Available online at www.tshe.org/ea/index.html EnvironmentAsia AvailableEnvironmentAsia online at www.tshe.org/EA 10(1) (2017) 52-62 The international journal published by the Thai Society of Higher Education Institutes on Environment EnvironmentAsiaDOI 2 (2009) 50-54

Genotoxicity Assessment of Mercuric Chloride in the Marine Fish Therapon jaruba Diversity in Dong Na Tard Provincial Protected Area, Lao People’s Democratic Republic Nagarajan Nagarani,(Lao PDR): Arumugam Species Kuppusamy Structure Kumaraguru, and Forest Velmurugan Zonation Janaki Devi and Chandrasekaran Archana Devi Somphong Chanthavonga and Inocencio E. Buot, Jrb Center for Marine and Coastal Studies, School of Energy, Environment and Natural Resources, a Faculty ofMadurai Agriculture Kamaraj and Environment, University, SavannakhetMadurai-625021, University, India Lao PDR b Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Banos, and Faculty of Management and Development Studies, University of the Philippines Open University, Philippines Abstract

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to standardize and to assess the predictive value of the cytogenetic analysis by Micronucleus (MN) test in fish erythrocytes as a biomarker for marine environmental contamination. Micronucleus frequency The spatial baseline distribution in erythrocytes of plant was diversity evaluated in Dong in and Na genotoxic Tard Provincial potential Protected of a common Area (PPA) chemical has not was been determined accurately inrecorded fish experimentally in previously publishedexposed in literature. aquarium This under study controlled was conducted conditions. to assess Fish and (Therapon evaluate plantjaruba species) were and exposed its correlation for 96 hrswith to environmental a single heavy variables. metal (mercuric Plot methods chloride). coupled Chromosomal with informal damage community was determinedfolk interviews as micronucleiwere done. Cluster frequency analysis in fishindicated erythrocytes. six forest Significant zones which increase were classified in MN frequency based on wasRelative observed Basal in Area erythrocytes (RBA) of ofdominant fish exposed species. to mercuricThe species chloride.composition Concentration in each forest of zone0.25 ppmwas significantlyinduced the highest influenced MN frequency by slope, elevation,(2.95 micronucleated human disturbance, cells/1000 and cells distance compared from the tomain 1 MNcell/1000 road to a dense cells forest. in controlDipterocarp animals). forests The were study the most revealed dominance that micronucleus and should be test, conserved as an indexin sustainable of cumulative manner. exposure, appears to be a sensitive model to evaluate genotoxic compounds in fish under controlled conditions. Keywords: species composition; forest zonation; Dong Na Tard Keywords: genotoxicity; mercuric chloride; micronucleus

1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 1. Introduction laboratory and field conditions. In 2006 Soumendra Dong Na Tard PPA is a diverse landscape. However, et2.1 al .,Study made area an attempt to detect genetic biomarkers this resourceIn India, is aboutcurrently 200 deteriorating tons of mercury due to agricultural and its in two fish species, Labeo bata and Oreochromis compoundsexpansion and are increasing introduced urbanization into the as environment mentioned by mossambica, Dong Na Tardby MNPPA isand located binucleate in Savannakhet (BN) annuallyIntralawan as and effluents Rueangkitwat from industries (2016). (Saffi,Rapid resource1981). erythrocytesProvince, Lao in PDR the coveringgill and akidney total area erythrocytes of 6,385 ha Mercuricexploitation chloride has brought has been in used natural in agriculture resource as and a exposed(Fig.1). It tolies thermal between power16º 35’ 20”plant and discharge 16º 40’ 40” at N fungicide,environmental in medicine degradation as (Dilokwanicha topical antiseptic et al., 2015). and Titagarhlatitude and Thermal between Power 104º Plant, 50’ 00” Kolkata, and 104º India. 57’ 10” disinfectant,A study on structure and in chemistry and forest as zonation an intermediate is, therefore, in E longitude.The present It isstudy influenced was conducted by the toNorth-East determine and theurgently production needed ofas itother will servemercury as baseline compounds. information The theSouth-West acute genotoxicity monsoons ofcausing the heavy highly metal uneven compound rainfall. contaminationand guideline for of aaquatic sustainable ecosystems forest management by heavy HgClThe annual2 in static average systems. temperature Mercuric is chloride 27.2ºC, iswhile toxic, the metalsand conservation. and pesticides Effective has gained conservation increasing efforts attention can solvablerelative humidityin water henceis 74%, it can and penetrate rainfall isthe 1,445 aquatic mm inbe recentimplemented decades. if information Chronic onexposure plant diversity to and is animals.(Chanthavong, Mutagenic 2004). studies with native fish species accumulationavailable (Müller of theseand Bradl, chemicals 2009). inIdentifying aquatic biota forest represent an important effort in determining the canzones result can assist in tissue in understanding burdens that species produce composition, adverse potential2.2 Sampling effects site of establishment toxic agents. This study was effectswhile the not correlations only in the between directly exposed and environmental organisms, carried out to evaluate the use of the micronucleus butvariables also in could human provide beings. information on influential test (MN)A reconnaissance for the estimation survey was of conductedaquatic pollution to gather factorsFish affecting provides the a suitablespecies. Formodel Dong for Na monitoring Tard PPA, usingpreliminary marine edibledata on fish the under plant lab species,conditions. physical aquaticfloral distributions genotoxicity varied and spatially wastewater and temporally quality as environments and land use types. The number and becausemost of the of itslocal ability people to aremetabolize heavily dependent xenobiotics on themand 2.location Materials of sampling and methods plots (10 x10 m) were randomly accumulatedto survive. However, pollutants. the Aexact micronucleus level of the assay effects has is determined with land-use types and distance from main beenstill not used known. successfully The absence in several of adequate species information(De Flora, 2.1.road. Sample There wereCollection fifty-four (54) spatially distributed eton alplant., 1993, species Al-Sabti could lead and toMetcalfe, failure in 1995).conservation The plots from which samples from different vegetation micronucleusplanning (Balangcod (MN) et altest., 2011). has Thisbeen study developed aimed to patchesThe fishwere species gathered selected (Fig. for2). theTwenty present (20) study plots togetherassess species with composition DNA-unwinding and its dominance assays in order as to was(1st-20 collectedth) were fromdesigned Pudhumadam to get samples coast in of the Gulf nearest of perspectivedetermine forest methods zonation; for and mass to evaluate monitoring correlations of Mannar,locations Southeastto National CoastRoad No.of India.9 and NongTherapon Kolm clastogenicitybetween plant diversity and genotoxicity and environmental in fish and variables mussels for jarbuavillage (Kaisonebelongs Phomvihanhto the order district), Perciformes while eighteenof the (Dailianisidentifyinget negative al., 2003). factors affecting the plant species. family(18) plots Theraponidae. (21st-35th) were The determined fish species, to getTherapon samples The MN tests have been successfully used as jarbua (6-6.3 cm in length and 4-4.25 g in weight) a measure of genotoxic stress in fish, under both was selected for the detection of genotoxic effect S. Chanthavong et al. / EnvironmentAsia 10(1) (2017) 52-62

Figure 2. Sampling plots (10x10 m) distributed in Dong Na Tard Provincial protected area.

Figure2.3 Floral2. Sampling assessment plots (10x10 m) distributed in Dong Na Tard Provincial protected area.

2.3 Floral Allassessment plants more than one meter in height were considered sample. The following data were gathered: (a) name of species; (b) diameter at breast height (DBH); (c) total height; (d) land-use type; and (e)All presence plants more and thantype oneof humanmeter in disturbances. height were Environmentalconsidered sample. factors The such following as altitude data ,were slope, gathered:location, (a) and name distance of species; from (b)the diameter road were at breastdirectly height gathered (DBH); from (c) the total plots height; using (d) convenient land-use type; survey andinstruments: (e) presence GPS and receiver, type of compass, human clippers,disturbances. tape mEnvironmentaleters, and SUUNTO factors clinometers. such as altitude, slope, location, and distance from the road were directly gathered from the plots using convenient survey instruments:2.4Nomenclature GPS receiver, compass, clippers, tape meters, and SUUNTO clinometers. Figure 1. Map of Dong Na Tard Provincial protected area (Map source: aerial photograph, 2014) 2.4NomenclatureNo specimen collection was done in this study. Local species names were mostly identified in 2.2 Sampling site establishmentthe field by key informants. The unknown species were photographed and identified at the in the nearest locations to NationalDepartment RoadNo No. specimen 9 of and Forestry, Na collection 2.5 Savannakhet Vegetation was done Provinceanalysis in this study. by forestry Local speciesexperts. names Scientific were names mostly were identified confirmed in That village (Outhoumphone district).thefrom field Thethe by remainingbooks key informants.of Lao “Flora” The publishedunknown inspecies 2008 (Inthakounwere photographed and Delang, and 2008)identified and “Aat Rapidthe A reconnaissanceth th survey was conducted to gather preliminary data on the plant species, sixteenphysical (16) plotsenvironments (39 -54 )and wereDepartment landParticipatory considered use types. of Forestry, Biodiversityto The get number Savannakhet Assessment”Vegetation and location Province parameters, published of bysampling forestry i.e.in 2008 diameter plots experts. (IUCN, (10 at breast x10 Scientific2008). m)height names were confirmed sampleswere in randomly a dense forest determined (Fig. from2). with the land books-use typesof Lao and “(DBH), Flora”distance totalpublished from height main in (H), road.2008 density There(Inthakoun (D), were basal andfifty area -Delang,four (BA), 2008) and “A Rapid (54) spatially distributed plotsParticipatory2.5 fromVegetation which Biodiversity analysissamples frequency Assessment”from different (F), publishedrelative vegetation density in 2008patches (RD), (IUCN, wererelative 2008).gathered basal area 2.3 Floral(Fig. 2). assessment Twenty (20) plots (1st-20th) were designed to(RBA), get samples and relative in the frequencynearest locations (RF) were to National calculated Road No. 9 and Nong Kolm2.5 VegetationvillageVegetation (Kaisone analysis Phomvihanh parameters,using methods district),i.e. diameter adopted while at eighteen frombreast Mueller-Dombois height (18) plots(DBH), (21 sttotal -and height (H), density (D), All35th )plants were moredetermined than oneto getmeterbasal samples in area height in (BA), the were nearest frequency Ellenber locations (F), (1974). torelative National Species density Roaddiversity (RD),No. was 9 relativeand calculated Na Thatbasal using area (RBA), and relative consideredvillage sample. (Outhoumphone The following district).frequency data ThewereVegetation remaining (RF)gathered: were parameters, sixteen calculatedShannon-Wiener’s (16) i.e .using plotsdiameter methods(39 index that-54 breastth adoptedof) were diversity height considered from H’(DBH), Mueller (Shannon to total get-Dombois and height and(H), Ellenber density (1974).(D), (a) namesamples of species; in a dense (b) diameter forest (Fig.basal at Speciesbreast 2). area height diversity(BA), (DBH); frequency was calculatedWiener, (F), 1963). usingrelative TheShannon density formulas-Wiener’s (RD), were relative asindex follows: of basal diversity area H’ (RBA),(Shannon and and relative Wiener, (c) total height; (d) land-use type;frequency 1963).and (e) The presence(RF) formulas were and calculated were as follows: using methods adopted from Mueller-Dombois and Ellenber (1974). type of human disturbances. EnvironmentalSpecies diversity factors was such calculated (1) Relative using DensityShannon (RD)-Wiener’s index of diversity H’ (Shannon and Wiener, 1963). The( 1formulas) Relative were Density as follows: (RD) as altitude, slope, location, and distance from the road were directly gathered from the plots using convenient RD = × 100 (1) Relative Density (RD) survey instruments: GPS receiver, compass, clippers, 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 tape meters, and SUUNTO clinometers. (2) Relative BasalRD A=rea (RBA) × 100 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (2) RelativeRBA = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼Basal Area (RBA)𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (2) Relative Basal Area (RBA) 2.4 Nomenclature 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 RBA = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 No specimen collection was done in this study. 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 Local species names were mostly identified in the (3) Relative𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 Frequency𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 (RF)𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 field by key informants. The unknown (species3) Relative were Frequency (RF) (3) Relative Frequency (RF) photographed and identified at the Department of RF = × 100

Forestry, Savannakhet Province by forestry experts. RF = 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 × 100 (4) Species diversity H Scientific names were confirmed from the books of Lao (4) Species𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 diversity𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 H𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (4) Species diversity H 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 “Flora” published in 2008 (Inthakoun and Delang, 2008) 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜= 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜) 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼(log𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠10𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼)𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 and “A Rapid Participatory Biodiversity Assessment” = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (=1) (log10 ) published in 2008 (IUCN, 2008). 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 Where pi = proportion of all individuals𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻′ =1 � per𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 species,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 m = number of species. 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 Where pi = proportion of all individuals𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻′ � per𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 species,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 m = number of species. Where pi = proportion𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 of all individuals per species, 2.6 Cluster analysis m = number of species. 2.6 Cluster analysis The dissimilarity matrix of the floristic composition in every sampling site was calculated basedThe on dissimilaritythe relative53 basal matrix area of (RBA) the floristic using Squaredcomposition Euclidean in every distance sampling (Tanaka site wasand Tarumi,calculated 1995; basedBuot on andthe Okitsu,relative 1998)basal areaas follows: (RBA) using Squared Euclidean distance (Tanaka and Tarumi, 1995; Buot and Okitsu, 1998) as follows: = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 2 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 1 2 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 Where: dij is squared Eucliden 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼distance=1 � between�𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − plots𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 � i and j, m is the number of species, xki is th 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 Where: dij is squared Eucliden 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼distance� between�𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − plots𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 � i and j, m is the number of species, xki is the relative basal area of the k species in 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘plot j. the relative basal area of the kth species in plot j. 2.7 Dominance and structural analyses 2.7 Dominance and structural analyses The relative basal area (RBA) values were used to determine the dominant species in each forestThe zone. relative For basalthe zones, area (RBA)three to values five specieswere used with to thedetermine highest theRBA dominant value werespecies considered in each as forestdominant zone. Forspecies. the zones, Species three parameters to five specieswere employed with the tohighest describe RBA the value structural were variationsconsidered for as the dominantzones. species. Species parameters were employed to describe the structural variations for the zones. 2.8 Regression analysis 2.8 Regression analysis The relationships between species parameters (RD, RBA, and RF) and environmental variablesThe wererelationships analyzed betweenusing the speciesequation: parameters (RD, RBA, and RF) and environmental variables were analyzed using the equation: Y = b0 + b1X1 + b2X2…+ bqXq where:Y = b0 + b1X1 + b2X2…+ bqXq where: Y = dependent variables Y =X1, dependent X2,…Xq variables = independent variables X1,b X2,0, b1,…Xq b2,…bq = independent = partial regressionvariables coefficients of the independent variables b0, b1, b2,…bq = partial regression coefficients of the independent variables Species parameters in each zone were used as dependent variables (Y) while the environmentalSpecies parameters factors were in determined each zone as independentwere used variables.as dependent variables (Y) while the environmental factors were determined as independent variables. 3. Results and Discussion 3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Species composition and dominants 3.1 Species composition and dominants A total of 675 individuals, 70 species, and 33 families of plants were identified. DipterocarpusA total of sp. 675 Roxburgh individuals, ex G had70 thespecies, highest and number 33 families of individuals, of plants relative were frequency identified. (RF), Dipterocarpusrelative density sp. Roxburgh(RD), and ex relative G had basal the highest area (RBA) number with of 91;individuals, 9.49; 13.48; relative and frequency27.93, respectively. (RF), relativeBased density on the (RD), RBA, and Dipterocarpus relative basalsp.; area Irvingia (RBA) harmandiana with 91; 9.49;Oliv. 13.48; ex A. and Benn 27.93,; respectively. indum L.; BasedXylia on xylocarpathe RBA, (Roxb.)TaubDipterocarpus; andsp.; Tectona Irvingia grandis harmandianaLinn wereOliv. the extop A. five Benn (5) ;dominantDialium indumspeciesL. in; the Xyliapark xylocarpa (Table 1).(Roxb.)Taub; and Tectona grandis Linn were the top five (5) dominant species in the park (Table Dipterocarpus1). sp. was the most dominant species. It was also included in the Red List of threatenedDipterocarpus species sp(EN). was of theIUCN most (2008). dominant The species. dominant It wasspecies also belonincludedgs to in family the Red of Listtrees of that threateneddominate species canopies (EN) of rainforestsof IUCN (2008).in Southeast The Asiadominant (Kaewgrajang species belonet al.,gs2013). to familyIt is also of consideredtrees that an dominate canopies of rainforests in (Kaewgrajang et al., 2013). It is also considered an S. Chanthavong et al. / EnvironmentAsia 10(1) (2017) 52-62

