PoS(Antikythera & SKA)038

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solved. The second question remains open to dispute. I attempt in the present paper to Speaker [email protected]

From From the outset two questions e hav dominated the study of the Antikythera Mechanism: what did it do? and what was it for? The first question, essentially the problem of reconstructing the largely has it was manufactured, it was when that object functioning integral, as the Mechanism been show how our present knowledge of the Mechanism's functions and the texts that were inscribed on its exterior point to its having been constructed primarily as a didacti the complexity and audience. lay a to comprehensible unity of Hellenistic astronomy and cosmology could be made 1 15 June 2012 June 15 mail: Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution -

 Ancients the from Lessons Array: Kilometre Square the to Antikythera From Greece Kerastari, 12-

15 East 84th Street, New York, NY10028, NewYork, Street, 84th East 15 E Alexander Jones Alexander Institutefor the Study of the Ancient World, New York University The Antikythera Mechanism and the Public Face of of Face Public the and Mechanism Antikythera The Science Greek

PoS(Antikythera & SKA)038

- 1910 - the knob knob the Alexander Jones Alexander 50 BC, near the - nism: nism: what did it ray scanning, and - ompletely ompletely into brittle

we do not know whether whether know we do not — ational ational Archeological Museum

and when they were noticed about a fated vessel. The principal obstacle to - — l early early 1930s (Ioannis Theofanidis), and g series of papers on the inscriptions of the the of inscriptions the on papers of series g - grit and dust. Further breakage may have have may breakage Further dust. and grit

government, visited the museum and chanced to to chanced and museum the visited government, 2 quarters quarters of what happened when someone turned They lay unnoticed in the N the in unnoticed lay They - 1 have something like a quarter of the original object, including including object, original the of quarter a like something have

le statuary and other heavy objects that formed part of the ship's

other other scholars), late 1920s

1901 from the site of a shipwreck dated to approximately 70 - A detailed account by the present author of the discovery of the fragments and their vicissitudes during the the during vicissitudes their and fragments the of discovery the of author present the by account detailed A

present present (Derek de Solla Price, Allan Bromley, M. T. Wright, the Antikythera Mechanism From From the outset two questions have dominated the study of the Mecha The The remnants of the Hellenistic device known as the Antikythera Mechanism were

1 ck faces were thin metal plate, while the casing was wooden. The wood was gradually bored ngenious interpretation of ngenious the interpretation evidence, has brought us to the point where we can describe with they brought the Mechanism up in one piece or several we museum. That the in later year a substantial and largely coherent part of the gearwork, is a tremendous stroke of luck. A half century of detailed observation, progress in techniques of photography and x i a high degree of confidence Mechanism. We know about most three of the functions (orcrank) onside, and its we can make apretty good guess about the rest. and much of the appearance of the (many archeologists and in Athens among miscellaneous bronze fragments of statuary until May 1902, when Spyridon Stais, the recoveredformer Minister of Education who had commissioned from the wreck site the salvage operations on the part of the Greek surfaces. their someon of texts inscribed and gears bearing metal corroded of fragments observe Since 1902 there have been three periods of active research on the Mechanism: 1902 do? and what was it for? The first question Mechanism is as essentially the the problem integral, of functioning reconstructing object the that it perhaps as it still was was when it was when taken on board the il it was manufactured, and such a reconstruction is the incomplete, damaged, and corroded state of the existing fragments. The Mechanism may well have suffered from impacts at the time of the from the wreck, rolling about for of marb example cargo. But even if it escaped immediate damage, together one after two thousand could years of lying scarcely at the sea expect bottom. Its mechanical it parts and to front and have held ba away by teredo worms, leaving only bits adjacent to the metal, so that there was no framework left to hold the pieces in place. Meanwhile the bronze corroded almost c minerals. Shifting objects on the sea bed and the actions notorious of disturber marine life of such as undersea octopus (a archeological some of them into crushing likely sites) parts, Mechanism's would have broken and dispersed occurred between when the divers brought the remains to the surface the salvaged in 1900 coast coast of the island of Antikythera. Antikythera Mechanism, under the supervisory editorship of M. G. Edmunds. G. M. of editorship supervisory the under Mechanism, Antikythera 20th century will be given in the introductory paper of a forthcomin a of paper introductory the in given be will century 20th 1. Introduction. The Antikythera Mechanism and the Public Face of Greek Science Greek of Face Public the and Mechanism Antikythera The

1953- others). and Project, Research PoS(Antikythera & SKA)038

a a

wanted one one level, Alexander Jones Alexander terial on the surface are are small bits of metal —

he he scale of the dial on which the is kind of evidence alone, taken

perhaps perhaps all —

they do now. For one thing, there were initially 3 or or still better, with information about ancient scientific — mple, a gear train that exactly translates nineteen revolutions revolutions nineteen translates exactly that train gear a mple, nism's functions and on nism's functions were the that texts exterior inscribed its s and constellations. Even a complete and perfectly preserved

Roman civilization that produced the Roman And Mechanism. civilization the remains of that f corroded bronze among which Stais made his discoveries, but they ended the archeological context of the find, but also the cultural and intellectual we we would be able to establish the meaning of the Mechanism's functions in terms of

original state. — its Having Having sounded this note of caution, I will attempt in the present paper to show how our The The remains of the Mechanism that were the subject of vigorous debate during the early The second question, what was the Mechanism for, remains open to dispute: purpose turns turns purpose open to dispute: what remains was for, the Mechanism The question, second ate ate that were formerly parts of the original three fragments (designated A, B, and C) but pl became separate either intentionally in the process of conservation work or through accidental breakage. Moreover, chemical cleaning has done away with some of the ma found. be longer no can 1950s the before off broke that bits some and fragments, the of civilization, civilization, whether we speak of written sources or archeological sites and s, artifact are a far tinier and less representative fraction of what once existed than the fragments of the Mechanism of are knowledge present of the Mecha which through the complexity device as a didactic primarily having been constructed to its point and unity of Hellenistic astronomy and cosmology could nce. audie be made comprehensible to a lay context context of the Greco- theories astronomy and chronology. For exa of one gear into 254 revolutions of another would, all by itself, be compelling evidence that the first gear represents the Sun's longitudinal revolution while the second represents longitudinal the revolution, because Moon's the equation of nineteen years with 235 lunar months and 254 lunar revolutions is an accurate period relation that was well known in antiquity. On the hand, one other would need to see part of the exterior, in particular t Sun's revolution was displayed, to establish that the Sun's position was expressed in terms of zodiacal signs and degrees or that certain solar longitudes were associated with the dates of first and last visibility of star machine that displayed this and information astronomical why. For such we questions, need to look at context: Antikythera Antikythera Mechanism probably would not tell us explicitly who would have years years of the twentieth century did not look as only three known fragments (and a fourth that had come to light by early 1903); now we have 82. Two of the Edesignated present fragments, and F, were probably in the same assemblage of unidentified pieces o up somewhere else in the museum's store and were recognized as belonging to the Mechanism only in 1976 and 2005 respectively. Most of the others drawing drawing on different categories of evidence. Imagine a situation in which we could study could reliably reconstruct) the interior mechanical components and (or their interconnections, while having no knowledge of the exterior whatsoever. together with From certain th scientific facts out out to be more elusive than function. The question can be approached at more than 2. A hundred and ten years of thinking about the Mechanism. Ship's2.1 gear or cargo? Early conservation and conjectures. The Antikythera Mechanism and the Public Face of Greek Science Greek of Face Public the and Mechanism Antikythera The PoS(Antikythera & SKA)038

re legible in ), ), three letters Alexander Jones Alexander textured patina all but - ΓΝΩΜΩ ), and two more or less which which bears traces of an ΑΦΡ 1 ( - g "pointer" (

