DC 20013-7012, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected]); (KN) Sistema Estudios de Posgrado en Biologı´a, Escuela de Biologı´a, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San Jose´, Costa Rica (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract.—Lusterala phaseolana, new genus and new species, is described and illustrated from Costa Rica. The new genus can be distinguished from all other Olethreutinae by its unusual male genitalia, with a digitate uncus covered with long hairs and the absence of socii, and its distinctive forewing maculation (i.e., dark brown with scattered iridescent scales). Assignment of the new genus to Grapholitini is provisional based on the general appearance and chaetotaxy of the larva and a feature of the wing venation (i.e., M2 and M3 parallel and widely separated at the base). The entire type series was reared from stem galls on lima bean, Phaseolus lunatus L. (Fabaceae). Resumen.—Se describen e ilustran un ge´nero y especie nuevos, Lusterala phaseolana, de Costa Rica. El nuevo ge´nero puede distinguirse de resto de Olethreutinae por el patro´n de las alas anteriores, con escamas iridiscentes dispersas, y por la inusual genitalia del macho, sin socii y con un uncus grande, en formade lo´bulo y cubierto de pelos largos. La posicio´n de este nuevo ge´nero en Grapholitini es provisional. Todos los especı´menes de serie tipo fueron obtenidos a partir de agallas del tallo del frijol lima, Phaseolus lunatus L. (Fabaceae). Key Words: gall, life history, neotropics, new genus, new species, taxonomy, Cydia torostoma, Dolichogenidea Gall-inducing in Lepidoptera was re- inson et al. 2006), gall-inducing by viewed by Miller (2005) who recognized larvae of this family appears to be 39 species of Tortricidae in 14 genera a relatively rare habit that has evolved worldwide as gall-inducers, which is independently numerous times in various second only to Gelechiidae in the num- lineages. Known gall-inducers are found ber of gall-inducing species in any family primarily in three tribes, Cochylini (4 of microlepidoptera. Given that more genera) (Nishida and Adamski 2004, than 9,100 species of tortricids have been Miller 2005 and references therein), described (Brown et al. 2005), and hosts Grapholitini (3 genera) (Miller 2005), have been documented for many (Rob- and Eucosmini (6 genera) (Miller 2005); 266 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON single species are reported in Olethreutini Universidad de Costa Rica (1150 m), (Miller 2005), Enarmoniini (Miller 2005), San Jose´, where they were maintained Euliini (Brown and Nishida 2003), and at ambient indoor temperature (23 to Hilarographini (Brown et al. 2004). The 24uC). To examine their contents, galls purposes of this paper are to describe were split open longitudinally. A subset and illustrate a new genus and species of of larvae and pupae and reared parasit- Olethreutinae that induces galls on Pha- oid wasps were preserved in 75% EtOH. seolus lunatus L. (Fabaceae: Papilionoi- As adult moths emerged they were killed deae) in Costa Rica and to provide and pin-mounted. comments on its biology. The new taxon Dissection methodology follows that is placed provisionally in Grapholitini. presented in Brown and Powell (1991, Phaseolus lunatus, the larval host plant 2000). Digital images of the life history of the new tortricid, is known commonly were captured with a Nikon CoolpixE as lima bean, sieva bean, or butter bean camera. Images of adults and genitalia (Iziko Museums of Cape Town 2004). It were captured using a MicropticsE dig- is a vine that frequently grows in ital camera system and enhanced using disturbed habitats and urban areas, Adobe PhotoshopE and IllustratorE climbing over adjacent vegetation software. Terminology for genitalia (Fig. 8) and fences. The plant is common structures and wing venation follows in tropical climates with distinct wet and Horak (1984). Terminology for larval dry seasons (Sauer 1993). Although chaetotaxy follows R. Brown (1987). Central and South American in origin Paratypes are deposited in The Natural (Sauer 1993), it has been domesticated History Museum, London, United King- for more than 8,500 years, and it now dom (BMNH); Instituto Nactional de ranges in the New World from north- Biodiversidad, Santo Domingo de Her- western U.S. to Argentina; it also occurs edia, Costa Rica (INBio); National in Europe, central Africa, Madagascar, Museum of Natural History, Washing- and the Philippine Islands (Missouri ton, D.C., U.S.A. (USNM); and Escuela Botanical Garden 2005). In Costa Rica, de Biologı´a, Universidad de Costa Rica, P. lunatus is known on the Pacific slope San Jose´, Costa Rica (UCR). Vouchers from sea level to about 1800 m elevation of larvae are deposited in USNM. (INBio 1997, Missouri Botanical Garden 2005). The species has been targeted for SYSTEMATICS conservation of plant genetic resources Lusterala Brown and Nishida, new genus (Vargas et al. 2003). Type species: Lusterala phaseolana Brown MATERIALS AND METHODS and Nishida, new species. Galls induced by Lepidoptera larvae Diagnosis.