(3) Relative Frequency (RF)

RF = × 100

𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (4) Species diversity H Figure 2. Sampling plots (10x10 m) distributed in Dong Na Tard Provincial protected area. 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2.3 Floral= assessment𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ( ) (log10 ) =1 2.6 Cluster analysis 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 where: Where pi = proportion of all individuals𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻′ � per𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 species,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 m = number of species. All plants𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 more than one meter in height wereY = considered dependent sample.variables The following data were Thegathered: dissimilarity (a) namematrix of of species;the floristic (b) diametercomposition at breast heightX1, X2,…Xq (DBH); =(c) independent total height; variables (d) land-use type; 2.6 Cluster analysis in everyand sampling (e) presence site was and calculated type of humanbased ondisturbances. the b0,Environmental b1, b2,…bq =factors partial regressionsuch as altitude coefficients, slope, of relative location,basal area and (RBA) distance using from Squared the road Euclidean were directly the gatheredindependent from variables the plots using convenient survey The dissimilarity matrix of the floristic composition in every sampling site was calculated distanceinstruments: (Tanaka and GPS Tarumi, receiver, 1995; compass, Buot and clippers, Okitsu, tape meters, and SUUNTO clinometers. based on the relative basal area (RBA) using Squared Euclidean distance (Tanaka and Tarumi, 1995; Buot and Okitsu, 1998) as1998) follows: as follows: Species parameters in each zone were used as 2.4Nomenclature dependent variables (Y) while the environmental factors = 2 were determined as independent variables. No specimen𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 collection was done in this study. Local species names were mostly identified in =1 the field𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 by key 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘informants.𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 The unknown species were photographed and identified at the Where: dij is squared Eucliden 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼distance� between�𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − plots𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 � i and j, m is the number3. Results of species, and Discussionxki is th Department of𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 Forestry, Savannakhet Province by forestry experts. Scientific names were confirmed the relative basal area of the kWhere:species d in is plot squared j. Eucliden distance between from theij books of Lao “Flora” published in 2008 (Inthakoun and Delang, 2008) and “A Rapid plots i and j, m is the number of species, xki is the 3.1 Species composition and dominants Participatory Biodiversityth Assessment” published in 2008 (IUCN, 2008). 2.7 Dominance and structuralrelative analyses basal area of the k species in plot j. 2.5 Vegetation analysis A total of 675 individuals, 70 species, and 33 The relative basal2.7 area Dominance (RBA) values and structural were used analyses to determine the dominantfamilies species of plants in each were identified. Dipterocarpus sp. forest zone. For the zones, three to five species with the highest RBA value were considered as Vegetation parameters, i.e. diameter at Roxburghbreast height ex G (DBH), had the totalhighest height number (H), of density individuals, (D), dominant species. Species parameters were employed to describe the structural variations for the Thebasal relative area basal (BA), area frequency(RBA) values (F), were relative used todensity relative (RD), frequency relative (RF),basal relativearea (RBA), density and (RD), relative and zones. determinefrequency the dominant (RF) specieswere calculated in each forest using zone. methods For adoptedrelative frbasalom Muellerarea (RBA)-Dombois with and91; Ellenber9.49; 13.48;(1974). and the zones, three to five species with the highest RBA 27.93, respectively. Based on the RBA, Dipterocarpus 2.8 Regression analysis Species diversity was calculated using Shannon-Wiener’s index of diversity H’ (Shannon and Wiener, value were1963). considered The formulas as dominant were as follows:species. Species sp.; Irvingia harmandiana Oliv. ex A. Benn; Dialium parameters were employed to describe the structural indum L.; Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.)Taub; and Tectona The relationships between species parameters (RD, RBA, and RF) and environmental variations for the(1 zones.) Relative Density (RD) grandis Linn were the top five (5) dominant species in variables were analyzed using the equation: RD = the park (Table 1). × 100 2.8 Regression analysis Dipterocarpus sp. was the most dominant species. Y = b0 + b1X1 + b2X2…+ bqXq 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 where: (2) Relative Basal Area (RBA) It was also included in the Red List of threatened species 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 Y = dependent variables The relationships between speciesRBA parameters= (EN) of IUCN (2008). The dominant species belongs (RD, RBA, and RF) and environmental variables were to family of trees that dominate canopies of rainforests X1, X2,…Xq = independent variables 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 b0, b1, b2,…bq =analyzed partial regression using the coefficientsequation: of the independent variablesin Southeast Asia (Kaewgrajang et al., 2013). It is 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼also𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠considered𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠an important𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 pool of Tan Phu forest in Species parameters Yin = b0each + b1X1zone + wereb2X2…+ used bqXq as dependent variablesVietnam (Y) (Milletwhile andthe Truong, 2011). In Lao PDR, this environmental factors were determined as independent variables.

3. Results and Discussion 54 3.1 Species composition and dominants

A total of 675 individuals, 70 species, and 33 families of plants were identified. Dipterocarpus sp. Roxburgh ex G had the highest number of individuals, relative frequency (RF), relative density (RD), and relative basal area (RBA) with 91; 9.49; 13.48; and 27.93, respectively. Based on the RBA, Dipterocarpus sp.; Irvingia harmandiana Oliv. ex A. Benn; Dialium indum L.; Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.)Taub; and Tectona grandis Linn were the top five (5) dominant species in the park (Table 1). Dipterocarpus sp. was the most dominant species. It was also included in the Red List of threatened species (EN) of IUCN (2008). The dominant species belongs to family of trees that dominate canopies of rainforests in Southeast Asia (Kaewgrajang et al., 2013). It is also considered an S. Chanthavong et al. / EnvironmentAsia 10(1) (2017) 52-62 species is important for its timber and its oleoresin used zone were 145 cm and 50 m, respectively, found in Plot by indigenous people for making traditional light torch 45 at the elevation of 180 m (Table 2; Fig. 3). (Ankarfjard, 2000). Zone II. Artocarpus sp- cambodiana- The second and third dominants were Irvingia Dipterocarpus sp. zone. This zone is the least abundant harmandiana and Dialium indum respectively, (Table 1) among the six zones with 78 individuals represented which could be found in the local and national parks of by 21 species. Artocarpus sp. was the most dominant Lao PDR. They are hardwood species used for timber, with 19.35% RBA. The DBHmax and maximum height charcoal, firewood making, and wild fruit consumption values were100 cm and 40 m found in Plot 30 at the (IUCN, 2008). In , the D. indum occurred altitude 170 m (Table 2; Fig. 3). in the southern parts and its fruit is used for desert Zone III. Dipterocarpus sp.-Irvingia harmandiana- mixed with sugar and chili peppers (Subhadrabandhu, Dialium indum zone. This zone is the most abundant and 2001). In , the fruits of D. indum were used as most diverse among the six zones with 195 individuals sources of sugar and energy (Shaffiq et al., 2013). represented by 42 species. Dipterocarpus sp. was the Xylia xylocarpa, the fourth dominant species, was most dominant having 24.75% RBA. The DBHmax found in all parts of the park (Table 1). In , the value was 150 cm found in Plot 48 at the altitude 180 X. xylocarpa was one of 12 threatened species found m, while the maximum height value was 45 m found in the Tan Phu forest (Millet and Truong, 2011). In in Plot 53 at the altitude 180 m (Table 2; Fig. 3). , the species was the most abundant in the Zone IV. Dipterocarpus sp-Anisoptera costata- Dry Upper Mixed Deciduous and Moist Upper Mixed Solanum torvum zone. This zone is low in abundance Deciduous Forests (Sein et al., 2015). It was also with 86 individuals represented by 27 species. among the top ten dominant species in the Northern and Dipterocarpus sp. was the most dominant having 56.74 Southeastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, India (Babar % RBA. The DBHmax and maximum height values et al., 2011). were 100 cm and 45 m, respectively, found in Plot 3 at The last of the top five dominants,Tectona grandis the altitude 180 m (Table 2; Fig. 3). (teak), was found only in plantation forest along the Zone V. Dipterocarpus sp.-Dipteroarpus main road (Fig. 1). It is native to the tropical deciduous macrocarpus-Syzygium tinctorium zone. This zone is forests of India, Myanmar, Thailand and estimated also low in abundance with 85 individuals represented to cover 29.035 million ha (Fofana et al., 2009; by 25 species. Dipterocarpus sp. was the most dominant Kollert and Cheruini, 2012). In India, the demand for having 37.04% RBA. The DBHmax and maximum teak had increased several folds during the last five height values were 100 cm and 45 m found in Plot 1 at decades (Fofana et al., 2009). the altitude 160 m (Table 2; Fig. 3). Past studies indicated that Dipterocarpus sp. Zone VI. Tectona grandis-Eucalyptus sp. could be found in many areas of the region. However, plantation zone. This zone is the third abundant with the dominant species may become extinct if they are 104 individuals represented by 21 species. Tectona continuously overused or disturbed. In the Philippines, grandis, Dipterocarpus sp., and Eucalyptus spp. shared dipterocarps were the former dominants of the forest the dominance having 36.76, 22.08, and 7.692 % RBA, landscape of Mount Makiling. The dipterocarps are still respectively (Table 2; Fig. 3). occupying the low DBH classes and maybe it will have In the study area, Zone I and Zone III were located to take several years before they can regain dominance far from the main road and the villages. Though the (Buot and Osumi, 2011) when disturbances are lessened species was the most dominance, both zones were or removed. still rich in species diversity compared to the other zones (Tables 1 and 2). Zone II was located near the 3.2 Forest zonation agricultural farms making plants prone to disturbance and extraction. This goes with the observation of The RBA of each species was subjected to cluster Buot and Osumi (2011) that the distance from the analysis using Ward’s hierarchical clustering method agricultural farms are linearly correlated with species (Fig.3). There were six forest zones which were named stem density in various land- use types. according to the respective dominant species: Since Zone IV and Zone V were located closest to Zone I. Dipterocarpus sp- xylocarpa- Nong Kolm village (Fig. 1), they had lower number of Diospyros malabarica zone. This zone is the second individuals than Zone I and Zone III (Table 2). Zone most abundant and most diverse among the six zones VI was a plantation forest, all dominant species here with 127 individuals represented by 35 species. had high economic importance. Tectona grandis and Dipterocarpus sp. was the most dominant at 10.59% Eucalyptus sp. were the famous species planted in the RBA. The DBHmax and height values of species in the Lao PDR.