). ). By contrast, no one was able to deduce d meanin

1, 1, the impressions left in hardened accretion - phs phs came from the set made in May, 1902, but

ΑΚΤΙΝ

2), 2), while only the leftmost letters we 4 - D before conservation. The pencilled notes are by notes Albert The pencilled D conservation. before -

ΗΛΙΟΥ

imaged inscription on B - cially cially when one is familiar with Fragments A, B, and C as they are now, [2], showing Fragments A e 10 from Fragments Fragments A, B, and C were photographed within a few days of their discovery. The first

published published photograph, showing the side of B known as B Fig. Fig. 1. Plat The Antikythera Mechanism and the Public Face of Greek Science Greek of Face Public the and Mechanism Antikythera The much from the visible gears. visible the from much concealed the gears on the rear face of A (A in any event they show the fragments as they were before they underwent cleaning and in their a condition that cannot have first been much changed since they chemical first came to notice. espe one, What strikes is how little detail could be made out at that time. A thick layer of coarse inscription), was published in the of Photographs both faces of Fragments A, B, C, and D were in published 1903 [2] [3]. It is not leading Greek archeological journal known whether any of these later published photogra in 1902 [1]. Rehm. (Courtesy Adler Planetarium, Chicago.) Planetarium, Adler (Courtesy Rehm. that might be the beginning of the name complete words meaning "Sun's of ray" ( the planet Venus ( matter by a lost inscribed plate. Meager as they were, the readings from this inscription seemed seemed as from Meager inscription this by the they plate. were, matter readings a inscribed lost to offer some significant vocabulary: part of a wor each line of the mirror PoS(Antikythera & SKA)038

2 -

1, 1, and - ist as separate Alexander Jones Alexander 1 offset from a lost - 2. 2. (b) Rediadis's drawing of the - that was disfiguring objects in d inwards when it was attached to

5

called called "bronze disease"

reversed, showing letters on Fragment B - [2], showing remains of gears on A ], ], mirror- 1 ng the Mechanism's fragments [4]. His work involved removing

1. - 2. 2. The most significant immediate consequences of the separation of these

- [2]. 2, from from 2, - 1, 1, from both of which he removed pieces of inscribed plates that now ex - The conservation of the fragments was entrusted to Othon Rousopoulos, a chemist (and e varnish. The results of his work can be seen by comparing sets of photographs dating inscribed plate. (b) Tracings show content. cal astronomi suggesting photograph, word fragments read in 1902 and barely visible in the printed from 1905 and 1918 with the earlier published ones. The changes are most conspicuous on A the son of a notable archeologist); but Rousopoulos had other including dealing pressing with an outbreak tasks of so in the museum, the collection of Egyptian antiquities, and cleaning and stabilizing the bronze statuary from the It wreck. was only he in that Antikythera 1904 began what as or he 1905, apparently, described the "delicate task" of conservi the patina by means of potassium cyanide, carefully separating layers of plate that had become stuck together, and preserving the newly exposed and cleaned surfaces with Zapon, a cellulose nitrat Fig. Fig. 3. (a) Detail of Fig. 14 from [ gears on A on gears Fig. Fig. 2. (a) Detail of Plate 10 from The Antikythera Mechanism and the Public Face of Greek Science Greek of Face Public the and Mechanism Antikythera The and C fragments: most notably G, which was reassembled from many pieces removed from C 19, 19, removed from A fragments were that the text on Fragment 19, which had face A, was now and that accessible, a new plate as inscribed well as a bit of an dial scale inscribed C on exposed now were PoS(Antikythera & SKA)038

ined cretion cretion layer s Stais, the Alexander Jones Alexander

ter removal of accretion layer

), ), and a naval officer (Periklis

2 in 1918, af 1 in 1905, after removal of ac - - a politician and former schoolteacher tra

—

[2]. (b) A [2]. (b) C 6 next next few years, there was complete agreement on

Planetarium.) Adler (Courtesy 1. - 2 before conservation, from 1 before conservation, from - - that it might be a compass seems to have been quickly abandoned. The The abandoned. quickly been have to seems compass a be might it that noticed noticed the Mechanism's fragments, they were inspected by a succession of — Stais During the month Spyridon first after

Planetarium.) Adler (Courtesy 2. - one point: having been found in a shipwreck, the Mechanism must have been part of the vessel's Mechanism the been having found in a must one shipwreck, have of vessel's the been point: part equipment, evidently something to do with navigation. An initial guess (Vyzantinos's?) reported in the newspapers in the physical sciences antiquities and possessing a layman's archeologists interest (including but Gavriel no Vyzantinos, special director Panagios of the museum expertise Kastriotis, whose identity has frequently in and been mixed up with Valerio that of his Spyridon), an relation epigrapher (August Wilhelm of the Austrian Institute in Athens), a numismatist (Ioannis Svoronos), a naval historian Rediadis). In (Konstantinos all the Rados disputes that arose among them, which reports can be and followed correspondence day by published day in in the Athens scholarly newspapersand popular as publications over well the as in a handful of Fig. Fig. 5. (a) Fragment A

Fig. Fig. 4. (a) Fragment C The Antikythera Mechanism and the Public Face of Greek Science Greek of Face Public the and Mechanism Antikythera The and inscribed plate. (Courtesy Adler Planetarium.) (c) Fragment G in 1958, reassembled from pieces of the plate removed from C and inscribed plate. (Courtesy Adler Planetarium.) (c) Fragment 19 in 1905, removed from lower right of A PoS(Antikythera & SKA)038

ough ing two e Roman Alexander Jones Alexander s not intended to his his annual excursions from ed to study the Mechanism. —

onjectured that it could have been a marine marine a been have could it that onjectured

7 Rediadis Rediadis theory, being based more or less entirely on the - practical experience in Greek inscriptions through service as as service through inscriptions Greek in experience practical an and astrolabe, c not

scription that had so far been read, was unable to account for the 1 turned people's imaginations towards astronomy. Svoronos, who was already blished) on ancient meteorology already present his fundamentally new view of newof view fundamentally his present already meteorology ancient on blished) -

