Baglernes Organisering 1196-1202

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Baglernes Organisering 1196-1202 Baglernes organisering 1196-1202 En analyse av tendensen i birkebeinertradisjonen Øystein Vigrestad Masteroppgave i historie Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historie Universitetet i Oslo Vår 2009 Forord Takk til Arnved Nedkvitne, Finn Erhard Johannessen og Jón Viðar Sigurðsson for veiledning av denne oppgaven. Stor takk også til Hilde, Martin, Per, Elisabeth og Bernt Christian for gjennomlesning og kommentarer til oppgaven. Når man er fra Tønsberg, Norges eldste by i følge de lokale kumlokkene, så blir det nærmest en moralsk forpliktelse å repatriere bygdas store sønner. Vandrer man rundt i en av byens hovedgater, Baglergaten, så virker det merkverdig at baglerne ikke har en større plass i rikshistorien. Inntrykket forsterkes når man skuler ned en mørkt trangt smug, som betegnende nok heter ”Kong Sverres gate”. Er det sommer og sol, som det alltid er i denne byen, kan man legge turen innom slottsfjellfestivalen, årets musikalske høydepunkt. Disse historisk-musikalske omgivelsene nås ved å traske oppover Reidar Sendemanns gate, oppkalt etter mannen som var baglernes kommandant på Slottsfjellet under Sverres beleiring. Tidligere fantes det en litt mindre bortgjemt scene på denne festivalen, hvor de ukjente bandene fikk spille. Denne scenen het naturligvis birkebeinerscenen. Men i år er den lokal- historiske retusjeringen fullført, birkebeinerscenen er fjernet. Som alltid er det derimot på baglerscenen det skjer. Her opptrer de som det er verdt å få med seg. Klarer man å holde alkoholkonsumet på et anstendig nivå utover kvelden, er muligheten stor for at man slipper å ende opp i baglerstuen, et av rettslokalene i byens tinghus. Mitt bidrag til lokalpatriotismen er herved gitt. Hodet er lagt på blokka. i ii Innholdsfortegnelse KAPITTEL 1: INNLEDNING............................................................................................................................. 1 KILDEPRESENTASJON.......................................................................................................................................... 3 TIDLIGERE KILDEKRITIKK. EN GRUNNMUR MED FØRINGER................................................................................. 7 VITALISERING AV TENDENSKRITIKKEN EKSEMPLIFISERT GJENNOM SVERRES SAGA............................................ 8 BAGLERORGANISERINGEN. EN HYPOTESE......................................................................................................... 12 KAPITTEL 2: KONG INGE – KUN ET REDSKAP FOR BAGLERFLOKKEN? ..................................... 15 BESKRIVELSEN AV INGE I DET OVERLEVERTE KILDEMATERIALET..................................................................... 15 HISTORIOGRAFI................................................................................................................................................. 17 ANTATT TENDENS I BILDET AV INGE ................................................................................................................. 18 BAGLERREISNINGEN 1196. HVA VAR INGES ROLLE?......................................................................................... 19 HYLLINGENE AV INGE. ET INNBLIKK I BAGLERSTRATEGIEN.............................................................................. 21 SKALDEDIKT OM INGE. PARTENES STRATEGI OG MOTSTRATEGI........................................................................ 23 INGES MAKT ENDRES I LØPET AV PERIODEN. ..................................................................................................... 25 SYMBOLSK MAKT GIR FAKTISK MAKT. .............................................................................................................. 26 BAGLERSAGA A OG B. ULIKE BESKRIVELSER, HVA BETYR DET?....................................................................... 27 HÅKONS SAGA. MÅTTE INGES TIDLIGERE BESLUTNINGER RESPEKTERES? ........................................................ 29 DIPLOMENE. HADDE INGES BESLUTNINGER LEGITIMITET?................................................................................ 31 INGES FRAVÆRENDE MORALSKE KARAKTER..................................................................................................... 32 DESINTEGRASJONSPROSESSEN. HVA VISER DEN?.............................................................................................. 33 KONKLUSJON .................................................................................................................................................... 34 KAPITTEL 3: BISKOP NIKOLAS – BAGLERNES UBESTRIDTE LEDER?........................................... 35 HISTORIOGRAFI................................................................................................................................................. 