55 S. Chanthavong et al. / EnvironmentAsia 10(1) (2017) 52-62 TableTableTableTable Table1. 1. Species 1.Species 1. Species1. Species Species composition composition composition composition composition in in Dong inDong in Dongin Dong DongNa Na NaTard TardNa Na Tard Tard Provincial TardProvincial Provincial Provincial Provincial Protected Protected Protected Protected Protected Area Area Area Area (Continued)Area(Continued)(Continued)(Continued)(Continued)(Continued) Table 1. Species composition in Dong Na Tard Provincial Protected Area Table 1. Species composition in Dong Na Tard Provincial Protected Area NO.NO. NO. NO.NO. DBHDBHDBHDBHDBH BABABABABA RFRF RFRFRDRFRDRDRDRDRBARBARBARBARBA FFFamilyamilyamilyFamilyF/S/Samily/SFpeciesamilypeciespecies/Species/S/Speciespecies LLocalocalocalL ocalname L namenameocalLocal name name name OFOFOFNO.OFOF OO O OOFFF F FF DD D DD 222 2 2 2 cmcmcmDBHcmcmcm cmcmBAcmcmcmcm (%)RF(%)(%)(%)(%)(%)(%)(%)RD(%)(%)(%)(%)(%)RBA(%)(%)(%)(%) Family/Species Local name INDIV.INDIV.INDIV.INDIV.INDIV.INDIV.OF O F D cm cm2 (%) (%) (%) INDIV. MyrsinaceaeMyrsinaceaeMyrsinaceaeMyrsinaceaeMyrsinaceae Anacadiaceae ArdisiaArdisiaArdisiaArdisiaArdisiaevonymifoliaevonymifoliaevonymifoliaevonymifoliaevonymifoliaevonymifoliaPitardPitardPitardPitardPitardPitard KokKok KokTa TaKok khouangKok khouangTa Ta khouangTa khouang khouang 777 7 77 333 3 30.0630.060.060.060.060.060.00130.00130.00130.00130.00130.001346.246.246.246.246.246.2 1672167216721672167216720.810.810.810.810.811.040.811.041.041.041.041.040.010.010.010.010.010.01 Spondia spinnata MyrtaceaeMyrtaceaeMyrtaceaeMyrtaceaeMyrtaceae (Koening& L.F.) MakKok 9 6 0.11 0.0017 515.4 208394 1.63 1.33 1.40 EucalyptusEucalyptusEucalyptusEucalyptusEucalyptus Ancistrocladaceae sp.sp.sp. sp. sp. sp. TonTon Tonvik vikTonTon vik vik vik 121212 121212111 1 10.0210.020.020.020.020.020.00220.00220.00220.00220.00220.0022766.4766.4766.4766.4766.4766.44607964607964607964607964607964607960.270.270.270.270.271.780.271.781.781.781.781.783.103.103.103.103.103.10 SyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumcinereumAncistrocladuscinereumcinereumcinereumcinereumcinereumKurzKurzKurz Chant. tectoriusChant.KurzKurz Chant. Chant.& &Chant.ParnParn(Lour.)Parn & &Parn &ParnParnMerrTonTon TonMakva MakvaTonKhuTon Makva Makva HangMakva kouy 888 81488 777 7 760.1370.130.130.130.130.110.130.00150.00150.00150.00150.00260.00150.0015726.2726.2726.2142.1726.2726.2726.2413792413792413792158414137924137924137921.631.901.901.901.901.901.191.901.192.071.191.191.191.192.792.792.790.112.792.792.79 Apocynaceae SyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumzeylanicumzeylanicumzeylanicumzeylanicumzeylanicumzeylanicum(L.)(L.)(L.)(L.)DC.DC.(L.)(L.)DC.DC.DC. TonTon TonSa SaSaTon mek Ton mekmekSa Sa mekSa mek mek 666 6 66 333 3 30.0630.060.060.060.060.060.00110.00110.00110.00110.00110.001175.475.475.475.475.475.4 4466446644664466446644660.810.810.810.810.810.890.810.890.890.890.890.890.030.030.030.030.030.03 Alstonia rostrata SyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumgratumgratumgratumgratumgratumgratum(Wight)(Wight)(Wight)(Wight)(Wight) (Wight)S.N. S.N.S.N.Fisher S.N.Mitra Mitra MitraS.N. S.N. Mitra Mitra Mitra TonTon TonSa SaTon Maimekkhao Ton mekkhaoSa Sa Tin mekkhaoSa mekkhao mekkhaopet 121212 1212312444 4 420.0740.070.070.070.070.040.070.00220.00220.00220.00220.00060.00220.0022190.5190.5190.5129.1190.5190.5190.5 284671307228467284672846728467284670.541.081.081.081.081.081.781.081.780.441.781.781.781.780.190.190.190.090.190.190.19 Wrightia arborea SyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumtinctoriumtinctoriumtinctoriumtinctoriumtinctoriumtinctorium(Gagn.)(Gagn.)(Gagn.)(Gagn.)(Gagn.) (Dennstedt)Merr.(Gagn.) Merr.Merr. Merr. ex Merr. exex Merr. Pierre PierrePierreex Mabberley ex Pierre ex Pierre PierreMaiMai MaiVa VaMaiMai dongMai Vadong Va MoukdongVa dong dong 555 5 655 333 3 360.0630.060.060.060.060.110.060.00090.00090.00090.00090.00110.00090.0009207.7207.7207.7325.1207.7207.7207.7 338468290933846338463384633846338461.630.810.810.810.810.810.740.810.740.890.740.740.740.740.230.230.230.560.230.230.23 PinaceaePinaceaePinaceaePinaceaePinaceaeArecaceae Cocos nucifera KeteleeriaKeteleeriaKeteleeriaKeteleeriaKeteleeriaevelynianaevelynianaevelynianaevelynianaevelynianaevelynianaMasterMasterMasterL.MasterMaster MaiMai MaiHing HingMaiTonMai Hing HingMakpao Hing 222 2 2 2 111 1 120.0210.020.020.020.020.040.020.00040.00040.00040.00040.00040.000475.075.075.031.175.075.075.0 4416441644167584416441644160.540.270.270.270.270.270.300.270.300.300.300.300.300.030.030.030.010.030.030.03 Wallichia gracilis ZiziphusZiziphusZiziphusZiziphusZiziphusZiziphuscambodianacambodianacambodianacambodianacambodianacambodiana PierrePierrePierre Pierre PierreBeccariPierre TonTon TonMakkhom MakkhomTonTonTon Makkhom Makkhom Tao Makkhom 171717 1717417121212 12123120.220.220.220.220.220.060.220.00310.00310.00310.00310.00070.00310.0031356.4356.4356.4113.3356.4356.4356.4 996501006999650996509965099650996500.813.253.253.253.253.252.523.252.520.592.522.522.522.520.670.670.670.070.670.670.67 RosaceaeRosaceaeRosaceaeRosaceaeRosaceaeBignoniaceae Fernandoa adenophylla PyrusPyrusPyrusPyruspashiapashiaPyruspashiapashiapashiaBuch.pashiaBuch.Buch. Ham.Buch. Ham.Buch. Ham. ex Ham.ex Ham. D. D.ex Don exDonD. exWall D. Don D. Don Donex. G. DonTonTon TonMakchong MakchongTonTonTon Makchong Makchong Kaekhon Makchong 111 1 411 111 1 140.0210.020.020.020.020.070.020.00020.00020.00020.00020.00070.00020.000215.715.715.7101.315.715.715.7 19380571931931931931931.090.270.270.270.270.270.150.270.150.590.150.150.150.150.000.000.000.050.000.000.00 RubusRubusRubusRubusmultibracteusRubusmultibracteusmultibracteusmultibracteusmultibracteusLev.Lev. Lev.& &Lev.VaniotLev.Vaniot (L.)& &Vaniot &Ventenat.VaniotVaniot TonTon TonMaktoum MaktoumTonKokTon Maktoum Maktoum LinMaktoum mai 222 2 122 111 1 110.0210.020.020.020.020.020.00040.00040.00040.00040.00020.00040.0004157.0157.0157.0157.062.8157.0157.0 19349193491934930961934919349193490.270.270.270.270.270.270.300.270.300.150.300.300.300.300.130.130.130.020.130.130.13 RubiaceaeRubiaceaeRubiaceaeRubiaceaeRubiaceaeBombacaceae Bombax albidum PrismatomeriPrismatomeriPrismatomeriPrismatomeriPrismatomeristetandrastetandrastetandrastetandrastetandrastetandra(Roxburgh)(Roxburgh)(Roxburgh)Gagnepain(Roxburgh)(Roxburgh)(Roxburgh) K. K.K. K. K. K. NgieuPaa 4 4 0.07 0.0007 257.2 51918 1.09 0.59 0.35 SchumSchumSchumSchumSchumSchumCombretaceae TonTon TonYor YorTonTon dongYor dong Yor Yor dong dong dong 222 2 22 111 1 10.0210.020.020.020.020.020.00040.00040.00040.00040.00040.00049.09.09.09.09.09.0 646464 646464 0.270.270.270.270.270.300.270.300.300.300.300.300.000.000.000.000.000.00 SapindaceaeSapindaceaeSapindaceaeSapindaceaeSapindaceaeSapindaceaeTerminalia catappaL. Ton Houkouang 6 5 0.09 0.0011 72.6 4133 1.36 0.89 0.03 Terminalia corticosa LepisanthesLepisanthesLepisanthesLepisanthesLepisanthesLepisanthesrubiginosarubiginosarubiginosarubiginosarubiginosarubiginosa(Roxburgh)(Roxburgh)(Roxburgh)(Roxburgh)(Roxburgh)(Roxburgh)Pirre Leenh LeenhLeenh ex LeenhLanessan Leenh LeenhTonTon TonMakHouad MakHouadTonMaiTon MakHouad MakHouad Peuy MakHouad lard 888 8 588 777 7 750.1370.130.130.130.130.090.130.00150.00150.00150.00150.00090.00150.0015228.3228.3228.3366.9228.3228.3228.3 4088910560240889408894088940889408891.361.901.901.901.901.901.191.901.190.741.191.191.191.190.280.280.280.710.280.280.28 SolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeCucurbitaceae Lagenaria siceraria SolanumSolanumSolanumSolanumSolanumSolanum t orvumttorvumorvum torvum t orvumtSwartzorvumSwartzSwartzSwartzSwartz Swartz KhaengFaaKhaengFaaKhaengFaaKhaengFaaTonKhaengFaa Maknamtao 888 8 988 333 3 340.0630.060.060.060.060.070.060.00150.00150.00150.00150.00170.00150.0015190.3190.3190.3190.354.0190.3190.3 28418284182841822912841828418284181.090.810.810.810.810.811.190.811.191.331.191.191.191.190.190.190.190.020.190.190.19 SterculiaceaeSterculiaceaeSterculiaceaeSterculiaceaeSterculiaceaeSterculiaceaeDipterocapaceae Anisoptera costata HeritieraHeritieraHeritieraHeritieraHeritierajavanicajavanicajavanicajavanicajavanicajavanica(Blume)(Blume)(Blume)(Blume)(Blume)(Blume)KostermKostermKorthKostermKostermKosterm MaiMai MaiHao HaoMaiMaiMai Hao HaoBak Hao 222 22122 222 2 270.0420.040.040.040.040.130.040.00040.00040.00040.00040.00390.00040.0004257.3257.3257.3673.4257.3257.3257.3 5192635581151926519265192651926519261.900.540.540.540.540.540.300.540.303.110.300.300.300.300.350.350.352.400.350.350.35 Dipterocarpus obtusifolius SterculiaSterculiaSterculiaSterculiaSterculiaSterculia sp.sp.sp. sp. sp.sp. Teijsm.ex MiqPortaePortaePortaePortaePortaeMaiPortae Sad 444 4 944 111 1 170.0210.020.020.020.020.130.020.00070.00070.00070.00070.00170.00070.000750.250.250.2720.650.250.250.2 4074341981198119811981198119811.900.270.270.270.270.270.590.270.591.330.590.590.590.590.010.010.012.750.010.010.01 Dipterocarpus StilaginaceaeStilaginaceaeStilaginaceaeStilaginaceaeStilaginaceaeStilaginaceae sp. Rox burgh ex G Mai Nhang 91 35 0.65 0.0169 2298.8 4146149 9.49 13.48 27.93* Hopea odorata AntidesmaAntidesmaAntidesmaAntidesmaAntidesmabuniusbuniusbuniusbuniusbuniusSprengelbuniusSprengelSprengelSprengelSprengelSprengelRoxb MakMakMak Mao MaoMakMaiMak Mao MaoKhaenhua Mao 222 2 522 111 1 130.0210.020.020.020.020.060.020.00040.00040.00040.00040.00090.00040.00048.98.98.9338.58.98.98.9 89912626262 626262 0.810.270.270.270.270.270.300.270.300.740.300.300.300.300.000.000.000.610.000.000.00 Hopea recopei SymplocaceaeSymplocaceaeSymplocaceaeSymplocaceaeSymplocaceaeSymplocaceae Pierre Mai La Aen 4 3 0.06 0.0007 204.9 32956 0.81 0.59 0.22 Shorea obtusa SymplocosSymplocosSymplocosSymplocosSymplocosSymplocosracemosaracemosaracemosaracemosaracemosaracemosaRoxburghRoxburghWall.RoxburghRoxburghRoxburgh ex Blume MaiMai MaiMuad MuadMaiMaiMai Muad aeMuad aeChik Muad ae ae ae 666 6 866 333 3 330.0630.060.060.060.060.060.00110.00110.00110.00110.00150.00110.001177.377.377.3304.977.377.377.3 468372924468346834683468346830.810.810.810.810.810.810.890.810.891.190.890.890.890.890.030.030.030.490.030.030.03 Vatica odorata TiliaceaeTiliaceaeTiliaceaeTiliaceaeTiliaceae (Griff.) Symington Mai Jik dong 5 4 0.07 0.0009 401.6 126546 1.08 0.74 0.85 PeltacePeltacePeltacePeltacePeltaceEbenaceae TonTon TonSi Si Tonsiet sietTon Si Sisiet Si siet siet 111 1 11 111 1 10.0210.020.020.020.020.020.00020.00020.00020.00020.00020.000262.862.862.862.862.862.8 3096309630963096309630960.270.270.270.270.270.150.270.150.150.150.150.150.020.020.020.020.020.02 VerbenaceaeVerbenaceaeVerbenaceaeVerbenaceaeVerbenaceaeDiospyros filipendula Piere ex Lecomte KokKanthong 16 19 0.35 0.0030 116.7 10689 5.15 2.37 0.07 Diospyros malabarica TectonaTectonaTectonaTectonaTectonaTectonagrandisgrandisgrandisgrandisgrandisgrandisLinnLinnLinnLinnLinn (Desr.) KostelMaiMai MaiSak SakSakMaiKokMai Sak Sak LangSak dam 383838 38163838555 5 1150.0950.090.090.090.090.200.090.00700.00700.00700.00700.00300.00700.0070932.9932.9932.9474.4932.9932.9932.96827881765606827886827886827886827886827882.981.361.361.361.361.365.631.365.632.375.635.635.635.634.604.604.601.19*4.60**4.604.60* ** Diospyros mollis VitexVitexVitexpinnataVitexpinnatapinnataVitexpinnatapinnatapinnataL.L. L.L.L. Griffith MaiMai MaiTin TinMaiTon Mai nok Tinnok Tin Makkuoi Tinnok nok nok 333 3 933 111 1 150.0210.020.020.020.020.090.020.00060.00060.00060.00060.00170.00060.000678.578.578.5266.278.578.578.5 483755607483748374837483748371.360.270.270.270.270.270.440.270.441.330.440.440.440.440.030.030.030.370.030.030.03 ZingiberaceaeZingiberaceaeZingiberaceaeZingiberaceaeZingiberaceaeElaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus stipularis CurcumaCurcumaCurcumaCurcumaCurcuma alisamatifoliaalisamatifoliaalisamatifolia alisamatifolia alisamatifolia alisamatifoliaGagnepainGagnepainGagnepainGagnepainGagnepainBlume PhakPhakPhakPhak Warn WarnPhakWarnSommounPhak Warn Warn Warn 333 3 233 222 2 220.0420.040.040.040.040.040.00060.00060.00060.00060.00040.00060.000693.493.493.436.693.493.493.4 68421053684268426842684268420.540.540.540.540.540.540.440.540.440.300.440.440.440.440.050.050.050.010.050.050.05 Euphorbiaceae AlpiniaAlpiniaAlpiniaAlpiniaAlpiniasp.sp.sp. sp.sp.sp. KhapaaKhapaaKhapaaKhapaaKhapaa 222 2 22 111 1 10.0210.020.020.020.020.020.00040.00040.00040.00040.00040.000422.022.022.022.022.022.0 3793793793793793790.270.270.270.270.270.300.270.300.300.300.300.300.000.000.000.000.000.00 Aporosa villosa (Lindl.) Baillon Mai Maed 8 5 0.09 0.0015 125.2 12291 1.36 1.19 0.08 TotalTotalTotalTotalTotal 675675675675675675 0.1250.1250.1250.1250.1250.12522,22551.2,,2551.22551.22,2551.22,22551.2,2551.214,842,481.014,842,481.014,842,481.014,842,481.014,842,481.014,842,481.0100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100 Baccaurea ramiflora Gagnepain Mai Makfai 11 10 0.19 0.0020 161.6 20487 2.71 1.63 0.14 Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume Mai Sa long khong 2 2 0.04 0.0004 36.6 1053 0.54 0.30 0.01 Remarks:Remarks:Remarks:Remarks:Remarks:Croton joufra Roxburgh KokPao 4 4 0.07 0.0007 115.8 10518 1.08 0.59 0.07 ●● Asterisk Asterisk● ●Asterisk● Asterisk AsteriskAfzelia (*) (*) (*)- xylocarpa --(*)dominant dominant(*) - dominant- -dominantdominant(Kurz) species species Craib species species species based based based based basedon onMai totalon total Taeon ontotal khatotalRBA RBAtotal RBA RBA of RBAof a ofa species ofspecies 25ofa aspecies a species species for for13 forall allfor for zonesall zones0.24 all allzones zones zonesof of0.0046 the ofthe of ofthepark parkthe the 462.3park park park167690 3.52 3.70 1.13 ●O●O●O---occurrence●Ooccurrence●O- occurrence--Bauhiniaoccurrenceoccurrence of malabaricaof species ofspecies of ofspecies species speciesRoxburgh per per per 54 54per per plots;54 plots; 54 54plots; plots; plots;F F-Mai-- frequency/54Ffrequency/54frequency/54 -FSomseio Ffrequency/54--frequency/54frequency/54 plots; plots;plots; plots;2 plots; plots;D DD - -D-density densityD 2 -D density- -densitydensity 0.04per per per 5400 5400per per0.0004 5400 5400 m 5400m2 2;2m ;;DBH DBHm53.5DBH2 m; 2DBH;2 ;DBH DBH- --diameterdiameter 2245- diameter- -diameterdiameter at 0.54at at at at 0.30 0.02 Dalbergia cochinchinensis Pierre Mai Pa dong 1 1 0.02 0.0002 15.7 193 0.27 0.15 0.00 breastbreastbreastbreastbreast height height Dialiumheight height height (cm); (cm);cochinchinense (cm); (cm); (cm);BA BA BA- --BAbasal basalBA- Pierrebasal--basal area; basalarea; area; area; RF area;RF -RF-- relativeRFrelative relativeRFMai- relative- -Khengrelativerelative frequency; frequency;frequency; frequency; frequency; frequency; RD 3RDRD RD - RD-- relativeRDrelativerelative - 3relative- -relativerelative density; density;0.06density; density; density; density;0.0006 RBA RBARBA RBA RBA - RBA -192.1-relativerelativerelative - relative- -relativerelative28941 basal basalbasal basal basal area. basal area.area.0.81 area. area. area.0.44 0.19 Dialium indum L. Ton MakKheng 24 13 0.24 0.0044 1489.1 1739704 3.52 3.56 11.72* Peltophorum dasyrachis Kurz Mai Sa phang 25 14 0.26 0.0046 931.2 680405 3.80 3.70 4.58 ZonePterocarpusZoneZoneZone Zone II... DipterocarpmacrocarpusIDipterocarp . I.IDipterocarp.DipterocarpDipterocarpKurzusususspspusus--sp-AfzeliaAfzeliasp-MaispAfzelia-Afzelia- DouAfzelia xylocarpaxylocarpa xylocarpa xylocarpaxylocarpa-21--DiospyrosDiospyros-Diospyros-Diospyros-Diospyros12 malabaricamalabarica0.22 malabarica malabaricamalabarica0.0039 zone.zone.648.1zone.zone.zone. ThisThis 329529This This Thiszonezone zone zone3.25 zone isis theis the is 3.11isthe thethe 2.22 secondsecondsecondsecondsecond mostmostSindora most most most abundantabundantsiamensis abundant abundant abundantTeysm. andand exand andmost Miquelmostand most most most diversediverse diverse diverseMai diverse Tae amongamong namamong among among thethe the six thesix the1 six zonessixzones six zones zones zones1 withwith with with 0.02 127with127 127 127 individualsindividuals0.0002127 individuals individuals individuals60.0 representedrepresented represented 2826represented represented0.27 byby by 35 35by 0.15by 35 35 35 0.02 Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub Mai Deng 35 8 0.15 0.0065 948.1 705288 2.17 5.19 4.75* speciesspeciesspeciesspeciesspecies...FlacourtiaceaeDipterocarpusDipterocarpus. Dipterocarpus. .DipterocarpusDipterocarpussp.sp.sp.waswassp.sp.was was thethewas the most themost the most most most dominantdominant dominant dominant dominant atat 10.59%at10.59% at at10.59% 10.59% 10.59% RBA.RBA. RBA. RBA. RBA. TheThe The The DBHmaxTheDBHmax DBHmax DBHmax DBHmax andand and andheight heightand height height height valuesvalues values values values Hydnocarpus anthelmintica Pierre Ton Kabao 4 4 0.07 0.0007 77.5 4714 1.08 0.59 0.03 ofof speciesofspeciesof ofspecies species speciesHypericaceae inin theinthe in inthe zonethezone the zone zone zone werewere were were were 145145 145 145 cmcm145 cm andcmand cm and 50and 50and 50 m, m,50 50 m, respectively, respectively,m, m, respectively, respectively, respectively, foundfound found found found inin PlotinPlot in inPlot Plot 45 Plot45 45 at at45 45 theatthe at atthe elevationtheelevation the elevation elevation elevation ofof 180of180 of of180 180 mm180 m m m (Table(Table(Table(Table(Table(Table 2; 2;2;Cratoxylum Fig. 2;Fig.Fig. 2; 2;Fig. Fig.3). 3).Fig.3). formosum 3). 3). 3). (Jack) Dyer Tieu som 14 8 0.15 0.0026 229.8 41416 2.17 2.07 0.28 Irvingiaceae ZoneIrvingiaZoneZoneZone Zone IIharmandianaII. ..IIArtocarpus ArtocarpusII .II.Artocarpus.ArtocarpusArtocarpusOliv. Ex spA.sp Benn--sp-Ziziphus Ziziphussp -spZiziphus-Ziziphus-ZiziphusMai Bok cambodianacambodiana cambodiana cambodiana cambodiana-20--DipterocarpusDipterocarpus-Dipterocarpus-Dipterocarpus-Dipterocarpus18 0.33 spsp.0.0037.sp.zone.spzone..sp.zone..zone.zone. 1664.7 ThisThis This This Thiszonezone2174392 zone zone zone isis theisthe 4.88is isthe leastthe leastthe least 2.96least least 14.65 * abundantabundantabundantabundantabundantLythraceae amongamong among among among thethe the six thesix the six zoneszonessix six zones zones zones withwith with with 78with78 78 individuals individuals78 78 individuals individuals individuals representedrepresented represented represented represented byby by 21 21by by 21 species. species.21 21 species. species. species.ArtocarpusArtocarpusArtocarpusArtocarpusArtocarpussp.sp.sp.waswassp.sp.was was thethewas the the the Lagerstroemia balansae Koehne Mai Peuy 3 3 0.06 0.0006 56.9 2539 0.81 0.44 0.02 mostmostmostmost most dominantdominant dominantLagerstroemia dominant dominant withwith withsp. with 19.35%with19.35% 19.35% 19.35% 19.35% RBA.RBA. RBA. RBA. RBA. TheTheMai The The DBHmax PeuyhinDBHmaxThe DBHmax DBHmax DBHmax andand and30 andmaximum maximumand maximum maximum maximum16 heightheight0.30 height height height values0.0056values values values values were100732.2were100 were100 were100 were100420612 cmcm cm and cmand cm 4.34and 40and 40and 40 m m4.4440 40 m m m 2.83 foundfoundfoundfoundfoundfound in inin Meliaceae Plot inPlotPlot in inPlot Plot 30 Plot3030 30at atat30 30 the atthethe at atthe altitude thealtitudealtitude the altitude altitude altitude 170 170170 170 170m mm170 (Table m(Table(Table m m(Table (Table (Table 2; 2;2; Fig. 2;Fig.Fig. 2; 2;Fig. Fig.3). 3).Fig.3). 3). 3). 3). Melia azedarach L. Ton Kadao 2 2 0.04 0.0004 157.0 19349 0.54 0.30 0.13 TableTableTableTableTableTable Table1. Table1. 1.Table Species Zone1.SandoricumSpecies ZoneSpecies 1. 1. Species1.Zone 1. Species ZoneSpecies 1.Species Zone II SpeciesII Species compositionI.compositionI. I.IIcomposition koetjapeDipterocarpus compositionDipterocarpusIII. IIcomposition I.composition DipterocarpuscompositionI. compositionDipterocarpus compositionDipterocarpus(Burm.f.) inin in MerrillDong inDong Dong in inDongin sp insp Dong Dong in Dong. NaNa-Dong.sp. --IrvingiaNaDongspIrvingia Irvingia TonNa.sp Tard- Tard .IrvingiaNaTardNa - .Na TongIrvingia-TardNaIrvingia Na TardTard Provincial TardProvincial TardProvincial harmandiana TardharmandianaProvincialharmandiana ProvincialProvincial harmandianaProvincial Provincialharmandiana Provincialharmandiana ProtectedProtected Protected4 Protected ProtectedProtected Protected -Protected--Dialium DialiumProtected- 2 AreaDialiumArea -AreaDialium- DialiumArea AreaArea (Continued)0.04Area(Continued) (Continued)indumArea (Continued) indumArea(Continued) indum(Continued)(Continued) (Continued)indum 0.0007(Continued)indum(Continued)zone.zone.zone.zone.571.1zone. This This This This zone Thiszone255908 zone zone zoneis is the isthe 0.54is theis most mostthe the most 0.59most most 1.72 Moraceae abundabundabundabundabundantantArtocarpusant andantandant and andmostandmostsp. most most most diversediverse diverse diversediverse amongamong among amongamong thetheTon the Makmee six thesixthe six zones sixzonessix zones zoneszones withwith 17with with with195195 195 9 195 individu195individu individu individu0.17individualsals0.0031 als representedalsrepresentedals represented representedrepresented537.3 226497byby by 4242 byby 42 species. species.422.4442 species. species.species.2.52 1.53 Ficus drupacea Thunberg Ton Meepaa 4 3 0.06 0.0007 323.6 82181 0.81 0.59 0.55 DipterocarpusDipterocarpusDipterocarpusDipterocarpusDipterocarpusspsp..sp.wasspwas.sp.was. was thewasthe the most themostthe most most most dominantdominant dominant dominantdominant havinghaving having havingNO.NO.havingNO. NO.24.75% 24.75% NO.NO. NO. 24.75%NO. NO. 24.75% 24.75% RBA.RBA. RBA. RBA.RBA. TheThe The The DBHmaxTheDBHmax DBHmax DBHmaxDBHmax valuevalue value valuevalue waswas was was 150was150 150 150 cm150cm cm cmcm Ficus septica Burn.f. var. septica Ton Makdua pong 3 1 0.02 0.0006 DBHDBHDBH182.2DBHDBHDBHDBHDBHDBH26037BABABABABABABABABABA0.27RFRFRFRFRFRFRFRDRFRD0.44RDRFRDRFRDRDRDRDRBARBARDRBARBA0.18RDRBARBARBARBARBARBA FFFamilyamilyFamilyamilyFamilyF/SF/Samily/SFamilypecies/SFamilypeciespeciesamily/SpeciesFamilypecies/S/S/S/Speciespecies/Species/Speciespecies LLLocalLocalocalocalL ocalname L nameLname ocalLnameocalLocal nameocalL ocalname name name name nameOFOFOFOFOFOFOFOFOOFOOO OOOFOFFOF F FFFF FDDDD DDDDD foundfoundfoundfoundfoundfound in ininStreblus Plot inPlotPlot in inPlot Plot 48 asperPlot4848 48 at atat48 Lour 48 the atthethe at atthe altitude thealtitudealtitude the altitude altitude altitude 180 180180 180 180 m, m,m,180Ton m, while whilewhile m, Somphorm, while while while the thethe the maximum themaximummaximum the maximum maximum maximum7 height heightheight3 height height height value 0.06valuevalue value value value was0.0013 waswas was was 45 45wascm45cmcmcm 129.145 m cm mm45 cm 45 cm found mcmfoundfound cmm cmmfound 13080cmfound cmcmfoundcm 2 in2 2cminin2 cm 2cm Plot incmPlotPlot cm22in 2 cmin0.81Plot(%)2(%) (%) 2Plot(%) 53 Plot5353(%) (%)53(%) at (%)(%) at(%)at1.04(%)53(%) (%) 53 (%) at(%) at(%) (%)at(%) (%)(%)(%)(%) 0.09(%)(%)(%)(%)(%)(%)(%)(%) thethethethe altitude thealtitudealtitudethe altitude altitude Streblusaltitude 180 180180 ilicifolius180 180m mm180 (Table m(Table(Table m (Kurz.)m(Table (Table (Table 2; Corn2;2; Fig. 2;Fig.Fig. 2; 2;Fig. Fig.3 3Fig.3).).). 3 ).3Ton 3).). Nam khom INDIV.INDIV.INDIV.INDIV.INDIV.INDIV.INDIV.INDIV.INDIV.1INDIV. 1 0.02 0.0002 15.7 193 0.27 0.15 0.00 MyrsinaceaeMyrsinaceaeMyrsinaceaeMyrsinaceaeMyrsinaceaeMyrsinaceaeMyrsinaceaeMyrsinaceaeMyrsinaceae ArdisiaArdisiaArdisiaArdisiaArdisiaArdisiaArdisiaArdisiaevonymifoliaevonymifoliaArdisiaevonymifoliaevonymifoliaZoneArdisiaZoneevonymifoliaevonymifoliaZoneevonymifoliaevonymifoliaZoneevonymifolia Zone evonymifoliaIV.IV.PitardPitard PitardPitardIV. PitardDipterocarpus IV.DipterocarpusIV.PitardPitard PitardDipterocarpusPitard DipterocarpusPitardDipterocarpusKok Kok spKoksp KokTa -Ta -spKok-AnisopteraTa KokAnisopterakhouang KokspkhouangTaKok -spkhouang AnisopteraKokTa -Takhouang TaAnisoptera- Takhouang Anisopterakhouang Takhouang khouang khouang costatacostata777 7costata 7 costatacostata7777-3--Solanum373Solanum3 -3Solanum-3Solanum3-0.0630.060.06Solanum30.0630.06 0.060.06 torvum0.06torvum0.060.0013 0.060.00130.0013torvum0.0013 0.0013 torvumtorvum0.00130.00130.00130.0013zone.zone.0.001346.2zone.46.246.246.2zone.zone.46.2ThisThis46.246.246.246.2This46.2This Thiszone16721672zone16721672 1672zone 1672zone 1672zone 1672is1672is1672 0.81lowis0.810.81 low0.81 is 0.81islow 0.81 low0.81 in1.040.81lowin1.041.040.811.04 0.81 in1.04 in1.04 1.04in1.040.01 1.040.010.01 1.040.010.010.010.010.010.010.01 abundanceabundanceMyrtaceaeMyrtaceaeMyrtaceaeabundanceMyrtaceaeabundanceabundanceMyrtaceaeMyrtaceaeMyrtaceaeRemarks:MyrtaceaeMyrtaceae withwith with with 86with86 86 individuals individuals86 86 individuals individuals individuals representedrepresented represented represented represented byby by 27 27by by 27 species. species.27 27 species. species. species. DipterocarpusDipterocarpus Dipterocarpus Dipterocarpus Dipterocarpusspsp..sp.waswassp.spwas. . was thewasthe the most themost the most most most dominantdominant dominant dominant dominant EucalyptusEucalyptusEucalyptusEucalyptusEucalyptusEucalyptusEucalyptusEucalyptus●Eucalyptus Eucalyptus sp.Asterisksp. sp.sp. sp. sp. sp.sp. sp. sp. (*) TonTonTonTon Tonvik vikvik TonvikTon TonvikTon vik Tonvik vik vik vik 121212121212121212112111 1 110.0210.020.0210.0210.020.020.020.020.020.00220.020.00220.00220.00220.00220.00220.00220.00220.00220.0022766.4766.4766.4766.4766.4766.4766.4766.4766.4766.44607964607964607964607964607964607964607964607964607964607960.270.270.270.270.270.270.271.780.271.781.780.271.780.271.781.781.781.783.101.783.103.101.783.103.103.103.103.103.103.10 havinghavinghavinghavinghaving 56.7456.74 56.74 56.7456.74 %% %RBA. RBA.% -% RBA.dominant RBA.RBA. TheThe The The speciesTheDBHmaxDBHmax DBHmax DBHmaxDBHmax based andand on and total andmaximumandmaximum maximum RBA maximummaximum of aheightheight species height heightheight values valuesfor values allvaluesvalues zones werewere were wereof were 100 100the 100 park100 cm100cm cm cmandandcm and and45and45 45 m,45m,45 m, m,m, SyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygium●OSyzygiumcinereumSyzygiumcinereumcinereumcinereum-cinereumoccurrencecinereumcinereumcinereumcinereumKurzKurzcinereumKurzKurz Chant. Chant.Kurz KurzChant.Kurz KurzChant. Kurz of Chant.& Chant.&Chant. &Chant.ParnspeciesParn ParnChant.&Parn & Parn& & Parn&Parn Parn&Parn perParnTonTonTonTon 54 TonMakva MakvaMakva TonMakva Tonplots; TonMakvaTon Makva TonMakva Makva Makva MakvaF- frequency/548888 8 88887787 7plots;7 770.1370.130.1370.13 D70.130.13-0.130.13density0.130.00150.130.00150.00150.00150.00150.00150.00150.0015 0.0015per0.0015726.2 726.25400726.2726.2726.2726.2726.2 726.2m726.2726.22;413792 413792DBH413792413792413792413792413792413792 -413792413792diameter1.901.901.901.901.901.901.901.191.901.191.191.90 1.19at1.901.19 1.191.191.192.791.192.792.791.192.792.792.792.792.792.792.79 respectively,respectively,respectively,SyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumrespectively,Syzygiumrespectively,respectively,SyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumzeylanicumSyzygiumzeylanicumzeylanicumzeylanicumzeylanicumzeylanicumzeylanicum zeylanicumfound foundzeylanicumfoundzeylanicum found(L.)(L.)(L.) found(L.) found(L.) DC.in DC. in(L.)inDC.(L.)(L.) DC.Plot (L.) inPlotPlot (L.)DC.inDC. DC.inPlotDC. PlotDC. 3 Plot33 at atat3 the3 atthethe3 TonatTon TonattheTon altitude TonthealtitudeSaaltitude SaSathe TonSa Tonmek altitude TonmekSamek Tonmekaltitude Sa TonaltitudemekSa Sa Samek mek Samek180 180mek180 mek 180 180m mm180 (Table 6 m(Table6(Table6 6m m6(Table (Table6 6(Table66 32; 3 632;2;3 3Fig. 2;Fig.Fig. 332;0.06 30.060.062;Fig.30.06 3Fig.3). 0.06 3).Fig.3).0.060.06 0.06 3). 0.06 0.00113).0.060.0011 0.00113).0.0011 0.0011 0.00110.00110.00110.00110.001175.475.475.475.475.475.475.475.475.475.444664466446644664466446644664466446644660.810.810.810.810.810.810.810.890.810.890.890.810.890.810.890.890.890.890.030.890.030.030.890.030.030.030.030.030.030.03 SyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumbreastSyzygiumgratumSyzygiumgratumgratumgratumgratumgratum gratumheightgratum(Wight)(Wight)(Wight)gratum(Wight)gratum(Wight)(Wight)(Wight) (Wight)S.N. S.N.(cm);S.N.(Wight) S.N.(Wight) S.N. Mitra Mitra Mitra S.N.MitraS.N. S.N. MitraS.N.BA S.N.Mitra Mitra Mitra -Mitra MitrabasalTonTonTon Tonarea; TonSa SaSa TonSa Tonmekkhao TonmekkhaoSamekkhao TonmekkhaoRF Sa TonmekkhaoSa Sa Samekkhao -mekkhao Samekkhao relativemekkhao mekkhao12 1212frequenc121212121212412444y;4 4RD40.0740.070.0740.074 0.07- 0.07relative0.070.070.070.00220.070.00220.00220.00220.00220.0022 0.0022density;0.00220.00220.0022190.5190.5190.5190.5190.5 RBA190.5190.5190.5190.5190.5 -284672846728467relative28467284672846728467284672846728467 bas1.081.081.081.081.08al1.08 1.08area.1.781.081.781.781.081.781.081.781.781.781.780.191.780.190.191.780.190.190.190.190.190.190.19 SyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumSyzygiumtinctoriumZoneSyzygiumtinctoriumtinctoriumZonetinctoriumtinctoriumZonetinctoriumtinctoriumZonetinctoriumtinctorium Zone VtinctoriumVtinctorium(Gagn.).(Gagn.)(Gagn.) ..(Gagn.)VDipterocarpus Dipterocarpus(Gagn.)V .V(Gagn.)(Gagn.)Dipterocarpus. Merr.(Gagn.) Merr..Merr.(Gagn.)Dipterocarpus Merr.Dipterocarpus(Gagn.) Merr. ex Merr. exexMerr. Merr.ex Pierre Merr. PierrePierreex PierreMerr. ex Pierreex ex exPierre Pierre Pierreex PierrespMaisp MaiPierreMai. -.spMai.Va --DipteroarpusVa spDipteroarpusMaiVaMai .spdong Mai- VadongMai .Dipteroarpusdong -Va .Mai VaDipteroarpus -dongVa Dipteroarpus Vadong dong Vadong dong dong 5 macrocarpus55macrocarpus5 5macrocarpus 5macrocarpus5 5macrocarpus533533 3 330.0630.060.0630.06-3-0.06-SyzygiumSyzygium0.060.06-0.06Syzygium0.06-0.0009Syzygium-0.060.00090.0009Syzygium0.00090.00090.00090.00090.0009 0.0009tinctoriumtinctorium0.0009 207.7tinctorium207.7207.7 207.7tinctorium tinctorium207.7207.7207.7207.7207.7207.7zone.33846zone.338463384633846zone.33846zone.33846zone.3384633846This33846This33846This0.810.810.81This0.81 zoneThis0.81zone0.81 0.81zone0.740.810.74 0.740.81zone0.74 0.81zone 0.740.74 0.740.740.23 0.740.230.23 0.740.230.230.230.230.230.230.23 isisisPinaceaePinaceae Pinaceae PinaceaealsoisalsoalsoPinaceaeis isPinaceaealsoPinaceae Pinaceae also Pinaceae lowalsolowlowPinaceae low low ininlowin abundancein abundanceabundancein inabundance abundance abundance withwithwith with with with858585 85 individualsindividualsindividuals85 85 individuals individuals individuals representedrepresentedrepresented represented represented represented bybyby by 25 2525by by 25 species.species.species.25 25 species. species. species. DipterocarpusDipterocarpus Dipterocarpus Dipterocarpus Dipterocarpussp.sp. sp. wassp.wassp. was was thewasthe the the the KeteleeriaKeteleeriaKeteleeriaKeteleeriaKeteleeriaKeteleeriaKeteleeriaKeteleeriaKeteleeriaRemarks:KeteleeriaevelynianaevelynianaevelynianaevelynianaevelynianaevelynianaevelynianaevelynianaevelynianaevelynianaMasterMasterMasterMasterMasterMasterMasterMasterMaster MaiMaiMai MaiHing Hing MaiHingMai MaiHingMai Hing MaiHing Hing Hing Hing 2222 2 222211211 1 110.0210.020.0210.0210.020.020.020.020.020.00040.020.00040.00040.00040.00040.00040.00040.00040.00040.000475.075.075.075.075.075.075.075.075.075.044164416441644164416441644164416441644160.270.270.270.270.270.270.270.300.270.300.300.270.300.270.300.300.300.300.030.300.030.030.300.030.030.030.030.030.030.03 ZiziphusZiziphusZiziphusZiziphusZiziphusZiziphusZiziphusZiziphusZiziphuscambodianacambodianacambodianaZiziphuscambodianacambodianacambodianacambodianacambodianacambodianacambodiana Pierre PierrePierrePierre Pierre PierrePierre Pierre PierrePierre TonTonTonTon TonMakkhom MakkhomMakkhom TonMakkhomTon TonMakkhomTon Makkhom TonMakkhom Makkhom Makkhom Makkhom 17171717171717171712121712121212120.22120.220.22120.22120.220.220.220.220.220.00310.220.00310.00310.00310.00310.00310.00310.00310.00310.0031356.4356.4356.4356.4356.4356.4356.4356.4356.4356.4996509965099650996509965099650996509965099650996503.253.253.253.253.253.253.252.523.252.522.523.252.523.252.522.522.522.520.672.520.670.672.520.670.670.670.670.670.670.67 RosaceaeRosaceaeRosaceaeRosaceaeRosaceaeRosaceaeRosaceaeRosaceae●Rosaceae Asterisk (*) - dominant species based on total RBA of a species for all zones of the park PyrusPyrusPyrusPyrusPyrusPyruspashiaPyruspashiapashiaPyruspashiaPyrus●pashiaPyrus pashiapashiaBuch.pashiaBuch.Buch.O-pashiaBuch.pashiaBuch. occurrenceHam. Buch. Ham.Buch.Ham. Buch.Ham.Buch. Ham.Buch. ex Ham.exexHam. exHam. D. Ham.D.D.ex D. Ham.Don exDonD.Donex Donex ex D.ofDonD. D.ex D.Don Donspecies DonD. Don Don TonTonTon Tonper TonMakchong MakchongMakchong TonMakchong Ton54 TonMakchongTon Makchong TonMakchong plots;Makchong Makchong Makchong F- frequency/541111 1 11111111 1 1plots;10.0210.020.0210.0210.020.02 0.02D0.020.020.0002 0.020.0002-0.0002 0.0002density0.00020.00020.00020.00020.00020.0002 per15.715.715.715.7 15.7540015.715.715.715.715.7 m1932193193;193 DBH193193193193193 193-0.270.27 0.27diameter0.270.270.270.270.150.270.150.150.270.150.270.15 0.15at0.150.150.000.15 0.00 0.000.150.000.000.000.000.000.000.00 RubusRubusRubusRubusRubusRubusRubusmultibracteusmultibracteusRubusRubusmultibracteusRubusmultibracteusmultibracteusmultibracteusmultibracteusmultibracteusmultibracteusLev.Lev.Lev.Lev.Lev. & && Lev.&Lev.VaniotLev.Vaniot &Lev.Vaniot Lev.& Vaniot& & Vaniot&Vaniot Vaniot&VaniotVaniot TonTonTonTon TonMaktoum MaktoumMaktoum TonMaktoumTon TonMaktoumTon Maktoum TonMaktoum Maktoum Maktoum Maktoum 2222 2 222211211 1 110.0210.020.0210.0210.020.020.020.020.020.00040.020.00040.00040.00040.00040.00040.00040.00040.00040.0004157.0157.0157.0157.0157.0157.0157.0157.0157.0157.0193491934919349193491934919349193491934919349193490.270.270.270.270.270.270.270.300.270.300.300.270.300.270.300.300.300.300.130.300.130.130.300.130.130.130.130.130.130.13 RubiaceaeRubiaceaeRubiaceaeRubiaceaeRubiaceaeRubiaceaeRubiaceaeRubiaceae Rubiaceaebreast height (cm); BA- basal area; RF- relative frequency; RD - relative density; RBA - relative basal area. PrismatomeriPrismatomeriPrismatomeriPrismatomeriPrismatomeriPrismatomeriPrismatomeriPrismatomeriPrismatomeriPrismatomeristetandrastetandrastetandrastetandrastetandrastetandrastetandrastetandrastetandra(Roxburgh)stetandra(Roxburgh)(Roxburgh)(Roxburgh)(Roxburgh)(Roxburgh)(Roxburgh)(Roxburgh)(Roxburgh)(Roxburgh) K. K.K. K. K. K.K. K. K. K. SchumSchumSchumSchumSchumSchumSchumSchumSchumSchum TonTonTonTon TonYor YorYor TonYorTon TonYordong Tondongdong dongYor TonYor Yordong Yor dong Yordong dong dong dong 2222 2 222211211 1 110.0210.020.0210.0210.020.020.020.020.020.00040.020.00040.00040.00040.00040.00040.00040.00040.00040.00049.09.09.09.09.09.09.09.09.09.0 646464646464646464640.270.270.270.270.270.270.270.300.270.300.300.270.300.270.300.300.300.300.000.300.000.000.300.000.000.000.000.000.000.00 SapindaceaeSapindaceaeSapindaceaeSapindaceaeSapindaceaeSapindaceaeSapindaceaeSapindaceaeSapindaceaeSapindaceae LepisanthesLepisanthesLepisanthesLepisanthesLepisanthesLepisanthesLepisanthesLepisanthesLepisanthesLepisanthesrubiginosarubiginosarubiginosarubiginosarubiginosarubiginosarubiginosarubiginosarubiginosarubiginosa(Roxburgh)(Roxburgh)(Roxburgh)(Roxburgh)(Roxburgh)(Roxburgh)(Roxburgh)(Roxburgh)(Roxburgh)(Roxburgh) Leenh LeenhLeenh Leenh Leenh Leenh Leenh Leenh Leenh LeenhTonTonTonTon TonMakHouad MakHouadMakHouad TonMakHouadTon TonMakHouadTon MakHouad TonMakHouad MakHouad MakHouad MakHouad8888 8 888877877 7 770.1370.130.1370.1370.130.130.130.130.130.00150.130.00150.00150.00150.00150.00150.00150.00150.00150.0015228.3228.3228.3228.3228.3228.3228.3228.3228.3228.3408894088940889408894088940889408894088940889408891.901.901.901.901.901.901.901.191.901.191.191.901.191.901.191.191.191.190.281.190.280.281.190.280.280.280.280.280.280.28 SolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceae 56 SolanumSolanumSolanumSolanumSolanumSolanumSolanumSolanum Solanum torvumt torvumSolanumorvumtorvum torvum tt orvumtorvumSwartzt orvumSwartzSwartzt orvumSwartztorvumSwartzSwartz Swartz Swartz Swartz Swartz KhaengFaaKhaengFaaKhaengFaaKhaengFaaKhaengFaaKhaengFaaKhaengFaaKhaengFaaKhaengFaa 8888 8 888833833 3 330.0630.060.0630.0630.060.060.060.060.060.00150.060.00150.00150.00150.00150.00150.00150.00150.00150.0015190.3190.3190.3190.3190.3190.3190.3190.3190.3190.3284182841828418284182841828418284182841828418284180.810.810.810.810.810.810.811.190.811.191.190.811.190.811.191.191.191.190.191.190.190.191.190.190.190.190.190.190.190.19 SterculiaceaeSterculiaceaeSterculiaceaeSterculiaceaeSterculiaceaeSterculiaceaeSterculiaceaeSterculiaceaeSterculiaceaeSterculiaceae HeritieraHeritieraHeritieraHeritieraHeritieraHeritieraHeritieraHeritierajavanicaHeritierajavanicajavanicajavanicajavanicajavanicajavanicajavanicajavanicajavanica(Blume)(Blume)(Blume)javanica(Blume)(Blume)(Blume)(Blume)(Blume)Kosterm(Blume)Kosterm(Blume)KostermKostermKostermKostermKostermKostermKostermMaiMaiMai MaiHao Hao MaiHaoMai MaiHaoMai Hao MaiHao Hao Hao Hao 2222 2 22222222 2 220.0420.040.0420.0420.040.040.040.040.040.00040.040.00040.00040.00040.00040.00040.00040.00040.00040.0004257.3257.3257.3257.3257.3257.3257.3257.3257.3257.3519265192651926519265192651926519265192651926519260.540.540.540.540.540.540.540.300.540.300.300.540.300.540.300.300.300.300.350.300.350.350.300.350.350.350.350.350.350.35 SterculiaSterculiaSterculiaSterculiaSterculiaSterculiaSterculiaSterculia Sterculia sp. Sterculiasp.sp.sp. sp. sp.sp. sp. sp.sp. PortaePortaePortaePortaePortaePortaePortaePortaePortaePortae 4444 4 444411411 1 110.0210.020.0210.0210.020.020.020.020.020.00070.020.00070.00070.00070.00070.00070.00070.00070.00070.000750.250.250.250.250.250.250.250.250.250.219811981198119811981198119811981198119810.270.270.270.270.270.270.270.590.270.590.590.270.590.270.590.590.590.590.010.590.010.010.590.010.010.010.010.010.010.01 StilaginaceaeStilaginaceaeStilaginaceaeStilaginaceaeStilaginaceaeStilaginaceaeStilaginaceaeStilaginaceaeStilaginaceaeStilaginaceae AntidesmaAntidesmaAntidesmaAntidesmaAntidesmaAntidesmaAntidesmaAntidesmaAntidesmaAntidesmabuniusbuniusbuniusbuniusbuniusbuniusbuniusSprengelbuniusSprengelSprengelbuniusSprengelbuniusSprengelSprengelSprengelSprengelSprengelSprengel MakMakMakMak Mao MaoMak MaoMakMak MaoMak MakMao Mao Mao Mao Mao 2222 2 222211211 1 110.0210.020.0210.0210.020.020.020.020.020.00040.020.00040.00040.00040.00040.00040.00040.00040.00040.00048.98.98.98.98.98.98.98.98.98.9 626262626262626262620.270.270.270.270.270.270.270.300.270.300.300.270.300.270.300.300.300.300.000.300.000.000.300.000.000.000.000.000.000.00 SymplocaceaeSymplocaceaeSymplocaceaeSymplocaceaeSymplocaceaeSymplocaceaeSymplocaceaeSymplocaceaeSymplocaceaeSymplocaceae SymplocosSymplocosSymplocosSymplocosSymplocosSymplocosSymplocosSymplocosSymplocosSymplocosracemosaracemosaracemosaracemosaracemosaracemosaracemosaracemosaracemosaracemosaRoxburghRoxburghRoxburghRoxburghRoxburghRoxburghRoxburghRoxburghRoxburghRoxburgh MaiMaiMai MaiMuad Muad MaiMuadMai MaiMuadMai ae MuadMaiaeMuad Muadae Muad ae Muad ae ae ae ae ae 6666 6 666633633 3 330.0630.060.0630.0630.060.060.060.060.060.00110.060.00110.00110.00110.00110.00110.00110.00110.00110.001177.377.377.377.377.377.377.377.377.377.346834683468346834683468346834683468346830.810.810.810.810.810.810.810.890.810.890.890.810.890.810.890.890.890.890.030.890.030.030.890.030.030.030.030.030.030.03 TiliaceaeTiliaceaeTiliaceaeTiliaceaeTiliaceaeTiliaceaeTiliaceaeTiliaceaeTiliaceaeTiliaceae PeltacePeltacePeltacePeltacePeltacePeltacePeltacePeltacePeltacePeltace TonTonTonTon TonSi SiSi TonSisietTon siet Tonsiet SisietTon Si TonsietSi Si siet Sisiet sietSi siet siet 1111 1 11111111 1 110.0210.020.0210.0210.020.020.020.020.020.00020.020.00020.00020.00020.00020.00020.00020.00020.00020.000262.862.862.862.862.862.862.862.862.862.830963096309630963096309630963096309630960.270.270.270.270.270.270.270.150.270.150.150.270.150.270.150.150.150.150.020.150.020.020.150.020.020.020.020.020.020.02 VerbenaceaeVerbenaceaeVerbenaceaeVerbenaceaeVerbenaceaeVerbenaceaeVerbenaceaeVerbenaceaeVerbenaceae TectonaTectonaTectonaTectonaTectonaTectonaTectonaTectonagrandisTectonagrandisgrandisgrandisTectonagrandisgrandisgrandisgrandisLinngrandisLinnLinnLinngrandisLinnLinnLinnLinnLinnLinn MaiMaiMai MaiSak SakSak MaiSakMai MaiSakMai Sak MaiSak Sak Sak Sak 383838383838383838538555 5 550.0950.090.0950.0950.090.090.090.090.090.00700.090.00700.00700.00700.00700.00700.00700.00700.00700.0070932.9932.9932.9932.9932.9932.9932.9932.9932.9932.96827886827886827886827886827886827886827886827886827886827881.361.361.361.361.361.361.365.631.365.635.631.365.631.365.635.635.635.634.605.634.604.604.605.634.60****4.604.604.60*4.60*4.60*** * VitexVitexVitexVitexVitexpinnataVitexpinnataVitexpinnataVitexpinnataVitexpinnataVitexpinnatapinnatapinnataL.pinnataL.L.pinnataL.L. L.L.L.L.L. MaiMaiMai MaiTin Tin MaiTinMai Mainok TinnokMai nokTin MaiTin Tinnok Tin nokTinnok nok nok nok 3333 3 333311311 1 110.0210.020.0210.0210.020.020.020.020.020.00060.020.00060.00060.00060.00060.00060.00060.00060.00060.000678.578.578.578.578.578.578.578.578.578.548374837483748374837483748374837483748370.270.270.270.270.270.270.270.440.270.440.440.270.440.270.440.440.440.440.030.440.030.030.440.030.030.030.030.030.030.03 ZingiberaceaeZingiberaceaeZingiberaceaeZingiberaceaeZingiberaceaeZingiberaceaeZingiberaceaeZingiberaceaeZingiberaceaeZingiberaceae CurcumaCurcumaCurcumaCurcumaCurcumaCurcumaCurcumaCurcuma Curcuma alisamatifoliaalisamatifolia Curcumaalisamatifoliaalisamatifolia alisamatifolia alisamatifolia alisamatifoliaalisamatifolia alisamatifolia alisamatifoliaGagnepainGagnepainGagnepainGagnepainGagnepainGagnepainGagnepainGagnepainGagnepain PhakPhakPhakPhakPhak Warn WarnPhakWarn PhakWarnPhak PhakWarnPhak Warn Warn Warn Warn Warn 3333 3 333322322 2 220.0420.040.0420.0420.040.040.040.040.040.00060.040.00060.00060.00060.00060.00060.00060.00060.00060.000693.493.493.493.493.493.493.493.493.493.468426842684268426842684268426842684268420.540.540.540.540.540.540.540.440.540.440.440.540.440.540.440.440.440.440.050.440.050.050.440.050.050.050.050.050.050.05 AlpiniaAlpiniaAlpiniaAlpiniaAlpiniaAlpiniaAlpiniaAlpiniasp.Alpiniasp.sp.sp.Alpiniasp.sp.sp.sp.sp.sp. KhapaaKhapaaKhapaaKhapaaKhapaaKhapaaKhapaaKhapaaKhapaa 2222 2 222211211 1 110.0210.020.0210.0210.020.020.020.020.020.00040.020.00040.00040.00040.00040.00040.00040.00040.00040.000422.022.022.022.022.022.022.022.022.022.03793793793793793793793793793790.270.270.270.270.270.270.270.300.270.300.300.270.300.270.300.300.300.300.000.300.000.000.300.000.000.000.000.000.000.00 TotalTotalTotalTotalTotalTotalTotalTotalTotalTotal 675675675675675675675675675675 0.1250.1250.1250.1250.1250.1250.1250.1250.1250.125222,2551.2,2,2551.22551.2,2551.22,2551.222,,22551.2,2551.2,22551.2,22551.214,842,481.0,2551.214,842,481.014,842,481.014,842,481.014,842,481.014,842,481.014,842,481.014,842,481.014,842,481.014,842,481.0100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100

Remarks:Remarks:Remarks:Remarks:Remarks:Remarks:Remarks:Remarks:Remarks: ●● ● AsteriskAsterisk● Asterisk ●Asterisk●● ●AsteriskAsterisk Asterisk● Asterisk Asterisk (*)(*) (*) (*) - -- (*)dominant-(*) dominantdominant(*) dominant-(*) dominant(*) - -- dominantdominant-dominant -dominantdominant species speciesspecies species species speciesspecies species species basedspecies basedbased based based basedbased based on basedonon onbased on total totaltotal totalonon ontotal on totalon RBAtotal RBAtotalRBA RBAtotal totalRBA RBA RBA ofRBA ofof RBAof RBA a ofaa a species ofspecies ofspecies aofspecies of aspeciesa of a speciesaspecies species aspecies forspecies forfor for for all allall forallfor for all zonesfor zones zones for zonesallall allzones all zonesallzones zones of zonesofof ofzones the ofthethe the of ofthe of park of parkpark theparkthe ofthe parkthe the parkpark park park park ●O●O●O●O---occurrence●O-●Ooccurrenceoccurrence●Ooccurrence-●Ooccurrence-●O--occurrenceoccurrence-occurrence-occurrenceoccurrence of ofof of species ofspeciesspecies species of ofspeciesof of speciesspecies ofspecies species per speciesperper per per 54 54 54perper 54per per54 plots; plots;plots; per plots;5454 54plots; 54 plots;54plots; plots; F Fplots;F -Fplots;-- frequency/54-Ffrequency/54frequency/54 frequency/54- FF frequency/54F- -F- frequency/54frequency/54F-frequency/54-frequency/54frequency/54 plots; plots;plots; plots; plots; plots;plots; plots; D Dplots;D D plots; - D-- density- density densityD D density-D Ddensity - - D- densitydensity-density -density perdensity perper per per 5400 5400 5400perper 5400per per5400 per 5400 5400 m 5400 mm 5400m 2 54002;2m; 2; DBH ; DBHmDBH2 m DBH;m 2mDBH2 ;2;m ; 2DBHDBH ;DBH -2 -;-DBH diameter -diameterDBHdiameter diameter- diameter -- - diameterdiameter-diameter -diameterdiameter at atat at at atat at at at breastbreastbreastbreastbreastbreastbreastbreast heightbreast heightheight breastheight height heightheight height height (cm); (cm); (cm); height(cm); (cm); (cm);(cm); (cm); BA BA(cm);BA BA(cm); BA-- - BAbasal-BA basalbasalBA basal-BA basalBA---basal basal- area;basal area;-area; basalarea;basal area; area; area;RF area;RF RF area;RF area;RF--- relative- RFrelativeRF relativeRFrelative- RF relative-RF--relativerelative-relative-relative relative frequency; frequency;frequency; frequency; frequency; frequency; frequency;frequency; frequency; frequency; RD RDRD RD RD - -RD- RDrelative-RDrelative relative RDrelative- RD relative -- - relativerelative-relative -relative relative density; density;density; density; density; density;density; density; density; density; RBA RBARBA RBA RBA RBA RBA -RBA -- RBArelative- relativeRBArelative relative- relative - -- relativerelative-relative -relative relativebasal basalbasal basal basal basal basal area.basal area.area. basalarea. basal area. area.area. area. area. area.

