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PoS( & SKA)007

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extended

in in its

(and the other

its its main use was for

Games

, Saros period, which has been

. ts ts complexity and multiple functions . Finally it was equipped with . I strongly strongly believe that en and Peloponnese, Fig.

The The was found by reek analogue astronomical . Using a chance chance close to the small island (betwe of Antikythera 1900 by sponge divers, who were stranded there, due to bad weather. A wealth of statues, statu household goods, glassware and amphorae were brought to the surface during marine tough excavations between November and 1900 and brave 1901. September

, the user could insert an input date on a dial User’s User’s Manual

Wonders of the Ancient World scales. It calculated the dates of the Olympic

he he Antikythera Mechanism was as important for the development of s s were made using a set of (at least 30), and the results were chanism is an ancient g

back 1 e Parthenon for the development of Architecture. Taking into account the

The of island Antikythera @physics.auth.gr inscriptions, often quoted as Thessaloniki, : Speaker

. The calculation jhs

Dorian indicate that it was not used for a single purpose. I educational purposes. T Technology, as th theoretical and technological knowledge required for the construction of the Mechanism, it can be easily ranked among the displayed on several scientific scales. It was used to calculate the diurnal and annual motion of the , the and (most probably) the astronomical knowledge among of ancient the . about the It motion put of these into objects practice accuracy, with including eccentric gearing astonishingfor t the anomalous orbit of the Moon (first lunar anomaly). It could also predict of the Sun and the Moon from the found in one of its major crown games that took place in ) The Antikythera Me handle, probably similar to a doorknob side 54124, 15 15 2012 - Figure Figure 1 The discovery - mail:

-

1 From Antikythera to the Kilometre Array:Square Lessons from the Ancients Kerastari, Greece 12 1. GR E John H. Seiradakis John Aristotle University Department of Physics Laboratory of THE ANTIKYTHERA MECHANISM: From the bottom bottom the From MECHANISM: THE ANTIKYTHERA moderntechnology of scrutiny the sea to the of PoS(Antikythera & SKA)007

- day -

. 6] - Seiradakis [2 present

E ith ith the help of C afts, afts, axles and reek reek astronomer, of the Antikythera alizing alizing evidence that

l of the Antikythera sively, sively, was Derek de . Unfortunately, Alan d 67 B s , he obtained gamma ] Antikythera Antikythera tant ×20×10 cm). The main 1, 12 . . The outer annulus was not [1

2)

e the outer annulus by one day. (Fig. (probably (probably 32

machine building, and particularly in

from between 84 an between from

. aphologists, aphologists, around the second half of the entioned with the suggestion that it was an It It had 360 divisions (360 degrees). In order Alan Alan Bromley

. 2

.

computer

). About this time the great g table. table. Its size was not much larger than a

aptop . The The back of the Mechanism had two independent l feature on the front side was a bronze concentric dial annuli with two fixed and bore the , inscribed with letters.greek It was divided into names of the twelve 365 (360 + 5 days. Theepagomenae) inner was annulus Egyptian the 12 of the names and bore fixed (in greek) to take into account leap years, every 4 years, the user could detach and rotat [9] ical Museum [7] Museum ical

”

100 BCE

– In the In and shipwreck ofdescription first the scholarly Antikythera n the Internet [10] Internet n the

unar . unar He month. also on theelaborated (see pin and slot mechanism . The shipwreck was dated was shipwreck . The

from from the Research Centre Demokritos in [1]

,

hodes. He died there in 120 BCE. in there He died hodes. He He declared that “the Antikythera Mechanism is

. [8]

worked worked for over 30 years and eventually published an extensive account, “Gears freely available o available freely the the existence of the Mechanism was m

Introduction , , an Englishman working at Yale University in the United States. W : The and backfront side of Price ray ray radiographs from the fragments, which revealed several gears, sh - . Price M. Roumeliotis has produced several animations and simulation The baton was taken by Michael Wright and The The first scholar, who studied the function of the Mechanism exten In In 1929 Captain Ioannis Theopanidis attempted to create a mode The was Antikythera Mechanism por Among Among the recovered artifacts was a strange bulk of material, broken, worn and calcified, - century century BCE (150 BCE