Of course the delicate and complicated mechanical work of art wa

eeply interested in the material culture of ancient astronomy. ancient of culture material the in interested eeply ge ge both on its destined Roman owner and on the Greek culture whose theoretical and Although Although Rehm was to develop and refine his ideas about the Mechanism over the be be handled by mariners; it is one of those articles of commerce with which the culturally superiorHellasimpressedRoman its lords. In 1905 and 1906 the young philologist Albert Rehm examined the fragments dur following year, the dozen or so manuscript pages that he hastily wrote up in late 1905 as part of a book pu (never the Mechanism's nature and purpose [5]. It was a planetarium, displaying the Sun, Moon, planets and simultaneously revolving at their varying rates of motion around the Earth thr gearwork gearwork driven by a single rotary input, a ship? a on doing it was what And Cicero. by described Posidonios and Archimedes kind of planetaria of instrument that could be likened to the In short, it was part of the cargo, and its purpose was not practical. It presti was an object to confer embodied. it wisdom practical vocabulary vocabulary of the bits of in the in references astronomical the disregarded gears, the by inspired theory, Rados's while gears, inscription. Empire, insisted that the Mechanism was a kind of astrolabe with a component for observing the the observing for component a with astrolabe of kind a was Mechanism the that insisted Empire, altitudes of heavenly bodies, and he quickly won Rediadis's support for this view. Rados, on the was it that insisted hand, other odometer that used gearwork to keep a count of the revolutions of a paddle wheel. There neat is a symmetry here: the Svoronos he And Athens. in sojourns his of occasion the fact in were back and excavations the to Munich d was enga ged in a vocal dispute with practically the whether whole Greek the archeological Antikythera community shipwreck over dated to the maintained last in centuries the BC face or of abundant (as archeological Svoronos evidence stoutly to the contrary) the lat The Antikythera Mechanism and the Public Face of Greek Science Greek of Face Public the and Mechanism Antikythera The reading by Wilhelm and Svoronos of apparent allusions to inscription on the B Sun and Venus in the mirror or or three short stays in Athens. Rehm had the advantage over the earlier investigators that more physical details and considerably more But Rehm well suit was also peculiarly conservation. Rousopoulos's inscribed text could be made His training had given him a broad with familiarity texts, Classical both out Greek and Latin, with now following particular expertise in the less technical part of the ancient astronomical literature. During the years in question he was acquiring an epigraphical assistant at the German excavations in Asia Minor PoS(Antikythera & SKA)038

Alexander Jones Alexander the claim that it it that claim the . The planetarium, (Courtesy Bayerische

[5] e on the Antikythera

s than abroad. Rados, who published the key at lower right. lower at key the

turning 8 manuscript") manuscript") as part of a lectur - is was not; he adhered to the astrolabe theory, making

.) and heirs of Albert Rehm abe would be carried out by manual setting of the rete and rule [8]. Rehm's "Athens hm never published his investigations of the Antikythera Mechanism, but he did allow

Re Staatsbibliothek

center top, consists of mobi concentric consists top, center le rings representing the "spheres" of the Sun, Moon, and planets in a geocentric cosmology; either of two perforated plates could be swung downprovide different scales. over The motion the is imparted by planetarium to

Fig. Fig. 6. Rehm's 1905 sketch of his reconstruction of the Antikythera Mechanism The Antikythera Mechanism and the Public Face of Greek Science Greek of Face Public the and Mechanism Antikythera The Wreck delivered at the German Archeological Institute in Athens on December 19, 1906. Karo's Karo's 1906. 19, December on Athens in Institute Archeological German the at delivered Wreck presentation must have been fairly detailed, scholar Greek among known better much were and Mechanism as a result Rehm's conclusions a about the short monograph on the Mechanism offered so far, reviewing was entirely convinced by Rehm's the planetarium: "the professor from Munich various has interpretations that had expressed the right opinion." been [7] Rediad astrolabe. an being its for argument his of part as equipment ship's the of part was his friend Georg Karo to report the substance of his 1906 draft paper [6] (which he referred to as as to referred he (which [6] paper draft 1906 his of substance the report to Karo Georg friend his his "Athens lecture" or "my planetarium the important qualification that the device in question did not resemble any known astrolabe but must have used its gearwork to perform the astronomical computations that in a conventional plane astrol lecture" had not explicitly raised the general issue of whether the Mechanism was a navigational instrument or cargo, nor was it brought up by Rados, but Rediadis does make PoS(Antikythera & SKA)038

a —

ng model Alexander Jones Alexander rather incongruously

— frame of reference by means of of means by reference of frame of the Mechanism's structure [11]. [11]. structure Mechanism's the of

Rados must have seen a version of Rehm's Rehm's of version a seen have must Rados . , that constituted the pivotal stage at which

9 lication concerning it was (Courtesy Bayerische Staatsbibliothek and heirs of Albert Albert of heirs and Staatsbibliothek Bayerische (Courtesy played played the Moon's motion according to an epicyclic model, ture of the gearwork. But he had established something article than either Rehm or Theofanidis had been; and and been; had Theofanidis or Rehm either than article Scientific Scientific American rawing of Rehm's reconstruction [7] Scientific Scientific American . The dial on the left dis ism. His reconstruction for the first time attributed two faces to the Mechanism: . ith the comment, "Won't work!" Rados's Rados's d (b)

Derek Derek de Solla Price began to take an interest in the Mechanism as early as 1951, but it of period the of publications last these between elapsed a half and a decade about of A gap itial research on the Mechanism and the studies made by Ioannis Theofanidis in the late 1920s as as his personal inspection of the fragments in Athens in 1958, and the resulting nontechnical article article in the June, 1959 issue of long section of an encyclopedia article on the voyages of St. Paul [10]. Computer2.2 or planetarium? Price and after. w intelligent speculation gave way to progressive understanding In terms of specific conjectures about what circumspect in the the Mechanism displayed, Price is much more accompanied by a paper [9]) as a navigational computing device that combined planetarium (using gearwork features to represent the motions of of the Sun, a Moon, and planets) and of an astrolabe (conversion of celestial longitudes to an equatorial stereographic projection), in other words, a through Rados's monograph, and Rediadis's. fusion He entertained no doubt that the of Mechanism was a Rehm's conception, which navigational tool, and he in fact his knew first pub outweighing in significance all the clever guesses spatial of relationships his of the predecessors, principal namely fragments the (A, original B, Mechan original and C) and the exterior layout of the a front face bearing a single dial that displayed the Sun's motion through the zodiac and the date according to the Egyptian calendar, and a back face bearing an upper and wer and lo inside dial, in and early 1930s, and Theofanidis's inactivity. work was Theofanidis to reconstructed be followed the by Mechanism another two (through decades a of physical worki there is no attempt to explain the struc drawing, drawing, probably at Georg Karo's , lecture but he seems not to have grasped model epicyclic Rehm's notion of a lunar Rehm.) Fig. Fig. 7. (a) Rehm's 1906 sketch of a reconstructed Mechanism as a "cooking stove" (his expression) with two dial faces [6] while while that on the right was the It planetarium. was almost after certainly 1906 that Rehm crossed out the lunar dial w The Antikythera Mechanism and the Public Face of Greek Science Greek of Face Public the and Mechanism Antikythera The PoS(Antikythera & SKA)038

.) a a of of the navigation navigation — Alexander Jones Alexander de Solla Price family Price Solla de

urned urned by a wheel at the side so it would that

10 or or as a "wondrous device" intended merely to make — l Archeological Museum in 1958. Since 1918 Fragments A and C had ds, ds, he was wavering between seeing the Mechanism as a tool for yielding

The title The of is title article "An Price's Ancient Greek and Computer," in it he that suggested the

general impression. general certain certain categories of predicted data required for some application such as astrology fragmentsknown majorthetoday, including all ones except D, E,and (CourtesyF. t and hand the in held been have "might Mechanism operate as a computer, possibly for astrological use." But he goes likely that on it was to permanently say mounted, that perhaps set "it in is a statue, more and displayed as an exhibition piece." In other wor experienced experienced some breakage, probably due to wartime storage, and all the fragments were subjected to a new round of conservation and cleaning in 1953. In 1958 Price had access to the majority Fig. Fig. 8. Price at the Nationa seems to have been out of the question The Antikythera Mechanism and the Public Face of Greek Science Greek of Face Public the and Mechanism Antikythera The each a small subsidiary dial, the meaning of none confidence. of All which subsequent Price reconstructions was have able sought to to identify flesh with article. 1959 Price's out the basic framework of PoS(Antikythera & SKA)038

s Gear Alexander Jones Alexander ] sic letters of the

leftmost layer is G, then C; A comprises comprises A C; then G, is layer leftmost …. Within this dial there is a pointer or a is a pointer there dial this …. Within

11 eared eared to show the mean motions of the five planets. offered a partial reconstruction of the gearwork based based gearwork the of reconstruction partial a offered dark shape in the in shape dark . The Egyptian Egyptian calendar - [11] er er parts of the two right layers, while B comprises the upper parts of the right

Gears Gears from the Greeks , but he provided a clear summing up in a separate paper that came out in the 974 . Price's 1959 diagram showing the positions he had deduced for fragments G, C, A, and B in Price's 1 the various heliacal risings and settings of major bright stars and and stars bright major of settings and risings heliacal Greek alphabet, and an accompanying inscription tells letter by letter, as it is reached by various the Sun pointer, the constellations…. Along the zodiac scale there are also placed at irregular intervals the Along 26 the scale there are zodiac intervals [ also at placed irregular The front dial of the instrument showed the circle of the zodiac, and on a slip ring around it there was the normal Greco little model to indicate the place of the Possibly the Moon is shown in its phases, Sunand though no trace of such a mechanism exists and another to indicate that of there the could moon. also have been a unit g Fig. Fig. 9 relation to the original Mechanism the middle layer and the low layers. Price subsequently came to believe (probably rightly) that the correct orientations of G and C were diagram. this in shown orientations the of clockwise 90° The Antikythera Mechanism and the Public Face of Greek Science Greek of Face Public the and Mechanism Antikythera The on radiographs of the principal fragments [12]. functions of His the matured Mechanism only conception comes of out piecemeal the and layout with frequent and hedgings in from the Greeks followingyear [13]: PoS(Antikythera & SKA)038

- dial dial - series series lock Alexander Jones Alexander lunar year. The

rpose. The word : "The Antikythera 75 paper reveals, 75 he paper reveals, he writes: he

60), 60), - a little more than 18 years may be be may years 18 than more little a

Gears Gears from the Greeks

. 80 B.C." But when he finally comes to consider 12 ct ct character of displays consisting of pointers on her her art objects that were in process of being shipped ca

and the modern digital computer than in that of Greek geometrical A Calendar Computer from — The The back plate of the instrument contains an upper and lower dial of which only the

latter can be elucidated. Its main pointer rotates in exactly one synodic month over a of of scales which each contain 59 divisions, each of which therefore corresponds to a half numbers records watch, modern a on dial seconds a like set dial, small day….A subsidiary of synodic months in cycles of twelve such months which upper back dial also has a main dial and a constitute small but subsidiary, at this point the gear trains a are incomplete right at the end and one can of cycle only eclipse an or guess years, 19 exactly that of cycle a Metonic longer cycle of perhaps a involved together with some multiple or submultiple of this. ot of a cargo with sea at lost … was it from the region of Rhodes to Rome. I like to think it possible Channel. that Antikythera the it in baggage washis lost who Cicero himself Price remained ambivalent about the Mechanism's fundamental pu Since we do not know automatically for by certain water whether power the or Antikythera "calculator." If automatic, it is more properly an mechanism exhibition turned device, an elaborate c was by driven hand, it assembly; if is manual perhaps it is unfair still primarily to an heavens, more like an astrolabe elegant perhaps call than a direct ancestor of demonstration the calculating machines it or simulation a of the Leibniz. and Pascal of olutions olutions of the Sun and Moon as uniform motions and chronological units such as the lunar The Antikythera Mechanism and the Public Face of Greek Science Greek of Face Public the and Mechanism Antikythera The The The same paper is also more explicit than the monograph about the reason that the Mechanism shipwreck: a in found was how the Mechanism might have been displayed and used (pp. 59 (pp. used and displayed been have might Mechanism the how Yet, he continues, the precision and abstra graduated dials seems to make the Mechanism an arithmetical predicter of discrete phenomena rather than a representation of geometrical Babylonian astronomy modelling, so that his of parts the because "it this write could Price Archimedes." of sphere automated is the and models more in the spirit of reconstruction that he felt most sure rev of were revolving pointers representingmonth as the constant intervals zodiacal of time; he mentions the only and, display in as planetarium passing, the above from quotation his 19 possibility that the Mechanism had a supposed that such a display, if it existed, would also have been limited to uniform rates of "computer" appears once more in the subtitle Mechanism of PoS(Antikythera & SKA)038

coupling coupling The most most The 3 slot - nism (only one nism (only Alexander Jones Alexander and ars, ars, and eclipses, - year year cycle, with scale

- lendar (the Corinthian

called called Saros eclipse cycle, with scale tervals; a second subsidiary dial is -

1 indicate that a substantial part of the - d the basic facts." (p. 652) 652) (p. facts." basic the d year year in -

ich lunar and solar eclipses might occur; its

13

ularly ularly following the entry of Allan Bromley and M. T. Saros Saros or Exeligmos eclipse cycle. The front dial had - year year and 4 year year cycle, with inscriptions relating it to several Greek - based based consensus now exists about most aspects of the - year year calendrical cycle. The lower back dial displayed uniform -

otorious dismissive remarks applying not only to the Mechanism but also to the lost lost the to also but Mechanism the to only not applying remarks dismissive otorious ts with respect to the present understanding of what the Antikythera

can be summarized as follows:

was 3) 3) The theory that the Mechanism's front had some kind of planetary display has He has nothing to say about how the data yielded by the Mechanism might have have might Mechanism the by yielded data the how about say to nothing has He (1) A strong evidence (2) The lunar gearwork is now known to have incorporated a pin ( 2 t have contributed to the reconstruction. It was It thisassumption thatthe Mechanism would have displayed only the mean motions of the planets that modification minor a with [15] in presented reconstruction the essentially is consensus present The

The The situation after Price, and partic Mechanism's Mechanism's gearwork and displays relating to the Sun, Moon, calend through the researches of Wright and the AMRP. The upper back dial displayed uniform passage of time through the 235 lunar months composing a nineteen inscriptions relating the cycle to calendar as known a primarily from inscriptions specific in Epirus, Illyria, and Greek Corcyra). Its extant regional subsidiary dial ca displayed a four that introduces a nonuniformity in the Moon's rate of longitudinal motion, conforming to the behavior of a simple epicyclic or eccentric model with a shifting lunar apogee such as is familiar from the theoretical work of Hipparchos and Ptolemy. athletic athletic competitions held at 2- the representing scale pointers movable a representing the apparent and positions of the representing Sun the and signs zodiac Moon, and with degrees a of the fixed scale Egyptian calendar. In addition to a pointer, the phase. lunar current the Moon showing ball particolored was represented by a revolving passage of passage time the 223 through months lunar of a so conjectured conjectured displaying a 76 inscriptions marking the months in subsidiary dial wh displayed a triple won won wide acceptance, and there is increasing support for the supposition (strongly urged by Wright since the early 2000s) that this representing took the the longitudinal motions form of all of five pointers planets known on in the antiquity according front to epicyclic or eccentric dial models, making the front dial a planetarium. Despite the absence of any gearworksurviving be can assigned that to a definitely mechaplanetary extant extant gear, isolated in Fragment D, remains unaccounted for after the reconstruction of the lunisolar system), physical remains on A

2 3 important developmen Mechanism led Neugebauer to make his n by many especially to papers, references Theformergives paper [16]. dial upperbacksubsidiary concerningthe tha Wright, planetaria of Archimedes and Posidonius [14]: "such an apparatus… can be taken at best only as evidence for for evidence as only best at taken be can apparatus… an "such [14]: Posidonius and Archimedes of planetaria beyon reaching theory planetary any for not but skill mechanical Wright (since about 1990) and the Antikythera Mechanism Research Project team (since 2005) 2005) team (since Project Research Mechanism and 1990) about the (since Antikythera Wright into the field, is too complex to discuss here except in the most general terms. been applied. been The Antikythera Mechanism and the Public Face of Greek Science Greek of Face Public the and Mechanism Antikythera The revolution.

PoS(Antikythera & SKA)038

not to to not Alexander Jones Alexander hilosophical hilosophical study, on Fragments B and G G and B Fragments on the evident enthusiasm of a a of enthusiasm evident the entive entive for its design and

Roman world. The difficulty with with difficulty The world. Roman -

serve. On the other hand, we cannot cannot we hand, other the On serve.

14 n"? n"? But the uncertainty remains whether the Mechanism informed colleagues over the last few years advocating -

well as various forms of the "calculating" interpretation (especially for (especially well interpretation as forms of various the "calculating" day day spectators to whom I have demonstrated my model, echoing that of -

the dials would have some practical relevance.

be be no disputing that the information displayed by the Antikythera Mechanism all

educational educational demonstration, intellectual entertainment, astronomical events and such as eclipses. the Another use is suggested prediction by the rise of personal horoscopy during the century BC….first In any case, in interest in notable variety of present Cicero in the first century BC, entertainment shows alone that the probably instrument's value construction. provided as an a intellectual sufficient inc The ancient literary accounts assembled by Price suggest use for p The new picture we have of the Antikythera Mechanism is more complex than Price's, and Price's, than is more complex Mechanism we The have of new Antikythera the picture mechanism mechanism has been lost, and progress in reading the inscriptions has revealed detailed references to planetary pointers and planetary nonuniform motion. motion. nonuniform planetary and pointers planetary to references detailed revealed has There There can

various various forms of the interpretation (most "illustrating" frequently either as a didactic instrument or a "rich man's toy") as the sake of horoscopic astrology, but other applications are suggested including geography and, navigation). yes, The The present author has heard well his his expression "calendar computer" clearly will no longer follow Rehm in simply calling it a "planetarium." We describe a device that simultaneously would displays time cycles on one have face and celestial motions on to invent a new word to the other: perhaps a "cosmochronico existed for the sake of illustrating or calculating the phenomena of time and the [17]: heavens; options thus both entertains Wright was regarded as useful for various aspects of life in the Greco the in life of aspects various for useful as regarded was seeing the Mechanism as a "computer" built identify for possible the applications for sake each single of dial, but the to identify data a it plausible type whom for user generates of owner is or 3. Seeking the use and the user. Applications3.1 of the data? The Antikythera Mechanism and the Public Face of Greek Science Greek of Face Public the and Mechanism Antikythera The PoS(Antikythera & SKA)038

, . - one one

—

astrology vice vice versa X X X X

Alexander Jones Alexander

geography

X X

of longitude even if if even longitude of

ch astronomical resear astronomical

seful data for these aspects X X X X X X X

civil life and religion and life civil X X

medicine X X X X , the seaman, and the physician could be

navigation

15

X X X X mes were going to be held this summer or next. or summer this held be to going were mes

agriculture

X X X X

n plants, animals, and people. Civic life and cult were structured

ermined by gnomon ratios, observed altitudes of the Sun and stars, or

eclipses eclipses with eclipse times predicted for a reference meridian, but the predicted

r anyr application.

Fields Fields in which the kinds of data displayed on the Mechanism might have been applied in the . The The sciences (other than medicine) that made significant use of astronomical data were The solar risings annually repeating and equinoxes, principal phenomena stellar (solstices, ar and lunar eclipses lunar and ar year cycle year - eclipse) are stated only to the hour, corresponding to an uncertainty of ±7.5° ancorresponding to uncertainty hour, only the to stated are eclipse) the times were accurately computed, which they are not. estimates estimates of maximum and Mechanism. Relative minimum longitude was at least notionally measurable by day comparing the times of length, none observed lunar of which were featured times on the on Saros dial (it has not the been established whether they refer to the beginning or mid geography geography and astrology. A geographer could have made use little of the Mechanism's displays. was det latitude Terrestrial hardly hardly imagines a farmer using high technology to decide when to prune the beanstalks, or an Nemean the whetherga determine to athlete expected to pay attention to them. Similarly the phases of the Moon, how aside well from one determining could see at night, were widely believed to influence patterns or of at life least and correlate growth with i around the local lunisolar calendars, and if we may include involvement in the Panhellenic and other prominent athletic festivals under this head, the four year cycle however, and also precise mattered. zodiacal longitudes Planets did not, and the Egyptian calendar would have been irrelevant for these contexts anywhere where the Corinthian calendar was in use and u provided have would Mechanism Antikythera the that extent the To of ancient life, it would surely have seemed an extravagant means to fairly simple ends and settings of conspicuous asterisms) were of traditional importance as markers for stages of the natural year and weather signs, so the farmer Fig. Fig. 10 Stellar risings and settings and risings Stellar calendar Egyptian calendar Lunisolar 4 Sol Planets Moon, Sun, of Longitudes phases Lunar equinoxes and Solstices

The Antikythera Mechanism and the Public Face of Greek Science Greek of Face Public the and Mechanism Antikythera The Hellenistic period. Hellenistic It is presumed that one would require the lunisolar calendar of the upper back dial to datefo the set PoS(Antikythera & SKA)038

s on the ction of ction

ng against Alexander Jones Alexander Introduction to

inos's book, However, he would have had had have would he However, finds a role here as a standard standard a as here role a finds 4

sive or moreor sive accuratealternative. ith its athletic festivals. There would also be readers. The subject matter is not limited to to limited not is matter subject The readers.

16 year year dial w - al al data [18], and static "zodiac boards" were a common unavoidable unavoidable inaccuracies in the predicted data arising from

rology at this time. An astronomer, moreover, could hardly have failed

88); one may however suspect that this is just a poetic conceit rather than a refle a than rather conceit poetic a just is this that suspect mayhowever one 88);

- llations, the varying length of day, and geography, have little connection with 6.58 [21]. This work, composed during the first century BC and thus roughly roughly thus and BC century first the during composed work, This [21]. d for lunar phases, the annual solistellar phenomena, or the Panhellenic games. Panhellenic the or phenomena, solistellar annual the phases, lunar for d The poet Nonnos (c. AD 400) pictures Astraios, god of prophecy, casting a horoscope using a mechanical mechanical a using horoscope a casting prophecy, of god Astraios, pictures 400) AD (c. Nonnos poet The

Dionysiaca des and phases [20]. phases and des (

Of Of all the remains of intellectual life from classical antiquity, none has more points of To To sum up: there does not seem to be any specific field of practical application that One One could also imagine a mechanism as a computing device for research in astronomy in Horoscopic astrology depended on the availability of precise longitudes of the Sun, Moon, Moon, Sun, of the longitudes of precise on availability the depended astrology Horoscopic

4 world astrological practice. astrological world contemporary with the Antikythera wreck, consists of topics in astronomy eighteen for the benefit of nonspecialist chapters explaining various the Phenomena "pure" astronomy but takes in geography, astrology, astral weather prediction, and calendrics. Some chapters, for example those dealing with the celestial sphere and its principal circles, the system of conste the Mechanism. On the other hand, very nearly everything about the Mechanism corresponds to somethingGeminos:in contact contact with the functions of the Antikythera Mechanism than Gem The3.2 Mechanism and Geminos: didactic representations of astronomy. a glaring defect in the lack of a direct means of setting the Mechanism to date a specific according year and to the Egyptian calendar, which astronomy as well as was ast the standard chronological system for to be aware of the large and explains explains all the functions of the Antikythera Mechanism. Moreover, if one was only interested in the data it generated, there was always a less expen its own right, as a representation or simulation of various theories for the sake of testi imperfections in the gears; the error longitu would have been especially pronounced in the lunar observation observation or facilitating the kind of computation that Ptolemy, say, would using trigonometry and have tables. In performed this case, one could justify the presence of most of the dials, but it is hard to see the point of the four means of displaying means them of [19], one displaying might that might suppose a find astrologer very prosperous clients. his impress to or labor save to a mechanism either for use Mechanism's Mechanism's front dial. Eclipses were the most prominent astronomical prognostic significance phenomena was whose interpreted in "general" astrology, the part of the calendar Egyptian the And science peoples. and regions for dealing forecasts with chronological framework for astronomical predictions, as we know from from astronomical the first century tables AD and later. Though numerical tables were, in fact, the usual means by which astrologers got their astronomic and planets for any given date and time, using the scale of zodiacal signs and degrees a real- sphaira The Antikythera Mechanism and the Public Face of Greek Science Greek of Face Public the and Mechanism Antikythera The

scarcenee PoS(Antikythera & SKA)038

- —

than

Moon, Moon, and

Alexander Jones Alexander Assyrian court in in court Assyrian -

day months). day year dial and year dial the cycle -

that dealt with time on a scale day and 30- and day — - romthe stars. (lunar motion in longitude and and longitude in motion (lunar

e chronological cycles of Greek

signs f signs - exeligmos exeligmos.

the circle of the zodiacal signs. 17 Related chapters in Geminos in chapters Related 1. On 1. 12. 12. That the planets make a movement contrary to that of the cosmos (longitudinal motion of Sun, planets). of retrogradations and stations and planets 18. On the anomaly). Moon. the of phases On 9. 1. 1. On the circle of the zodiacal signs motionlongitudinalsolar andanomaly). (discussion of 8. 8. On months intercalation cycles, 29 (discussion of Greek calendars, 13. On risings and settings. settings. and risings On 13. weather On 17. 8. On months (discussion of Egyptian calendar and its seasons).the to relative shifting No correspondence. No Sun. the of eclipse the On 10. Moon. the of eclipse the On 11. the On 18. to have been an establishment employing astronomers in

ons of time. of ons al with gameswith al

nic nic games, but his treatment of calendars relates calendar structures to the year di year - Feature on Mechanism on Feature Zodiac Moon's phases Moon's Motion of Sun, Moon, planets Moon, Sun, of Motion Metonic and Callippic dials Callippic and Metonic First and last visibilities of stars of visibilities last and First calendar Egyptian Geminos's Geminos's book was a of manifestation the popularizing and didactic tendency in Greco Four We We can thus characterize the Mechanism as an illustration of the part of astronomy

Saros and exeligmos dials exeligmos and Saros The Antikythera Mechanism and the Public Face of Greek Science Greek of Face Public the and Mechanism Antikythera The understanding the science's scope more as or Geminosless the science's does understanding of days, months, and years (but not fractions society, of the a day), motions th and phenomena of the fixed It stars. could phenomena have served the same role didactic as Geminos's book, by of the Sun, explaining Moon, these topics and in a form planets, that an and intelligent technicalities layman the and could mathematics. grasp And visibility without to a recourse greater to degree than Geminos, the Mechanism have represented would all the periodic motions and cycles that it displays in a way that emphasizes their unity as functi Astronomy3.3 in the public eye. Roman astronomy. The Greek astronomical tradition differed from those of Mesopotamia and early China in that there never seems large numbers and providing them comparable duties, professional to the teams of scholars employed withby the Neo a livelihood in exchange for the performance of of of Panhelle astronomical. conventions conventions of the societies that used them, conception so of that his subject it to would include not other chronological have cycles been that foreign appear more to social his As noted in our tabulation, Geminos has no discussion related to the four the to related discussion no has Geminos tabulation, our in noted As PoS(Antikythera & SKA)038

Canobic Canobic ompetence ompetence Alexander Jones Alexander f instrumentally biquitous, biquitous, with the ere ere inscribed, with time as and Kleomedes, were respectively XII,1 913) and Ptolemy's Ptolemy's and 913) XII,1

, a largely nontechnical treatment of IG , a popularizing work addressed to the and Aratos's verses propagated the system of of system the propagated verses Aratos's and

. 18 cut cut distinction between an astronomical text written for Sand Reckoner - hearted hearted task of naming a number greater than that of the - Almagest 's astronomical astronomical and meteorological phenomena by means of a

; Geminos is known to have written other works on meteorology

informed nonspecialists. We have already discussed Geminos's - Outline Outline of the Astronomical Models emples of Uruk and Babylon, or the Chinese imperial astronomical bureau. so made efforts to expose a wider audience to some of the more technical were publicly posted monuments tabulating the precise numerical parameters parameters numerical precise the tabulating monuments posted publicly were

maticians), maticians), addresses the light

Some of the most successful efforts to make astronomy accessible to a broad readership Specialists Specialists al During the Hellenistic and Roman periods, utilitarian and decorative objects in both public public both in objects decorative and utilitarian periods, Roman and Hellenistic the During footed introductions to astronomy, Theon of Smyrna e composed by well to write accurately at least on the more elementary aspects of mathematical astronomy, but there is no reason to suppose that he was a researching astronomer. Later authors of sure- somewhat less Platonist and Stoic philosophers. An outstanding late specimen of the genre is the Neoplatonist philosopher Proklos's Ptolemy on based theory planetary wer Introduction to the Phenomena and in mathematics, and and on issues had he foundational philosophical the c clearly Inscription system. planetary the defining measuring measuring the apparent diameter of the Sun. critique Hipparchos's of Eudoxos and Aratos was aimed readership but data than is of full at rather anda scientific quantitative literary arguments. ( The Keskintos Hellenistic astronomical inscription from grains grains of sand that would fill the cosmos, but along the way he summarizes recent astronomical research on cosmic dimensions and discusses at some length the problem o crown prince of Syracuse (his mathe "serious" mathematical writings were addressed to fellow common spherical bowl variety Mechanized anaphoric clocks standing correlated astronomical time, as as represented for example an by a inverted revolving dial image on of which the the measured by constellations controlled celestial mundane physical processes. Parapegma inscriptions erected in of public sphere. the night sky view w gave daily predictions of globes Star date. current the marking peg movable constellations originally set out by Eudoxos. The sundial and armillary enough to have become conventional artistic motifs, emblems of sphere time and cosmos, wisdom, and were familiar mortality. aspects of their science. Archimedes's and private spaces were visible emblems of astronomy. Sundials were u The Antikythera Mechanism and the Public Face of Greek Science Greek of Face Public the and Mechanism Antikythera The by t and the Nineveh Like Like mathematics, astronomy was an avocation, and had no formal schools, only a dispersed network of independent practitioners linked by personal acquaintance, correspondence, and the of work. their The of open even Greek productions distribution whenastronomers, they took the form of communications ostensibly addressed to fellow specialists, were usually accessible to interested outsiders. There was no clear fellowandspecialists one intended broaderfora readership. PoS(Antikythera & SKA)038

In In 6 in 45 45 in with Alexander Jones Alexander 77 during which ne ne can invent all - ritzas'smeaning [14]. De De Natura Deorum that our friend Posidonios has has Posidonios friend our that

sphaera Although of course o course of Although 5 was roughly contemporary with the only was contemporary roughly

ts? Who in that barbarous land would doubt in the absence of compelling evidence that the the that evidence compelling of absence the in

50 BC, it 19 -

r after the date suggested by paleography [24] [25]. ons, with his younger self present though almost mute, about about mute, almost though present self younger his with ons,

glass, glass, and ceramics, mostly of recent manufacture, as well as

s weres discovered, several estimates have been offered thedateof ofthe was accomplished by reason?

of Posidonios. Cicero wrote his philosophical dialogue dialogue philosophical his wrote Cicero Posidonios. of In[15]was it suggested thatSyracuse also used the Corinthian calendar. Inscriptional evidence proves, Inscriptionsfrom Rhodes with forms letter very similar tothose on the Mechanism can be found with dates

recently made, in which single turnings have the same effect for the Sun and Moon and the five planets as occurs in single days and nigh that this sphaera What if took someone to that or Scythia Britannia If the Mechanism was made around 70 Since the fragment the Since Two facts about the Antikythera Mechanism have to be reconciled if we want to form a

Mediterranean Mediterranean [22]. Secondly, its calendar dial is inscribed with the months of the sphaera 5 6 76 BC, soon after Cicero returned to Italy from his travels in Greece in 79 he had made the acquaintance of Posidonios in Rhodes. In Book 2, section 88 he has Balbus, his his 88 he In Bookhas Balbus, Rhodes. in section 2, of Posidonios he had made acquaintance the say: school, Stoic the of advocate BC, setting the imagined conversati imagined the setting BC, 77- sorts sorts of contrived stories accounting for how a rare object made for someone in a western Greek locality managed to end up in Asia Minor or the Aegean islands and thereafter on a ship heading back westwards, the most probable explanation, Mechanism was much older than the wreck, is that it had recently been manufactured in the east east the in manufactured been recently had it that is wreck, the than older much was Mechanism shipwreck. the in waslost whenit who commissionedperson it the to transported being wasand comparable device from antiquity of which we have a reliable, probably eyewitness, account, the the present instance, moreover, the uncommon forms. letter affected have might size letter small exceptionally medium (bronze rather than stone) and the the better preserved calendar of Tauromenion [23]. however, that the Syracusan calendar had some months not found on the Mechanism, and was likely identical likely was and Mechanism, the on found not months some had calendar Syracusan the that however, through the entire first century BC and even into the first century AD [23] plausible hypothesis about its owner's time and place. First, it was it on board a First, commercial vessel time and owner's place. about its hypothesis plausible laden with a cargo of statuary, some agricultural products (not, as sometimes suggested, a Roman ship carrying booty from a looted Greek city), and the ship was clearly heading from the Aegean Sea into the central part of the Corinthian calendar, which was the calendar of Corinth itself and of many localities in Epirus, Illyria, and Corcyra, but nowhere east of Antikythera. The Antikythera Mechanism and the Public Face of Greek Science Greek of Face Public the and Mechanism Antikythera The Who3.4 owned the Mechanism?

Mechanism Mechanism based on the letter forms of (August its Wilhelm, inscriptions. Those Albert by Rehm, competent epigraphers Vasileios ntly consiste Leonardos, placed the B. inscriptions within D. the last Meritt, two and centuries BC. H. Kritzas's "dates around 150 BC judgment to 100 BC are Kritzas) a that plausible range" has frequently been cited, sometimes as have if dates before 150 or after 100 can be excluded, which was certainly not K It It is widely conceded by epigraphers that dating of Greek inscriptions by and extremely unreliable, when the provenance anmay is uncertain, inscription turn theiractually out letter forms is to be from as much as a century before o PoS(Antikythera & SKA)038

— of of ). ). The

(the dialogue dialogue (the Alexander Jones Alexander (Rome, 1822). The The 1822). (Rome, n in 54 and completed Philus makes the same same the makes Philus De De Natura Deorum 7 De De Re Publica (begu De De Re Publica

of Cicero's Cicero's of supposedly still in working order half a De De Re Publica sphaera, conceived as a kind of armillary, on the ouse ouse of Marcus Marcellus where he saw a —

in his own time, as a conversation between himself and his 20 sphaera (written 45 BC, just before before just BC, 45 (written

editio editio princeps

e Cicero's philosophical agenda. De Re Publica Re De

3.5.2). sphaera was demonstrated. a conflation of the fictitious colloquy set in 129 BC and the probably equally —

Tusculan Tusculan Disputations Cicero intended to set sponded to single simulated days of motion. Philus adds that the Archimedean showed the Sun, Earth, and Moon in the correct configuration for a solar or lunar lunar or solar a for configuration correct the in Moon and Earth, Sun, the showed of Archimedes in two other dialogues, the the dialogues, other two in Archimedes of The The frontispiece of Angelo Mai's Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrum Quintum ad Epistulae the culturally superior Hellas impressed its Roman lords," that is, as an object intended to . with We of how as commerce Rehm of recall wrote "one of the articles Mechanism those At one stage 7 demonstration demonstration of Archimedes's bronze is set in 129 BC) of a visit in 166 BC to the h century after it was retrieved by Marcellus's grandfather from the sack of Syracuse in 212 BC is surely a fiction designed to serv which which confer prestige on its Roman aristocratic owner as well as on the Greek artisan and his science.