ZoneZoneZoneZoneZoneZone Zone ZoneI I.Zone.I. .DipterocarpIDipterocarp . Dipterocarp II .DipterocarpI..I Dipterocarp.DipterocarpIDipterocarp.DipterocarpDipterocarpususususspspspusspusus-sp-us-AfzeliaAfzelia-usspAfzeliasp-spAfzeliasp--spAfzelia-Afzelia-AfzeliaAfzelia- Afzelia xylocarpa xylocarpaxylocarpa xylocarpa xylocarpaxylocarpa xylocarpaxylocarpa xylocarpa---DiospyrosDiospyros-Diospyros-Diospyros--Diospyros-Diospyros-DiospyrosDiospyros-Diospyros malabarica malabaricamalabarica malabarica malabaricamalabarica malabaricamalabarica malabaricazone.zone.zone.zone.zone.zone.zone. zone. zone.This ThisThiszone.This This This This Thiszone zoneThis zonezone Thiszone zone zone zone is zoneisisiszone isthe thethe the isis isthe is the isthe the the the secondsecondsecondsecondsecondsecondsecondsecondsecond second most most mostmost most most most most abundant abundantmost abundant abundantmost abundant abundant abundantabundant abundant abundant and and andand and andmost andmost mostand mostand mostand most most most diverse diversemost diverse diversemost diverse diverse diversediverse diverse diverse among among amongamong among among amongamong among amongthe the thethe the six thesix sixthesixthe thesix thezones zonessix zones sixzonessix sixzones six zones zoneszones zones with with withzoneswith with with with 127 with127 127with 127 with127 127individuals 127individuals individuals127 individuals127 individuals127 individuals individualsindividuals individuals individuals represented represented representedrepresented represented represented representedrepresented represented represented by by byby by 35 35 35by 35by by 35by by35 35 3535 35 speciesspeciesspeciesspeciesspeciesspeciesspeciesspeciesspecies.species..Dipterocarpus.Dipterocarpus.DipterocarpusDipterocarpus...DipterocarpusDipterocarpus.Dipterocarpus.DipterocarpusDipterocarpussp.sp.sp.sp.sp.waswassp.sp.wassp.sp.wassp. was thewasthe wasthewas wasthe most themost themostthe the mostthe most most most dominantdominantmost dominantmost dominant dominant dominantdominant dominant dominant atat at 10.59%at10.59% 10.59%at at10.59%at at 10.59% at10.59%10.59% 10.59% 10.59% RBA.RBA. RBA. RBA. RBA. RBA.RBA. RBA. The The RBA.The The The DBHmaxTheDBHmaxThe DBHmaxThe TheDBHmax DBHmax DBHmaxDBHmax DBHmax DBHmax andand and and andheight andheight and heightand heightand height heightheight height valuesheightvalues values values values valuesvalues values values ofofof ofspeciesspecies speciesofof ofspeciesof speciesof speciesspecies species species inin in theinthe the in ininthe in zone zonethe inthezonethe thezone the zone zone zonewere were zone werezone were were werewere 145145were 145were 145 145cm 145cm 145 cm145 cm145 and andcm cmandcm cmand cm 50and and50 and 50and 50 andm, m, 50m, 50 50 m,50 respectively, respectively, 50m,respectively, m, m, respectively,m, m,respectively, respectively,respectively, respectively, respectively, foundfound found found found foundfound found in in foundin PlotinPlot Plot in ininPlot in Plot in45Plot45Plot 45Plot Plot45 at at 45at 45 45 the at45the the 45at attheat atelevation elevationthe theatelevationthe theelevation the elevation elevationelevation elevation elevation ofof of of180180 180of ofof180 of 180mof 180m 180 m180 m180 m mm m m (Table(Table(Table(Table(Table(Table(Table(Table(Table 2;(Table 2;2; 2; Fig.2; Fig.Fig. Fig. 2; 2;Fig.2; 2; Fig. 3). 2;Fig.3).Fig.3). 3).Fig. 3).Fig. 3). 3).3). 3). 3). ZoneZoneZoneZoneZoneZone Zone IIZoneII ZoneII. ..II.Artocarpus Artocarpus II.Artocarpus II IIArtocarpus.II. .IIArtocarpus.ArtocarpusArtocarpus.ArtocarpusArtocarpus spsp spsp -sp--Ziziphus Ziziphus- spZiziphus sp- spZiziphussp --spZiziphus-Ziziphus-ZiziphusZiziphus-Ziziphus cambodiana cambodianacambodiana cambodiana cambodiana cambodiana cambodianacambodiana cambodiana---DipterocarpusDipterocarpus-Dipterocarpus-Dipterocarpus--Dipterocarpus-Dipterocarpus-DipterocarpusDipterocarpus-Dipterocarpusspspspsp.sp...zone.zone.spzone.sp.zone.spspzone...sp.zone..zone. zone.. zone.ThisThis Thiszone.This This This This Thiszone zonezoneThis zone Thiszone zone zone zone isis zoneis is zone theisthe the theis isthe is is leastthe leastleasttheis theleast the leastthe least least least least least abundantabundantabundantabundantabundantabundantabundantabundantabundantabundant among among amongamong among among amongamong among amongthe the thethe the six thesix sixthesixthe thesix thezones zonessix zones sixzonessix sixzones six zones zoneszones zones with with withzoneswith with with with 78 with78 78with 78 with 78 individuals individuals individuals78 individuals78 78individuals78 78individuals individualsindividuals individuals individuals represented represented representedrepresented represented represented representedrepresented represented represented by by byby by 21 21 21by 21by by 21by species. species. species.by21 species.21 21species.21 21species. species.species. species. species.ArtocarpusArtocarpusArtocarpusArtocarpusArtocarpusArtocarpusArtocarpusArtocarpusArtocarpussp.sp.sp.sp.sp.waswassp.sp.wassp.sp.wassp. was thewasthe wasthewas wasthe the thethe the the mostmostmostmostmostmost most dominantdominantmost dominantmost dominant dominant dominantdominant dominant dominant withwith with with with with 19.35%with 19.35% with19.35% with19.35% 19.35% 19.35%19.35% 19.35% 19.35% RBA.RBA. RBA. RBA. RBA. RBA.RBA. RBA. The The RBA.The The The DBHmaxTheDBHmax TheDBHmaxThe TheDBHmax DBHmax DBHmaxDBHmax DBHmax DBHmax andand and and andmaximum andmaximum and maximumand maximumand maximum maximummaximum maximum maximum heightheight height height height heightheight height values heightvalues values values values valuesvalues values were100valueswere100 were100 were100 were100 were100were100 were100 were100 cmcm cm cm and andcm cmandcm cmand cm and40 and40 and 40and 40and m m 40 m40 40 m40 40m mm m m foundfoundfoundfoundfoundfoundfoundfound found in inin foundin Plotin PlotPlot Plot in inPlotin in Plot 30inPlot 30Plot30 30Plot Plot30 at at at 30at 30 30 the atthe30the the 30at attheat altitudeat altitudethealtitude theataltitudethe thealtitude the altitude altitudealtitude altitude altitude 170 170170 170 170 170m 170mm 170 m170 (Table m170(Table(Table (Table m m(Tablem m (Table (Tablem(Table (Table 2;(Table 2;2; 2; Fig.2; Fig.Fig. Fig. 2; 2;Fig.2; 2; Fig. 3). 2;Fig.3).Fig.3). 3).Fig. 3).Fig. 3). 3).3). 3). 3). ZoneZoneZoneZoneZoneZone Zone IIZoneII III.Zone I.I.II I. Dipterocarpus DipterocarpusIII. IIDipterocarpusII I.III.Dipterocarpus I. III. Dipterocarpus DipterocarpusI.Dipterocarpus Dipterocarpus Dipterocarpusspspspsp.sp.-.--.IrvingiaIrvingia-spIrvingiasp.Irvingiasp-spIrvingia..-sp.-Irvingia-.Irvingia-Irvingia.Irvingia-Irvingia harmandiana harmandianaharmandiana harmandiana harmandiana harmandiana harmandianaharmandiana harmandiana harmandiana---DialiumDialium-Dialium-Dialium--Dialium-Dialium-DialiumDialium-Dialium indumindum indum indum indum indumindum indum zone.indumzone.zone.zone.zone.zone.zone. zone. This zone.ThisThis zone.This This This This zone This zonezone Thiszone Thiszone zone zone iszone isis zoneis zone the isthethe the is istheis most is mostthe most theismostthe themost the most mostmost most most abundabundabundabundabundabundabundabundantabundantantabundantant andant andantandantand antandant and mostand mostandmostmostand andmost mostmost most diversemost diversediversemostdiverse diverse diversediverse diversediverse diverse among amongamongamong among amongamong amongamong among the thethethe the six the sixthesix thesix the six the zones sixzonessixzones sixzones six zones six zoneszones zones zones with withzoneswithwith with withwith with195 195with 195195 with195 195 195individu 195individuindividu195 individu 195individu individuindividu individuindividu individualsalsalsalsals represented alsrepresentedrepresentedalsrepresentedals alsrepresented als representedrepresented representedrepresented represented by bybyby by 42 42 by42by42 by by42 species. by species. 42species.42species. 4242 species. 42 species.species. species.species. species. DipterocarpusDipterocarpusDipterocarpusDipterocarpusDipterocarpusDipterocarpusDipterocarpusDipterocarpusDipterocarpusspspspsp.sp...wasspwassp.wasspsp.was.sp. was .wasthe wasthe.wasthe wasthe mostthe mostthe themost the mostthe most most most dominantmost dominantdominantmost dominant dominant dominant dominantdominant dominant having havinghaving having having having havinghaving having24.75% 24.75%24.75% 24.75% 24.75% 24.75% 24.75%24.75% 24.75% RBA. RBA.RBA. RBA. RBA. RBA. RBA. RBA. The TheRBA.The The The TheDBHmax TheDBHmaxTheDBHmax TheDBHmax DBHmax DBHmax DBHmaxDBHmax DBHmax value valuevalue value value value value value was wasvaluewas was was was150 was150was150 was150 150cm150 cm150150cm 150cm cm cm cm cm cm foundfoundfoundfoundfoundfoundfoundfound found in in infoundin Plotin Plot Plot Plot in ininPlot in Plot in48Plot 48Plot 4848Plot Plot48 at at at48at 48 48 the at48the the the 48at attheat ataltitude thealtitude altitudetheataltitudethe thealtitude the altitude altitudealtitude altitude altitude 180 180 180180 180 180m, 180m, m,180 m,180 m,180 while while whilem,while m, m, whilem, m,while whilewhile whilethe the thewhilethe the maximum themaximum maximumthemaximumthe themaximum the maximum maximummaximum maximum maximum height height heightheight height height heightheight height value heightvalue valuevalue value value valuevalue wasvalue was wasvaluewas was was 45 was45 was45 45was 45was m m m45m 45 45 found m45found found found 45m mfoundm m found mfoundfound found in in infoundin Plotin Plot Plot Plot in ininPlot in Plot in53Plot 53Plot 5353Plot Plot53 at at at53at 53 53 at53 53at atat at at thethethethethe altitude altitudethealtitude thealtitudethe thealtitudethe altitude altitudealtitude altitude altitude 180 180180 180 180 180m 180mm 180 m180 (Table m180(Table(Table (Table m m(Tablem m (Table (Tablem(Table (Table 2;(Table 2;2; 2; Fig.2; Fig.Fig. Fig. 2; 2;Fig.2; 2; Fig. 3 2;Fig.3Fig.3 ).3Fig.).). ).3Fig. ). 3 33 ).).3). 3).). ZoneZoneZoneZoneZoneZone Zone IV.Zone IV.ZoneIV. IV. DipterocarpusIV. IV.Dipterocarpus IV.Dipterocarpus IV. DipterocarpusIV. Dipterocarpus Dipterocarpus DipterocarpusDipterocarpus Dipterocarpus sp spspsp -sp--Anisoptera Anisoptera- spAnisopterasp- spAnisopterasp --spAnisoptera-Anisoptera-AnisopteraAnisoptera-Anisoptera costata costatacostata costata costata costata costatacostata -costata--SolanumSolanum-Solanum-Solanum--Solanum-Solanum-SolanumSolanum-Solanum torvum torvumtorvum torvum torvumtorvum torvumtorvum torvumzone.zone.zone.zone.zone.zone.zone.zone.zone.ThisThiszone.ThisThisThis This Thiszone zoneThiszone Thiszone zone zone zone is zoneisiszone lowis low low isis islow is lowislowin lowinlowin lowin in in inin in abundanceabundanceabundanceabundanceabundanceabundanceabundanceabundanceabundanceabundance withwith withwith with with with 86with86 86with 86 with 86 individuals individuals individuals86 individuals86 86individuals86 86individuals individualsindividuals individuals individuals representedrepresented representedrepresented represented represented representedrepresented represented represented byby byby by 27 27 27by 27by by 27by species. species. byspecies.27 species.27 27species.27 27species. species.species. species. species. DipterocarpusDipterocarpus Dipterocarpus Dipterocarpus Dipterocarpus DipterocarpusDipterocarpus Dipterocarpus Dipterocarpusspspspsp.sp..was.wasspsp.wasspspwas..sp .was the.wasthe was.thewas wasthe mostthemost themostthe the mostthe most most most dominantmostdominant dominantmost dominant dominant dominantdominant dominant dominant havinghavinghavinghavinghavinghavinghavinghaving having 56.7456.74 56.7456.74 56.74 56.7456.74 56.74 %56.74% % % RBA. RBA.% %RBA.% %RBA. % RBA. RBA.RBA. RBA. TheRBA.The TheThe The The TheDBHmax DBHmaxThe DBHmaxTheDBHmax DBHmax DBHmaxDBHmax DBHmaxDBHmax andand andand and and maximumandmaximum and maximumandmaximum maximum maximummaximum maximummaximum heightheight heightheight height heightheight height height valuesvalues valuesvalues values valuesvalues values values werewere werewere were werewere were 100100were 100100 100 100 cm100cm 100 cm100cm cm and cmandcm andcmandcm and and 45and45 and 45and 45 m,45m, 45 45m, 45 m, 45 m, m, m, m, m, respectively,respectively,respectively,respectively,respectively,respectively,respectively,respectively,respectively,respectively, found foundfound found found found foundfound found in inin foundin Plotin PlotPlot Plot in inPlotin in Plot 3inPlot 3Plot3 3Plot at atPlotat 3at 3the at 3thethe 3 the 3at at theat3 altitudeat altitudethealtitude theataltitudethe thealtitude the altitude altitudealtitude altitude altitude 180 180180 180 180 180m 180mm 180 m180 (Table m180(Table(Table (Table m m(Tablem m (Table (Tablem(Table (Table 2;(Table 2;2; 2; Fig.2; Fig.Fig. Fig. 2; 2;Fig.2; 2; Fig. 3). 2;Fig.3).Fig.3). 3).Fig. 3).Fig. 3). 3).3). 3). 3). ZoneZoneZoneZoneZoneZone Zone VZoneV VZone. ..VDipterocarpus. Dipterocarpus V. DipterocarpusVV Dipterocarpus.V ..VDipterocarpus.DipterocarpusDipterocarpus.DipterocarpusDipterocarpusspspspsp.sp.-.--.DipteroarpusDipteroarpus-spsp.Dipteroarpussp-spDipteroarpus..-sp.-Dipteroarpus-.Dipteroarpus-Dipteroarpus.Dipteroarpus-Dipteroarpus macrocarpusmacrocarpus macrocarpus macrocarpus macrocarpus macrocarpusmacrocarpus macrocarpus macrocarpus---SyzygiumSyzygium-Syzygium-Syzygium--Syzygium-Syzygium-SyzygiumSyzygium-Syzygium tinctoriumtinctorium tinctorium tinctorium tinctorium tinctoriumtinctorium tinctorium tinctoriumzone.zone.zone.zone.zone.zone.zone.zone.Thiszone.Thiszone.ThisThisThis This zoneThiszone Thiszone Thiszone zone zone zone zone zone isisisis alsois alsoalsoalsois isalsois is also alsois low also lowlowalsolow alsolow low inlow inlowininlow lowin abundance abundance abundance abundancein in inabundancein abundance inabundance abundanceabundance abundance with withwithwith with with with 85with 8585with 85 with 85 individuals individualsindividuals85 85individuals 85individuals85 85individuals individuals individualsindividuals individuals represented representedrepresentedrepresented represented represented represented representedrepresented represented by bybyby by 25 2525by by25 by 25by species. species.byspecies.25 25species. 25species.25 25species. species. species.species. species. Dipterocarpus DipterocarpusDipterocarpus Dipterocarpus Dipterocarpus Dipterocarpus DipterocarpusDipterocarpus Dipterocarpussp.sp.sp.sp.sp. was wassp.sp.wassp. sp.was sp. was wasthe wasthewasthe wasthe the the the the the Table 1. Species composition in Dong Na Tard Provincial Protected Area (Continued)

