Checklist of the Internal and External Parasites of Deer
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE INDEX-CATALOGUE OF MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ZOOLOGY SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 1 CHECKLIST OF THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL PARASITES OF DEER, ODOCOILEUS HEMION4JS AND 0. VIRGINIANUS, IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE INDEX-CATALOGUE OF MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ZOOLOGY SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 1 CHECKLIST OF THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL PARASITES OF DEER, ODOCOILEUS HEMIONOS AND O. VIRGIN I ANUS, IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA By MARTHA L. WALKER, Zoologist and WILLARD W. BECKLUND, Zoologist National Animal Parasite Laboratory VETERINARY SCIENCES RESEARCH DIVISION AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE Issued September 1970 U. S. Government Printing Office Washington : 1970 The protozoan, helminth, and arthropod parasites of deer, Odocoileus hemionus and O. virginianus, of the continental United States and Canada are named in a checklist with information categorized by scientific name, deer host, geographic distribution by State or Province, and authority for each record. Sources of information are the files of the Index-Catalogue of Medical and Veterinary Zoology, the National Parasite Collection, and pub- lished papers. Three hundred and fifty-two references are cited. Seventy- nine genera of parasites have been reported from North American deer, of which 73 have been assigned one or more specific names representing 137 species (10 protozoans, 6 trematodes, 11 cestodes, 51 nematodes, and 59 arthropods). Sixty-one of these species are also known to occur as parasites of domestic sheep and 54 as parasites of cattle. The 71 parasites that the authors have examined from deer are marked with an asterisk. This paper is designed as a working tool for wildlife and animal disease workers to quickly find references pertinent to a particular parasite species, its deer hosts, and its geographic distribution. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office ; Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 60 cents CHECKLIST OF THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL PARASITES OF DEER, ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS AND O. VIRGINIANUS, IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA By MARTHA L. WALKER and WILLARD W. BECKLUND, Zoologists, Veterinary Sciences Research Division, Agricultural Research Service During the course of recent taxonomic investi- parasites and diseases which are transmissible gations and responses to inquiries on the para- to his domestic animals. Slightly more than 40 sites of North American deer, we have percent of the parasites reported from deer are encountered unusual difficulties in consulting the also known to occur as parasites of domestic voluminous literature concerning, or at least sheep and slightly less than 40 percent as para- mentioning, deer parasites. Not only are the sites of cattle. publications on the subject vast in number, but Because of potential disease relationships to they are also scattered in an assortment of livestock and the consequential role that deer periodicals, reports, books, and bulletins written may play in quarantine and regulatory activi- by workers of exceptionally diverse back- ties, they are animals of interest to veterinar- grounds and interests for widely varying audi- ians and veterinary parasitologists. The cattle ences and purposes. fever tick, Boophilus annulatus (Say, 1821), was Despite this volume of literature, the specia- described from specimens from a deer; and there tion, incidence, and geographic distribution of are reports attesting that deer infested with B. the parasites of North American deer have not microplus (Canestrini', 1887), another vector of yet been adequately documented. As Anderson cattle fever, delayed eradication of this danger- (1962)1 pointed out, "... it is not easy for stu- ous tick from Florida (e.g., Knapp, 1940). dents of these problems, especially those who Neither species of Boophilus now occurs in the are not primarily parasitologists, to compare United States. Before the advent of the current their findings with what is already in the litera- program to eradicate screw-worms from the ture." The resultant-«onfusion has costly im- United States, Lindquist (1937) suggested that plications for wildlife management and wild animals, including deer, serving as hosts of veterinary parasitology. Hoping to alleviate this screw-worms may have been a constant reser- situation somewhat by providing a working tool voir of infestation for domestic animals. Baker, for future investigations, we decided to com- Longhurst, and Douglas (1957) have done ex- plete, insofar as possible, our collection of the perimental work on the possibility of mutual literature on deer parasites and to make readily exchange of gastrointestinal nematodes between available some of the information contained domestic sheep and black-tailed deer. The proof therein. that anaplasmosis occurs in wild deer and that In light of the aesthetic and economic signi- it may be transmitted from deer