Early studiesEarly A short description A

Figure Figure 2 the Antikythera Mechanism. nd built thel to follow Draconic Mechanism, Mechanism, Bromley died in 2002. However, Michael were was dial and that the upper spiral the that the Mechanism back dials of postulated correctly Wright published a series of papers, where he and X letters from the Greeks” the ancients may have been much further advanced in think we than technology, computer Mechanism. Mechanism. This model was never finished. It has been exhibited in the Archaeolog the National at exhibition Solla Charalambos Karakalos 2 in R lived Hipparchos, 3. spirals spirals (upper and lower). It has been dated, by epigr 2. with obvious with signs obvious of bronze. its findings instrument astronomical Antikythera: PoS(Antikythera & SKA)007

the the the the on Seiradakis Leverhulme Leverhulme Mechanism Mechanism to

Tek Tek Systems, UK Foundation Foundation of the -

nths. The is . This position was shown by the ber ber 2005 they undertook a major . In November 2006 the results of the of 2006 the results the November . In [19]

probably probably the five known planets

. He made large strides toward the and 15] -

3 niqu3 [17] niqu3

, specially constructed by X

”. They received a grant from the action action revealed their use in calculating the exact -

With With the help of back the dial, upper the user could

ues

The back side The

235 synodic (lunar) mo almost equal to the tropical least year (365.2422 common days) and multiple the of synodic month the 5.2 read the position of the Moon within the Metonic cycle of 19 tropical years, which is almost exactly equal to echniq

.

ray ray [16] -

, a set of other pointers were driven by the gears of the Innovative t Innovative

–

he Saroshe “Glyphs” f the new investigation were surprising f theand Using a stunning! new investigation were handlesurprising that was Packard, USA, PTM Dome tech PTM Dome USA, Packard, focusing focusing X - tudies Introduction , U.K. and the permission to undertake a new investigation from the Ministry of : One t : One of nd nd proved its epicyclic function [13 e 3 micro

A A very careful analysis of the gears’ co The results o

In 2001, Mike Edmunds and Tony Freeth (Cardiff University), Xenophon Moussas and As As this was done Antikythera Antikythera Mechanism Research Group ecent s ecent The front side The

R Astronomical phenomena calculated by the Antikythera Mechanism Antikythera by phenomena the calculated Astronomical Figur T.(Courtecy Malzbender)

pointers pointers a of the Simultaneously, a crown was and dials. front driving black white coloured Moon. the of phase the current showing spherule, 5.1 (within a degree) and the Moon zodiac (the zone that contains the zodiac constellations) 5. the front in year of select a date the could manually the Mechanism of user a pointer, the driving dial. phenomena. astronomical of show a variety and the Hewlett and the Hewlett investigation were announced during an international conference in Athens and inpublished [18] journal international National National Bank of Greece) joined the team, which was soon supported by an international team of astronomers, archaeologists, mathematicians, epigraphologists and physicists, papyrologists. In chemists, September and Octo computer engineers new investigation of the Antikythera Mechanism, using an innovative and state of the art high power Yanis Bitsakis (University of Athens) and John Seiradakis (University of Thessaloniki) created the “ Foundation Culture of Greece. After the permission was granted, Eleni Magkou and Mary Zafeiropoulou (National Archaeological Museum) and Agamemnon Tselikas (Cultural reconstruction of the Mechanism and produced superb bronze replicas. bronze superb and produced Mechanism the of reconstruction 4. Antikythera: below) a PoS(Antikythera & SKA)007

- nd of of of of

for for

their their –

pin pin

known known (due (due to (Fig. (Fig. 4

Seiradakis the Kepler’s 2 periphery

eccentric eccentric (by similar similar (with

ancient ously ously in some realizing No No significant

outhrotos and ΣΕΛΗΝΗ ΣΕΛΗΝΗ . the

colonies romenion romenion (in – all all of which are Tau The The Metonic cycle dars dars of the cities of l l calendar (repeated 19

Corinthian Corinthian and Table I) coincidence with the (upper (upper back dial) contained a ful times). Comparing calendar with this the calendars of cities, it was found that it coincided calen with Kerkyra, B the (in NW and Greece) Sicily),

“glyphs”, “glyphs”, before what we call today, as seen from the Earth, to better centre centre or toclose

, as

variable variable rotation speed of the second the tage tage for the Sun and “Σ”