NO. DBH BA RF RD RBA Family/Species Local name OF O F D cm cm2 (%) (%) (%) S. Chanthavong et al. INDIV./ EnvironmentAsia 10(1) (2017) 52-62 TableMyrsinaceae 1. Species composition in Dong Na Tard Provincial Protected Area (Continued) TableArdisia 1.evonymifolia Species compositionPitard in DongKok Na Ta Tardkhouang Provincial7 Protected3 Area0.06 (Continued)0.0013 46.2 1672 0.81 1.04 0.01 Myrtaceae Eucalyptus sp. Ton vik 12 1 0.02 0.0022 766.4 460796 0.27 1.78 3.10 NO. Syzygium cinereum Kurz Chant. & Parn Ton Makva 8 7 0.13 0.0015 726.2DBH 413792BA 1.90RF 1.19RD RBA2.79 Family/Species Local name OF O F D Syzygium zeylanicum (L.) DC. Ton Sa mek 6 3 0.06 0.0011 75.4cm 4466cm2 0.81(%) 0.89(%) 0.03(%) Syzygium gratum (Wight) S.N. Mitra Ton Sa mekkhao INDIV.12 4 0.07 0.0022 190.5 28467 1.08 1.78 0.19 MyrsinaceaeSyzygium tinctorium (Gagn.) Merr. ex Pierre Mai Va dong 5 3 0.06 0.0009 207.7 33846 0.81 0.74 0.23 ArdisiaPinaceaeevonymifolia Pitard Kok Ta khouang 7 3 0.06 0.0013 46.2 1672 0.81 1.04 0.01 MyrtaceaeKeteleeria evelyniana Master Mai Hing 2 1 0.02 0.0004 75.0 4416 0.27 0.30 0.03 EucalyptusZiziphus cambodiana sp. Pierre Ton Makkhomvik 1217 121 0.020.22 0.00220.0031 766.4356.4 46079699650 0.273.25 1.782.52 3.100.67 SyzygiumRosaceae cinereum Kurz Chant. & Parn Ton Makva 8 7 0.13 0.0015 726.2 413792 1.90 1.19 2.79 SyzygiumPyrus pashiazeylanicumBuch. Ham.(L.) exDC. D. Don Ton MakchongSa mek 61 31 0.060.02 0.00110.0002 75.415.7 4466193 0.810.27 0.890.15 0.030.00 SyzygiumRubus multibracteusgratum (Wight)Lev. &S.N.Vaniot Mitra Ton MaktoumSa mekkhao 122 41 0.070.02 0.00220.0004 190.5157.0 2846719349 1.080.27 1.780.30 0.190.13 SyzygiumRubiaceaetinctorium (Gagn.) Merr. ex Pierre Mai Va dong 5 3 0.06 0.0009 207.7 33846 0.81 0.74 0.23 PinaceaePrismatomeri stetandra (Roxburgh) K. KeteleeriaSchum evelyniana Master MaiTon YorHing dong 2 1 0.02 0.0004 75.09.0 441664 0.27 0.30 0.030.00 ZiziphusSapindaceaecambodiana Pierre Ton Makkhom 17 12 0.22 0.0031 356.4 99650 3.25 2.52 0.67 RosaceaeLepisanthes rubiginosa (Roxburgh) Leenh Ton MakHouad 8 7 0.13 0.0015 228.3 40889 1.90 1.19 0.28 PyrusSolanaceaepashia Buch. Ham. ex D. Don Ton Makchong 1 1 0.02 0.0002 15.7 193 0.27 0.15 0.00 RubusSolanummultibracteus torvum SwartzLev. & Vaniot TonKhaengFaa Maktoum 28 13 0.020.06 0.00040.0015 157.0190.3 1934928418 0.270.81 0.301.19 0.130.19 RubiaceaeSterculiaceae PrismatomeriHeritiera javanicastetandra(Blume)(Roxburgh)Kosterm K. Mai Hao 2 2 0.04 0.0004 257.3 51926 0.54 0.30 0.35 SchumSterculia sp. TonPortae Yor dong 24 1 0.02 0.00040.0007 50.29.0 198164 0.27 0.300.59 0.000.01 SapindaceaeStilaginaceae LepisanthesAntidesma buniusrubiginosaSprengel(Roxburgh) Leenh TonMak MakHouadMao 82 71 0.130.02 0.00150.0004 228.38.9 4088962 1.900.27 1.190.30 0.280.00 SolanaceaeSymplocaceae SolanumSymplocos torvumracemosaSwartzRoxburgh KhaengFaaMai Muad ae 86 3 0.06 0.00150.0011 190.377.3 284184683 0.81 1.190.89 0.190.03 SterculiaceaeTiliaceae HeritieraPeltace javanica (Blume) Kosterm MaiTon SiHao siet 21 21 0.040.02 0.00040.0002 257.362.8 519263096 0.540.27 0.300.15 0.350.02 SterculiaVerbenaceae sp. Portae 4 1 0.02 0.0007 50.2 1981 0.27 0.59 0.01 StilaginaceaeTectona grandis Linn Mai Sak 38 5 0.09 0.0070 932.9 682788 1.36 5.63 4.60* AntidesmaVitex pinnatabuniusL. Sprengel MakMai TinMao nok 23 1 0.02 0.00040.0006 78.58.9 483762 0.27 0.300.44 0.000.03 SymplocaceaeZingiberaceae SymplocosCurcuma alisamatifoliaracemosa RoxburghGagnepain MaiPhak Muad Warn ae 63 32 0.060.04 0.00110.0006 77.393.4 46836842 0.810.54 0.890.44 0.030.05 TiliaceaeAlpinia sp. Khapaa 2 1 0.02 0.0004 22.0 379 0.27 0.30 0.00 Peltace Total Ton Si siet 6751 1 0.02 0.00020.125 2,2551.262.8 14,842,481.03096 0.27100 0.15100 0.02100 Verbenaceae Remarks:Tectona grandis Linn Mai Sak 38 5 0.09 0.0070 932.9 682788 1.36 5.63 4.60* ●Remarks: VitexAsteriskpinnata (*)L. - dominant species basedMai Tin on nok total RBA of3 a species1 for0.02 all zones0.0006 of the78.5 park 4837 0.27 0.44 0.03 ● Zingiberaceae AsteriskO- occurrence (*) - dominant of species species per 54 based plots; on F- total frequency/54 RBA of a plots;species D for- density all zones per of 5400 the mpark2; DBH - diameter at ●OCurcuma alisamatifolia Gagnepain Phak Warn 3 2 0.04 0.0006 293.4 6842 0.54 0.44 0.05 Alpiniabreast- occurrencesp. height of(cm); species BA- per basal 54 area;plots;Khapaa RF- F- frequency/54relative frequency;2 plots; DRD1 - density- 0.02relative per0.0004 density; 5400 m RBA22.0; DBH - relative - diameter379 basal at0.27 area. 0.30 0.00 breast height (cm);Total BA- basal area; RF- relative frequency;675 RD - relative density;0.125 RBA2,2551.2 - relative14,842,481.0 basal area.100 100 100

