DOCSLIB.ORG

The London School of Economics and Political Science

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The London School of Economics and Political Science The London School of Economics and Political Science Cometh the Hour, Cometh the Nation: Local-Level Opinion and Defence Preparations Prior to the Second World War, November 1937 – September 1939 Paul Norman Horsler A thesis submitted to the Department of International History of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, September 2016 1 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other persons is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without the prior written consent of the author. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that this thesis consists of 98,844 words. I can confirm that my thesis was copy edited for conventions of language, spelling and grammar by Kathleen Mosselmans 2 Abstract This thesis presents a three-area local case study of expressions of public opinion and the ‘public mood’ regarding British policy towards Germany and defence preparations. The period covered is November 1937 to September 1939. By using local case studies, which existing scholarship has largely ignored, the thesis adds to the national synthesis of events during this period, thereby allowing a more complete history to emerge. The inclusion of local case studies confirms much of the existing narrative but challenges some of the traditional assumptions on issues such as the level of opposition to appeasement and the changes that had already taken place prior to March 1939, when elite opinion shifted. That shift therefore marked the culmination of a process that had begun over a year earlier. This process had been the result of a series of international crises, which provided the psychological changes required in the mind of the British public to enable the nation to prepare for war, despite the continuing desire to avoid a conflict. By combining an analysis of expressions of opinion towards foreign policy with actions taken as part of defence preparations, the thesis identifies the Munich crisis as the major turning point, but it would require a further crisis before the change could be incorporated into mainstream opinion. 3 Acknowledgements I would like to record my thanks to the librarians and archivists who have permitted me to use their collections for research. My thanks especially go to the staff of the Bolton Local History Centre, who responded to my numerous requests during short, intensive research trips. My work colleagues at the LSE Library have had to endure my work on this thesis for the last seven years and have been supportive. Without some chance conversations with them, I would not have known about the papers of Dame Edith Summerskill, which have contributed to this thesis. Writing a thesis has been a lonely experience due to working full-time and studying part-time and not one that I would have got through with the support of friends and family. I would especially like to thank my wife, Rachael, for putting up with the many hours that I have spent on this thesis since we first met in January 2011, which has often meant being away from home. Thanks also go to Kathleen Mosselmans, whose own departure for university in 2009 prompted the decision to undertake this thesis. Since then she has been a source of support and acted as proof-reader. During the writing of this thesis, TADS Theatre Group has played an increasing part in my life. It has been a source of distraction and allowed me to pursue my interest in lighting design. Their production of William Shakespeare’s Henry V, directed by Dr Sue Sachon, stands out for me, as through collaboration with her the play included elements of my own research. Finally, I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor David Stevenson, for his guidance and advice over the last six years. 4 Table of Contents Declaration .............................................................................................................................................. 2 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 4 List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................... 6 List of Figures .......................................................................................................................................... 7 Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................................... 8 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 1: A long expected union – November 1937 to April 1938 ..................................................... 36 Chapter 2: Escalation and Escape – March-November 1938 ................................................................ 62 Chapter 3: Broken Times, November 1938 – March 1939 ................................................................... 96 Chapter 4: Let Battle Commence, April – September 1939 ................................................................ 123 Chapter 5: Air Raid Precautions, November 1937 – September 1939 ............................................... 145 Planning....................................................................................................................................... 