– . . The percen dubbed first first anomaly of the Moon’s motion s

4

ΗΛΙΟΣ ΗΛΙΟΣ

– either close either toclose

– originally originally edge allowed the calculation of the exact day of full , of the day the ofedge exact allowed calculation full Moons, Mechanism’s calendar approximately 6585.3213 days, or approximately 18 nearly years and 11 1/3 cycle) cycle) after an , the Sun, Earth, and Moon return to with with a slot. The axes of the two gears are slightly

through thethrough slot

– M. Edmunds [21] has questioned the accuracy of the Saros period. Saros of the accuracy the [21] questioned has Edmunds M. slot mechanism consisted of a gear with a pin, driving a

Antikythera -

. The fact that both letters, “H” and “Σ”, appear simultane 3

and - due due to the eccentricity of their axe sm sm that reconstructed ’

is engaged is engaged Introduction etc), etc), Fig. : Map the showing location greekof cities known with Corinthian calendar

With the help of the lower back dial the user could predict eclipses. This dial contained the the This contained dial eclipses. back the the could With dial the user help predict lower of The basic pin 1 part in 200 [20]. in 200 part 1 month eclipse month Saros cycle (of

slot mechani - - uld occur. The markings (which had The

Figure Figure 4 calendars. The area squares the of proportional is to the coincidenceof the with (Courtesy M. Anastasiou) records of past eclipses. past of records 6. Saros cycle was marked Saros with was cycle marked the dates (month, day, hour) a when possible orsolar lunar eclipse wo meaning) were engraved with symbols (“H” the Moon, glyphs, most probably means that the glyphs represent predictions of future eclipses and not gear gear simulates the variations in the Moon’s angular velocity than 223 days). 223 months (one Saros The begins. cycle eclipse identical, and a new, nearly geometry, relative same the approximately law! the same numbers of teeth) gear 1.1 mm). As the first gear rotates it drives the second gear, slower or faster (because the first gear the second gear) months) is only 2 months) is This only hours. knowl a very useful knowledge for …electricity was agricultural available! The accuracy or of the position of nautical the Moon was activities achieved by a pin 2000 and years ago, when no its elliptical orbit around the Earth). This anomaly is, in fact, Antikythera: (29.5306 days). The difference between the two periods (of 19 tropical years and 235 synodic PoS(Antikythera & SKA)007

– 33% ΔΑΛΙΟΣ

ΠΑΝΑΜΟΣ ΚΑΡΝΕΙΟΣ ΣΜΙΝΘΙΟΣ ΔΙΟΣΘΥΟΣ ΑΓΡΙΑΝΙΟΣ

ΥΑΚΙΝΘΙΟΣ ΒΑΔΡΟΜΙΟΣ ΘΕΥΔΑΙΣΙΟΣ ΑΡΤΑΜΙΤΙΟΣ ΠΕΔΑΓΕΙΤΝΙΟΣ ΘΕΣΜΟΦΟΡΙΟΣ Seiradakis

parapegma,

a The sequence

. romenion? 5)

17% Athens ΠΟΣΙΔΕΩΝ ΓΑΜΗΛΙΩΝ ΘΑΡΓΗΛΙΩΝ ΠΥΑΝΟΨΙΩΝ ΜΟΥΝΥΧΙΩΝ ΒΟΗΔΡΟΜΙΩΝ ΣΚΙΡΟΦΟΡΙΩΝ ΑΝΘΕΣΤΗΡΙΩΝ ΕΛΑΦΗΒΟΛΙΩΝ ΕΚΑΤΟΜΒΑΙΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΓΕΙΤΝΙΩΝ and Tau and ΜΑΙΜΑΚΤΗΡΙΩΝ (Fig.

A small part of

58% with six zodiac statements, events is preserved on and three Fragment C of Mechanism the Antikythera of these events depends and statements on latitude, where they were observed. the A geographical thorough astronomical analysis

ΙΤΩΝΙΟΣ ΚΑΡΝΕΙΟΣ ΠΑΝΑΜΟΣ ΕΥΚΛΕΙΟΣ ΕΛΛΟΚΙΟΣ ΛΑΝΟΤΡΟΣ ΔΙΟΝΥΣΙΟΣ ΑΠΕΛΛΑΙΟΣ ΔΑΜΑΤΡΙΟΣ Tauromenion ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝΙΟΣ ΑΡΤΕΜΙΤ/ΣΙΟΣ ΔΥΩ/ΟΔΕΚΑΤΕΥΣ