Remarks: 3.3 StructuralZone I differences. Dipterocarp in theus spforest-Afzelia zones xylocarpa-Diospyros Since malabarica species diversityzone. wasThis negatively zone is the correlated second● Asterisk most (*) -abundantdominant andspecies most based diverse on total among RBA theof a six species zones for with all zones 127 ofindividuals the park represented by 35 to the human disturbance2 and slope (Fig. 5(c) and (d)), species●O- occurrence. Dipterocarpus of species sp.per was54 plots; the mostF- frequency/54 dominant plots;at 10.59% D - density RBA. per The 5400 DBHmax m ; DBH and - diameter height at values Zone I and Zone III (Fig. 4(a) and (c)) had the most plants in Zones II, IV, V and VI had low value of breastof species height in (cm); the zone BA- basalwere area;145 RFcm- andrelative 50 m,frequency; respectively, RD - relative found density;in Plot 45RBA at -therelative elevation basal ofarea. 180 m highest species density (D), frequency (F), and species species diversity (H’) and abundance (Table 2). This was (Table 2; Fig. 3). diversityZone index III .(.H’DipterocarpArtocarpus) as the distance ussp-Ziziphussp -unitAfzelia from cambodiana xylocarpa the road --DiospyrosDipterocarpussimilar to malabarica the observationsp. zone.zone. This of GilibaThiszone zone iset theal .is (2011)least the where increased,secondabundant most amongwhile abundant the the Zone six and zonesII (Fig.most with 4(b))diverse 78 situated individuals among closely the represented six zonesthe distance with by 21127 of species. theindividuals BerekuArtocarpus Forest represented Reservesp. was by in the35 Tanzania tospeciesmost the dominant road. Dipterocarpus had with the 19.35%lowestsp. was speciesRBA. the The mostdensity DBHmax dominant (D) and and at 10.59%maximumshowed RBA. a height unit The increase values DBHmax inwere100 distance and heightcm between and values 40 homestead m speciesoffound species in diversity Plot in the30 indexatzone the were(H’).altitude 145Further, 170 cm m andmost (Table 50 of m, disturbed 2; respectively, Fig. 3). and found the woodland.in Plot 45 at The the elevation of was 180 am slightly plots(Table were 2;Zone Fig. found II3).I. inDipterocarpus Zones IV, V, andsp.- IrvingiaVI (Fig. harmandiana4(d), (e) positive-Dialium correlation indum zone. to speciesThis zone diversity is the most (Fig. 5(b)) andabund (f))ant whileZone and only IImost. Artocarpus one diverse plot was amongsp found-Ziziphus the in Zone sixcambodiana zones I (Table with -Dipterocarpus because195 individu rangesp alsof. altitudezone.represented This from zone by150 42 isto the200species. least masl (Table 2).Dipterocarpusabundant However, among thesp DBHmaxthe. was six thezones of most plant with dominant species 78 individuals was having low inrepresented24.75% 2) could RBA. by not 21The species.affect DBHmax theArtocarpus growth value wasofsp. plants. 150was thecm Although thefoundmost Zones dominant in Plot II, IV, 48 withand at theV 19.35% because altitude RBA. the 180 species Them, while DBHmax were the newest maximum and maximumlandscape height height valueof Dong valueswas Na 45 were100Tard m found PPA cm inwas Plotand quite 4053 matflat plain, regenerated.thefound altitude in Plot 180 These 30 mat (Tablezonesthe altitude were 2; Fig. geographically 170 3). m (Table 2;situated Fig. 3). the topography led to change in its slope along a certain in the lowlandZone IIwhereIV.I. DipterocarpusDipterocarpus the species cansp sp. -be-IrvingiaAnisoptera easily accessedharmandiana costata -distanceSolanum-Dialium which torvum indum negativelyzone. ThisThis impacts zonezone is onis the lowplant most in diversity andabundanceabund gatheredant and with by most unauthorized86 individualsdiverse among people. represented the six byzones 27 species.with (Fig.195 Dipterocarpus 5(d)).individu Daviesals representedsp et. wasal. (2007) the mostby suggested42 dominant species. that slope Dipterocarpus sp. was the most dominant having 24.75% RBA. The DBHmax value was 150 cm having 56.74 % RBA. The DBHmax and maximumwas height the only values non-soil were factor 100 tocm be andat least 45 moderatelym, found in Plot 48 at the altitude 180 m, while the maximum height value was 45 m found in Plot 53 at 3.4respectively, Correlations found of plantin Plot diversity 3 at the with altitude environmental 180 m (Table correlated 2; Fig. 3). with plant species composition. the altitude 180 m (Table 2; Fig. 3). variablesZone V. Dipterocarpus sp.-Dipteroarpus macrocarpus Determination-Syzygium tinctorium of environmentalzone. Thisfactors zone responsible is also lowZone in IV.abundance Dipterocarpus with 85 sp individuals-Anisoptera represented costata-Solanum by 25 species.torvum Dipterocarpuszone. This zonesp. is was low the in abundance with 86 individuals represented by 27 species.for Dipterocarpus spatial distributionsp. was of the species most dominantcan give useful havingThe 56.74results % revealed RBA. thatThe theDBHmax distance andfrom maximum road information height values for conservation were 100 cmplanning and 45(O’dea, m, 2014; wasrespectively, positively found correlated in Plot 3with at the RBA altitude but maybe180 m (Tableno Dalle 2; Fig. et 3). al ., 2014) especially in determining buffer correlationZone with V .RFDipterocarpus (Fig. 5(a)). Similarly,sp.-Dipteroarpus the elevation macrocarpus zone of- theSyzygium park. Understanding tinctorium zone. relationshipsThis zone between wasis also also low positively in abundance correlated with with 85 RBAindividuals and RF represented (Fig. plant by species25 species. and environmentalDipterocarpus variablessp. was theaids in the 5(b)), while the number of plots disturbed by human biodiversity management, restoration and development activities and slope were negatively correlated with RD, of ecosystems. Therefore, forest managers and RF, and RBA (Fig. 5(c) and (d)). development planners need to integrate and use these data in planning and implementing sustainable utilization of plant diversity in the Dong Na Tard PPA. 57 S. Chanthavong et al. / EnvironmentAsia 10(1) (2017) 52-62

