DOCSLIB.ORG

The Dark Shades of the Antikythera Mechanism

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Dark Shades of the Antikythera Mechanism Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-018-6255-9 (0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV) The dark shades of the Antikythera Mechanism 1 2 3 Aristeidis Voulgaris • Christophoros Mouratidis • Andreas Vossinakis Received: 19 June 2018 Ó Akade´miai Kiado´, Budapest, Hungary 2018 Abstract In this work we analyze the dark shades which are evident on the AMRP X-ray positive Computed Tomographies and Radiographies of the Antikythera Mechanism ancient prototype. During 2000 years under the sea, the Mechanism bronze parts were totally corroded. The decreased X-ray absorption of the corroded bronze, allowed the CTs capture even in the thick large side of Fragment A. During the photometric analysis of the CTs, apart from corroded bronze, at least two other different (corroded) metal materials were detected, which were used by the ancient manufacturer during the construction of the Antikythera Mechanism. From our analysis and correlating with the mechanical evidence resulting by the use of our functional reconstruction models of the Antikythera Mechanism, we conclude that the existing design of the Antikythera Mechanism is probably the first of such a sophisticated design of the ancient manufacturer. Keywords Metals of Antikythera Mechanism Á Bronze corrosion Á Atacamite X-ray absorption Introduction Mechanism via the 2D X-ray and Thulium 170 radiation began by C. Karakalos of National Centre of Scientific The Antikythera Mechanism was found in 1901, in a Research ‘‘Demokritos’’ (Greece), in the 1970s. Karakalos shipwreck at 50 m depth, on a gulf of Antikythera island, took several film radiographies @160 keV [3]. The first Greece, by Symian sponge divers. It is a unique geared results of radiographies of the Mechanism were published machine consisting of gears, axes, engraved plates and in 1974 by D.S. Price in the work Gears from the Greeks pointers, constructed by an unknown ancient manufacturer [3]. The X-ray study of the Mechanism was continued by about 120 BC. It could predict the position of the Sun in the M.T. Wright and A. Bromley in the 1990s by using sky, the Lunar phases, the starting date of the athletic stereographic radiography and linear motion tomography games, Solar and Lunar eclipses, as well as the date and [5, 6]. hour they were about to happen [1–3]. Due to its unique- In 2005, during the implementation of the Antikythera ness, the Antikythera Mechanism is exclusively exhibited Mechanism Research Project (AMRP), a large X-ray in a special ward under a glass showcase for safety and tomograph was used for the detailed in depth visualization, conservation reasons, on the National Archaeological of the Antikythera Mechanism corroded fragments Museum of Athens, Greece. [1, 7, 8]. A large number of the X-ray Computed Tomo- The X-ray applications help in retracting very useful graphies (CTs) and radiographies of the Antikythera information about the design, the shape and the content Mechanism were obtained Fig. 1. materials of the ancient artifacts [4]. The study inside the In the AMRP CTs, some of the Mechanism parts inside the Fragment A, display strongly different absorption than the rest corroded bronze parts, signaling different (cor- & Aristeidis Voulgaris roded) metal/alloy materials. The characterization of the [email protected]; [email protected] new metals was achieved by the study of their X-ray 1 Municipality of Thessaloniki, Directorate Culture-Tourism, absorption in correlation to the corroded bronze absorption. Thessalonı´ki 54625, Greece The authors, after the extended study of AMRP CTs, 2 Hellenic Ministry of Education, Research and Religious reconstructed two functional models of the Antikythera Affairs, Kos 85300, Greece Mechanism, applying the new revised gearing scheme of 3 Thessaloniki Astronomy Club, Thessalonı´ki 54646, Greece the Mechanism [9]. These new detected metals were used 123 Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Fig. 1 a Visual photograph of Fragment A (probably) taken in the 1930s (E´ mile Seraf, Ó Deutsches Archa¨ologisches Institut, D-DAI-ATH-EMILE- 827), b same scale positive X-Ray radiography of Fragment A Ó AMRP. Note that the strong dark shades are caused by the total (active) thickness of the fragment, which varies because of the different distribution of the parts