5

onstructed) in NW Greece Greece in NW onstructed) 100% outhrotos ΨΥΔΡΕΥΣ B ΓΑΜΙΛΙΟΣ ΚΡΑΝΕΙΟΣ ΠΑΝΑΜΟΣ ΕΥΚΛΕΙΟΣ ΑΓΡΙΑΝΙΟΣ ΦΟΙΝΙΚΑΙΟΣ solar of the Mechanism , seem not to be -

°N), °N), Dodona (39.5°), and Bouthrotos (39.7°), whose cities cities lie within or immediately adjacent to this zone.

reek 86% Antikythera Mechanism Antikythera Dodona ΔΑΤΥΙΟΣ ΓΑΜΙΛΙΟΣ ΠΑΝΑΜΟΣ ΑΠΕΛΛΑΙΟΣ ΦΟΙΝΙΚΑΙΟΣ ΑΛΙΟΤΡΟΠΙΟΣ

100% Kerkyra ΨΥΔΡΕΥΣ Introduction ΠΑΝΑΜΟΣ ΕΥΚΛΕΙΟΣ ΜΑΧΑΝΕΥΣ ΦΟΙΝΙΚΑΙΟΣ ΑΡΤΕΜΙΤΙΟΣ ΔΩΔΕΚΑΤΕΥΣ The theof parapegma Antikythera Mechanism Several Several ancient g arapegma of the . P

. Differences are marked with red letters. red with are marked . Differences

The

Figure Figure 5 Among Among these cities, Rhodes (latitude 36.4°N) and Syracuse (37.1°N) have often been suggested as places of origin and/or use of the Antikythera Mechanism . The northern cities in , Kerkyra (39.6 month names well match the luni favored. Corinth (37.9°) as well as Tauromenion in Sicily (37.8°) lie just outside the reveals reveals that the parapegma was best working for geographic latitudes between 33.3°N 37.0°N. 7. Mechanism was used (but not, necessarily, c necessarily, not, used was (but Mechanism TABLE I: Comparison of the Antikythera cities Mechanism calendar with the calendar of several ancient Antikythera: survived calendars of other greek cities was found. Could this indicate that the Antikythera ΨΥΔΡΕΥΣ ΠΑΝΑΜΟΣ ΚΡΑΝΕΙΟΣ Mechanism ΕΥΚΛΕΙΟΣ ΓΑΜΕΛΙΟΣ Coincidence ΑΓΡΙΑΝΙΟΣ Antikythera Antikythera ΜΑΧΑΝΕΥΣ ΑΠΕΛΛΑΙΟΣ ΦΟΙΝΙΚΑΙΟΣ ΑΡΤΕΜΙΣΙΟΣ ΔΩΔΕΚΑΤΕΥΣ ΛΑΝΟΤΡΟΠΙΟΣ PoS(Antikythera & SKA)007

, in

. ] focusing focusing technical technical - Seiradakis arapegma arapegma l [23 phi), phi), Naia 31.5°N p

he he Aristotle –

Del

been deciphered been deciphered . N ] by by t ray ray micro

[22

-

] . New inscriptions that

inscriptions, inscriptions, which are [24 . They all fall into three could determine, with the of Thessalonliki, Greece )

7

range range 27.8° A bronze model of the (Fig. The Aristotle UniversityAristotle The

geographical geographical inscriptions. Several User’s User’s Manual latitude latitude Antikythera Antikythera Mechanism constructed has been University 10. model bronze 2012 included in the subsidiary dia subsidiary the in included

– es) ed ed as

) were 6

6 The The Antikythera Mechanism was a complicated

be stressed that (a) the limited preserved events instrument. instrument. Therefore it is not surprising that it was accompanied by extensive often quot had not been read for more revealed, than 2000 mainly years were with About tomography. 3000 letters have the X up to now broad categories: astronomical inscriptions, inscriptions and astronomical terms have been read referring to Sun, the the Moon, the , the Metonic and Saros

It It is interesting that besides the prediction of astronomical

. solstice. Not only the Olympic games but the crown games of Isthmia (Corinth), Nemea (Nemea), (Fig. (Dodona) Pythia ( events, events, the Antikythera Mechanism, help of a subsidiary back dial, the dates of the Olympic games which took place during the first full Moon after the summer st and verify the method of analysis, ’s