147 Volunteers ................................................................................................................................... 151 Chapter 6: The Safety of Children ....................................................................................................... 195 Chapter 7: Serving the nation ............................................................................................................. 215 Conclusion: Cometh the Hour, Cometh the Nation ............................................................................ 251 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................ 257 Appendix 1: Prominent People ........................................................................................................... 374 Appendix 2: Letter writers to local newspapers ................................................................................. 378 5 List of Tables Table 1: Church attendance during the Munich crisis…………………………………………… 89 Table 2: Church attendance following a crisis……………………………………………………….120 Table 3: ‘Will there be war?’ Response in Worktown, August 1939………………………141 Table 4: Bolton ARP recruitment, 31 December 1937……………………………………………150 Table 5: Bedford ARP recruits in March 1938…………………………………………………….....152 Table 6: ARP recruitment in Fulham: April-September 1938……………………………......154 Table 7: ARP recruitment in Hammersmith: April-September 1938………………………155 Table 8: ARP recruitment in Bolton, Manchester Evening News, 27 May 1938……..157 Table 9: Luton ARP recruitment, February 1939……………………………………………………162 Table 10: Required ARP recruitment for Bedfordshire, January 1939.…………………….163 Table 11: Bedfordshire ARP recruitment, February 1939………………………………………..164 Table 12: Fulham ARP recruitment, September to November 1938…………………………166 Table 13: Fulham ARP recruitment, December 1938 to March 1939……………………….167 Table 14: Bolton ARP recruitment, October 1938……………………………………………………170 Table 15: ARP recruitment in Fulham by age and gender………………………………………..177 Table 16: Fulham ARP recruitment (April 1939 – September 1939)…………………………179 Table 17: Hammersmith ARP recruitment, April-June 1939…………………………………….180 Table 18: Bolton ARP recruitment, April-May 1939…………………………………………………182 Table 19: Bedfordshire billeting capacity…………………………………………………………………199 Table 20: Strength of the Territorial Army, by arms, all ranks on 1 October 1938……219 Table 21: Territorial Army Recruitment 1 April 1936 – 31 March 1937……………………220 Table 22: Territorial Army Recruitment 1 April 1937 – 31 March 1938……………………221 Table 23: Territorial Army Recruitment 1 April 1938 – 31 December 1938……………..225 Table 24: Territorial Army Recruitment 1 January 1939 – 31 March 1939……………….228 Table 25: Weekly National Service Campaign Enrolments……………………………………….237 Table 26: Enrolment before and after National Service Week…………………………………237 Table 27: Deficiencies as of Midnight on 23 May 1939……………………………………………238 6 List of Figures Figure 1 : Luton in the 1930s………………………………………………………………………………….12 Figure 2 : Bedford in the 1930s………………………………………………………………………………13 Figure 3 : Hammersmith in the 1930s…………………………………………………………………….15 Figure 4 : Fulham in the 1930s……………………………………………………………………………….15 Figure 5: Bolton in the 1930s…………………………………………………………………………………17 Figure 6: George Tomlinson speaking at the Empire Cinema…………………………………42 Figure 7: Canvassing the Flower Estate………………………………………………………………….42 Figure
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Haessly, Katie (2010) British Conservative Women Mps
    British Conservative Women MPs and ‘Women’s Issues’ 1950-1979 Katie Haessly, BA MA Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2010 1 Abstract In the period 1950-1979, there were significant changes in legislation relating to women’s issues, specifically employment, marital and guardianship and abortion rights. This thesis explores the impact of Conservative female MPs on these changes as well as the changing roles of women within the party. In addition there is a discussion of the relationships between Conservative women and their colleagues which provides insights into the changes in gender roles which were occurring at this time. Following the introduction the next four chapters focus on the women themselves and the changes in the above mentioned women’s issues during the mid-twentieth century and the impact Conservative women MPs had on them. The changing Conservative attitudes are considered in the context of the wider changes in women’s roles in society in the period. Chapter six explores the relationship between women and men of the Conservative Parliamentary Party, as well as men’s impact on the selected women’s issues. These relationships were crucial to enhancing women’s roles within the party, as it is widely recognised that women would not have been able to attain high positions or affect the issues as they did without help from male colleagues. Finally, the female Labour MPs in the alteration of women’s issues is discussed in Chapter seven. Labour women’s relationships both with their party and with Conservative women are also examined.