sphaera observations observations about Archimedes's device as Balbus does concerning Posidonios's, that a single turning brings about the diverse motions of the Sun, Moon,turnings and corre five planets, and that single eclipse on the appropriate dates; the wording is ambiguous but seems to suggest some kind eclipses. the of representation graphical brother; he settled on the much earlier dramatic date to avoid references to contemporary events that might cause cause might that events contemporary to references avoid to date dramatic muchearlier the on settled he brother; ( offence circumstantial circumstantial account that Lucius Furius Philus is made to give in Fig. Fig. 11 ground ground at the lower left one of166 fictitious BC when the by 51 BC) and the characters of the dialogue converse, with Archimedes's The Antikythera Mechanism and the Public Face of Greek Science Greek of Face Public the and Mechanism Antikythera The of Cicero's recollection probably planetarium gave Posidonios's shape to his of descriptions the sphaera

PoS(Antikythera & SKA)038

- ,

,

67. , Πρακτικὰ - Τύποις 1902 146

Alexander Jones Alexander 172. - ilosophical Society Comptes rendus du du rendus , Comptes

, Athensἐγκυκλοπαίδεια . Ἀντικυθήρων Ἀρχαιολογική

June 1959, 60

s's s's house when Sulpicius 1910 157 τῶν ερὶς

µ . Springer, Berlin 1975. ναυτικὴ

rds were merely the accidental καὶ , Ἐφη

05, Hestia, Athens 1905. θησαυρὸν

Ἀρχαιολογική

, Beck & Barth, Athens 1903.

τὸν

ερὶς µ , unpublished manuscript dated 1905, Scientific American , Scientific 104]. Περὶ - στρατιωτικὴ Ἀντικυθήρων

eck & Barth, Athens 1903.Athens &eckBarth, . .

, Ἐφη Transactions of the American Ph American the of , Transactions , B τῶν

21 n the physical world though not necessarily in the

σελίδες

Μεγάλη

and we should probably be seeking a pupil or associate

session, Athènes 19 ), ), re 149. -

ναυαγίου ἀστρολάβος Sur l'instrument en cuivre dont des fragments se trouvent au trouvent se fragments des dont cuivre en l'instrument Sur

πλοῦς Ἀντικυθήρων

( 380. τοῦ

- 96 misprinted as 97 as misprinted 96 Die Funde von Antikythera von Funde Die τῶν

ατα ἀρχαιολογικαὶ

µ there can hardly have been more than one or two manufacturers of Παύλου An Ancient Greek Computer Greek Ancient An Gears from the Greeks the from Gears Clockwork Before the Clock and Timekeepers before Timekeeping before Timekeepers and Clock the Before Clockwork

», Athens 1910.Athens », καὶ - [89 96 9 (1934) 140 —

Ἀντικυθήρων εὑρή

Über die Reinigung und Conservierung der Antiquitäten der Conservierung und Reinigung die Über A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy Mathematical Ancient of History A ἐξ θησαυρὸς

Ἁγίου Τὰ Ὁ Τὸ

Κράτους Ἀθηνῶν

Ναυτικαὶ Meteorologische Instrumente der Alten der Instrumente Meteorologische ίας 1930], 1 83- 1 1930], µ at any sphaeraeone at time— ch), Rehmiana III/9. ch),

Ἀκαδη P. Rediadis, Rediadis, P. K. Rados, Rados, K. A. Rehm, Untitled manuscript dated 1906 ("Athener Vortrag"), Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Staatsbibliothek Bayerische Vortrag"), ("Athener 1906 dated manuscript Untitled Rehm, A. O. Rousopoulos, Rousopoulos, O. J. ThéofanidisTheofanidis], J. [I. I. Svoronos, I. J. Svoronos J. Svoronos], [I. [Anonymous], I. Theofanidis, I. A. Rehm, Rehm, A. D. J. de Solla Price, D. J. de Solla Price, D. J. de Solla Price, Neugebauer, O. Neugebauer,

«Πανελληνίου (Muni congrès international d'archéologie, 1 d'archéologie, international congrès τῆς Musée Archéologique d'Athènes et qui fut retiré du fond de la mer d'Anticythère en 1902 en d'Anticythère mer la de fond du retiré fut qui et d'Athènes Archéologique Musée Bayerische Staatsbibliothek (Munich), Rehmiana III/7. Rehmiana (Munich), Staatsbibliothek Bayerische 172. - [1929 n.d. n.s. 64.7, 1974. 64.7, n.s. Proceedings of the Second World Conference of the International Society for the Study of Time of Study the for Society International the of Conference World Second the of Proceedings 367 1975, York New Springer, [8] [7] [6] [4] [9] [10] [2] [3] [1] [11] [5] [12] [13] [14] References The Antikythera Mechanism and the Public Face of Greek Science Greek of Face Public the and Mechanism Antikythera The Rehm was doubtless thinking of that occasion in 166 BC at Marcellu Gallus Gallus explained and demonstrated Archimedes for exhibiting Archimedes's "more ingenuity than contraption, one would leading suppose that hold." human nature Philus But can if to we take praise the tale possessors of Archimedes's at planetarium. It is face rather Posidonios to value, whom we the should turn Romanfor a lo model of the type of person who would commission an Antikythera Mechanism: a prosperous philosopher and teacher, deeply interested i technicalities of mathematical astronomy. Our Mechanism may well have come from the same workshop as Posidonios's Epirus. about or in lived who Posidonios of sophisticated PoS(Antikythera & SKA)038

-

32

112. - 44. - Alexander Jones Alexander Estudios de de , Estudios 35 (2004)1 , University of

, Princeton University 51. -

A.D. 337) 320. - -

, InterdisciplinaryScience Reviews

B.C. , in A. M. Fernández, ed. 617. - , inGreco T. D.in Barnes, Sciences ed., The The Shipwreck of Antikythera: The Ship, the the Ship, The Antikythera: of Shipwreck The Calendars with Olympiad and Eclipse Prediction Prediction Eclipse and Olympiad with Calendars 42 (2011) 307

akis, akis, f the Accuracy of the Gear Trains in the Antikythera 22 Journal for the History of Astronomy of History the for , Journal

454 (2008) 614 591. -

, Nature , Hellenic Ministry of Culture, Athens 2012. ogianni, and P. Bougia, eds., eds., Bougia, P. and ogianni,

444 (2006) 587 Decoding the Ancient Greek Astronomical Calculator Known as the Antikythera Antikythera the as Known Calculator Astronomical Greek Ancient the Decoding

Dating by Lettering in Greek Epigraphy Greek in Lettering by Dating , Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad de la Laguna, La Laguna 2009, 105 An Introduction to Greek Epigraphy of the Hellenistic and Roman Periods from from Periods Roman and Hellenistic the of Epigraphy Greek to Introduction An , Academic Printing and Publishing, Edmonton 1994, 25

Nature 43. - T. Freethal. et T. Freeth, A. Jones, J. Steele,and Y. Bits The Antikythera Mechanism Reconsidered Mechanism M. T. Wright,Antikythera The an Egypt Roman in Astronomy A.of Jones,Place The The Astrologer's Apparatus J. Evans,Astrologer's The An Initial Assessment o M.Assessment G. Edmunds,Initial An Geminos's Introduction to the Phenomena the to J. EvansIntroduction and J. L. Berggren, Geminos's P. Iversen, personal communication. N. Kaltsas, E. Vlach S. V. Tracy, B. Mclean,

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