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CJNH 2016(2) December (2016).Indd Postpartum phytomedicine and its future in maternal healthcare in Prey Lang, Cambodia Grape, Victoria H. ; Turreira Garcia, Nerea; Schmidt, Lars Holger; Phourin, Chhang; Srisanga, Prachaya Published in: Cambodian Journal of Natural History Publication date: 2016 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (APA): Grape, V. H., Turreira Garcia, N., Schmidt, L. H., Phourin, C., & Srisanga, P. (2016). Postpartum phytomedicine and its future in maternal healthcare in Prey Lang, Cambodia. Cambodian Journal of Natural History, 2016(2), 119–133. Download date: 26. Sep. 2021 Cambodian Journal of Natural History Biodiversity and health Postpartum phytomedicine Podocarps on Bokor Mountain Hairy-nosed otter status and ecology Reproductive thresholds of dipterocarps New orchids, reptiles and range extensions December 2016 Vol. 2016 No. 2 Cambodian Journal of Natural History ISSN 2226–969X Editors Email: [email protected] • Dr Neil M. Furey, Chief Editor, Fauna & Flora International, Cambodia. • Dr Jenny C. Daltry, Senior Conservation Biologist, Fauna & Flora International, UK. • Dr Nicholas J. Souter, Mekong Case Study Manager, Conservation International, Cambodia. • Dr Ith Saveng, Project Manager, University Capacity Building Project, Fauna & Flora International, Cambodia. International Editorial Board • Dr Stephen J. Browne, Fauna & Flora International, • Dr Sovanmoly Hul, Muséum National d’Histoire Singapore. Naturelle, Paris, France. • Dr Martin Fisher, Editor of Oryx – The International • Dr Andy L. Maxwell, World Wide Fund for Nature, Journal of Conservation, Cambridge, U.K. Cambodia. • Dr L. Lee Grismer, La Sierra University, California, • Dr Brad Pett itt , Murdoch University, Australia. USA. • Dr Campbell O. Webb, Harvard University Herbaria, • Dr Knud E. Heller, Nykøbing Falster Zoo, Denmark. USA. Other peer reviewers for this volume • Prof. Leonid Averyanov, Komarov Botanical Institute, • Dr Syed Ainul Hussain, Wildlife Institute of India. Russia. • Dr Mamoru Kanzaki, Kyoto University, Japan. • Dr Hugo de Boer, University of Oslo, Norway. • Neang Thy, Minstry of Environment, Cambodia. • Prof. Rafe Brown, University of Kansas, USA. • Prof. Brendan Buckley, Lamont-Doherty Earth • Dr Nguyen Quang Truong, Institute of Ecology and Observatory, USA. Biological Resources, Vietnam. • Dr Rainer Bussmann, Missouri Botanical Garden, USA. • Dr Shoko Sakai, Kyoto University, Japan. • Dr Nicole Duplaix, Oregon State University, USA. • Dr Bryan Stuart, North Carolina Museum of Natural • Dr Jackson Frechett e, Fauna & Flora International, Sciences, USA. Cambodia. • Dr Phillip Thomas, Royal Botanical Garden, Edinburgh, • Dr Peter Geissler, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde UK. Stutt gart, Germany. • Dr Timo Hartmann, Zoological Research Museum • Dr Santi Watt hana, Suranaree University of Technology, Alexander Koenig, Germany. Thailand. The Cambodian Journal of Natural History is an open access journal published by the Centre for Biodiversity Conserva- tion, Royal University of Phnom Penh. The Centre for Biodiversity Conservation is a non-profi t making unit dedicated to training Cambodian biologists and to the study and conservation of Cambodian biodiversity. Cover image: Chocolate chip seastars (Protoreaster nodosus) in a seagrass meadow near Koh Rong Island (© Paul Colley). The Royal Government of Cambodia declared the country’s fi rst large-scale marine protected area around the islands of Koh Rong and Koh Rong Sanloem in June 2016 (page 83). Editorial 77 Editorial — Links between biodiversity and health: consequences and opportunities for collaboration Mathieu PRUVOT1,* & Serge MORAND2,3,4 1 Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health and Health Policy program, PO Box 1620, No. 21, Street 21, Tonle Bassac, Phnom Penh, 12000, Cambodia. 2 Centre National de Recherche Scientifi que and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Animal et Gestion Intégrée des Risques, F-34398, Montpellier, France. 3 Centre d’Infectiologie Christophe Mérieux du Laos, Vientiane, Laos. 4 Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. * Corresponding author. Email [email protected] The relationships between biodiversity and the health hunting are also driving biodiversity declines in many of people, livestock, and wildlife have been increasingly of Cambodia’s landscapes (Valbo-Jørgensen et al., 2009; recognized and documented in recent decades (Millen- Gray et al., 2012), further aff ecting food chains in these nium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005; Myers et al., 2013; ecosystems and compromising the nutritional status and Hough, 2014; WHO, 2015). In att empting to understand survival of wildlife (O’Kelly et al., 2012). Conversion of the practical implications