to cattle and ficance of deer, it is understandable that more, vice versa (Boynton and Woods, 1940; Osebold, perhaps, has been written about this animal Christensen, Longhurst, and Rosen, 1959; Howe than about any other wild mammal. Important and Hep worth, 1965; and others) complicates to wildlife workers and sportsmen as the most the current thinking on a control program for hunted big game animal in the United States this disease. The large American liver fluke, and as a food animal, the deer is significaht to Fascioloides magna (Bassi, 1875), is well tol- farmers as a source both of crop damage and of erated by deer, whereas in sheep it is highly pathogenic and often causes death (Griffiths, 1 Literature Cited, pages 35 to 45, is referred to 1962). These are a few examples of the role that in the text and in Table 1 by the name of the author (or deer may play in the transmission of diseases to authors) followed by the date of the publication in parentheses, or by both name and date in parentheses. livestock. iii a Three relatively recent works concerning the one name, we recorded each parasite species literature on North American deer parasites under the scientific name currently accepted for have been published: (1) A bibliography by it. To minimize confusion, synonymous names Halloran (1955) includes references to diseases are listed for some species, but to indicate syn- of all wild mammals and birds on a worldwide onymy completely is an undertaking beyond the basis. (2) Anderson (1962) critically reviews scope of a checklist. No new synonymy is pro- the literature on helminth and arthropod para- posed in this paper. However, a related problem sites of the white-tailed deer. (3) A partly an- arises in that the generic designation for the notated bibliography edited by Karstad (1964, meningeal worm of Odocoileus virginianus has 1969) covers all diseases of the Cervidae of the been in a state of confusion for several years world and is available only on microcards. Al- because more than one name has been used by though each of these compilations is useful, they some animal disease workers. Recent findings by are not arranged so that references pertinent to Brunetti (1969) on recovery of a little known, a particular parasite species, its deer hosts, and similar species will probably result in a defini- its geographic distribution can be easily and tive, generally acceptable conclusion. Rather efficiently retrieved. Our intent is to present this than draw possibly unfounded conclusions about information in a concise and easy-to-use check- synonymy, we either omitted some genera and list categorized by parasite name, host, State or species of parasites of doubtful occurrence on Canadian Province from which the parasite is deer or combinations of questionable nomencla- reported, and authority (Table 1). The protoz- tura] validity (e.g., Linognathus sp., Haemato- oan, helminth, and arthropod parasites of both pinus crassicornis) or we listed them exactly as North American species of deer are covered. No they were reported (e.g., Cervicola forfícula, information was gathered on blood-sucking Damalinia americana, Damalinia sp., Trichodec- diptera that do not spend the larger part of tes tibialis, Trichodectes sp., Dermacentor er- their life on the host (simulids, tabanids, raticus typical, Dermacentor erraticus var. albi- culicids, etc.). pictus). Excluding these dubious genera and Our sources for the checklist are the files of species, 79 genera of parasites have been re- the Index-Catalogue of Medical and Veterinary ported from North American deer, and 73 of Zoology, the National Parasite Collection, and these have been used in combination with one available published papers. To conserve space, or more specific names to represent 137 species we used a slightly different bibliographic style (10 protozoans, 6 trematodes, 11 cestodes, 51 than that of the Author Catalogue of the nematodes, and 59 arthropods). Index-Catalogue. Where two or more publica- Following the example of Miller and Kellogg tions by the same author or set of authors in a (1955), we recognize two species of Odocoileus single year are cited, the letters following the in the United States and Canada—O. hemionus dates of publication correspond to those in the (Rafinesque, 1817) and O. virginianus (Zim- Author Catalogue. Over 300 publications are mermann, 1780). In some of the literature cited, cited; we examined at least twice this number. the generic names Cariacus, С er vus, and Dama References were not included if: (1) no definite are used for these two species. Publications con- geographic area was given; (2) hosts were not cerning O. columbianus, mule deer, black-tailed clearly correlated with either localities or para- deer, coast deer, Columbian black-tailed deer, site species or both (unfortunately, a major etc. were considered to be referring to O. hem- contribution with such valuable information as ionus. Publications involving white-tailed deer, that of Bishopp and Trembley (1945) largely Virginia deer, or any of the numerous subspe- falls into this category) ; (3) only common cies of 0. virginianus were referred to that names, rather than scientific names, of parasites species. Publications mentioning only deer or were used; (4) dangerous assumptions on our Odocoileus sp.