inside the fragment for the construction of the corresponding mechanical parts in our functional reconstruction models and for testing during operation of the models. According to our findings we also detected that a metal (alloy) was also used for the stabilization of some of the mechanical parts on the Middle Plate of the Mechanism [3]. Based on these observations, a discussion is also pre- sented about the mechanical restorations/rectifies probably made by the ancient manufacturer, just after the assembly of his creation. Theory Fig. 2 Close up of the two arms of b1 gear of Fragment A. The strong-deep inside material corrosion (atacamite) is clearly visible The X-ray absorption of the Antikythera and the material appears homogenized, clear, without dark color Mechanism parts chemical compounds and other impurities (arrow A). An oblong bronze colored preserved part, with non-corroded surface, of unknown operation is also visible (arrow B) Credits: National Today the fossilized Mechanism is partially preserved in Archaeological Museum, Athens, A. Voulgaris, Copyright Ó Hellenic six larger fragments and 76 other smaller pieces [2, 6]. The Ministry of Culture & Sports/Archaeological Receipts Fund. Insert fragments mainly have green and also beige and blue image, AMRP positive CT of the bronze color oblong part. Note the strong dark shade of the bronze colored part in relation to the gray shades, as a result of the strong corrosion/chemical changes shades of the adjacent areas (atacamite) Ó AMRP during 2000 years under the sea Fig. 2. These color shades strongly differ from the bright bronze color of the original (8.87 g cm-3). This decrease of density, because of the ancient appearance. deep inside corrosion of the bronze material Fig. 2, made The spectrochemical and metallurgical analysis results much easier the transmission of the X-rays through the are described in Price 1974 [3]. The Mechanism main corroded material, even in the relatively thick Fragment A metal material was bronze, an alloy Cu 95% and Sn Fig. 1. The fossilized silt material between Fragment A 5% ± 50%. During time under the Aegean Sea the bronze plates, does not significantly decrease the X-ray penetration Mechanism transformed into a new material, mostly di- (as it is evident in Fragment B radiography, the existing silt copper trioxychloride Cu2(OH)3Cl—atacamite (and other on the Metonic spiral gaps has much lower X-ray absorp- isomers of about equal density) and probably other—in tion than atacamite). small percentage—chemical compounds -corrosion prod- In 2005, the ‘‘Blade Runner’’, X-ray tomograph with ucts and impurities (which mostly have dark colors), which 225 kV (up to 450 kV) micro focus X-ray source, loaned are not visible in the damaged area of gear b1 arm, Fig. 2 by X-Tek Systems Ltd (now owned by Nikon Metrology) [10–17]. was used for capturing X-ray tomographies of the Anti- Atacamite is a mineral (or corrosion product) material kythera Mechanism fragments [8]. with lower density (3.76 g cm-3) than bronze 123 Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Fig. 3 a AMRP positive CT of k1 gear. The graph shows the cut- effect (beam hardening artifact) [20]. As it is clear, k1-spacer has been through photometric profile (the area is marked with dark gray line). rotated from its original position about 36.3° CCW (the pin position According to the graph the dark shade—X-ray absorption of the of the pin&slot system, is marked with the white color dot). b Positive spacer, is much stronger than the neighboring gear material X-ray AMRP CT of gear e1 and its well preserved, stabilizing pin. The cut- absorption (atacamite). The value variation of the gear grayscale is a through photometric profile (the area is marked with white line), result of inhomogeneities in the density/alloy composition-distribu- indicates that the unknown material of the pin has lower X-ray tion/corrosion. The two strong peaks of the graph are due to cupping absorption than the neighboring area (gear) Ó AMRP the materials, in relation to the corroded bronze absorption of the neighboring (same tomography) gears. By studying the CTs it is evident that the photometric profile across a corroded bronze gear, displays small dif- ferences on the grayscale intensity Fig. 3. These differ- ences were detected in random distribution, with limited dimensions and with unspecified shape. They have been probably created during the casting of the raw bronze material, as