Available online at www.tshe.org/ea/index.html EnvironmentAsia AvailableEnvironmentAsia online at www.tshe.org/EA 10(1) (2017) 52-62 The international journal published by the Thai Society of Higher Education Institutes on Environment EnvironmentAsiaDOI 2 (2009) 50-54 Genotoxicity Assessment of Mercuric Chloride in the Marine Fish Therapon jaruba Plant Diversity in Dong Na Tard Provincial Protected Area, Lao People’s Democratic Republic Nagarajan Nagarani,(Lao PDR): Arumugam Species Kuppusamy Structure Kumaraguru, and Forest Velmurugan Zonation Janaki Devi and Chandrasekaran Archana Devi Somphong Chanthavonga and Inocencio E. Buot, Jrb Center for Marine and Coastal Studies, School of Energy, Environment and Natural Resources, a Faculty ofMadurai Agriculture Kamaraj and Environment, University, SavannakhetMadurai-625021, University, India Lao PDR b Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Banos, and Faculty of Management and Development Studies, University of the Philippines Open University, Philippines Abstract AbstractThe aim of the present study was to standardize and to assess the predictive value of the cytogenetic analysis by Micronucleus (MN) test in fish erythrocytes as a biomarker for marine environmental contamination. Micronucleus frequency The spatial baseline distribution in erythrocytes of plant was diversity evaluated in Dong in and Na genotoxic Tard Provincial potential Protected of a common Area (PPA) chemical has not was been determined accurately inrecorded fish experimentally in previously publishedexposed in literature. aquarium This under study controlled was conducted conditions. to assess Fish and (Therapon evaluate plantjaruba species) were and exposed its correlation for 96 hrswith to environmental a single heavy variables. metal (mercuric Plot methods chloride). coupled Chromosomal with informal damage community was determinedfolk interviews as micronucleiwere done. Cluster frequency analysis in fishindicated erythrocytes. six forest Significant zones which increase were classified in MN frequency based on wasRelative observed Basal in Area erythrocytes (RBA) of ofdominant fish exposed species. to mercuricThe species chloride.composition Concentration in each forest of zone0.25 ppmwas significantlyinduced the highest influenced MN frequency by slope, elevation,(2.95 micronucleated human disturbance, cells/1000 and cells distance compared from the tomain 1 MNcell/1000 road to a dense cells forest. in controlDipterocarp animals). forests The were study the most revealed dominance that micronucleus and should be test, conserved as an indexin sustainable of cumulative manner. exposure, appears to be a sensitive model to evaluate genotoxic compounds in fish under controlled conditions. Keywords: species composition; forest zonation; Dong Na Tard Keywords: genotoxicity; mercuric chloride; micronucleus 1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 1. Introduction laboratory and field conditions. In 2006 Soumendra Dong Na Tard PPA is a diverse landscape. However, et2.1 al .,Study made area an attempt to detect genetic biomarkers this resourceIn India, is aboutcurrently 200 deteriorating tons of mercury due to agricultural and its in two fish species, Labeo bata and Oreochromis compoundsexpansion and are increasing introduced urbanization into the as environment mentioned by mossambica, Dong Na Tardby MNPPA isand located binucleate in Savannakhet (BN) annuallyIntralawan as and effluents Rueangkitwat from industries (2016). (Saffi,Rapid resource1981). erythrocytesProvince, Lao in PDR the coveringgill and akidney total area erythrocytes of 6,385 ha Mercuricexploitation chloride has brought has been in used natural in agriculture resource as and a exposed(Fig.1). It tolies thermal between power16º 35’ 20”plant and discharge 16º 40’ 40” at N fungicide,environmental in medicine degradation as (Dilokwanicha topical antiseptic et al., 2015). and Titagarhlatitude and Thermal between Power 104º Plant, 50’ 00” Kolkata, and 104º India. 57’ 10” disinfectant,A study on structure and in chemistry and forest as zonation an intermediate is, therefore, in E longitude.The present It isstudy influenced was conducted by the toNorth-East determine and theurgently production needed ofas itother will servemercury as baseline compounds. information The theSouth-West acute genotoxicity monsoons ofcausing the heavy highly metal uneven compound rainfall. contaminationand guideline for of aaquatic sustainable ecosystems forest management by heavy HgClThe annual2 in static average systems. temperature Mercuric is chloride 27.2ºC, iswhile toxic, the metalsand conservation. and pesticides Effective has gained conservation increasing efforts attention can solvablerelative humidityin water henceis 74%, it can and penetrate rainfall isthe 1,445 aquatic mm inbe recentimplemented decades. if information Chronic onexposure plant diversity to and is animals.