427 © Springer International Publishing AG 2018 E. Bardan, R

Index

A Alginates, 103, 166 Abdominal pain, 269–270 Alosetron, 409, 421, 422 Abnormal muscular function, 30 Altered gut microbiota, 406 Abortive therapy, 262–264, 266 Ambulatory pH monitoring, 68, 74, 104, 135, 138, Acarbose, 297 212, 217 Accidental bowel leakage. See Fecal incontinence Ambulatory reflux testing, 43, 102, 119 (FI) Amitriptyline, 76, 263 ACEI. See Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors Anal submucosal injection, 403 (ACEI) Anal wink, 381 Achalasia Anatomical defects, 358 causes, 3 Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), 171, definition, 3 172, 174, 176 diagnosis, 3–4 Anion-sensing channels (ASICs), 40, 138 adjunctive tests with HRM, 11–13 Anorectal continence, 381 barium studies, 8 Anorectal inhibitory reflex, 383 clinical presentation, 5–7 Anorectal pain Endo-FLIP, 13 chronic proctalgia, 391–392 endoscopy, 7, 8 prevalence, 391 manometry, 8, 10 proctalgia fugax, 392–394 EGJ outflow obstruction, 18 tenesmus, 394–395 etiology, 4–6 Anorectum pathogenesis, 4–5 anatomy, 380 posttreatment follow-up anorectal continence, 381 clinical symptoms, 18 EAS, 380, 381 endoscopic surveillance, for cancer, 19 IAS, 380, 381 esophageal manometry, 18–19 physiology of defecation, 381 TBE, 18 ultrasound, 385 symptoms, 3, 6, 7 Antibiotics treatment, 4 chemical injury, 202 botulinum toxin, 13, 14, 16 clindamycin, 203, 204 endoscopic dilation, 14 empiric antimicrobial therapy, 204 esophagectomy, 15 metronidazole, 204 pneumatic dilatation, 16–18 primary bacterial pneumonia, 203 POEM, 15, 18 secondary bacterial pneumonia, 203 surgical Heller myotomy, 14–18 SIBO, 337–338 Acid-suppression therapy, 237 Anti-diarrheal medications, 409 Acupuncture, 127, 410 Antiemetic medications, 276–277 Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 202 Antihistamines, 169, 177, 178, 188 Adrenal insufficiency (AI), 244 Antimicrobial therapy, 200, 202–204, 305 Aerophagia, 252 Antireflux mucosectomy (ARMS), 126

Antireflux surgery, 144, 145, 176 dysplasia, 155 fundoplication (see Laparoscopic Nissen electronic chromoendoscopy, 157 fundoplication) EMR, 158, 159 future perspectives, 150 endoscopic imaging, 156 magnetic sphincter augmentation device (see LINX ESD, 158, 159 (see also Esophageal adenocarcinoma device) (EAC)) Stretta device, 147–148 HD-WLE, 156 TIF (see Transoral incisionless fundoplication (TIF)) incidence, 153 Antispasmodic, 408 long-term follow-up, 154 Aprepitant, 263–266, 277 management, 153 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), 261 NSAIDs, 155, 156 Arbaclofen placarbil, 103 obesity, 155 ASICs. See Anion-sensing channels (ASICs) pathogenesis, 154 Aspiration RFA, 159, 160 anesthetic agents, 197 screening, 155 antibiotics, 202–205 Barrett’s International NBI Group (BING), 157 aspiration pneumonitis, 199, 200 Barrett’s metaplasia, 69, 125, 154–156 chronic occult aspiration, 201 Baseline impedance levels, 120 exogenous lipoid pneumonia, 201 Bifidobacterium, 406 GERD, 201 Bile acid sequestrants, 409 harmful effects of, 199 Biofeedback therapy, 387, 391, 392, 402 IPF, 201, 202 Biopsychosocial model, 262, 263 lung fibrosis, 201 Body mass index (BMI), 117, 122, 124, 155 macroaspiration, 201 Botox injection, 215, 270, 290, 291, 385 microaspiration, 201, 202 Botulinum toxin injections, 13, 14, 16, 18, 34, 84–86, radioactive tracer, 197 215, 270, 277, 278, 388, 392, 416 risk factors, 195–197 Bougie dilator, 14, 34, 85–87 solid components, 199, 200 Bowel/anal incontinence. See Fecal incontinence (FI) symptoms, 198 Breath testing, 334–336 Aspiration pneumonia Bronchiectasis, 200, 201 admission rates and health care costs, 197 Bronchiolitis, 201 and pneumonitis, 199, 200 bacterial infection, 200 diagnosis, 198–199 C empiric antimicrobial therapy, 204 Camicinal, 418 higher mortality rate, 197 Campylobacter jejuni, 336 lung abscess, 201 Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS), 259, 260 nursing home patients, 197 Cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB1), 260, 261 prevention, 205–206 Capsule retention, 375, 377 risk factor, 195 Carbohydrate intolerance vs. community-acquired pneumonia, 197 exclusion diets, 359 Aspiration pneumonitis, 199, 200 hydrogen breath testing, 359 Asthma, 179 IBS, 353 Atrophic gastritis, 302 lactulose, 359 Autoimmune diseases, 181 methane breath testing, 359 Autoimmune gastritis, 306 Carbohydrate malabsorption Automated impedance manometry (AIM) analysis, 58 breath test, 354, 355 IBS, 356 pathophysiology B fructose, 357, 358 Balloon dilation, 85–87 lactose, 356, 357 Bariatric surgery, 147 SIBO, 357–359 Barium esophagography, 68, 172 sorbitol, 357 Barium swallow, 81–83, 86, 87, 198 SIBO, 355–356 Barrett’s esophagus (BE) treatment, 355 ACG definition, 154 Cervical osteophytes, 195 acid reflux, 154, 155 Chagas disease, 4 chromoendoscopy, 156, 157 Chemical injury, 202 CLE, 157, 158 Chemical pneumonitis, 199, 200, 203 Index 429

Chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), 327 NAEB, 179 Chest pain occupational exposures, 178 GERD (see Non-cardiac chest pain) refractory cough, 180 hypersensitive esophagus (see Esophageal somatic/tic cough, 180 hypersensitivity) symptoms, 170–171 Chromoendoscopy, 156, 157 UACS, 176, 177 Chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC), 418, 419 Cough hypersensitivity syndrome, 180 Chronic proctalgia, 391, 392 Cricopharyngeal achalasia (CA) Chronic refractory cough (CRC), 180 diagnosis Chronic sinusitis, 178 endoscopic evaluation, 84 Chyme, 295 esophageal manometry, 84 CIC. See Chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) videofluoroscopy, 83 13C-labeled octanoate, 312 incidence, 81 Clindamycin, 203, 204 symptoms, 83 Clonidine, 348 treatment Clostridium difficile, 95, 143 balloon dilation, 86 Clouse plot, 8, 56 botulinum toxin injection, 86 Coenzyme Q 10, 263, 264, 266 dietary modifications, 85 Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), 51, 75, 138 myotomy, 86 Colon motility, 418 UES relaxation, 82 Colonic transit time (CTT), 374, 375, 384 Cricopharyngeus muscle (CP) Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), 190, 196, 197 abnormalities, 81, 82 Competitive speed eating, 324, 325 diagnosis, 83 Complete remission of intestinal metaplasia (CRIM), myotomy, 84, 85 159, 160 pathophysiology, 81 Compulsive hot-water bathing, 259 prevalence, 81 Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE), 157 symptoms, 83 Congenital pharyngeal pouches, 80 treatment, 85 Constipation Crural diaphragm (CD), 61 causes, 379 CT enterography, 367, 368, 370 colon motility, 418 Current Procedural Terminology (CPT), 146, 147 definition, 379 Curve-fitting techniques, 311 FI (see Fecal incontinence (FI)) Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) Contraction deceleration point (CDP), 210, 214 causes of, 257 Contraction wave abnormalities (CWA) diagnosis AIM analysis, 58 literature review, 261–262 characteristics, 57, 59 patient, response to, 261 DCI/DL, 58 epidemiology, 258 duration, 57 marijuana and endocannabinoid system, 259–261 esophageal perception, 58 pathophysiology, 258–259 functional dysphagia, 58 phases of, 257, 258 nonobstructive dysphagia, 58 Rome IV criteria, 262 symptoms, 59–60 treatment Conventional manometry, 26, 28, 30, 32, 35, 209, 211 abortive therapy, 262, 264, 266, 267 Corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), 259 prophylactic therapy, 262–266 Cough sedatives, 263 antihistamine medications, 169 tricyclic antidepressants, 263 asthma, 179 autoimmune diseases, 181 differential diagnosis, 170–174 D environmental exposures, 178 DCI. See Distal contractile integral (DCI) GERD Defecography, 383, 384, 386 diagnosis, 174, 175 Delayed gastric emptying, 309 double-probe pH monitoring, 175 DeMeester scores, 146 LPR, 175 DES. See Diffuse esophageal spasm (DES) management of, 176 Dexlansoprazole, 121 silent GERD, 174 Diabetes mellitus, 295 treatment of, 174, 175 Diabetic gastroparesis, 270–272, 275–278, 320, 321 management, 171–173 Diazoxide, 297 430 Index

D-IBS, 360, 421, 422 Endoscopic staple-assisted diverticulostomy (ESAD), 84 Dicyclomine, 423 Endoscopic stapling, 125 Diet, 339 Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), 158, 159 Diffuse esophageal spasm (DES), 58 Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), 7, 8 BTX, 416 Endoscopy, 7, 8, 68, 106, 119, 135, 156, 157, 246, 305 calcium channels blockers, 415–416 Enterra system characterization, 415 components, 287, 288 etiology of, 415 GP, 284 nitrates, 416 leads, 287 phosphodiesterase inhibitors, 416 mechanism, 288, 289 POEM, 417 neurostimulation, 285 treatment, 415 and PP, 290 Dilated intercellular space (DIS), 114, 115, 119 programming parameters, 287 Diltiazem, 32, 33, 393, 394, 415, 416, 420 pulse generator, 287, 288 Distal contractile integral (DCI), 27–30, 56–61, 210, Enterra therapy system, 285 211, 214, 215 Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), 77, 87 Distal esophageal spasm (DES), 25–32, 34, 35, 58, 59, diagnosis of, 242–243 138, 215, 415–417 long-term outcome, 245 Distal latency (DL), 26–28, 30, 32, 56, 57, 210, 214 symptoms, 241–242 Domperidone, 270, 275–277, 319, 417, 418 treatment Dulcolax tablets, 387 dilation, 244 Dumping syndrome. See Rapid gastric emptying empiric elimination diets, 243 Duplex sonography, 313 esophageal dilation, 243 Dysphagia, 25, 29, 32, 33, 35, 221, 222, 224, 225 esophageal inflammation, 243 aspiration, 196, 198, 199, 205 histopathology, assessment of, 245 esophageal manometry, 211, 212, 214–216, 218 industry-sponsored therapeutic trials, 245 swallowing, 233 montelukast, 244 clinical workup, 222 PPI, 243 irritable esophagus, 222 PRO, 245 low, 222 STS, 244 psychogenic, 225 targeted approaches, 243 radiology, 221 Erosive esophagitis solid bolus, 221 causes, 91 solid-bolus, 224 definition, 91 Dysphonia, 186–189, 191 diagnosis, 91 Dyssynergia, 381, 383, 384 epidemiology, 92 grade C, 92 pathophysiology, 92 E PPIs (see Proton pump inhibitors PPIs) Eckardt score, 7, 13, 17–19 prevalence, 91 EGJ. See Esophagogastric junction (EGJ) symptoms, 92, 93 Electrogalvanic stimulation, 392 treatment, 93–94 Electromyography (EMG), 385 medical treatment, 93 Electronic chromoendoscopy, 157 surgery, 94 Elemental diet, 338 Erythromycin, 275, 418 Elobixibat, 409 Esomeprazole, 121 Eluxadoline, 409 Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) Endocannabinoid signaling system (ECS), 261 Barrett’s esophagus and, 96–97 Endocannabinoids, 257, 259–261 incidence, 153 Endoluminal functional lumen imaging probe (Endo- obesity, 155 FLIP), 13, 144, 246, 247 prevention, 153, 154 Endoscope-based system (eCLE), 157 Esophageal balloon distension, 137 Endoscopic ablative therapy, 153 Esophageal belching, 251 Endoscopic dilation, 14 determination, 252 Endoscopic eradication therapy (EET), 160 therapy, 252 Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), 158–160 Esophageal dysmotility, 72 Endoscopic procedures Esophageal hypersensitivity, 31, 109, 116, 123, 126, 127 advantages, 147 chemical stimulus, 47 Stretta (see Stretta procedure) diagnosis, 47–49 TIF (see Transoral incisionless fundoplication (TIF)) cardiac pain due to, 47 Index 431

electrical stimulus, 46 Fecal incontinence (FI) HRM, 3 anorectal manometry mechanical stimulus, 46 anorectal inhibitory reflex, 383 mechanisms, 46 clinical usefulness, 383 treatment, 49–51 rectal balloon expulsion, 383 Esophageal inlet patch, 72, 74, 76 rectal compliance, 383 Esophageal manometry rectal sensation, 382 contraindications, 212, 213 solid-state, 382 conventional manometry, 209 sphincter pressure, 382 HRM squeeze pressure, 382 Chicago Classification, 211, 213 anorectal US, 385 clinical implications, 215 causes, 385, 397, 398 Clouse plots, 210 clinical evaluation, 385, 386 HRIM, 218 clinical tests, 382 line tracings, 211 colonic transit time, 384 metrics, 213–215 condition, 397 pharyngeal intrabolus pressure, 217 defecation physiology, 381 solid-state manometric catheters, 210 defecography, 383, 384 3D HRM, 218 definition, 397 water-perfused catheters, 210 diagnostic tests, 399 indications, 212, 213 EMG test, 385 procedure, 216 etiology, 398 technique, 216–217 history, 398, 399 thin catheter, 215 perineal/anorectal examination, 381 topical nasal anesthesia, 216 physical examination, 386 Esophageal motility disorder, 3, 8, 28, 30, 34, 35, prevalence, 379 46, 47, 71, 77, 101, 104, 106, 122, rectal distention, 380 211–213, 416 risk factors, 399 Esophageal pressure topography (EPT), 8, 27, 28 surgical treatment, 388 Esophageal ring treatment diagnosis, 87 antidiarrheal medications, 387, 400 location, 87 antidiarrheal drugs, 401 pathogenesis, 87 bile salts, 400 treatment, 87 biofeedback therapy, 402 Esophageal spasm conservative therapy, 401 definition, 25–26 food consumption, 400 diagnosis, 26, 28, 29 for dermatitis, 402 epidemiogy, 29–30 laxatives, 387 manometric criteria, 26 NASHA Dx, 403 pathophysiology, 30–31 physical therapy, 400, 401 symptoms, 26 polymer injection, 403 treatment, 31 PTNS, 403 Esophageal strictures, 196 sacral nerve stimulation, 403 Esophageal tissue ischemia, 31 skin wiping, 402 Esophageal web, 86, 87 sphincteroplasty, 403 Esophagectomy, 155 Fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction (EGJOO), monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP) 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14 diet, 355, 359–361, 407 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), 199 5-HT 3 antagonists. See Serotonin receptor antagonists Esophagram, 221, 225, 229, 231, 232 Flat-panel detectors (FPD), 223 EsophyX, 125, 147, 149 Flexible endoscopic approach, 84 Exogenous lipoid pneumonia, 201 Flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES), Expiration reflex, 170 198–199 External anal sphincter (EAS), 380, 381, 397 Fluoroscopy, 214, 224, 317–321, 323, 324, 367 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 245 Food impaction, 242 F Fructose Fast imaging with steady precision (FISP), 369 intolerance, 353, 360 Fat malabsorption, 347, 348 malabsorption, 354–357 Fat soluble vitamin deficiency, 345 Functional constipation, 379, 384, 387 432 Index

Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID), 135–137, stable isotope breath tests, 312 139, 257, 406, 407 transabdominal ultrasonography, 313 Functional heartburn wireless motility capsule, 312 definition, 136 Gastric emptying time, 374, 375, 377 diagnosis, 135, 138 Gastric MALToma, 305 pathophysiology, 137, 138 Gastric motility, 283, 317 predisposing factors, 136, 137 Gastric motor testing, 310 Rome IV criteria, 136 Gastric pacing (GP) treatment diabetic, 286, 287 fluoxetine, 140 dog model, 284 melatonin, 139 gastric emptying, 284 non-pharmacologic approaches, 138 gastric slow wave, 284 pharmacologic approaches, 139 idiopathic, 286, 287 SSRI, 140 pathophysiology of, 283 tegaserod, 139 reversed dysrhythmias, 284 TRPV1, 140 two-channel system, 284, 285 Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 137, Gastric peristalsis, 318 258 Gastric peroral endoscopic myotomy (G-POEM), 290 Functional Outcome Swallowing Scale (FOSS) score, 85 Gastric scintigraphy, 294 Fundoplication, 93, 94, 104 Gastritis minimal side effects, 143 autoimmune gastritis, 306 risk factors, 143 cause of, 301 complications, 301 definition, 302 G diagnosis and classification systems, 302, 303 Gastric belching, 251 diagnostic serology, 305 causes, 252 diagnostic testing, 305 determination, 252 evolution, 304 therapy, 252 gastric cancer, 306 Gastric bezoars, 322–324 gastric MALToma, 305 Gastric bypass, 279 history of, 301 Gastric cancer, 306 NSAIDs, 306 Gastric electric stimulation (GES), 278 pathogenesis, 303 adverse events, 289–290 peptic ulcer disease, 305 Enterra system stool antigen test, 305 components, 287, 288 symptoms, 304 mechanism, 288, 289 treatment, 301, 305 estimation, 283 urea breath test, 305 GP Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), 26, 91, 102, dog model, 284 143, 296 gastric emptying, 284 aspiration, 196, 201 gastric slow wave, 284 diagnosis, 174, 175 pathophysiology of, 283 double-probe pH monitoring, 175 reversed dysrhythmias, 284 erosive esophagitis (see Erosive esophagitis) two-channel system, 284, 285 fundoplication (see Fundoplication) high-frequency/low-energy globus sensation, 72, 73 double-blinded phase, 285 LPR, 175 Enterra therapy system, 285 management of, 176 intractable nausea and vomiting, 285 prevalence, 143 meta-analysis, 287 regurgitation (see Regurgitation) multicenter randomized crossover study, 286 scleroderma esophagus, 68, 69 non-randomized study, 286 SERD, 163, 164, 166 placebo effects, 286 silent GERD, 174 second phase, 285 treatment of, 174–176, 190, 191 WAVESS, 285 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Health Related Quality predictors, 287 of Life scale, 146 pyloroplasty, 290, 291 Gastrointestinal motility disorders Gastric emptying testing, 309, 310 DES MRI, 313 BTX, 416 radionuclide gastric emptying scintigraphy, 310–311 calcium channels blockers, 415 Index 433

characterization, 415 history and physical examination, 73, 74 diagnosis, 415 PPI, 74, 75 etiology of, 415 epidemiology, 72 nitrates, 416 pathophysiology phosphodiesterase inhibitors, 416 ENT, 73 POEM, 417 esophageal dysmotility, 72 treatment, 415 gastroesophageal reflux, 72, 73 gastroparesis (see Gastroparesis) psychiatric illness, 73 Gastrojejunostomy, 279 sleep disorders, 73 Gastroparesis thyroiditis, 73 abdominal pain, 269 visceral hypersensitivity, 72 alosetron, 421–422 treatment antispasmodics, 423–426 invasive therapy, 76 clinical findings, 318–319 non-pharmacological, 75, 76 colon motility, 418 pharmacological, 76 constipation, 418 Glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1), 295 diagnosis, 269, 273, 274 Glucose breath test, 359 epidemiology, 271 Glucose malabsorption, 355 etiology, 272–273 Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), 295 lubiprostone, 422 GLUT5, 357 management, 274 Gluten-free diet (GFD), 407 antiemetic agents, 276 GP. See Gastric pacing (GP) combination therapy, 277 Granisetron transdermal system (GTS), 277 diabetic patients, glucose control, 275 Guar gum, 296 dietary treatment, 274–275 domperidone, 276 erythromycin, 275 H

gastric electric stimulation, 278 H2-receptor antagonists (H2RAs), 93, 95 gastrojejunostomy, 279 Half-Fournier acquired single shot turbo spin (HASTE), metoclopramide, 275 369 psychotropic medications, 278 Heartburn. See also Functional heart burn pyloric botulinum toxin injection, 277 esophageal sensitivity, 60 pyloromyotomy, 278 NERD, 109–127 methylnaltrexone, 420–421 non-cardiac chest pain, 39, 41–43 motilin receptor agonist, 418 regurgitation, 101–105 naloxegol, 420 Helicobacter pylori, 95, 97, 117, 301 OIC, 419 autoimmune gastritis, 306 pathophysiology, 273 evolution, 304 predisposing conditions, 318 gastric cancer, 306 prokinetics, 417–418 gastric MALToma, 305 radiographic findings, 319–321 history of, 301 slow transit constipation, 418–419 NSAIDs, 306 symptoms, 270–272 pathogenesis, 303 technologies, 279 peptic ulcer disease, 305 treatment, 270, 279, 417 serology, 305 Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index (GCSI), stool antigen test, 305 271 treatment, 301, 305 GCSI daily diary (GCSI-DD), 271 urea breath test, 305 GERD. See Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) Hereditary fructose intolerance, 356 GERD-HRQL scores, 146, 148, 149 Hiatal hernia, 105, 115 GES. See Gastric electric stimulation (GES) Hiccups Glasgow-Edinburgh Throat Scale (GETS), 74 causes of, 253, 254 Globus hystericus, 73 drug therapy, 254, 255 Globus sensation physical remedies, 253 causes, 71 physicalremedies, 254 definition, 71 workup, 253, 254 diagnosis, 73 High power field (HPF), 245, 247 ambulatory esophageal pH, 75 High-definition white light endoscopy (HD-WLE), of exclusion, 73 156 esophageal manometry, 74, 75 High-density barium (HD), 224 434 Index

High-resolution manometry (HRM) causes achalasia and EGJOO, 8–10, 56 altered gut microbiota, 406 adjunctive test, 11, 13 altered motility, 406 catheter, 212, 216 permeability, 406 chest pain, 28–32 visceral hypersensitivity, 406 Chicago Classification, 211, 213 colon cancer risks, 407 clinical implications, 213 diet, 407 Clouse plots, 210 occurence, 405, 406 CWA, 57–61 symptoms, 405 HRIM, 218 treatment line tracings, 211 acupuncture, 410 metrics, 213–215 alosetron, 409 pharyngeal intrabolus pressure, 217 antidepressants, 408 procedure, 216 anti-diarrheal medications, 409 solid-state manometric catheters, 210 antispasmodics, 408 3D HRM, 218 bile acid sequestrants, 409 water-perfused catheters, 210 elobixibat, 409 Hirschsprung’s disease, 383 eluxadoline, 409 Hodgkin’s disease, 350 fiber in diet, 408 Homeobox, 154 homeopathy, 410 Homeopathy, 410 linaclotide, 408 Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), lubiprostone, 408 196, 204 patient–physician relationship, 407, 408 Housekeeper waves, 338 plecanatide, 409 HPF. See High power field (HPF) psychological interventions, 410 HRM. See High-resolution manometry (HRM) ramosetron, 409 HRM-impedance catheters (HRIM), 218 rifaximin, 409 Hydrogen breath test tricyclic antidepressant, 409 advantage, 354 Irritable esophagus, 222 carbohydrate intolerance, 359 Irsogladine maleate (IM), 124 lactose malabsorption test, 354 I-Scan, 157 protocols, 359 Ischemic bowel, 344 risks and benefits, 359 Iso-osmolar iodinated, 224

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), 334 Itraconazole, 179 Hyoscyamine, 423 Hyperglycemia, 275, 311 Hyperirritable stomach, 325–327 J Hypomotility disorders, 55, 60 Jackhammer esophagus, 25–28, 30, 31, 34, 35 Hypothyroidism, 181, 215, 272, 318, 319, 321

K I Killian’s dehiscence, 80 Ibodutant, 409 ICC. See Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) Idiopathic gastroparesis, 272, 321 L Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), 201, 202 Lactase deficiency, 355, 356 IEM. See Ineffective motility (IEM) Lactobacillus, 406 IgA deficiency, 336 Lactose Indigo carmine, 156 intolerance, 353, 356 Ineffective motility (IEM), 215 in adulthood, 355 Inflammatory small bowel diseases, 339 therapeutics options, 359–360 Integrated relaxation pressure (IRP), 8, 213, 215 malabsorption, 353–355 Internal anal sphincter (IAS), 380, 381, 397 synthesis, 356, 357 Internal herniation, 344 Lactulose, 334, 355, 359 Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), 283, 284, 287, 290 Laparoscopic antireflux surgery (LARS), 125, 126, Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, 69 144 IPF, 202 (see Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)) Laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM), 4 IRP. See Integrated relaxation pressure (IRP) Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication (LNF), 44, 124, Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), 118, 335, 353, 355–357, 143–146, 191 359 Laryngeal hypersensitivity, 180 Index 435

Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), 175 Methylene blue chromoendoscopy, 156 carbonic anhydrase level, 188 Methylnaltrexone, 420 clinical studies, 186–187 Metoclopramide, 270, 275–277, 417 diagnosis, 185 Metronidazole, 204 E-cadherin, 188 Microaspiration, 197, 198, 201, 202 empiric antireflux treatment, 189 Microbiome, 333, 335 gastric acid, 187 Micronutrients, 345 hoarseness, 188, 189 Migrating motor complexes (MMC), 338 pepsin, 188 Miralax, 387 primary care, 188 Mitochondrial supplements, 263, 264 stroboscopy, 188 Modified barium swallow study (MBSS), 198, 199 symptoms, 185 Montelukast, 244 treatment Motilin receptor agonist, 418 lifestyle modification with dietary changes, 190 Motility disorders, 358 liquid alginate suspension, 191 MR enteroclysis, 368 omeprazole, 190 MR enterography PPI, 190 advantage, 368, 370 surgical options, 191 disadvantages, 370 Laxatives, 338, 387 indications of, 370 l-Carnitine, 263 limitation, 368 LES. See Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) technique, 368–369 Lesogaberan, 103 Mucosal impedance (MI), 120 Levator ani syndrome. See Chronic proctalgia Multichannel intraluminal impedance (MII) pH Levator spasm. See Chronic proctalgia monitoring, 165 Linaclotide, 408, 418 LINX device, 124 advantages, 145 N bloating, 146 NAEB. See Nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis compatibility, 145 (NAEB) long-term efficacy, 145 Naloxegol, 420 procedure, 145 Narrowband imaging (NBI), 157 safety and efficacy, 146 Neurokinin receptor antagonists, 277 side effects, 145 Neuromuscular dysregulation, 30 vs. laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication, 146 Neurostimulation LINX Reflux Management System, 145 double-blinded phase, 285 Long-pulse stimulation. See Gastric pacing (GP) Enterra therapy, 285 Loperamide, 387 intractable nausea and vomiting, 285 Low short chain fermentable carbohydrates (low meta-analysis, 287 FODMAP) diet, 359–361 multicenter randomized crossover study, 286 Low-density barium, 224 non-randomized study, 286 Lower esophageal sphincters (LES), 56, 209, 211, placebo effect, 286 213–218 second phase, 285 Low-osmolar iodinated, 224 WAVESS, 285 LPR. See Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) Nissen procedure, 94 Lubiprostone, 408, 422 Nitric oxide, 416 Nitroxinergic neurones, 3, 4 N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, 40 M Nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis (NAEB), 173, 179 Macroaspiration, 198, 199, 201, 203 Non-cardiac chest pain Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 313 GERD Magnetic sphincter augmentation device. See LINX acid-induced esophageal pain, 40 device cardiac pain vs., 41, 42 Manometry, 8–10 diagnosis, 42–44 Marijuana, 259–261, 263, 264 esophageal chest pain, 40 Melatonin, 139 esophageal pH monitoring, 41 Mendelson’s syndrome, 199 prevalence, 39 Metaclopramide, 417 treatment, 44, 45 Methane, 335 visceral pain, 39 Methane breath testing, 359 hypersensitive esophagus (see Esophageal Methanobrevibacter smithii, 335 hypersensitivity) 436 Index

Nonerosive reflux disease (NERD) rumination, 63 clinical characteristics, 116–118 supragastric/gastric belching, 63 definition, 109, 110 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 97, diagnostic algorithm, 110 156, 306 diagnosis, 118–121 Nuclear medicine gastric emptying scan, 317 epidemiology, 111, 112 Nutcracker esophagus, 25, 26, 28, 30–32, 34, 35 esophageal acid exposure, 114 future perspective, 127 natural course, 113 O pain modulator, 109 Obesity, 155 pathophysiology Octreotide, 297, 298, 348 bile reflux, 115 Odynophagia DIS, 115 Candida infection, 236 hiatal hernia, 115 diagnostic tests, 236 luminal factors, 114 infections, 235 nonacid reflux, 114 pathophysiology, 236 PAF, 116 pill-induced injury, 235, 236 TLESR, 114 treatment, 237 TRPV1 receptors, 116 Off-therapy test, 102 visceral hypersensitivity, 116 OIC. See Opioid-induced constipation (OIC) PPI therapy, 122 Omeprazole, 104, 121, 123, 190 progression, 109 Open stapler-assisted diverticulectomy, 84 Rome III Committee, 110 Opioid-induced constipation (OIC), 419–421 Rome IV Committee, 110 Opium, 297 treatment Oral rehydration solutions, 346 acupuncture, 126 antireflux surgery, 124 ARMS, 126 P dexlansoprazole, 121 Pain modulators, 109 endoscopic stapling, 125 Painful swallowing. See Odynophagia endoscopic techniques, 125 Parenteral nutrition (PN), 344, 346, 347 esomeprazole, 121 Passive incontinence, 380, 386 goal of, 121 Paterson-Kelly syndrome, 86 irsogladine maleate, 124 Patient-reported outcomes (PRO), 245 LINX, 124 Pectins, 296 omeprazole, 121 Pelvic floor, 379, 380, 383, 385–388, 391, 392, 394, pain modulators, 126 400–403 PPI therapy, 122, 123 Penetration, 195 psychological comorbidity, 126 Peppermint oil, 423 rabeprazole, 121 Pepsin, 188 rikkunshito, 124 Peptic stricture, 94, 96 sodium alginate, 123 Peptic ulcer disease, 305 Stretta procedure, 125 Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube, 205 TIF, 125 Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS), 403 TLESR, 123 Percutaneously inserted central catheter (PICC) lines, Nonspecific esophageal motor disorders 347 causes, 57 Perennial nonallergic rhinitis, 177 characteristics, 56 Peristalsis, 56 CWA Peristaltic integrity break, 60–61 AIM analysis, 58 Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM), 4, 34, 417 characteristics, 57, 59 Persistent functional dysphonia, 187 DCI/DL, 58 Pharyngoesophageal segment (PES), 228–230 duration, 57 Phenothiazine, 277 esophageal perception, 58 Phytobezoars, 322 functional dysphagia, 58 PillCam delivery device, 375 nonobstructive dysphagia, 58 Pill-induced esophagitis, 91 symptoms, 59–60 Pill-induced injury, 235–237 EGJ, 61, 62 Placebo effect, 286 LES, 61, 62 Platelet-activating factor (PAF), 116 peristaltic wave, 60–61 Plecanatide, 409 Index 437

Plummer-Vinson syndrome, 86 Rectal sensation. See Fecal incontinence (FI) PN. See Parenteral nutrition (PN) Reflux esophagitis.See Erosive esophagitis Pneumatic dilatation (PD), 4, 11, 14–16 Reflux finding score (RFS), 164, 166 POEM. See Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) Reflux hypersensitivity, 136, 139 Positron emission tomography (PET) scan, 288 Reflux symptom index (RSI), 164, 166, 187 Postsurgical gastroparesis, 272 Refractory cough, 180–181 Pregabalin, 180 Regurgitation Primary bacterial pneumonia, 203 causes, 101 PRO. See Patient-reported outcomes (PRO) diagnosis Probe-based system (pCLE), 157 barium testing, 105 Probiotics, 355, 360 endoscopy, 106 Proctalgia fugax, 386, 388, 392–394 esophageal manometry, 105 Prokinetic (pro-motility) drugs, 355, 377, 417 gastric emptying testing, 105, 106 Promotility drugs, 338 heartburn (see Heartburn) Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) primary esophageal motility disorder, 106 acid reflux and, 42–44 reswallowing, 101 aspiration pneumonia, 196 rumination, 106 EoE, 242, 243, 246, 247 symptoms, 104–105 erosive esophagitis Relaxation techniques, 135 anti-reflux surgery, 95, 96 Respiratory inversion point (RIP), 213 Barrett’s esophagus, 96, 97 Respiratory Symptom Index (RSI) scores, 149 esophageal adenocarcinoma, 97 Reswallowing, 101 gastric acid secretion, 93 RFS. See Reflux finding score (RFS) healing rates, 93 Rhinosinus disease, 176 long term treatment, 94, 95 Rifaximin, 337, 360, 406, 409 long term prognosis, 96 Rikkunshito, 124 peptic stricture, 96 Robotic laparoscopic surgery, 291 tolerability and safety, 95 Rome III Committee for Functional Esophageal LPR, 185, 186, 190, 191 Disorders, 110 non-cardiac chest pain Rome IV Committee for Functional Esophageal diagnosis, 42–44 Disorders, 110 treatment, 44 Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, 322 reflux monitoring, 119–120 RSI. See Reflux symptom index (RSI) SBS, 348 Rumination, 63, 103–106 SERD, 165, 166 Pseudorelaxation, 28 Psychological modalities, 126 S Puborectalis syndrome. See Chronic proctalgia Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS), 403 Pyloric botulinum toxin injection, 277 Savary–Gilliard dilator, 85 Pyloromyotomy, 278 SBS. See Short bowel syndrome (SBS) Pyloroplasty (PP), 290, 291 Schatzki ring, 87 Scleroderma esophagus, 343 Barrett’s metaplasia, 69 R diagnosis, 67, 68 Rabeprazole, 121 follow-up, 69 Radiofrequency ablation (RFA), 153, 158–160 interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, 69 Radionuclide gastric emptying scintigraphy, 310 pathogenesis, 67 Radionuclide scintigraphy. See Gastric scintigraphy prevalence, 67, 68 Ramosetron, 409 symptoms, 68 Rapid gastric emptying treatment, 68 causes, 295–296 Secondary bacterial pneumonia, 203 diagnosis, 294 Secretogogues, 338 pathophysiology, 294–295 Sedation, 263 prevalence of, 298 Selective serotonin releasing inhibitors (SSRIs), 126, 408 symptoms, 293–294 Semisolid bolus (SS), 224 treatment, 296–298 Senna tablets, 387 Raynaud’s phenomenon, 67 SERD. See Supraesophageal reflux disease (SERD) Rectal balloon expulsion, 383 Serotonin receptor antagonists, 264, 277, 311, 409 Rectal compliance, 383 Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), Rectal distention, 380, 381 126 438 Index