a lack of homogeneity of tin in the alloy or because tin (and also lead) tend to concentrate near the surface [21, 22]. Also the density of the bronze material after its total corrosion could have local area variations. These random differences do not affect our measurements. Even if the bronze alloy contained also a third metal e.g. lead in low percentage (about 1.5%), then the X-ray Fig. 4 a Multi-combined positive processed AMRP CT of the upper absorption would not change appreciably. The leaded part of Fragment A shows the area behind the gear b1 and the Middle Plate. The three main spacers a–a0, b–b0 and c–c0 with their stabilizing bronze is not suitable for the metal sheet formation/pro- pins (white dots) and the two additional spacers are visible. Insert: the duction, because the metal becomes fragile after the pro- boundary between the two right spacers and the Middle Plate. The cess (hammering) or the working [3, 23]. dark shade (arc) following the pattern shape of the additional spacer is From the graphs of Fig.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Magic of the Atwood Sphere
    The magic of the Atwood Sphere Exactly a century ago, on June Dr. Jean-Michel Faidit 5, 1913, a “celestial sphere demon- Astronomical Society of France stration” by Professor Wallace W. Montpellier, France Atwood thrilled the populace of [email protected] Chicago. This machine, built to ac- commodate a dozen spectators, took up a concept popular in the eigh- teenth century: that of turning stel- lariums. The impact was consider- able. It sparked the genesis of modern planetariums, leading 10 years lat- er to an invention by Bauersfeld, engineer of the Zeiss Company, the Deutsche Museum in Munich. Since ancient times, mankind has sought to represent the sky and the stars. Two trends emerged. First, stars and constellations were easy, especially drawn on maps or globes. This was the case, for example, in Egypt with the Zodiac of Dendera or in the Greco-Ro- man world with the statue of Atlas support- ing the sky, like that of the Farnese Atlas at the National Archaeological Museum of Na- ples. But things were more complicated when it came to include the sun, moon, planets, and their apparent motions. Ingenious mecha- nisms were developed early as the Antiky- thera mechanism, found at the bottom of the Aegean Sea in 1900 and currently an exhibi- tion until July at the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers in Paris. During two millennia, the human mind and ingenuity worked constantly develop- ing and combining these two approaches us- ing a variety of media: astrolabes, quadrants, armillary spheres, astronomical clocks, co- pernican orreries and celestial globes, cul- minating with the famous Coronelli globes offered to Louis XIV.
    [Show full text]
  • Pos(Antikythera & SKA)018
    Building the Cosmos in the Antikythera Mechanism Tony Freeth1 Antikythera Mechanism Research Project 10 Hereford Road, South Ealing, London W54 4SE, United Kingdom E-mail: [email protected] PoS(Antikythera & SKA)018 Abstract Ever since its discovery by Greek sponge divers in 1901, the Antikythera Mechanism has inspired fascination and fierce debate. In the early years no-one knew what it was. As a result of a hundred years of research, particularly by Albert Rehm, Derek de Solla Price, Michael Wright and, most recently, by members of the Antikythera Mechanism Research Project, there has been huge progress in understanding this geared astronomical calculating machine. With its astonishing lunar anomaly mechanism, it emerges as a landmark in the history of technology and one of the true wonders of the ancient world. The latest model includes a mechanical representation of the Cosmos that exactly matches an inscription on the back cover of the instrument. We believe that we are now close to the complete machine. From Antikythera to the Square Kilometre Array: Lessons from the Ancients, Kerastari, Greece 12-15 June 2012 1 Speaker Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike Licence. http://pos.sissa.it Building the Cosmos in the Antikythera Mechanism Tony Freeth 1. Ancient Astronomy Astronomy? Impossible to understand and madness to investigate... Sophocles Since astronomy is so difficult, I will try to keep everything as simple as possible! As all astronomers know well, the stars are fixed! When the ancients looked at the sky, they saw a number of astronomical bodies that moved relative to the stars.
    [Show full text]
  • The Antikythera Mechanism, Rhodes, and Epeiros
    The Antikythera Mechanism, Rhodes, and Epeiros Paul Iversen Introduction I am particularly honored to be asked to contribute to this Festschrift in honor of James Evans. For the last nine years I have been engaged in studying the Games Dial and the calendar on the Metonic Spiral of the Antikythera Mechanism,1 and in that time I have come to admire James’s willingness to look at all sides of the evidence, and the way in which he conducts his research in an atmosphere of collaborative and curious inquiry combined with mutual respect. It has long been suggested that the Antikythera Mechanism may have been built on the is- land of Rhodes,2 one of the few locations attested in ancient literary sources associated with the production of such celestial devices. This paper will strengthen the thesis of a Rhodian origin for the Mechanism by demonstrating that the as-of-2008-undeciphered set of games in Year 4 on the Games Dial were the Halieia of Rhodes, a relatively minor set of games that were, appro- priately for the Mechanism, in honor of the sun-god, Helios (spelled Halios by the Doric Greeks). This paper will also summarize an argument that the calendar on the Metonic Spiral cannot be that of Syracuse, and that it is, contrary to the assertions of a prominent scholar in Epirote stud- ies, consistent with the Epirote calendar. This, coupled with the appearance of the extremely minor Naan games on the Games Dial, suggests that the Mechanism also had some connection with Epeiros. The Games Dial and the Halieia of Rhodes The application in the fall of 2005 of micro-focus X-ray computed tomography on the 82 surviv- ing fragments of the Antikythera Mechanism led to the exciting discovery and subsequent publi- cation in 2008 of a dial on the Antikythera Mechanism listing various athletic games now known as the Olympiad Dial (but which I will call the Games or Halieiad Dial—more on that below), as well as a hitherto unknown Greek civil calendar on what is now called the Metonic Spiral.3 I begin with my own composite drawing of the Games Dial (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • The Draconic Gearing of the Antikythera Mechanism: Assembling the Fragment D, Its Role and Operation
    The Draconic gearing of the Antikythera Mechanism: Assembling the Fragment D, its role and operation A.Voulgaris1, C.Mouratidis2, A.Vossinakis3, G.Bokovos4 (Submitted 14 January 2020) 1Municipality of Thessaloniki, Directorate Culture and Tourism, Thessaloniki, GR-54625, Greece 2Hellenic Ministry of Education, Research and Religious Affairs, Kos, GR-85300, Greece 3Thessaloniki Astronomy Club, Thessaloniki, GR-54646, Greece 4Thessaloniki Science Center and Technology Museum-Planetarium, Thermi, GR-57001, Greece Abstract The unplaced Fragment D of the Antikythera Mechanism with an unknown operation was a mystery since the beginning of its discovery. The gear-r1, which was detected on the Fragment radiographies by C. Karakalos, is preserved in excellent condition, but this was not enough to correlate it to the existing gear trainings of the Mechanism. The suggestion that this gear could be a part of the hypothetical planet indication gearing is still a hypothesis since no mechanical evidence has been preserved. After the analysis of AMRP tomographies of Fragment D and its mechanical characteristics revealed that it could be part of the Draconic gearing. Although the Draconic cycle was well known during the Mechanism’s era as represents the fourth Lunar cycle, it seems that it is missing from the Antikythera Mechanism. The study of Fragment D was supported by the bronze reconstruction of the Draconic gearing by the authors. The adaptation of the Draconic gearing on the Antikythera Mechanism improves its functionality and gives answers on several questions. 1. Introduction. The Antikythera Mechanism, a geared machine based on the lunar cycles The Antikythera Mechanism a creation of an ingenious manufacturer of the Hellenistic era was a geared machine capable of performing complex astronomical calculations, mostly based on the lunar periodic cycles.
    [Show full text]
  • The Antikythera Mechanism: the Ancient Computer That Mapped The
    Sign In | Register Home Space The Antikythera Mechanism: the ancient Greek computer that mapped the stars Built over 2,000 years ago, the Antikythera mechanism calculated the movement of the Sun, Moon and planets using a system of dials and gears. 18th September, 2019 at 00:00 Imagine, in an age long before miniaturised electronics, a portable machine, the size and shape of a shoebox, that showed a moving picture of the cosmos, with the Sun, the Moon, and the planets orbiting at greatly accelerated speed, so that with a few twists of a knob, you could see where they would be in the sky on some chosen date years in the future or past. It sounds like something in a fantasy story, but the mysterious Antikythera Mechanism shows that these devices were indeed being built, over 2,000 years ago. Ad Try the Bike for 30 Days Exquisite devices like this were being crafted in a GTrey ethek w Bikorkesh forop 30 days, worry-free. somewhere in the eastern Mediterranean about 2,100 years ago or more. One of them met an unfortunate accident—for its owner, aLnEywARNay M, bOuRtE fortunate for us since from its shattered remains we can learn a great deal about ancient Greek science and its public face. The accident happened around 60 BC, off the island of Antikythera in the straits between Crete and the Peloponnese: a ship laden with bronze and marble statuary and other luxury objects, en route from the Aegean Sea to destinations in the western Mediterranean, was violently wrecked. ADVERTISING Replay inRead invented by Teads A team of Greek sponge divers discovered the shipwreck in 1900, and over the next year they salvaged what they could under the Greek government’s supervision.
    [Show full text]
  • Solstices & Equinoxes –Precession – Phases of the Moon –Eclipses
    Today –Solstices & Equinoxes –Precession –Phases of the Moon –Eclipses • Lunar, Solar –Ancient Astronomy FIRST HOMEWORK DUE NEXT TIME © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Tropic: Latitude where the sun [just] reaches the zenith at noon on the summer solstice Arctic/Antarctic Circle: Latitude where the sun does not set [just barely] on the summer solstice (like a circumpolar star) nor does it rise on the winter solstice o N 66.5 arctic Ecliptic plane Tropic of Cancer 23.5o Tropic of Capricorn Equator antarctic © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Seasonal changes are more extreme at high latitudes. Path of the Sun on the summer solstice at the Arctic Circle © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley How does the orientation of Earth’s axis change with time? Precession: • Although the axis seems fixed on human time scales, it actually precesses over about 26,000 years. — Polaris won’t always be the North Star. Earth’s axis wobbles like the axis of a spinning top. © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley • Precession: the orientation of Earth’s axis slowly changes with time: — The tilt remains about 23.5 degrees (so the season pattern is not affected), but Earth has a 26,000 year precession cycle that slowly and subtly changes the orientation of the Earth’s axis. — The discovery of precession is attributed to the Ancient Greek astronomer Hipparchus (c. 280 BC) © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Lunar phases • Lunar phases are a consequence of the Moon’s 27.3-day orbit around Earth.
    [Show full text]
  • The Antikythera Mechanism
    Material The Antikythera Mechanism Copyrighted Universal-Publishers Material Copyrighted Universal-Publishers The Antikythera Mechanism The Story Behind the Genius of the Greek Computer and its Demise Material Evaggelos G. Vallianatos, PhD Copyrighted Universal-Publishers Universal-Publishers Irvine • Boca Raton The Antikythera Mechanism: The Story Behind the Genius of the Greek Computer and its Demise Copyright © 2021 Evaggelos G. Vallianatos. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Universal Publishers, Inc. Irvine • Boca Raton USA • 2021 www.Universal-Publishers.com ISBN: 978-1-62734-358-9 (pbk.) ISBN: 978-1-62734-359-6 (ebk.) For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www. copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) at 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy licenseMaterial by the CCC, a separate system of payments has been arranged. Front cover painting of the Antikythera Mechanism by Evi Sarantea Painting of the Antikythera Mechanism by the Greek artist Evi Sarantea. The painting is a panorama of the artist’s vision of what the Antikythera Mechanism was at the time of its creation in the second century BCE and what it became in the twenty-first century: an emblem in a galactic temple decorated by a Renaissance clock and, on the left side, surrounded by the Wheel of the Sun god Helios depicting the Cosmos of the Sun, the Moon, and the planets, all bathed in stars and constellations, including the interlocking gears below the Cosmos.
    [Show full text]
  • Decoding an Ancient Computer
    ARCHAEOLOGY DECODING AN Ancient Computer New explorations have revealed how the Antikythera By Tony Freeth mechanism modeled lunar motion and predicted eclipses, among other sophisticated tricks f it had not been for two storms 2 ,000 years scriptions. The discovery was a shock: until KEY CONCEPTS apart in the same area of the Mediterra- then, the ancients were thought to have made ■ The Antikythera mecha- Inean, the most important technological ar- gears only for crude mechanical tasks. nism is a unique mechani- tifact from the ancient world could have been Three of the main fragments of the Anti- cal calculator from sec- lost forever. kythera mechanism, as the device has come to be ond-century B.C. Greece. The fi rst storm, in the middle of the 1st cen- known, are now on display at the Greek Nation- Its sophistication sur- tury B.C., sank a Roman merchant vessel laden al Archaeological Museum in Athens . They look prised archaeologists with Greek treasures. The second storm, in A.D. small and fragile, surrounded by imposing when it was discovered in 1900, drove a party of sponge divers to shelter bronze statues and other artistic glories of an- 1901. But no one had an- off the tiny island of Antikythera, between Crete cient Greece. But their subtle power is even more ticipated its true power. and the mainland of Greece. When the storm shocking than anyone had imagined at fi rst . ■ Advanced imaging tools subsided, the divers tried their luck for sponges I fi rst heard about the mechanism in 2000. I have fi nally enabled re- in the local waters and chanced on the wreck.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Notes, Submitted Version
    Calendars with Olympiad and Eclipse Prediction on the Antikythera Mechanism SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Tony Freeth1,2, Alexander Jones3, John M. Steele4 & Yanis Bitsakis1,5 1Antikythera Mechanism Research Project, 3 Tyrwhitt Crescent, Roath Park, Cardiff CF23 5QP, UK. 2Images First Ltd, 10 Hereford Road, South Ealing, London W5 4SE, UK. 3Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, 15 East 84th Street, New York, NY 10028, USA. 4Department of Physics, University of Durham, Rochester Building, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK. 5Centre for History and Palaeography, 3, P. Skouze str., GR-10560 Athens, Greece. Calendars with Olympiad and Eclipse Prediction on the Antikythera Mechanism Supplementary Notes TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. OVERVIEW OF THE ANTIKYTHERA MECHANISM 3 1.1 The Fragments 3 1.2 The Architecture of the Mechanism 3 2. DATA ACQUISITION & ANALYSIS 5 2.1 Data Acquisition 5 2.2 Data Analysis 6 3. METONIC, OLYMPIAD & CALLIPPIC DIALS 7 3.1 Fragments that witness the Back Dials 7 3.2 The Calendar of the Metonic spiral 8 3.3 Structure of the Calendar 12 3.4 The Calendar's Provenance 14 3.5 The Olympiad Dial 19 3.6 Gearing for the Olympiad Dial 22 3.7 The Callippic Dial 23 3.8 Reconstruction of the Upper Back Dials 23 4. SAROS & EXELIGMOS DIALS 24 4.1 The Saros Dial & the Glyphs 24 4.2 Matching the Glyphs with Observations 29 4.3 Babylonian Schemes for Eclipse Prediction 31 4.4 Alphabetical Index Letters 32 4.5 Models for generating the Antikythera Glyph Sequence 33 4.6 The Problem of the Glyph Times 37 4.7 The Four-Turn Saros Dial 38 4.8 The Exeligmos Dial 39 4.9 Reconstruction of the Lower Back Dials 41 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Download PDF \\ Articles on Hellenistic Engineering, Including
    3VFZEQZ2QPP2 > Doc ~ Articles On Hellenistic Engineering, including: Hydraulics, Antikythera Mechanism, Fire Hose, Armillary Sphere,... A rticles On Hellenistic Engineering, including: Hydraulics, A ntikyth era Mech anism, Fire Hose, A rmillary Sph ere, Drydock, V ending Mach ine, Gimbal, W eath er V ane, Clock Tower, Escapement, A eolipile, W ate Filesize: 9.67 MB Reviews It is an awesome pdf i have possibly go through. It really is filled with wisdom and knowledge You will not really feel monotony at whenever you want of your time (that's what catalogues are for relating to in the event you ask me). (Horace Schroeder) DISCLAIMER | DMCA GLYKWBBO73TZ ~ PDF \\ Articles On Hellenistic Engineering, including: Hydraulics, Antikythera Mechanism, Fire Hose, Armillary Sphere,... ARTICLES ON HELLENISTIC ENGINEERING, INCLUDING: HYDRAULICS, ANTIKYTHERA MECHANISM, FIRE HOSE, ARMILLARY SPHERE, DRYDOCK, VENDING MACHINE, GIMBAL, WEATHER VANE, CLOCK TOWER, ESCAPEMENT, AEOLIPILE, WATE Hephaestus Books, 2016. Paperback. Book Condition: New. PRINT ON DEMAND Book; New; Publication Year 2016; Not Signed; Fast Shipping from the UK. No. book. Read Articles On Hellenistic Engineering, including: Hydraulics, Antikythera Mechanism, Fire Hose, Armillary Sphere, Drydock, Vending Machine, Gimbal, Weather Vane, Clock Tower, Escapement, Aeolipile, Wate Online Download PDF Articles On Hellenistic Engineering, including: Hydraulics, Antikythera Mechanism, Fire Hose, Armillary Sphere, Drydock, Vending Machine, Gimbal, Weather Vane, Clock Tower, Escapement, Aeolipile, Wate GD3OS8OOTKHS # Doc ^ Articles On Hellenistic Engineering, including: Hydraulics, Antikythera Mechanism, Fire Hose, Armillary Sphere,... You May Also Like The Book of Books: Recommended Reading: Best Books (Fiction and Nonfiction) You Must Read, Including the Best Kindle Books Works from the Best-Selling Authors to the Newest Top Writers Createspace, United States, 2014.
    [Show full text]
  • Decoding the Antikythera Mechanism
    DECODING THE ANTIKYTHERA MECHANISM CULTURAL FOUNDATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF THE NATIONAL BANK OF GREECE IN ANCIENT GREECE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 30th NOVEMBER AND 1st DECEMBER 2006 ATHENS DECODING THE ANTIKYTHERA MECHANISM In 1901 a group of sponge divers from the island of Syme discovered off the island of Antikythera a huge shipwreck with many statues, including the beautiful “Antikythera Youth” and other treasures. Amongst the numerous objects they recovered a curious as much as mysterious clock-like mechanism, damaged, mutilated, calcified and cor- roded, as it has been in the sea for longer than 20 centuries. The first studies showed that this precious item was a complex astronomical instrument, the oldest instrument with scales, initially named the “Antikythera Astrolabe”, but much more complex than any other known astrolabe. It was later renamed as the “Antikythera Mechanism”. Several studies have been performed during the 20th century by J. N. Svoronos, G. Stamires, V. Stais, R. T. Gunther, R. Rhediades, A. Rhem, K. Rados, J. Theophanides (who studied carefully and constructed the first working clockwork-like model of an advanced astrolabe), K. Maltezos and Ch. Karouzos. A breakthrough came with the use of radiography (X-rays and Thallium 170 radiation) by Derek de Solla Price and Ch. Karakalos, and later by M. T. Wright, A. Bromley and H. Mangou, who used tomography and furthered our understanding of the Mechanism. As new very advanced techniques become available new ideas emerged that led to the formation of the international team of the Antikythera Mechanism Research Pro- ject (University of Cardiff, University of Athens, University of Thessaloniki) who got a substantial research grant from the Leverhulme Trust, and in collaboration with the X-∆ek Systems (who developed powerful microfocus X-ray computed tomography) and Hewlett-Packard (using reflectance imaging to enhance surface details on the Antikythera Mechanism), The National Archeological Museum and under the aus- pices of the Ministry of Culture (Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • A Collection from Nature and Shimadzu 2011 No.7
    P012-E944 vol. 07 MECHANICAL INSPIRATION The ancient Greeks’ vision of a geometrical Universe seemed to come out of nowhere. Could their inspiration have been the internal gearing of an ancient mechanism? NEW DIMENSION OF CHROMATOGRAPHY: FASTER, MORE SENSITIVE From infant care to sports to bioterrorism, Shimadzu Corporation’s chromatography instruments are enabling scientists to meet the challenges faced in an increasingly complex world. Best Yet to Come for Shimadzu in Australasia News & Topics from Shimadzu ANTIKYTHERA WHEEL This largest surviving piece of the mechanism contains some of its internal workings, including one of the major gearwheels and several smaller gears that have been crushed underneath. A Collection from Nature and Shimadzu 2011 No.7 01 Nature Vol.468 (496 – 498) / 25 November 2010 MECHANICAL INSPIRATION The ancient Greeks’ vision of a geometrical Universe seemed to come out of nowhere. Could their inspiration have been the internal gearing of an ancient mechanism? By Jo Marchant Nature Vol.468 ( 496-498 ) / 25 November 2010 Two thousand years ago, a Greek mechanic set out to build based mechanic and curator Michael Wright in 20072. a machine that would model the workings of the known Th e device, which dates from the second or early fi rst Universe. Th e result was a complex clockwork mechanism century bc, was enclosed in a wooden box roughly 30 centi- that displayed the motions of the Sun, Moon and planets metres high by 20 centimetres wide, contained more than 30 on precisely marked dials. By turning a handle, the creator bronze gearwheels and was covered with Greek inscriptions.
    [Show full text]