User’s manual User’s

ronomical ronomical phenomena. The word “ΣΤΗΡΙΓΜΟΣ” (stationary point) is However, it should the

– In In order to te

. (a) The Left constructed (b)Themodel. Introduction Fragment 19,Fragment reconstructed

: : The Games Crown . The University Aristotle of Thessaloniki 7 6 model 8 Olympic Games (and other crown gam crown (and Games other Olympic ure ure Inscriptions The Figure Figure using the Truenew Type font. Note Metonic the and Saros inscriptions Fig

bronze insidegears the model. Figure Figure cycles cycles and other ast points. stationary planetary to referring obviously times, several mentioned 9. 8. and and (b) the historical uncertainties do not allow a firm statement, about the geographic association of the Antikythera Mechanism, to be made but they rather point to a likely region instead. for Clima 14 was analyzed, yielding a geographical Ptolemy lived observed where and agreement with the location good Antikythera: most likely zone. PoS(Antikythera & SKA)007

an

the the The The

device related related tic tic (the

Seiradakis and web site: web

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the the dates of the t had extended

wide wide interest both - could could calculate . was, was, most likely,

It It Finally, Finally, i

cted cted eclipses, a result that drove drove at least seven pointers, Without Without their research efforts and It It predi that that

mechanism.gr -

. A new true type font, an exact replica of the of of the Moon. It was also a calendrical 7 )

8 s

strated with outstanding and creative technological With With it, the owner could determine and and a parapegma. .

(Fig. It was an astronomical device. It

the development of knowledge. . Mechanism Mechanism is a very important record of the ability of

It It is obvious from the above that it was not built in order demon the phase cycle

owner vely It ti trains of cooperating gears

http://www.antikythera

and the results were displayed on scientific scales (output). lunisolar lunisolar

It It was built for

.

on on its protective plates, describing the phenomena which it dealt with or

e modern definition, the Antikythera Mechanism was a TheMechanism computer. thee user definition, modern Antikythera tes tes about its use. National Archaeological Museum Museum of Archaeological National Athens. the most famous of which are the Olympic Games) achieving wide recognition purpose

(calculations) (calculations) Introduction ole

It It is a pleasure to thank the Antikythera Research Project group and the

It It is evident that the Antikythera The The new investigation of the Antikythera Mechanism has created word According to According th ac constellations) and displayed Concluding remarks

personnel personnel of the the safeguarding of the Antikythera fragments initiated. respectively, this work wouldn that, even with present day standards, we cannot fail to admire and respect. and admire to fail we cannot standards, day present with even that, Acknowledgements where new results are posted, including answers to basic questions, articles, pictures, videos and videos pictures, to articles, answers where are questions, basic including results posted, new information. relevant other ancient Greeks to work with advanced technological problems, offering innovative solutions to serve a s Cosmos known then the of studies scholarly for used instrument, educational among the scientific community and the public. Responding to a created has Group Research Mechanism Antikythera the information, the authoritative demand for updated and Crown Crown Games ( among the ancient cities’ archons. competence the astronomical wisdom and instructions inscribed expertise of its offering era.technical no which which showed the results quantita position of the Sun and the Moon and maybe the zodi five known planets along the eclip incorporating the Metonic would give social superiority to the could enter data (input), it used the data in order to calculate several astronomical phenomena calculations were performed by reconstruction reconstruction of the original mechanism letters inscribed on the Mechanism, was created by now. to up read been have that M. inscriptions the all reproducing for used was which Anastasiou (Department of Physics) 11. Antikythera: team, lead by K. Efstathiou (Department of Mechanical ). This model is a 1:1 PoS(Antikythera & SKA)007

– , ,

, 144, 641 eck eck ed. ed. (

part 1,

120

p. – , Seiradakis 94, – 18

, p. 119 2 Shipwreck

, in Great, in Moments 52, 1984 – , National iheft iheft Packard Laboratories, , University of, University -

, p.22 , Horological Journal, . A calendar computer from 4 Archaeological , Bulletin of theof , Bulletin Scientific (A) Be -

A new inspectionA of the

– , Hewlett 2007

, (reprinted by Science(reprinted by History reek),

n of the Antikythera Mechanism , Antiquarian Horology, , MDAI , k (ink g

. , Micro IEEE,

. 70, 1974

– .