35 DE BEVARTE KILDENES BILDE AV NIKOLAS SOM BAGLERLEDER....................................................................... 37 NIKOLAS` MORALSKE KARAKTER. .................................................................................................................... 46 HVORFOR ER BILDET AV NIKOLAS SOM LEDER FEILAKTIG? .............................................................................. 49 SVERRES TALER. EN TVILSOM KILDE TIL NIKOLAS` LEDERFUNKSJON............................................................... 53 NIKOLAS` TALER. EN TVILSOM KILDE TIL NIKOLAS` LEDERFUNKSJON. ............................................................ 59 NIKOLAS I PERIODEN 1199-1202....................................................................................................................... 61 NIKOLAS` KIRKELIGE LEDERFUNKSJON............................................................................................................. 62 ABSALON SOM KORSTOGSORGANISATOR. ET FORBILDE FOR NIKOLAS?............................................................ 64 KONKLUSJON. ................................................................................................................................................... 66 KAPITTEL 4: STORMENNENE – TENDENS, MEN FORSKJELL DEM IMELLOM............................ 68 HISTORIOGRAFI................................................................................................................................................. 68 BILDET AV BAGLERSTORMENNENE I SVERRES SAGA......................................................................................... 70 BILDET AV BAGLERSTORMENNENE I BAGLERSAGAENE OG HÅKONS SAGA........................................................ 75 HVA SIER DEN EMPIRISKE DELEN OM BAGLERSTORMENNENE?.......................................................................... 79 HVORFOR ER STORMENNENE FRAMSTILT PÅ DENNE MÅTEN?............................................................................ 82 DEN MORALSKE TENDENSEN HOS BAGLERSTORMENNENE. ............................................................................... 83 HÅNDSKRIFTENES PORTRETTERING. HVORFOR FINNES DET ULIK OMTALE?...................................................... 86 KONKLUSJON .................................................................................................................................................... 90 KAPITTEL 5: ”BAK” TENDENSEN – HVORDAN FUNGERTE BAGLERNES ORGANISERING? ... 91 BAGLERHÆREN................................................................................................................................................. 91 STORMENNENES GEOGRAFISKE BASIS ............................................................................................................... 98 TO BETEGNENDE INNSKRIFTER........................................................................................................................ 100 REISNINGEN 1196. STORMENNENE FØRER AN I SAMARBEIDSPROSJEKTET....................................................... 104 BAGLERNAVNET. TVETYDIGHET SOM BEGGE PARTER KUNNE GODTA. ............................................................ 109 KONKLUSJON .................................................................................................................................................. 110 KAPITTEL 6: KONKLUSJON – SVERRES SAGA, ET FORSONINGSPROSJEKT. ............................ 112 BIBLIOGRAFI ................................................................................................................................................. 122 iii iv Kapittel 1: Innledning Baglerne havde den største deel av Riget. […] man maa derfor beundre Sverre, at han dog ved sin Uforsagthed og Utholdenhed frelste Fædrelandet fra denne Fare, om han end for øvrig, hva der med al hans Klogskab og Dygtighed var uundgaaeligt, var nær ved at bukke under i den ulige Kamp, hvor han ej alene havde den mæktige Pave imod seg, men dertil en saa listig og hensynsløs politisk fiende som Biskop Nikolas.1 Sitatet som er hentet fra P. A. Munch, viser hvordan den eldre historieskrivningen beskrev baglerne. Min problemstilling dreier seg om den siste påstanden. Er det riktig at baglerne var organisert med Nikolas som politisk leder, eller var flokken annerledes sammenbundet? I utgangspunkt finnes det tre ulike potensielle samlingskrefter. Den første er biskop Nikolas, den andre er kongsemnet Inge, og den tredje er stormennene som gruppe. Inge og stormennene ble knapt nevnt av Munch, men jeg vil redegjøre for hvilke funksjoner alle de tre samlingskreftene utøvde. For å drøfte denne problemstillingen, må vi analysere tendensen i Sverres saga og de andre kildene i birkebeinertradisjonen. Bildet av baglernes organisering kommer nemlig i all hovedsak fra kilder med opphav hos birkebeinerne.
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