(Chanthavong, Mutagenic 2004). studies with native fish species accumulationavailable (Müller of theseand Bradl, chemicals 2009). inIdentifying aquatic biota forest represent an important effort in determining the canzones result can assist in tissue in understanding burdens that species produce composition, adverse potential2.2 Sampling effects site of establishment toxic agents. This study was effectswhile the not correlations only in the between directly plants exposed and environmental organisms, carried out to evaluate the use of the micronucleus butvariables also in could human provide beings. information on influential test (MN)A reconnaissance for the estimation survey was of conductedaquatic pollution to gather factorsFish affecting provides the a suitablespecies. Formodel Dong for Na monitoring Tard PPA, usingpreliminary marine edibledata on fish the under plant lab species,conditions. physical aquaticfloral distributions genotoxicity varied and spatially wastewater and temporally quality as environments and land use types. The number and becausemost of the of itslocal ability people to aremetabolize heavily dependent xenobiotics on themand 2.location Materials of sampling and methods plots (10 x10 m) were randomly accumulatedto survive. However, pollutants. the Aexact micronucleus level of the assay effects has is determined with land-use types and distance from main beenstill not used known. successfully The absence in several of adequate species information(De Flora, 2.1.road. Sample There wereCollection fifty-four (54) spatially distributed eton alplant., 1993, species Al-Sabti could lead and toMetcalfe, failure in 1995).conservation The plots from which samples from different vegetation micronucleusplanning (Balangcod (MN) et altest., 2011). has Thisbeen study developed aimed to patchesThe fishwere species gathered selected (Fig. for2). theTwenty present (20) study plots togetherassess species with composition DNA-unwinding and its dominance assays in order as to was(1st-20 collectedth) were fromdesigned Pudhumadam to get samples coast in of the Gulf nearest of perspectivedetermine forest methods zonation; for and mass to evaluate monitoring correlations of Mannar,locations Southeastto National CoastRoad No.of India.9 and NongTherapon Kolm clastogenicitybetween plant diversity and genotoxicity and environmental in fish and variables mussels for jarbuavillage (Kaisonebelongs Phomvihanhto the order district), Perciformes while eighteenof the (Dailianisidentifyinget negative al., 2003). factors affecting the plant species. family(18) plots Theraponidae. (21st-35th) were The determined fish species, to getTherapon samples The MN tests have been successfully used as jarbua (6-6.3 cm in length and 4-4.25 g in weight) a measure of genotoxic stress in fish, under both was selected for the detection of genotoxic effect S. Chanthavong et al. / EnvironmentAsia 10(1) (2017) 52-62 Figure 2. Sampling plots (10x10 m) distributed in Dong Na Tard Provincial protected area. Figure2.3 Floral2. Sampling assessment plots (10x10 m) distributed in Dong Na Tard Provincial protected area. 2.3 Floral Allassessment plants more than one meter in height were considered sample. The following data were gathered: (a) name of species; (b) diameter at breast height (DBH); (c) total height; (d) land-use type; and (e)All presence plants more and thantype oneof humanmeter in disturbances. height were Environmentalconsidered sample. factors The such following as altitude data ,were slope, gathered:location, (a) and name distance of species; from (b)the diameter road were at breastdirectly height gathered (DBH); from (c) the total plots height; using (d) convenient land-use type; survey andinstruments: (e) presence GPS and receiver, type of compass, human clippers,disturbances. tape mEnvironmentaleters, and SUUNTO factors clinometers. such as altitude, slope, location, and distance from the road were directly gathered from the plots using convenient survey instruments:2.4Nomenclature GPS receiver, compass, clippers, tape meters, and SUUNTO clinometers. Figure 1. Map of Dong Na Tard Provincial protected area (Map source: aerial photograph, 2014) 2.4NomenclatureNo specimen collection was done in this study. Local species names were mostly identified in 2.2 Sampling site establishmentthe field by key informants. The unknown species were photographed and identified at the in the nearest locations to NationalDepartment RoadNo No. specimen 9 of and Forestry, Na collection 2.5 Savannakhet Vegetation was done Provinceanalysis in this study. by forestry Local speciesexperts. names Scientific were