Sham procedure, 147–149 laxatives and secretogogues, 338 Short bowel syndrome (SBS) promotility drugs, 338 in adults, 344 statins, 338 diagnosis, 345–346 underlying causes, treatment, 339 duodenum, 344 Small intestinal tests estimation, in United States, 344 CT enterography, 367, 368, 370 fat soluble vitamin deficiency, 345 MR enterography, 370 follow-up, 350 advantages, 370 ileum, 345 disadvantages, 368, 370 internal herniation, 344 indications of, 370 intestinal failure, 343 technique, 368, 369 intestinal motility disorders, 343 small bowel follow through, 365–367 ischemic bowel, 344 Smooth muscle relaxants, 32, 33 jejunum, 345 Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic long-term management, 349 Surgeons (SAGES), 144, 146, 149 maintenance phase, 349 Sodium alginate, 123 primary, 344 Solid bolus (S), 221, 224 secondary, 344 Solid food dysphagia, 232, 242, 245 symptoms, 344–345 Somatic cough, 180 trauma, 344 Somatization, 75, 76 treatment Somatostatin, 297 acute phase, 347, 348 Sorbitol, 354, 355, 357 adaptation phase, 348 Spastic esophageal motility disorders medication, 346 endoscopic therapy, 32, 34 nutrient absorption, 346 natural history, 35 octreotide, 348 pharmacologic therapy, 32–34 pharmacologic therapy, 349 surgical therapy, 32, 34 PN, 346 Specific motor disorders, 55, 56 side effects, 350 Sphincter opening, 80 teduglutide, 348 Sphincter pressure, 382 weaning process, 349 Sphincteroplasty, 403 volvulus, 344 Splanchnic blood pooling, 295 Short-pulse stimulation. See Neurostimulation Squamocolumnar junction (SCJ), 119 SIBO. See Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth Squeeze pressure, 382 (SIBO) Stable isotope breath tests, 312 Sildenafil, 416 Standard medical treatment (SMT), 138 Silent aspiration, 200, 226 Standardized multicomponent behavioral therapy Sitagliptin, 172 (SMBT), 138 Sitzmarker capsule, 384 Statins, 338 Sleeve gastrectomy, 147 Stool antigen test, 305 Small bowel follow through, 365–367 Stress, 259 Small bowel transit time (SBTT), 375 Stretta device Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) mechanism, 148 carbohydrate malabsorption, 355 non-randomized controlled trials, 148 conditions associated with, 335–337 procedure, 125, 147 definition, 333–334 randomized controlled trials, 148 diagnosis, 334–335 STS. See Swallowed topical steroids (STS) lactulose, 359 Suck-and-cut technique, 153 methane, 335 Sumatriptan, 264 pathophysiology of, 357 Supraesophageal reflux disease (SERD) positive breath test, 355 atypical reflux, 163 symptoms, 335 diagnosis tests for, 354 Dx–pH Measurement System, 165 therapeutics options, 360–361 MII pH monitoring, 165 treatment and management, 337 pharyngeal pH monitoring, 165 antibiotics, 337–338 RFS, 164 diet, 339 RSI, 164 elemental diet, 338 salivary pepsin, 165 Index 439

lifestyle modification, 165 Toupet fundoplication, 94 pathophysiology, 163 Tourette’s syndrome, 173 Supragastric/gastric belching, 63, 103 TPN. See Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) Swallowed topical steroids (STS), Traditional IBS diet, 407 243, 244, 247 Transabdominal ultrasonography, 312 Swallowing Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation endoscopic examination, 221 (TLESR), 114, 123 esophageal phase, 194 Transient receptors potential ion channel of the vanilloid functional unit type 1 (TRPV1), 40 epiglottis, 226 Transoral incisionless fundoplication (TIF), 125 esophagus, 229, 231, 232 efficacy, 147 hyoid bone, 226 PPI vs., 149 larynx, 226–228 randomized trials, 148 PES, 228–230 TEMPO trial, 149 pharyngeal constrictor musculature, 226, 228 Trauma, 344 soft palate, 225 Trichobezoars, 322 tongue, 225 Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), 263, 278, 395, oral phase, 193 408, 409 pharyngeal phase, 194 Trypanosoma cruzi, 4 preparatory phase, 193 Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), 272 propulsive phase, 193 radiologic examination barium, 224 U comprehensive radiologic physiology, 224 UACS. See Upper airway cough syndrome (UACS) contrast medium, amount of, 224 UES. See Upper esophageal sphincters (UES) custom-tailoring, symptoms, 222, 223 Unexplained chronic cough (UCC), 180 equipment, 223 Unspecified anorectal pain.See Chronic proctalgia practical approach, 223–224 Upper airway cough syndrome (UACS), radiologic anatomy, 224–225 171, 173 solid-bolus, 224 differential diagnosis, 176, 177 water-soluble contrast agents, 224 management of, 178 in recumbent position, 221 symptom, 176 solid bolus, dysphagia, 221 treatment, 177, 178 stages of, 193 Upper esophageal sphincter (UES), 79, 81 Symptomatic malabsorption, 353, 356 CA (see Cricopharyngeal achalasia (CA)) CP (see Cricopharyngeus muscle (CP)) Zenker’s diverticulum (see Zenker’s diverticulum) T Upper gatrointestinal barium studies, 317–318 Teduglutide, 348, 350 competitive speed eating, 324 Tegaserod, 139 gastric bezoars, 322–324 Tenesmus, 394 gastric peristalsis, 318 ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 259–261 gastroparesis, 318–321 Three-dimensional high-resolution manometry (3D hyperirritable stomach, 325 HRM), 218 Urea breath test, 305 Throat clearing Urge incontinence, 380, 386 antihistamine medications, 169 asthma, 179–180 autoimmune diseases, 181 V environmental exposures, 178–179 Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), 4, 295 GERD, 175, 176 Video fluoroscopic swallow (VFS), 198 NAEB, 179 Visceral hypersensitivity, 72, 116 occupational exposures, 178 Volvulus, 344 symptoms, 169, 170 tic disorders, 181 UACS, 176–178 W Tic cough, 180 Water brash, 101 Timed barium esophagogram (TBE), 8 Water-soluble contrast agents, 224 Total parenteral nutrition (TPN), 347, 349 Weekly vomiting frequency (WVF), 285, 286 440 Index

Wireless motility capsule (WMC) system Z adverse events, 377 Zenker’s diverticulum, 195 components, 373 UES contraindications, 375 definition, 79 data analysis, 375, 376 diagnosis, 83 definition, 373 incidence, 80 gastric emptying, 312 prevalence, 80 GI motility and gastric pH alteration, 374 symptoms, 82, 83 indications, 374 treatment, 84, 85 limitations, 377 Z-line, 119 special populations, 377 Zofran, 277 strength, 377 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 92, 93 World Anti-Vomiting Electrical Stimulation Study (WAVESS), 285 WVF. See Weekly vomiting frequency (WVF)