. , Lyon, France The Antikythera Shipwreck , 1965 Antikythera Shipwreck: Stylistic A and p. 1 s in in s Antiquity. Ancient Olympia, p. 81

, 1965 , , 27 8 - 39

Antikythera Mechanism 17 – 64 , 2005 , –

. , in G.D., in Weinberg et.The al., Antikythera Shipwr

194, 2010 . 63

reek astronomical known calculator as the Antikythera –

– p. 5 p. 30 Polynomial Texture Maps .

,

,

. , in G. D. Weinberg et al.,The Antikythera Bronze Statues from the Depths of the Sea /3, /3 , 2007 , 2003.

55 55 , 51p., , p., 178 , 1902 , ), Towards a Reconstructio New 591, 2006591, 29 – 7, 2005.7,

p. 346 134 173

– –

H. Wolters H. . , p. 2 p.

part2, H.E. Tzalas,H.E.

Proceedings of the International Proceedings the of Symposium on Digital industrial . 145 , 587 p.

85 Bromley, , ted Tomography, June 25 A History of Calculating The findings of the Antikythera Wrec The Glass Vessels 444 Simulation and Animation ofAntikythera the Mechanism

Observations of the Antikythera Mechanism Decodingancient the g Gears from the Greeks: The

A PlanetariumDisplay for the Antikythera Mechanism The Antikythera Mechanism: a Gearing New Scheme .

, A. G., A. , and the Antikythera Mechanism, Antiquarian Horology, The Commercial Amphoras The latest techniques reveal the earliest technology

Price, , TAPhS, New Series, TAPhS, New Series, - et al.

Die SkulpturenDie des Schiffsfundes von Antikythera ight , Nature, 279, 2003279, and 2002 ,

. – . Trans. Phil.Am. Soc., Series, New Wr Wright, Wright, Cousteau (n. 4),

173 Introduction 270 –

Y. . Freeth . - T. Malzbender, D. Gelb A M.T. RamseyA. M.T. M.T. M. Roumeliotis, G. Bromley,A. M.T. Wright G.D. Weinberg , , 1990 ,

D. de S. Price, D. de Solla M. JewelleryJackson, New Evidence the from N. Kaltsas, E. Vlachogianni & P.Bouyia (eds), P.C. Bol, J. Unknown author, V.R. Grace ,

Greek , Athens, , p.

. 169 Radiology Radiology and Compu http://www.hpl.hp.com/ptm Mechanism p Instrument Society, no. Antikythera Mechanism Proc. Extraordinary Conf. Machines and Structure Paipetis,S.A. Peri Technon, Patras 27 Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece, http://www.etl.uom.gr/mr/index.php?mypage=antikythera. 652 in in Chronological BCH,Analysis, Archaeological Museum, Athens, 2012 1972 Reconsidered, 3rdPeriod, 1 Issue &2, p Reconsidered, ca. 80BC Publications, New York, 1975). [17] [18] [15] [16] [13] [14] [10] [11] [12] [6] [7] [3] [4] [5] [1] [2] [8] [9] Antikythera: References PoS(Antikythera & SKA)007

Seiradakis Slot DeviceSlot , 2012 - 4

Determination of

2. 544 (2010). 320,2011 - – 231, 201 , Papers,ISAW – , 540 , p. 307 46 , 219 52 xlii

9

, 2008., nomical events of parapegma the inscribed on Antikythera the 617 – p. 614 p. , The astro The Cosmos in the Antikythera Mechanism , Mechanism and Machine Theory, Hipparchus vs. Ptolemy and Antikythera the Mechanism: Pin 454 , Journal Advances,of in Space Research

Calendars with displayand eclipse prediction on the Antikythera , , J. Hist. Astronomy (accepted), 2012. , Nature, Introduction Efstathiou, Efstathiou, Basiakoulis,A. M. M.Efstathiou, Anastasiou, J.H. Seiradakis, Freeth et al A. A. K. E. Gourtsogiannis, M.G. Journal Edmunds, for the History of Astronomy: M. Anastasiou et al. A. Freeth, Jones,A. A.

Mechanism the gears geometrical parameters necessary for the construction of an operational the modelof Antikythera Mechanism models lunar motion Mechanism [23] [24] [20] [21] [22] [19] Antikythera: