Grid Development Plan 2015–2025

Main grid development plan

2015–2025 Contents

4.4.3 Small-scale production. 4.4.2 Windpower. 4.3.12 TheSoutheast Finlandplanningarea. 4.4.1 Nuclear power. 4.3.10 TheSouthwest Finlandplanning area. 4.3.11 TheUusimaaplanningarea . 4.3.6 TheCentral Finlandplanningarea . 4.3.5 TheOstrobothnia planning area. 4.3.7 TheSavonia-Karelia planningarea. 4.3.9 TheHämeplanningarea . 4.3.8 ThePori andRaumaregion planningarea. 4.3.4 TheKainuuplanningarea . 3.4.3 Outlook for electricity production andconsumption. 3.4.2 Finland’s energy andclimate policy. 3.4.4 Technology. 3.4.4.1 Electricity transmission technologies. 3.4.4.2 Othertechnology development.

4.3.3 TheOuluregion planningarea . 4.3.2 TheSea-Laplandplanningarea. 3.2.3 Nationalgriddevelopment methods. 3.2.2 International maingriddevelopment cooperation. 3.2.3.2 Planningoftheregional power transmission grid. 3.2.3.1 Planningofthemainpower transmission grid. 3.2.3.3 Formulating theFingridinvestment plan.

3.4.1 Electricity market. 4.3.1 TheLaplandplanningarea.

3.2.1 Principles ofgriddevelopment.

2 4 3 1 3.1.2 Fingrid’s history. 3.1.1 History oftheFinnishmaingrid. 4.5 Asummaryof maingridinvestments. 4.4 Connectionofnew production to thegrid.

3.5 Scenarios . 3.3 Development ofgridage. 3.4 Changesintheoperating environment andfuture outlooks. 2.2 Legislative basisfor thegriddevelopment plan. 3.2 Griddevelopment process. Introduction Fingrid’s ten-year griddevelopment plan. Background for Fingrid’s ten-year griddevelopment plan. Summary 4.2 Thedevelopment ofcross-border capacity. 4.1 Development ofthemainelectricity transmission grid 4.3 Development oftheregional grid. 3.1 Fingrid’s electricity gridandtheFinnishelectricity transmission system. 2.1 Documentcontent andobjectives. 3.4.5 Windpower.

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Table of contents 3 1 Summary

Development of the main grid is one of the core tasks of Fingrid Oyj, the company responsible for the electricity transmission system in Finland. Continuous development of the main grid ensures that the electricity transmission grid and the entire electricity system fulfil the quality requirements set for them as the needs for electricity transmission change. In the future, even greater reliability is expected from the power system in order to secure the essential functions of society. At the same time, changes in the operating environment create new challenges for the functioning of the power system. In the last few years, the construction of new production capacity has required the significant reinforcement of the main grid. The number of connections to the main grid has increased due to the improvement of the weather-related reliability of the distribution network and the construction of wind power. To promote the electricity market, cross-border transmission connections between Finland and neighbouring countries have been reinforced by constructing new connections and developing the existing ones. The aging grid is simultaneously being renewed, so that its technical capabilities will also remain on a high level and the system security of the entire electricity system can be ensured as reliably as possible.

A major challenge for the development of the power system is presented by Eu- ropean society, which strives towards electricity production that generates lower emissions. The use of renewable energy sources is greatly increased through public subsidy, which increasingly disturbs the functioning of the electricity market. The increase in subsidised renewable energy lowers the market prices of electricity, which has had a detrimental effect on the profitability of conventional thermal power production, caused the closure of existing plants, and stopped new investments. In Finland, this trend endangers the adequacy of electrical power for use by society. The problem cannot be solved by developing cross-border transmission connections alone, as this also lowers the market prices of electricity.

In addition, the change in production structure from traditional synchronous machines to the use of power electronics has decreased the rotating mass of the power system. As a result, the inertia, or the natural ability to resist changes in frequency, of the Nordic power system has weakened. This is why, in the future, it may even be necessary to limit the power of large power plant units and HVDC connections in situations where inertia is low.

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A main grid that has good transmission capabilities and operates reliably is a basis for the development of the electricity market. The developing electricity market together with the changing production structure require an increasing amount of cross-border transmission capacity.

In the last few decades, Fingrid has purposefully developed electricity transmission connections to neighbouring countries. The latest to be completed were an 800-megawatt HVDC connection between Finland and Sweden, and a 650- megawatt HVDC connection between Finland and Estonia. Fingrid’s view is that in the future, the cross-border transmission capacity between Finland and Sweden should be increased with a new 400 kV alternating current connection between northern Sweden and northern Finland. However, the completion date for this investment would only be in 2025. The needs of the electricity market are also supported by the development of Finland’s internal north-south and east-west connections. Plans include the reinforcement of north-south-oriented transmission by replacing aged 220 kV power lines with 400 kV lines from Oulujoki to Central Finland.

Development of the main grid is an essential part of power system development The main grid development plan presents the development needs of Fingrid’s main grid and planned investments for the next ten-year period. The development plan is based on regional grid plans compiled by Fingrid in cooperation with its customers, and it is coordinated with the development plan for the Baltic Sea region as well as the Ten-Year Network Development Plan (TYNDP) covering the entire European Union.

Section 41 of the Electricity Market Act (588/2013), stipulates the compilation of the main grid development plan. The Act requires that the main grid development plan be updated every two years. The core content of the main grid development plan shall be a description of how and using what kind of investments the re- sponsibility for main grid development and the quality requirements of main grid operations are to be fulfilled.

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Fingrid develops the main grid at different levels with a long-term view. Fingrid published the previous version of the main grid development plan in April 2013. The Electricity Market Act, which came into force at the start of September 2013, sets more detailed requirements for the main grid development plan content.

The plan is centrally based on electricity consumption and production forecasts, according to which the electricity transmission needs are mainly determined. In the last few years, increased cross-border connections and the development of the electricity market have also increased the variety of dimensioning grid situations. In addition, the change underway in production capacity has resulted in significant reinforcement of the main grid.

Main grid planning process

Main grid planning is a continuous process, for which Fingrid collects initial data from different sources. By analysing this data, it is possible to determine how the main grid can, as transmission needs change, be maintained in such a state that it fulfils its purpose as the backbone of the Finnish electricity system. In the grid development process, essential initial data includes electricity consumption and production forecasts and the condition of the grid. A central role in the grid development process is played by the confidential dialogue between Fingrid and its customers, which involves discussing grid development needs and the effects of customers’ plans on electricity consumption or production. Information gained through this dialogue provides essential initial data for the grid development plan. On the other hand, the needs of the electricity market determine the transmission needs between countries and regions, which is why they are also essential initial data for the grid development plan.

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These days, main grid planning is carried out on different levels. Fingrid is a member of ENTSO-E, the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity, whose responsibilities include compiling the ten-year development plan for the European electricity transmission grid. In ENTSO, grid planning is carried out on a pan-European level, as well as in regional planning groups, of which Fingrid belongs to the Baltic Sea regional group. Each regional planning group publishes a regional grid development plan. The Baltic Sea regional plan, published in summer 2015, presents grid projects that require further assessment in countries surrounding the Baltic Sea for the next ten-year period. In Finland, European plans are based on the main grid development plan compiled by Fingrid, as well as grid planning carried out in cooperation with customers.

Main grid planning is a complex task due to the extent of the planned grid alone. The Finnish main grid consists of nearly 15,000 kilometres of transmission lines and 116 substations, which connect other grids, production plants and major consumption sites to the main grid owned by Fingrid. Main grid planning typically needs to be divided into sub-tasks. Fingrid carries out regional grid planning in 12 planning areas in Finland. Planning generally strives to clarify the electricity consumption and production forecasts in each area and the renovation needs of the grid. Nowadays, electricity production in different situations is significantly affected by the price of electricity, which in turn is impacted by several factors such as the status of water reservoirs in the Nordic countries, wind conditions, temperature, revisions of production machinery, etc. Consequently, main grid planning utilises several simulation tools, which assist in analysing the transmission needs and behaviour of the grid from different points of view. The timespan of the analyses can be anything from fractions of a second to several decades.

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Fingrid’s investments for 2015–2025

The Fingrid investment plan presented here extends until 2025. The plan consists of investments, through which the main grid will remain in such a state that its capacity and system security are sufficient for future needs. During the next ten years, Fingrid intends to invest a total of around EUR 1.2 billion in the main grid, i.e. an average of EUR 110 million every year. Investment levels will fall towards the end of the decade, when the 400 kV grid reinforcements in the coastal area of Ostrobothnia are complete and the 110 kV “Rautarouva” transmission connection from the 1920s that runs from Imatra to Turku has been entirely renewed. Annual realised and planned investment levels are presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1. M€ Fingrid’s 260 investments in 240 220 the main grid in 200 2000–2025. 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

Estlink Reserve power plants New connection line to Sweden Fenno-Skan 2 Internal grid

In the latter half of the present decade and start of the 2020’s, grid investments will focus mainly on renewing aging transmission lines and substations. The most significant individual new investment will be the reinforcement of the Helsinki area grid with a 400 kV cable connection. At the start of the 2020s, plans include the construction of a new 400 kV transmission line connection from Central Finland up to northern Sweden, scheduled to be completed in its entirety in 2025. Besides the fifth connection to Sweden, there are no other cross-border connection plans during the planning period. Discussions are in progress about renewing the

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Fenno-Skan 1 HVDC connection, but the project is unlikely to take place during the planning period. Fingrid is not planning to procure new reserve power plants during the review period. If realised, the connection of Fennovoima Oy’s Hanhikivi 1 nuclear power plant to the grid also requires the reinforcement of the 400 and 110 kV grid in the vicinity of the plant.

It is assumed that more substation extensions than planned will be carried out due to as yet unidentified customer needs. Although investment levels will fall from current levels, the number of projects will remain high, as substations constructed in the 1980s will need to be renovated. The majority of 110 kV switchyards constructed during the 1980s are built so that their use can be continued as long as equipment which has reached the end of its service life is replaced. Aged 400 kV switchyards are mainly renewed as duplex, or double-circuit breaker switchyards to achieve better system security.

For transmission lines, the plan suggests that all lines constructed from the 1920s to 1930s are removed and in most cases replaced with new transmission lines. The 110 kV double circuit “Rautarouva” line built in the 1920s between Imatra and Turku will be replaced with new lines by the year 2020. In Ostrobothnia, a new 400 kV line from Kokkola to Muhos will be constructed, mainly in place of the old 110 kV line.

The 400 kV transmission line from Central Finland to Muhos, which is planned for completion in 2023, will primarily be constructed in place of the aging 220 kV transmission line. Transmission capacity typically increases threefold when an old 110 kV transmission line is replaced with a new structure. If a 400 kV transmission line is used instead of a 110 kV one, the transmission capacity of the new line is up to 20 times that of an old 110 kV line.

In terms of euros, approximately two thirds of Fingrid’s investments are new investments. However, in two thirds of these projects, condition is one of the reasons for investment. The large number of new investments is due to the replacement of an old structure with a new and better structure. For example, a lightweight-structure 110 kV wooden tower line can be replaced with a steel-structured 400 + 110 kV transmission line.

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Table of contents 10 2 Introduction

2.1 Document content and objectives

Development of the main grid is one of the core tasks of Fingrid Oyj, the company responsible for the power transmission system in Finland. Main grid development ensures that the electricity transmission grid and the entire electricity system meet the quality requirements set for it. Now and in the future.

Fingrid develops the main grid at different levels with a long-term view. Fingrid published the previous version of the main grid development plan in April 2013, making this the second development plan. The Electricity Market Act, which came into force in September 2013, sets more detailed requirements for the main grid development plan content.

This plan presents Fingrid’s key main grid development measures for the next ten-year period. The development plan is based on regional plans drawn up in cooperation with Fingrid’s customers and is consistent with the development plan for the Baltic Sea region and the Ten-Year Network Development Plan (TYNDP) covering the entire EU region.

The grid development plan presents a plan for investments that will ensure that the grid development obligation and quality requirements for grid operations will be fulfilled during the next ten-year period.

The plan is centrally based on electricity consumption and production forecasts, according to which electricity transmission needs are mainly determined. In recent years, increased cross-border connections and electricity market development have contributed to increasing the range of dimensioning grid situations. This document provides background information on the methods used in grid development.

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2.2 Legislative basis for the grid development plan

The drawing up of a grid development plan is stipulated in the Finnish Electricity Market Act (588/2013). As a general starting point, grid development is seen as a continuous, long-term process, as a result of which the Electricity Market Act also contains a requirement for updating the development plan every two years.

The central content of the plan must be how and with which investments the grid development obligation and quality requirements for main grid operations will be fulfilled. The planned investments and their estimated cost impacts are to be presented in the development plan. The main grid development plan will be used as the basis for compiling a pan-European development plan. One of the key points presented in this development plan is a plan for cross-border transmission line investments between Finland and neighbouring countries, which are required for effectively functioning electricity markets.

According to the third important provision of the Electricity Market Act relating to the main grid development plan, the methods and starting points used when drawing up the plan must be clarified in the development plan.

THE MAIN GRID ” DEVELOPMENT PLAN WILL BE USED AS THE BASIS FOR COMPILING A PAN-EUROPEAN DEVELOPMENT PLAN.

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Section 41 of the Electricity Market Act (588/2013) stipulates the following about the main grid development plan:

The main grid owner shall draw up a ten-year plan for its main grid and its connections with other electricity grids. The main grid owner shall use the development plan as the foundation for drawing up the Community-wide network development plan as laid down in Regulation EC 714/2009 on conditions for access to the network for cross-border exchanges in electricity. The development plan has no other legal impacts on the main grid owner, grid users or the authorities responsible for monitoring the main grid owner. The development plan shall be updated every two years.

The development plan shall include:

1) a plan for investments, the implementation of which lead to fulfilment of the development obligation and quality requirement for main grid operations referred to in section 19, subsection 1;

2) a plan for investments in cross-border transmission lines, which are necessary for effectively functioning domestic and regional electricity markets and for the internal electricity market in the European Union;

3) a report on the methods used when drawing up the development plan and the forecasts and other assumptions concerning the development of electricity consumption and production used as the foundation for the plan.

The development plan shall be published. Prior to publishing the development plan, the main grid owner shall provide its grid users and the appropriate authorities with the opportunity to present their opinions on the development plan.

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The main grid development plan shall fulfil the requirements set for the grid development obligation in section 19 of the Electricity Market Act (588/2013):

In order to ensure an adequate supply of good quality electricity for its grid users, the grid owner shall maintain, use and develop its electricity grid and connections to other grids in accordance with the requirements set for electricity grid operations and the reasonable needs of the grid users.

The electricity grid shall be planned and built and it shall be maintained so that:

1) the electricity grid fulfils the quality requirements for operations and the technical quality of electricity transmission and distribution is otherwise good;

2) the electricity grid and electricity grid services function reliably and safely when faced with normal, anticipated climate, mechanical and other external disturbances;

3) the electricity grid and electricity grid services function as reliably as possible during normal disturbances and during the emergency conditions referred to in the Emergency Powers Act (1552/2011);

4) the electricity grid operates compatibly with the electricity system and it can, if necessary, be connected to another electricity grid;

5) the electricity grid can be connected to consumption sites and power plants that meet the requirements;

6) the grid owner is otherwise able to fulfil its obligations or those set for it in this Act.

The electrical safety of electricity grids is stipulated separately.

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Table of contents 15 3 Background for Fingrid’s ten-year grid development plan

3.1 Fingrid’s electricity grid and the Finnish electricity transmission system

The Finnish power system is made up of power plants, the main grid, high-voltage distribution networks and distribution networks, as well as electricity consumers. In practice, electricity is transmitted from power plants to consumer areas and major users in the main grid.

The Finnish power system is part of the joint-Nordic power system along with the Swedish, Norwegian and Eastern Denmark systems. Finland is also connected to the Russian and Estonian systems by HVDC connections. The joint-Nordic system is connected to the Central European system through HVDC connections.

The main grid is the primary electricity transmission network and includes the 400 and 220 kV lines, the 110 kV lines that are most important for power transmission, and substations. Local transmission to small users takes place in the distribution networks. Fingrid Oyj’s power transmission network is presented in figure 2.

Fingrid Oyj’s power Figure 2. transmission network Fingrid Oyj’s power 1.1.2015 transmission network. 400 kV main grid 220 kV main grid 110 kV main grid HVDC connection Grid owned by others

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The Finnish main grid managed by Fingrid includes

• 4,600 kilometres of 400 kV transmission lines • 2,200 kilometres of 220 kV transmission lines • 7,600 kilometres of 110 kV transmission lines • 300 kilometres of submarine cables • 116 substations.

The main grid serves electricity producers and consumers by enabling a functional electricity market throughout the country as well as cross-border trade. The majority of electricity consumed in Finland is transmitted via the main grid. Fingrid is responsible for main grid supervision, operation planning, balance service, grid maintenance, construction and development, and promotion of the electricity market.

High voltage levels are used in the main grid because of the long transmission distances and so as to reduce the losses inevitably arising in electricity transmission at high transmission powers. The largest alternating current voltage used in the Finnish main grid is 400 kV. There does not appear to be a need to adopt higher voltage levels in Finland.

The Finnish main grid has primarily been built with air insulation, which means that the substations are installed outdoors and the transmission lines are overhead lines. However, in recent years the use of GasInsulated Swichgear (GIS) Solutions in the main grid has increased. The use of underground cables is limited, because they are technically challenging and expensive with the long transmission distances typical of Finland.

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3.1.1 History of the Finnish main grid

The actual start of the Finnish main grid dates back to the 1920s, when the Imat- rankoski hydropower plant and Finland’s first 110 kV high-voltage transmission line connecting it to Helsinki, Turku and Vyborg were opened (Figure 3). At that time, there was a total of 157 kilometres of 70 kV transmission lines built by private industry. Since then, the main grid has expanded to become a network covering the whole of Finland, now conveying most of the electricity consumed in Finland.

Electricity consumption increased rapidly in Finland, and in 1930 electricity use totalled 1,181 gigawatt hours, which was nearly six times more than ten years earlier. In 1938, electricity consumption had increased to more than three terawatt hours, with industry accounting for over 75% of that figure.

Finland lost approximately one-third of its existing and under construction hydropower plant capacity during the Continuation War. In 1945, there were 1,680 kilometres of 110 kV transmission lines. The second wave of main grid construction began after the wars, when the most important rebuilding tasks involved

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safeguarding the country’s electricity supply. As a result, the focus was placed on building new hydropower plants on rivers in northern Finland. 1949 marked a turning point in reconstruction, as post-war rationing of electricity use ended, the first new large power stations were completed, and the power plants built on the Oulujoki and Kemijoki rivers began to transmit electricity to southern Finland.

The Imatran Voima Oy line ran from Pyhäkoski through Central Finland towards the south, while the industry-owned transmission line started at Pohjolan Voima Oy’s Isohaara power plant and ran along the coastline to Kyminlinna. Until the 1950s, there was only a single direct link between the two nation-wide networks, and this was on the Kymijoki river at Koria. However, indirect links between the two existed via joint customer grids.

In 1945-65, the combined power of the hydropower plants and the length of the transmission lines increased by four and a half times. The 220 kV voltage was implemented on the long north-south lines in 1951. The first 400 kV line was completed in 1957 between Petäjäskoski, Pikkarala and Alajärvi, but the 220 kV operating voltage is still used on that line. The 400 kV transmission voltage was taken into use in 1960 when the line running from Alajärvi to Hyvinkää via Kangasala and Hikiä was completed. A transmission line to Kalix in Sweden was opened in 1959 and a connection to the Soviet Union two years later. The Finnish main grid in 1960 is presented in figure 4.

Figure 3. The Finnish main grid in 1932.

IMATRA

HIKIÄ

HELSINKI

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A distinctive feature of Finland in 1960 was long 220 and 400 kV power transmission lines running from the hydropower plants in northern Finland to the cities and industrial centres in southern Finland. Electricity consumption more than doubled during the 1960s and exceeded 20 terawatt hours in 1970.

The third wave of main grid construction began in the 1970s, when the introduction of nuclear power plants made it necessary to supplement the power transmission grid with a 400 kV “atom ring” around southern Finland. This linked the largest power plants with important consumption centres and transformer substations. In 1970, a new 400 kV transmission connection between Sweden and Finland opened, running from Petäjäskoski via Vuennonkoski to Letsi in Sweden. Two 400 kV lines from Yllikkälä to the Soviet Union border were also completed by the end of the 1970s.

The Electricity Act that took effect in 1979 initiated the beginning of work to compile framework and regional plans for electricity supply in the early 1980s.

PETÄJÄSKOSKI PIRTTIKOSKI KALIX KEMI

Figure 4. 110 kV PIKKARALA NUOJUA The Finnish 220 kV main grid in 1960. 400 kV SEITENOIKEA

SEINÄJOKI PETÄJÄVESI VARKAUS JYVÄSKYLÄ

IMATRA VANAJA

HIKIÄ

NAANTALI HELSINKI

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In order to safeguard and develop the electricity supply, a common ten-year plan was drawn up each year for the entire country. This plan applied to nationally important electricity production and transmission and other nationally important electricity supply (framework plan for electricity supply).

Electricity consumption exceeded 40 terawatt hours in 1981 and more than 60 terawatt hours was consumed in 1990. In the early 1960s, industry accounted for some 60% of this figure, but only slightly more than 50% at the end of the 1980s.

Nearly half of the nearly 15,000 kilometres of lines that make up the existing main grid were built in the 1970s and 1980s. Electricity consumption increased significantly in the 1970s and 1980s, with consumption increasing threefold from the end of the 1960s to the early 1990s. Electricity consumption at the beginning of the 2000s was approximately 80 terawatt hours and it now stands at roughly 85 terawatt hours per year.

The development of electricity consumption from the 1960s to the 2000s is described in the figure below.

Figure 5. TWh Development of 100 electricity consumption 90 in Finland from 80 the 1960s to the 2000s. 70 [Source: Statistics Finland] 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013

Housing Transportation Industry Construction Agriculture Services and public sector consumption Losses

The fourth wave of main grid construction is currently in progress. Fingrid is meeting the challenge of climate change by expanding the grid for new environ- mentally sustainable electricity production, such as wind power.

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3.1.2 Fingrid’s history

In addition to state power companies, the main grid was built by different actors, such as Nokia Oy, Kolsi Oy, Pohjolan Voima Oy, Rouhialan Voimansiirto Oy and Etelä-Pohjanmaan Voima Oy. Construction of an electricity transmission grid was essential to Finland’s industrial development.

The industrial power companies connected their grids by establishing a company called Teollisuuden Voimansiirto Oy in 1988. This organisation specialised in the transmission, sale and procurement of electricity and the construction and maintenance of the transmission grid. Imatran Voima separated its Finnish domestic main grid services into a company called IVO Voimansiirto Oy, which began operations on 1 July 1992. After IVO Voimansiirto Oy made its grid available to every- one in 1993, electricity trade developed in a free market direction. In November 1994, IVO Voimansiirto Oy and Teollisuuden Voimansiirto Oy agreed on parallel use of the grids and sharing of the resulting benefits.

The Electricity Market Act that gradually opened up the Finnish electricity market to competition took effect on 1 June 1995. The Act meant the separation of transmission from electricity production and sales. As a result, Imatran Voima Oy, Pohjolan Voima Oy and the State of Finland founded Suomen Kantaverkko Oyj in 1996.

In 1997, Suomen Kantaverkko Oyj purchased the main grid business of Imatran Voima Oy and Pohjolan Voima Oy. Suomen Kantaverkko Oyj had control of 97% of the Finnish main grid and all important international connections. The main grid owned by Kemijoki Oy became a part of Suomen Kantaverkko Oyj in 1998. With the exception of some isolated parts, Suomen Kantaverkko Oyj in practice owned the entire main grid. Suomen Kantaverkko Oyj became Fingrid Oyj on 1 January 1999.

The EU’s third package of legislation took effect in 2011 and stipulated that electricity producers could not own electricity transmission companies. As a result, Fortum and Pohjolan Voima had to give up their ownership and the State of Finland became Fingrid’s biggest owner.

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3.2 Grid development process

The basic starting point for Fingrid’s grid development is the obligations of the transmission system operator and the existing grid. There are also many different boundary conditions that affect grid development.

The principles of grid development are specified in the principles of grid development and maintenance management document, which are available on the Fingrid website1. According to the principles of main grid development and maintenance management, Fingrid handles main grid investments and maintenance management in a safe and efficient manner. The main objectives are to ensure that:

• transmission capacity is sufficient for the needs of customers and society • operations are cost-effective • quality is properly dimensioned.

In order to achieve these targets, Fingrid operates interactively with its customers, other transmission system operators, the authorities and other partners, and ensures the availability of services in the sector. The company’s competent and innovative personnel has an excellent grasp of issues specific to the industry. Long-term development of operations is ensured by learning from other actors and the company’s own experiences.

Occupational safety, environmental and land use matters are taken into consideration in all stages of main grid life-cycle management. The general safety, occupational safety and environmental safety of stakeholders, company employees and the personnel of service providers are actively promoted by means of new operating methods, training and guidance, and monitoring of operations.

1 http://www.fingrid.fi/fi/verkkohankkeet/voimajohtoliitteet/Kantaverkon%20kehittämisen%20 ja%20kunnonhallinnan%20periaatteet_2015.pdf

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3.2.1 Principles of grid development

The starting points for grid development are the future needs of customers, pro- moting the functionality of electricity markets in the Baltic region, maintaining system security, cost effectiveness, and managing aging of the grid. Fingrid’s grid development is based on extensive and interactive cooperation with numerous stakeholders. Fingrid acquires information about the customers’ future needs and plans through confidential and systematic cooperation, and analyses needs to develop the electricity market in cooperation with market parties. Forecasts and analyses required for planning are also drawn up in cooperation with transmission system organisations in neighbouring countries.

In terms of grid development, Fingrid strives to manage the environmental and safety impacts of its operations. The aim is to minimise the harmful impacts within the limits of public interest and the technical and economical boundary conditions. Main grid construction, use and maintenance cause a variety of environmental impacts. Minimising and managing environmental impacts is an important part of Fingrid’s practical operating methods. Observing the obligations and guidelines in the legislation and maintaining up-to-date plans for emergency situations are the cornerstones of environmental management and managing environmental risks. Fingrid is an active participant in land use planning to ensure that the land use reservations required for grid development and the related impacts on the environment are taken into consideration during the zoning of land areas. In accordance with the nation-wide land use objectives stipulated in the Land Use and Building Act, the objective is to primarily utilise existing transmission line routes in the planning of transmission lines. More information about the progress of the transmission line project is available on the Fingrid website2.

Grid development is governed by Nordic and European grid legislation. The application of dimensioning regulations and transmission capacity specification is governed by Fingrid’s internal guidelines. Fingrid has committed to these principles in main grid service agreements.

2 http://www.fingrid.fi/fi/ajankohtaista/Ajankohtaista%20liitteet/Esitteet/YVA_esite.pdf

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Fingrid can by its own decision reduce the risks of particularly harmful faults by means of dimensioning that is even more reliable than the ordinary practice. Fingrid uses the operational performance requirements and connection conditions that it has set to ensure that the power system is dimensioned adequately in terms of fault tolerance.

Fingrid’s main grid is developed over the long term in a manner that provides technical and economical optimisation while simultaneously ensuring future operating conditions. For this purpose, Fingrid compiles and maintains a main grid development plan that is coordinated with grid plans covering the Baltic region and all of Europe. The grid development plan and investment programme are based on future transmission forecasts and grid plans drawn up on the basis of grid renewal needs. The aim is to align grid reinforcement needs with maintenance, renovation and renewal needs. The investments to be implemented are worthwhile in terms of the national economy or essential to meet the dimensioning principles. Further- more, the projects selected for implementation shall be cost-effective and in line with the company’s finances.

The success of grid development is assessed by analysing the adequacy of capacity, system security, project quality and costs, and by monitoring the realisation of development projects.

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3.2.2 International main grid development cooperation

Fingrid does international grid development cooperation with other transmission system operators in the ENTSO-E organisation. Founded by EU countries and transmission system operators in countries that signed an electricity market agreement with the EU, ENTSO-E (European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity) began operations in 2009, replacing the previous ETSO (European Transmission System Operators) organisation and regional cooperation organisations (including NORDEL, UCTE, AKTSO). The founding members in ENTSO-E are 42 transmission system operators from 34 countries. The organisation’s objective is to develop electricity markets and improve cooperation between transmission system operators. The background for establishing ENTSO is the EU’s third electricity market legislation package, which requires transmission system operators to cooperate actively with each other.

The purpose of ENTSO-E is to promote integration of electricity markets in the EU and create main grid-related market and technical regulations in cooperation with the Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER). Other tasks include drawing up the Ten-Year Network Development Plans (TYNDP) for grid development, monitoring the development of reliability of supply and creating shared procedures to support operations. Prior to the founding of ENTSO-E, Fingrid had similar cooperation with the other Nordic transmission system operators in the Nordel organisation. After the founding of ENTSO-E, Nordel and other regional organisations were closed down and merged with the new organisation.

FINGRID DOES INTERNATIONAL ” GRID DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION WITH OTHER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM OPERATORS IN THE ENTSO-E ORGANISATION.

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Grid planning in ENTSO-E is done at the pan-European and regional level. Figure 6 presents the division of ENTSO-E into regional groups. Finland is part of the Baltic Sea regional planning group, which also includes Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Swe- den, Norway, Denmark, Germany and Poland.

Figure 6. Division of ENTSO-E’s regional grid planning groups. [Source: ENTSO-E.]

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3.2.3 National grid development methods

The power system consists of production, consumption and the transmission and distribution system that connects them. The starting point for transmission grid planning is that production and consumption equipment meet the technical requirements set for them. The adequacy of the grid with regard to estimated transmission needs during the planning period is examined in transmission grid planning. The requirements and applicable technical standards for production and consumption equipment are presented in Fingrid’s specifications for the operational performance of power plants (VJV 2013) and the general terms of connection (YLE 2013) and the connection agreements. The requirements for operational performance are based on joint-Nordic dimensioning requirements (Nordic Grid Code 2007). European requirements for power plants and consumption equipment are currently being prepared.

Main grid planning can be divided into two parts:

1. Planning of the main power transmission grid 2. Planning of the regional grid

At the general level, planning of the main power transmission grid means planning that primarily targets the 400 and 220 kV grids. Regional grid planning mainly focuses on assessing development needs for the 110 kV grid. As a result, assessment of transformation needs is limited to regional grid planning. However, the main grid naturally has to be planned as a whole and the division presented above is only intended as a guideline.

THE POWER SYSTEM CONSISTS OF PRODUCTION, ” CONSUMPTION AND THE TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM THAT CONNECTS THEM.

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3.2.3.1 Planning of the main power transmission grid

The main power transmission grid makes it possible to connect large power plants and production clusters to the grid, serves the power transmission needs between countries and regions, and connects the transformer substations that feed the high-voltage distribution networks to the power system.

Planning of the main power transmission grid is affected by:

• Starting points - The set requirements - The existing system • Changes in electricity production - Concrete investment decisions - Forecasted development of production capacity • Changes in electricity consumption - Concrete investment decisions - Forecasted development of consumption • Analysable events within the provided framework (in other words, the type of fault or outage situations that are prepared for) • Permitted consequences for the analysed events

Planning of the main power transmission grid takes into account the needs to reinforce the transmission grid and needs for system services. In line with its name, planning of the main power transmission grid targets the 400 and 220 kV grids, which are considered important in terms of the synchronous inter-Nordic system.

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The method used for analysing current and future reinforcement needs for the main power transmission grid includes

• examination of the starting points, including the applicable development scenarios

• operational performance analyses, including power and energy balance analyses and grid analyses

• comparison and assessment of alternative technical and economic solutions.

Economical assessment is based on economic theories.

This process is illustrated in figure 7. Operational performance analyses are performed as an interactive process, in which the results of power and energy balance analyses provide the initial data for grid analyses and vice versa.

Figure 7. Method for assessing main Operational power transmission grid performance analyses reinforcement needs.

Power and energy balance analyses

Technical and economic Starting points summary (Grid (Planning principles) development plan)

Grid analyses

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Possible investments are assessed on the basis of costs and benefits. Cost-benefit assessment is performed according to economic principles. Important assessment criteria in main power transmission grid planning are:

1. The benefit to electricity market parties 2. Reducing the risk of electrical energy restrictions 3. Reducing the risk of a power shortage 4. Changes in transmission losses 5. System services trade 6. Functioning of the electricity market 7. Adequate transmission capacity

The aim of planning is to maintain transmission capacity at a level high enough to ensure that no transmission restrictions occur inside Finland and that Finland can remain a single-price area. In addition to thermal capacity, factors limiting transmission capacity in the main power transmission network are voltage and angle stability, which must also be taken into consideration in planning.

System security is taken into account by means of the so-called N-1 criterion when dimensioning the looped 400 kV main power transmission grid. In all potential planning situations, this means preparing for any possible individual fault in a main power transmission grid component or power plant so that this does not cause an interruption in electricity transmission to other consumers or producers.

Technical and economic transmission capacity and market simulations and cost-benefit analyses are used to assess the adequacy of transmission capacity according to future development alternatives that are based on production, consumption and grid investment plans.

Along with the construction of new lines, main power transmission grid capacity can be increased by means of various adjustments and reactive power compensation solutions. This is because stability is often a limiting factor before thermal capacity.

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3.2.3.2 Planning of the regional power transmission grid

Regional grid planning has been done in the grid companies since the 1980s. In its current form, regional grid planning has been done since 2003. Finland is divided into 12 planning areas, which were formed according to geographical and electrotechnical principles. The regional division is presented in figure 8. The sufficiency of transmission capacity for each area is ensured by means of regional planning every 3-5 years. In regional planning, examination focuses particularly on the 110 and 220 kV main grid and the supporting 400 kV main power transmission grid. In addition to the main grid, planning takes into account the high-voltage distribution networks owned by Fingrid and other companies and their development plans and needs.

Figure 8. 1. Lapland 1. Grid planning areas. 2. Sea-Lapland 3. Oulu 4. Kainuu 5. Ostrobothnia 6. Central Finland 7. Savonia-Karelia 2. 8. Pori and Rauma region 3. 9. Häme 10. Southeast Finland 4. 11. Southwest Finland 12. Uusimaa 5. 6. 7.

8. 9. 10.

11. 12.

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Starting points for regional grid planning

The starting points for planning are the dimensioning principles. The 110 and 220 kV main grid is dimensioned so that the grid can withstand an individual fault without the fault causing grid overload, voltages falling below the allowed limits, or the fault spreading to other parts of the grid. Dimensioning of the 110 and 220 kV grid is mainly done according to the thermal transmission capacity, short-circuit currents and the allowed voltage reduction.

Due to the long distances, grid stability also limits transmission in Lapland. A regional operational outage caused by an individual fault is permitted in dimensioning of the 110 kV grid. In contrast to many other countries, so-called transmission line connection is permitted in the 110 kV grid in Finland. This allows for cost-effective construction of 110 kV feed-in points to a lower voltage distribution network. However, when a fault occurs in a transmission line all of the parties connecting directly to that transmission line suffer an interruption in delivery.

Dimensioning grid situations vary by planning area. In certain areas, transmissions in the main power transmission grid (400 kV) have a strong effect on loading of the ring network and, for example, losses. Exceptional grid connections or extended grid interruptions must also be taken into account in extraordinary situations.

As a general rule, the grid is dimensioned to withstand a fault or interruption in any grid component and the aim is to time interruptions required by maintenance or construction to periods of lower transmissions.

With regard to the regional 110 kV grid, dimensioning planning situations can include peak load on a winter day, spikes in night electricity on a winter night when hydropower production is small, a large production surplus during the flooding period in the spring, or a large deficit on a summer day when local power plants are undergoing annual maintenance. Furthermore, increasing wind power production can have a regionally significant impact on dimensioning situations.

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Finland’s electricity consumption is traditionally highest during the long, cold season of the winter. On the other hand, more electricity production capacity is also in use during the winter. The heating load in the summer is smaller, but the cool- ing load is increasing. Less condensing and back-pressure production is used in the summer, and power plant revisions are usually performed during the summer, which means that even production plants functioning on a long operating time are out of use. Thus, large grid transmissions can occur during the summer, in which case grid transmission capacity must also be sufficient in these situations. The grid’s thermal transmission capacity is at its lowest in the summer, because the outdoor temperature has a very great impact on the thermal capacity, especially with regard to transmission lines and transformers.

When calculating grid transmission capacity, the aim is to model power plant use as realistically as possible. Hydropower production may vary quite dramatically depending on the hydrological situation and price of electricity and on the available storage capacity. Industrial back-pressure power is dependent on the industrial processes to which it is related. With regard to district heating power plants producing electricity and heat, the starting point for grid planning is to have them running during peak load situations in the winter. Some of the back-pressure plants are designed so that they can also operate as condensing power plants. This makes it possible to run the plants in lower load situations. Interruptions in power plants designed for continuous use are primarily handled as extraordinary situations.

Wind power, and possibly solar power in the future, present new and special challenges with regard to dimensioning the main grid. Wind power production varies depending on the wind and can fluctuate very quickly between zero and nominal power, which means that the grid must be dimensioned according to the highest and lowest level of power production. The general probability figures specified for wind power production at different times cannot be used in regional grid planning, because variation in weather conditions within the area can be significantly smaller than in Finland as a whole.