    [Show full text]
  • SALFORD HEART CARE ANNUAL REPORT October 2017
    SALFORD HEART CARE ANNUAL REPORT October 2017 - September 2018 An AGM is a time to reflect on the year and a time to look to the future. Several major changes have happened during the last 12 months at Salford Heart Care. In May 2018 we moved out of our office premises at Patricroft URC. The move has enabled us to make savings amounting to more than £3,500 per year whilst reducing the risk associated with negotiating and agreeing terms of a lease agreement with the landlord. We have also established a new Bereavement Support Group and the response to this service has been remarkable. In August we received a visit from Dr Tom Tasker (Chair of Salford NHS CCG). He was very impressed with our work and our social impact, despite the “meagre” funding we require to survive. The City Mayor, Paul Dennett, Cllr Gina Reynolds and the Ceremonial Mayor of Salford have also visited our clubs during the year. We are very sorry to report the following deaths from within our membership during the year: Edna Jary, 5th November 2017 aged 90. Barbara (Liz) Davey, December 2017, aged 72. Joanne Moreton, 23rd January 2018, aged 51. Geraldine Fowler, 24th March 2018, aged 69. Derek Styles, June 2018, aged 60. Sandra Dickenson, 29th June 2018, aged 50. 1. Directors and Committee Members Salford Heart Care has 8 Directors and all currently serve on the Steering Committee. There are no changes to Directors this year. 2. 31st Anniversary and Social Events This year in August, Salford Heart Care celebrated its 31st Anniversary at The Millstones in Harrogate.
    [Show full text]
  • POEMS for REMEMBRANCE DAY, NOVEMBER 11 for the Fallen
    POEMS FOR REMEMBRANCE DAY, NOVEMBER 11 For the Fallen Stanzas 3 and 4 from Lawrence Binyon’s 8-stanza poem “For the Fallen” . They went with songs to the battle, they were young, Straight of limb, true of eye, steady and aglow. They were staunch to the end against odds uncounted, They fell with their faces to the foe. They shall grow not old, as we that are left grow old: Age shall not weary them, nor the years condemn. At the going down of the sun and in the morning We will remember them. Robert Laurence Binyon Poem by Robert Laurence Binyon (1869-1943), published in by the artist William Strang The Times newspaper on 21st September 1914. Inspiration for “For the Fallen” Laurence Binyon composed his best-known poem while sitting on the cliff-top looking out to sea from the dramatic scenery of the north Cornish coastline. The poem was written in mid-September 1914, a few weeks after the outbreak of the First World War. Laurence said in 1939 that the four lines of the fourth stanza came to him first. These words of the fourth stanza have become especially familiar and famous, having been adopted as an Exhortation for ceremonies of Remembrance to commemorate fallen service men and women. Laurence Binyon was too old to enlist in the military forces, but he went to work for the Red Cross as a medical orderly in 1916. He lost several close friends and his brother-in-law in the war. .
    [Show full text]
  • 'Music and Remembrance: Britain and the First World War'
    City Research Online City, University of London Institutional Repository Citation: Grant, P. and Hanna, E. (2014). Music and Remembrance. In: Lowe, D. and Joel, T. (Eds.), Remembering the First World War. (pp. 110-126). Routledge/Taylor and Francis. ISBN 9780415856287 This is the accepted version of the paper. This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link: https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/16364/ Link to published version: Copyright: City Research Online aims to make research outputs of City, University of London available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyright holders. URLs from City Research Online may be freely distributed and linked to. Reuse: Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. City Research Online: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/ [email protected] ‘Music and Remembrance: Britain and the First World War’ Dr Peter Grant (City University, UK) & Dr Emma Hanna (U. of Greenwich, UK) Introduction In his research using a Mass Observation study, John Sloboda found that the most valued outcome people place on listening to music is the remembrance of past events.1 While music has been a relatively neglected area in our understanding of the cultural history and legacy of 1914-18, a number of historians are now examining the significance of the music produced both during and after the war.2 This chapter analyses the scope and variety of musical responses to the war, from the time of the war itself to the present, with reference to both ‘high’ and ‘popular’ music in Britain’s remembrance of the Great War.
    [Show full text]
  • Women and the Communist Party of Canada, 1932-1941, with Specific Reference to the Activism of Dorothy Livesay and Jim Watts
    Mother Russia and the Socialist Fatherland: Women and the Communist Party of Canada, 1932-1941, with specific reference to the activism of Dorothy Livesay and Jim Watts by Nancy Butler A thesis submitted to the Department of History in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada November 2010 Copyright © Nancy Butler, 2010 ii Abstract This dissertation traces a shift in the Communist Party of Canada, from the 1929 to 1935 period of militant class struggle (generally known as the ‘Third Period’) to the 1935-1939 Popular Front Against Fascism, a period in which Communists argued for unity and cooperation with social democrats. The CPC’s appropriation and redeployment of bourgeois gender norms facilitated this shift by bolstering the CPC’s claims to political authority and legitimacy. ‘Woman’ and the gendered interests associated with women—such as peace and prices—became important in the CPC’s war against capitalism. What women represented symbolically, more than who and what women were themselves, became a key element of CPC politics in the Depression decade. Through a close examination of the cultural work of two prominent middle-class female members, Dorothy Livesay, poet, journalist and sometime organizer, and Eugenia (‘Jean’ or ‘Jim’) Watts, reporter, founder of the Theatre of Action, and patron of the Popular Front magazine New Frontier, this thesis utilizes the insights of queer theory, notably those of Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick and Judith Butler, not only to reconstruct both the background and consequences of the CPC’s construction of ‘woman’ in the 1930s, but also to explore the significance of the CPC’s strategic deployment of heteronormative ideas and ideals for these two prominent members of the Party.
    [Show full text]
  • American and British Reactions to Mexico's Expropriation of Foreign Oil Properties, 1937-1943
    THE DIPLOMACY OF EXPROPRIATION: AMERICAN AND BRITISH REACTIONS TO MEXICO'S EXPROPRIATION OF FOREIGN OIL PROPERTIES, 1937-1943 Catherine E. Jayne Submitted for the Degree of Ph.D., Arts Department of International History London School of Economics University of London November 1997 UMI Number: U111299 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U111299 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ^<3 32 S191 H S3S: 2 ABSTRACT On 18 March 1938 Mexican labour problems in the oil industry culminated in Mexican President Ldzaro Cdrdenas' decision to expropriate the holdings of 17 American, Dutch and British oil companies.^ The purpose of this thesis is to fill the gaps in the literature on the Mexican oil nationalisation by analyzing the policies of the oil companies, and comparing and analyzing in detail how policy was determined in both Britain and the United States at a time when Britain was trying to win US cooperation in the face of increasing hostilities in Europe and the Far East. While Whitehall wanted US cooperation in taking a firm stance against Mexico, Washington refused.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalogue 244: the Churchills 1 15
    The Churchills Catalogue 244 July 2021 ABOUT THIS CATALOGUE Most of the books in this catalogue are from the private library of the late The Hon. David Levine AO RFD QC. Most carry his bookplate or book label, usually affixed to the upper pastedown or upper free endpaper. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SALE Unless otherwise described, all books are in the original cloth or board binding, and are in very good, or better, condition with defects, if any, fully described. Our prices are nett, and quoted in Australian dollars. Traditional trade terms apply. Items are offered subject to prior sale. All orders will be confirmed by email. PAYMENT OPTIONS We accept the major credit cards, PayPal, and direct deposit to the following account: Account name: Kay Craddock Antiquarian Bookseller Pty Ltd BSB: 083 004 Account number: 87497 8296 Should you wish to pay by cheque we may require the funds to be cleared before items are sent. GUARANTEE As a member or affiliate of the associations listed below, we embrace the time-honoured traditions and courtesies of the book trade. We also uphold the highest standards of business principles and ethics, including your right to privacy. Under no circumstances will we disclose any of your personal information to a third party, unless your specific permission is given. TRADE ASSOCIATIONS Australian and New Zealand Association of Antiquarian Booksellers [ANZAAB] Antiquarian Booksellers’ Association [ABA(Int)] International League of Antiquarian Booksellers [ILAB] Australian Booksellers Association REFERENCES CITED Cohen: Bibliography of the Writings of Sir Winston Churchill. By Ronald Cohen. In three volumes. Thoemmes Continuum, London, 2006.
    [Show full text]
  • 42 Hunter Sir Archibald Sinclair
    Ian Hunter examines the Liberal leader’s role as a critic of appeasement SIR ARCHIBALD SINCLAIR Sir Archibald Sinclair. Leader of the Liberal Party from 1935 to 1945, was the last Liberal MP to hold a Cabinet position at THE LIBERAL ANTI-APPEASER Westminster, serving as Churchill’s Air Minister from May 1940 to May 1945. He was also one of the first parliamentarians to voice concerns about the National Government’s policy of appeasement during the mid- 1930s. Historians have consistently overlooked the key role played by the Liberal Party between Sinclair 1 n the first volume of his Having then attended Sandhurst, 1936 and 1939. This speaking against war memoirs, The Gather- he became a regular soldier in appeasement ing Storm, Churchill himself 1910, and served with distinction is mainly because at the Central fails to mention the part in the Great War as Churchill’s Hall, Tollcross, th of the focus on the Edinburgh, late played by the Liberal Party, second in command of the 6 1930s. Ipainting instead a self-portrait Royal Scots Fusiliers in Flanders. internal dissent within of enormous vanity in which he He became Churchill’s private the Conservative casts himself as almost the sole secretary in 1919 when Lloyd Party and on the prophet of vision and reason to George appointed Churchill to have been warning of Hitler’s the combined War Office and particular role played threat to European peace. The Air Ministry role (1919–21) to reality was very different – and oversee demobilisation and to by Winston Churchill, the Liberal Party, and Sinclair in deal with the anti-Bolshevik from the wilderness particular, played a major role in White Russians.
    [Show full text]
  • Orme) Wilberforce (Albert) Raymond Blackburn (Alexander Bell
    Copyrights sought (Albert) Basil (Orme) Wilberforce (Albert) Raymond Blackburn (Alexander Bell) Filson Young (Alexander) Forbes Hendry (Alexander) Frederick Whyte (Alfred Hubert) Roy Fedden (Alfred) Alistair Cooke (Alfred) Guy Garrod (Alfred) James Hawkey (Archibald) Berkeley Milne (Archibald) David Stirling (Archibald) Havergal Downes-Shaw (Arthur) Berriedale Keith (Arthur) Beverley Baxter (Arthur) Cecil Tyrrell Beck (Arthur) Clive Morrison-Bell (Arthur) Hugh (Elsdale) Molson (Arthur) Mervyn Stockwood (Arthur) Paul Boissier, Harrow Heraldry Committee & Harrow School (Arthur) Trevor Dawson (Arwyn) Lynn Ungoed-Thomas (Basil Arthur) John Peto (Basil) Kingsley Martin (Basil) Kingsley Martin (Basil) Kingsley Martin & New Statesman (Borlasse Elward) Wyndham Childs (Cecil Frederick) Nevil Macready (Cecil George) Graham Hayman (Charles Edward) Howard Vincent (Charles Henry) Collins Baker (Charles) Alexander Harris (Charles) Cyril Clarke (Charles) Edgar Wood (Charles) Edward Troup (Charles) Frederick (Howard) Gough (Charles) Michael Duff (Charles) Philip Fothergill (Charles) Philip Fothergill, Liberal National Organisation, N-E Warwickshire Liberal Association & Rt Hon Charles Albert McCurdy (Charles) Vernon (Oldfield) Bartlett (Charles) Vernon (Oldfield) Bartlett & World Review of Reviews (Claude) Nigel (Byam) Davies (Claude) Nigel (Byam) Davies (Colin) Mark Patrick (Crwfurd) Wilfrid Griffin Eady (Cyril) Berkeley Ormerod (Cyril) Desmond Keeling (Cyril) George Toogood (Cyril) Kenneth Bird (David) Euan Wallace (Davies) Evan Bedford (Denis Duncan)
    [Show full text]
  • Health, Wealth and Party in Inter-War London
    Urban History, 44, 3 (2017) C Cambridge University Press 2016. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. doi:10.1017/S0963926816000377 First published online 22 August 2016 Health, wealth and party in inter-war London JANE K. SEYMOUR, MARTIN GORSKY and SHAKOOR HAJAT∗ Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15–17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK abstract: This article examines public health spending, health outcomes and political complexion in London’s 28 Metropolitan Borough Councils (MBCs) in the inter-war period. It describes the place of the MBCs in the governance of the capital and demonstrates the variety of experience across the different boroughs in terms of wealth, politics and mortality. Searching for potential causes of differences in outcomes, it discovers some positive statistical relationships between the extent of Labour party presence on the councils, local spending and health outcomes. Our tentative conclusion is that local democratic processes could lead to distinctive and beneficial public health policies, albeit within the context of other local and structural determining factors. For scholars of public health, inter-war Britain provides an historical locus classicus of a decentralized system.1 In this period, only health insurance was subject to a national standard, following the Act of 1911 that introduced mandatory coverage for specified categories of worker. Otherwise, public health and related social welfare powers were assigned to different local bodies, according to the cumulative effect of legislation over several centuries.2 In the 1920s, such bodies included the Poor Law Unions, which provided medical and social care in hospitals and mixed institutions (originally ‘workhouses’).
    [Show full text]
  • First Article by Dean Johnson
    October 19, 1939 5c a Copy THE WITNESS HEWLETT JOHNSON The Dean of Canterbury Cathedral FIRST ARTICLE BY DEAN JOHNSON Copyright 2020. Archives of the Episcopal Church / DFMS. Permission required for reuse and publication. SCHOOLS CLERGY NOTES SCHOOLS BARTROP, F. F., formerly a master at St. Paul’s School,- Concord, N. H„ is now a tEije (General ©Jbeologrcal curate at the Advent, Boston. Ke m p e r TTTTT «■ Jibmm aru BREWSTER, WILLIAM, formerly curate at St. John’s. Waterbury, Conn., is now the KENOSHA. WISCONSIN rector of All Saints’, Belmont, Mass. Three-year undergraduate Episcopal Boarding and Day School. course of prescribed and elective CHIERA, GEORGE G., formerly rector of Trinity, Bridgewater, Mass., has accepted Preparatory to all colleges. Unusual study. the rectorship of St. Phillip’s, Wiscasset, opportunities in Art and Music. Fourth-year course for gradu­ Maine. Complete sports program. Junior ates, offering larger opportunity DAVIDSON, JAMES R., JR., recent gradu­ School. Accredited. Address: for specialization. ate of the Virginia Seminary, is now curate at All Saints’, Palo Alto, Calif., and in SISTERS OF ST. MARY Provision for more advanced charge of work with Episcopal students at Box W . T. work, leading to degrees of S.T.M. Stanford University. and D.Th. GIBBS, GEORGE C., has resigned charge of Kemper Hall Kenosha, Wisconsin Our Saviour, East Milton, Mass., to enter ADDRESS the Cowley Fathers. GILLEY, E. SPENCER, has resigned as vicar CATHEDRAL CHOIR SCHOOL THE DEAN of St. Stephen’s, Boston, because of illness. New York City GRANNIS, APPLETON, formerly rector of A boarding school for the forty boys of Chelsea Square New York City St.
    [Show full text]
  • Abaldwin Phd Final Text
    University of Huddersfield Repository Baldwin, Anne Progress and patterns in the election of women as councillors, 1918 – 1938 Original Citation Baldwin, Anne (2012) Progress and patterns in the election of women as councillors, 1918 – 1938. Doctoral thesis, University of Huddersfield. This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/17514/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided: • The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy; • A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and • The content is not changed in any way. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ Progress and patterns in the election of women as councillors, 1918 – 1938 Anne Baldwin 19 March 2012 Thesis submitted in fulfilment of requirements of a PhD, History, awarded by the University of Huddersfield. i. The author of this thesis (including any appendices and/or schedules to this thesis) owns any copyright in it (the “Copyright”) and s/he has given The University of Huddersfield the right to use such Copyright for any administrative, promotional, educational and/or teaching purposes.
    [Show full text]