16 ─┐ 4 12.5 17 ─┤ 18 ─┤ 15 ─┤ 24 Dialiumindum,Dialium indum, Eucalyptus Eucalyptus spp, sp, Tectona ─┤ 25 Tectonagrandis,andDipterocarpusspp ─┤ Zyp Zone VI 22 grandis,and Dipterocarpus sp. ─┤ forest 23 ─┤ 20 ─┤ 21 ─┼───────────────────────┐ 4 ─┤ │ 32 ─┤ │ 38 ─┘ │ 7 ─┐ ├───────────────────────┐ 8 Dipterocarpus sp, Dipterocarpus ─┤ │ │ Zone V: Syzygium 2 Dipterocarpusmacrocarpus, Dipterocarpusspp, ─┼───┐ │ │ Zoneforest V 11 Syzygiumtinctoriummacrocarpus,Syzygium, and tinctorium, Hopeaodorataand Hopea ─┤ │ │ │ 13 odorata ─┤ ├───────────────────┘ │ 1 ─┘ │ │ 19 ─┐ │ │ 27 ─┼───┘ │ 10 Dipterocarpussp., Anisopteracostata, ─┤ │ Zone IV: Anisoptera 14 Dipterocarpusspp, Anisopteracostata, and ─┤ │ Zoneforest IV 3 Solanum torvumandSolanum torvum ─┤ │ 5 ─┤ │ 6 ─┤ │ 12 ─┘ │ 39 ─┐ │ 43 ─┤ │ 33 ─┤ │ 50 Artocarpus,,Ziziphus cambodiana, ─┤ │ 48 ─┼───────┐ │ liaxylocarpaDipterocarpus sp., Diospyros Zone III:Zone Xylia III 49 , Irvingiaharmandiana, ─┤ │ │ forest 53 Dipterocarpusspp,malabarica, and Syzygiumcinereum,Afzelia xylocarpa and. ─┤ │ │ 42 Dialiumindum ─┤ │ │ 47 ─┤ │ │ 34 ─┤ │ │ 40 ─┘ ├───────────────────────────────────────┘ 29 ─┐ │ 31 Dipterocarpus sp., Irvingia ─┤ │ 26 ─┼─┐ │ Zone II: ZoneArtocarps II 35 Dipterocarpusspp,harmandiana, Artocarpusspp,Dialium indum Afzelia, Xylia ─┤ │ │ forest 36 xylocarpa, Ziziphuscambidiana, and ─┤ │ │ . 28 Largerstxylocarpa,roemiaspp and Syzygium tinctorium ─┤ │ │ 30 ─┘ ├─────┘ 45 ─┐ │ 46 Dipterocarpus sp., Afzelia xylocarpa, ─┤ │ 51 ─┤ │ Zone I 54 Diospyros malabarica, Dialium indum ─┼─┘ forest 37 and Irvingia harmandiana ─┤ 41 ─┤ 44 ─┘ +------+------+------+------+------+ 0 5 10 15 20 Zones Plots Zonal dominants Squared Euclidean distance

Figure 3. Forest zonesFigure in 3. Dong Forest Na zones Tard in PPA. Dong Dendrogram Na Tard PPA. of Dendrogramfifty-four plots of obtainedfifty-four by plots the Ward’sobtained method by the basedWard’s on method relative based basal on area (RBA). Each zone was named relativeby co-dominant basal area species. (RBA). Each zone was named by co-dominant species.

4. Conclusions of the park which the local government and the park administrators have to look into, in order to sustain the The present study was designed to provide rich dipterocarp biodiversity in the area. information on species composition, its zonation and The species biodiversity in the various forest zones the correlation of selected environmental variables in the park, were shown to be correlated with some with species data. The plant species were distributed environmental variables. The species RBA was higher in six forest zones of Dong Na Tard PPA. Each forest with the increase in distance from the road and other zone was dominated by Dipterocarpus sp., along with forms of possible access that may endanger the species. other codominant species. This means that the forest The distance however, seemed not to affect species is quite intact with dipterocarps, a characteristic occurrences (RF). This implied that management has to dominant in many tropical forest ecosystems. This means limit constructing of access roads to the forest zones. that the local people are using the resource sustainably Species RBA, RF and RD were also influenced by though there are evidences of destruction in some parts elevation. The higher the elevation, the higher were the

58 S. Chanthavong et al. / EnvironmentAsia 10(1) (2017) 52-62

Table 2. Dominant species based on relative basal area of a species in each zone

ZONES I II III IV V VI Altitudes (masl) 150-180 160-180 160-180 150-180 160-179 160-200 No. of plots 8 7 11 8 7 13 No. of individuals 127 78 195 86 85 104 No. of species 35 21 42 27 25 21 Species density (No. area-1) 0.159 0.111 0.177 0.108 0.121 0.8 Species diversity H' 2.22 1.77 2.67 1.57 1.76 0.66 DBHmax (cm) 145 100 150 100 100 120 Maximum height (m) 50 40 48 45 45 45 Relative density (RD) (%) 18.81 11.56 28.89 12.74 12.59 15.41 Relative frequency (RF) (%) 22.1 15.3 19.3 17.1 18.1 8.2 Relative basal area (RBA) (%) 24.31 4.99 29.64 12.22 13.52 15.32 No. of plot disturbed 1 2 2 3 3 3 Dominant species based on RBA Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib 6.58 8.77 Anisoptera costata Korth 14.16 Artocarpus sp. 19.354 Dialium indum L. 11.67 7.692 Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel 6.345 13.225 Dipterocarpus sp Roxburgh ex G 10.588 13.718 24.745 56.737 37.041 22.082 Eucalyptus sp. 7.692 Hopea odorata Roxb 5.446 Irvingia harmandiana Oliv. ex A. Benn 5.81 15.017 Peltophorum dasyrachis Kurz 7.689 Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz 15.104 Solanum torvum Swartz 8.356 Syzygium tinctorium (Gagn)Merr. ex Pierre 5.678 6.094 Tectona grandis Linn 36.764 Xylia xylocarpa Roxb Taub 10.235 Ziziphus cambodiana Pierre 15.264

values of species data. This was understandable since Acknowledgements it is more difficult to access and disturb biodiversity in higher elevations. Slope, as an environmental The authors would like to extend sincere gratitude to variable, did not influence species data that much. the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Species diversity index (Shannon Wiener), RBA and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) for financial support and RD were negatively affected by human activities. It is guidance. Also, we are deeply grateful to the students and therefore imperative to minimize all these disturbances faculty members of Savannakhet University, technical staff of Provincial Natural resources and Environment, Provincial in order to protect the rich biodiversity at Dong Na Tard Agriculture and Forestry Office, and village representatives PPA. Thus, Zone I and Zone III should be considered as who participated in our study. core areas for conservation. Furthermore, reforestation and enrichment planting (Zone II and Zone VI) should be carried out to allow regeneration of threatened species within the park.

59 S. Chanthavong et al. / EnvironmentAsia 10(1) (2017) 52-62

Figure 4(a). Species composition in forest. Zone I. Figure 4(b). Species composition in forest Zone II. Dipterocarpus sp–Afzelia xylocarpa–Diospyros malabarica Artocarpus sp- Ziziphus cambodiana-Dipterocarpus sp. were were dominants. Two KIIs demonstrated the DBHmax of a dominants. Most of the plant species present were near the tree during the field surveys edge of rice fields.

Figure 4(c). Species composition in forest Zone III. Figure 4(d). Species composition in forest Zone IV. Dipterocarpus sp.-Irvingia harmandiana-Dialium indum Dipterocarpus sp–Anisoptera costata–Solanum torvum were dominants. The photo showed the highest DBHmax zone were the most dominants and several regenerants of found in this zone. Dipterocarpus sp were found in the plots as well.

Figure 4(e). Species composition in forest Zone V. Figure 4(f). Species composition in forest Zone VI. Tectona Dipterocarpus sp.-Dipteroarpus macrocarpus-Syzygium grandis-Eucalyptus sp. plantation. Although this zone was tinctorium were dominants. Most of the tree species were located nearest residential areas, a number of individuals still young, an evidence of previous disturbances in the zone. were high because there were forest plantations

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6 y = 0.1245x + 0.2969 200 4 R² = 0.5603 190 180 2 y = 0.2158x + 177.24 170 R² = 0.0566 0 160 road (km) Elevation (m) Distance from from Distance 0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40 Relative Basal Area (RBA) Relative Basal Area (RBA)

6 200 y = 0.6363x + 170.23 4 190 R² = 0.2668 2 y = 0.1703x - 0.467 180 R² = 0.5681 170

road (km) 0 160 Distance from from Distance 0 10 20 30 40 Elevation (m) 0 10 20 30 40 Relative Density (RD) Relative Density (RD)

y = -0.0412x + 3.0577 6 y = 0.3898x + 174.34 R² = 0.0151 200 4 190 R² = 0.054 180 2 170 160 road (km) 0 Elevation (m) Distance from from Distance 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 Relative Frequency (RF) Relative Frequency (RF)

(a) (b)

y = -0.042x + 3.033 4 4 y = -0.0414x + 3.4075 R² = 0.2091 3 R² = 0.6958 2 2 1 0 0 Disturbed No. of plots of plots No. 0 10 20 30 40 Slope (%) 0 10 20 30 40 ) Relative Basal Area (RBA Relative Basal Area (RBA)

4 y = -0.0534x + 3.222 3 R² = 0.1826 4 y = -0.0444x + 3.4568 2 R² = 0.4327 1 2

disturbed 0 No. of plots of plots No.

0 10 20 30 40 Slope (%) 0 Relative Density (RD) 0 10 20 30 40

Relative Density (RD) 4 y = -0.106x + 4.0981 4 y = -0.0753x + 3.971 3 R² = 0.3883 R² = 0.6714 2 2

disturbed 1 No. of plots of plots No. Slope (%) 0 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 10 20 30 Relative Frequency (RF) Relative Frequency (RF)

(c) (d)

Figure 5.Fi Thegure correlation 5. The correlation between between plant species plant (RBA,species RD, (RBA, and RD, RF) and and RF)environmental and environmental variables variables (distance (distan from ceroad from (a), elevationroad (b),(a) plot, elevation disturbed(b) (c),, plot anddisturbed slope (d))(c) in, Dongand slope Na Tard(d)) inProvincial Dong Na Protected Tard Provincial Area Protected Area

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