—Lusterala can be distin- were collected from P. lunatus between guished morphologically from other gen- April 2000 and March 2002 in Quitirisı´, era of Olethreutinae by the somewhat Ciudad Colon (1050 m) and Aserrı´ digitate, weakly sclerotized uncus of the Centro (1300 m), both in San Jose´ male genitalia combined with the ab- Province, Costa Rica. The climate at sence of socii (Fig. 2), and superficially these two sites is considered ‘‘tropical by the slightly upraised iridescent scales humid’’ with three to six months of dry on an otherwise nearly uniform dark season annually (Herrera and Go´mez brown forewing (Figs. 1, 11). 1993). Galls were placed in transparent Lusterala is assigned to Olethreutinae plastic bags and taken to the entomo- on the basis of the antenna with one ring logical laboratory at Escuela de Biologı´a, of scales per flagellomere; the hindwing VOLUME 109, NUMBER 2 267 Figs. 1–2. Lusterala phaseolana. 1, Holotype male (left side and mirror image). 2, Male genitalia of paratype, aedeagus in situ (USNM slide 84,931). 268 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 3. Female genitalia of Lusterala phaseolana paratype (USNM slide 84,928). VOLUME 109, NUMBER 2 269 with cubital pecten; the male genitalia these characters, Lusterala is assigned with the transtilla and gnathos absent, provisionally to Grapholitini. the valva with a conspicuous basal Within Grapholitini, Lusterala is su- excavation, and the aedeagus fused with perficially most similar to Gymnandro- the anellus and juxta (Fig. 2); and the soma, Ecdytolopha, Thaumatotibia, and female genitalia with two large hornlike relatives, characterized by a dark brown signa (Fig. 3) (Horak 1998). Its tribal forewing with few distinct pattern ele- assignment is considerably more diffi- ments. In addition, virtually all members cult. The large, paired, hornlike signa of the Gymnandrosoma genus group are (Fig. 3) exclude it from Bactrini, En- internal feeders. Lusterala can be distin- dotheniini, and Gatesclarkeanini, and guished from that group of genera by combined with the general aspect of the a more rounded forewing apex and the male genitalia, from Olethreutini. Lus- absence of a white or pale dot near the terala also lacks a modified anal region end of the discal cell characteristic of in the hindwing and modified scales of that group; also, males lack secondary the basal portion of the patagia, which sexual scales typical of the group are characteristic of many male Ole- (Adamski and Brown 2001). The larvae threutini. The dark brown color of the of Lusterala lack the large, sclerotized forewing and the somewhat digitate un- pinacula, including the distinctive en- cus densely covered with hairs are highly larged L-pinaculum of the prothorax and reminiscent of those of Cryptaspasma the posteriorly displaced spiracle on A9 lugubris (Felder) and some other Micro- that are diagnostic for the Gymnandro- corsini (see Diakonoff 1959, Brown and soma group (Adamski and Brown 2001). Brown 2004), but Lusterala lacks virtu- According to Horak and Brown ally all of the characters that define that (1991), Grapholitini may represent tribe. While the number and arrange- a polyphyletic assemblage of genera in ment of the cornuti in the aedeagus are which features of the genitalia and wing similar to those of Ancylis (Enarmo- venation reflect parallel reductions rath- niini), other features typical of that tribe, er than synapomorphies. In contrast, e.g., falcate apex of forewing, valva Komai (1999) recognizes the shortened usually with large basal excavation, sternum 8 in the male with a straight a single or bifid thorn from the cucullus, posterior margin as a putative synapo- and a pair of large angulate signa (Horak morphy for the tribe. In Lusterala the 2006), are lacking in Lusterala. The form sternum is not particularly short, and the of the aedeagus and cornuti, the presence margin is slightly convex. of an uncus, the long ductus bursae, and Description.—Adult: Head: Frons the saberlike signa suggest an affinity weakly convex, with small appressed with Eucosmini; however, the venation scales; vertex with forward projecting of the hindwing clearly contradicts this scales, approaching but not reaching placement. Lusterala is superficially sim- base of labial palpus, each scale with ilar to some species of Grapholitini; the a scalloped tip. Antenna ca. 0.5 as long larvae are similar to many internal- as forewing length; setae less than 0.25 feeding Grapholitini (e.g., Cydia); the times width of flagellomere, much more overall aspect of the male and female dense in males than in females; one row genitalia are consistent with members of of scales per flagellomere.