of these links, one inevitably biodiverse areas to monocultures and agriculture inten- stumbles on their complexity and sometimes contra- sifi cation have increased chemical pollution with severe dictory nature. One consequence of this is diffi culty in health consequences for wildlife, livestock, and humans aligning the policy agendas and activities of the conser- (Monirith et al., 1999; Neufeld et al., 2010; Wang et al., vation and health sectors (Chivian & Bernstein, 2008; 2011; WCS, 2016). Smoke from forest fi res used to clear Hough, 2014). In the interests of promoting benefi cial land also cause signifi cant respiratory issues, particularly collaborations between these sectors, we briefl y illustrate in children (Jayachandran, 2009). When natural habitats the diversity of these relationships using examples from are destroyed, the vegetal and microbial diversity that Cambodia, and highlight the complementary nature of have allowed many biomedical discoveries supporting conservation and health initiatives through examples of human and animal health (e.g., anti-microbial drugs) are ongoing projects and potential opportunities. also lost. These biota also support the health of rural and Strong economic growth in Cambodia, with a stable indigenous communities through traditional medicine 7% GDP growth over the past six years, has led to (Hout et al., 2006; Chea et al., 2007). Although conserva- improvements in several development and health indi- tion of medicinal plants can be used to promote sustain- cators (World Bank, 2016). However, rapid rates of defor- able use and forest protection (e.g., Laval et al., 2011), estation, agricultural growth, and urbanization represent some of the beliefs and practices involving the use of major challenges to ecosystem and biodiversity conser- animal parts for traditional medicine pose a considerable vation, and off er mixed prospects for animal and public threat to wildlife (Sodhi et al., 2004; Starr et al., 2010) and health (NBSC, 2014). will likely continue to result in species extinctions (Cour- champ et al., 2006). One of the most obvious connections between biodi- versity and health is through provisioning services (Millen- A wide range of regulating and supporting ecosystem nium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005). Many of Cambodia’s services (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005) are rural communities still rely heavily on wildlife and non- related to wildlife, livestock, and human health. Intact timber forest products for their subsistence and nutri- ecosystems may help in regulating pests and infec- tional needs, similar to other parts of Southeast Asia tious diseases (WHO, 2015). However, the relation- and the world (Golden et al., 2011; Johnson et al., 2012). ships between biodiversity and infectious diseases are However, wildlife consumption has also caused major complex, highly context-dependent, and much debated infectious disease outbreaks (e.g., SARS, HIV, Ebola) and (Johnson & Thieltges, 2010; Randolph & Dobson, 2012; continues to be a driver of disease emergence (Karesh & Ostfeld, 2013). In some circumstances, diversity of host Noble, 2009; Greatorex et al., 2016). Overfi shing and over- species plays a regulating role through the combined Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2016 (2) 77–81 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 78 Editorial action of host competition and diff erential host suscep- etary Health” have emerged to promote integrative and tibility to pathogens (i.e. the dilution eff ect) (Keesing et trans-disciplinary approaches to their study (Roger et al., al., 2010), while in others, it can be a source of pathogens 2016). These are all initiatives and frameworks that foster and result in their amplifi cation (Randolph & Dobson, collaboration between the livestock, human and wildlife 2012). Higher biodiversity often results in higher path- health sectors, and encourage an ecosystem approach to ogen diversity, but a pathogen-rich ecosystem may not health. Although these eff orts have improved coordina- necessarily be an issue; rather it is the loss of ecosystem tion between public and animal health, much more can integrity and increased contact with invasive hosts be done to increase collaboration between health sectors (including humans and livestock) that may increase and conservation initiatives. disease emergence risks (Patz et al., 2004). For instance, the overall richness of infectious diseases in the Asia- Field personnel in protected areas and individuals Pacifi c region is positively correlated with the richness of that directly work with wildlife (e.g., law enforcement, birds and mammals, but the number of zoonotic disease wildlife monitoring) are typically at the forefront of outbreaks
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