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Progress of the regional plan

Grid planning requires group work in which experts from different areas partici- pate in defining the boundary conditions for planning and brainstorming. Figure 9 presents a simplified diagram of the progress of regional planning.

Figure 9. Progress of the Collecting Collecting data on Building grid planning process. forecasts grid condition a grid model

Brainstorming Identifying of Simulating grid solutions development needs fault situations

Checking Checking Preliminary the solutions the feasibility planning of lines via calculations of solutions and substations

The starting point for regional grid planning is confidential forecasts of electricity production and consumption, which are obtained directly from electricity producers, large industry and grid companies, and views on electricity grid development needs in the area. The forecasts generally cover the next 10-15 years. A confidential and open discussion link with actors in the industry is essential with regard to grid planning, as it is possible that even a large industrial facility can be constructed faster than the electricity grid connection that it requires. In addition to building the transmission grid, time must be reserved for dealing with environmental and land use issues and obtaining the necessary permits. The aim is for industry and power producer forecasts to take into consideration possible changes in capacity and the impacts that improving process efficiency may have on consumption or production.

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Electricity consumption and grid load forecasts for regional and distribution networks are affected by the development of residential areas, service clusters and SME industry in the area being examined. Planning also involves sensitivity analyses related to the development of loads and production. The actual power levels and transmissions for loads and the operational method of power production can be estimated by analysing measurements from the history database. Industrial ex- pansions and downsizing can occur at a rapid pace, but decisions sometimes take a very long time to happen. As a result, main grid planning must strive for flexible grid development solutions that can cover the transmission needs of electricity consumers and producers without over-investing.

The actual grid planning process begins with a survey of development needs. Development needs include managing grid aging, grid transmission capacity, managing short-circuit currents, electricity quality problems (incl. voltage variations), and problems related to connection and interruption needs.

A suitable simulation program is used to perform power flow calculations in regional grid planning. Based on the forecasts and measurements, consumption and production for each substation are added to the grid model. Grid sufficiency can be assessed by using the power flow software to simulate different fault and extraordinary connection situations. If the grid as such is insufficient in terms of transmission capacity, a group of grid solutions are developed and their sufficiency examined by means of network calculation. Power flow and short-circuit current calculations are often sufficient when planning the 110 and 220 kV grid. Dynamics calculation is performed in extraordinary situations, making it possible to assess the angle and voltage stability of the grid.

THE ACTUAL GRID ” PLANNING PROCESS BEGINS WITH A SURVEY OF DEVELOPMENT NEEDS.

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Power flow calculations are used to determine the grid load and voltages in situations following a fault and transmission losses. The calculations also take into account replacement connections after a fault. For example, in Lapland it may be necessary to also perform dynamics analyses in the 220 and 110 kV grid because of the long transmission distances. The 110 kV grid in the Helsinki region is densely looped and connected to several power production plants, which means that an overly high short-circuit current level can easily become a problem, which has to be limited by, for example, dividing the grid into parts. In other places, the short-circuit current may be too small, in which case rapidly changing or asym- metrical loads cause excessive changes in voltage.

Power flow calculations in regional planning are done using a future grid model, generally for 5, 10 and 15 years from the present. A further aim is to assess possible development directions even farther into the future. Grid development needs in the distant future occasionally influence grid planning and construction in the near future. For example, substation placement and line route plans must take all realistic future scenarios into consideration.

If the grid as such is insufficient in terms of transmission capacity, a group of grid solutions are developed and their feasibility verified by means of network calculation. Finding the best grid solutions generally requires time and group work. Grid solutions strive to optimise investment costs, transmission losses, and environmental impacts, among other thing. The aim of planning is to find the best grid solution in terms of economics. Grid solutions aim to utilise the existing grid as effectively as possible. A switchyard or transformer substation can be added to a transmission line intersection in order to control transmissions in the area. Un- der-voltage following a fault can in turn be influenced by adding a shunt capacitor to a substation. When a solution for increasing transmission capacity cannot be found from the existing grid structure, transmission capacity can be reinforced by building a new transmission line or replacing an old line with a new one. In certain cases, the transmission line conductors can be changed to those with a larger cross-sectional area or from 1-conductor elements to 2-conductor elements, providing that the tower structures for the transmission line are dimensioned for

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heavier conductors. However, the transmission line often has to be completely renewed due to its condition. Land use needs for new substations and transmission lines have to be taken into account in conjunction with the regional plan. A new plan has to be developed if projects are not possible with regard to land use.

Grid investments are not worth doing ahead of schedule unless there is a specific reason to accelerate the schedule (such as supply problems during outages in the future). The closer the grid investment is to the need, the easier it is to see what kind of transmission needs will occur in the future and the more likely we are to make just the right grid investment. It is very difficult to forecast the future, so grid plans have to be as flexible as possible.

Once the regional grid plan solutions are determined, the plan is presented to customers in the area. The customers can express their opinion on the proposed solutions and the grid plan can be developed on the basis of their comments. The customer can also see the regional plans in the customer extranet.

The grid plan that corresponds to the most probable future scenario is added to Fingrid’s main grid investment plan. The grid plans and development plan are updated as the scenarios become clearer.

3.2.3.3 Formulating the Fingrid investment plan

The plan for making investments in the main grid is maintained in the main grid investment plan. The investment plan covers new and replacement investments for the main grid during the next 10 years. Projects end up in the investment plan on the basis of needs specified in the grid plans and maintenance management plans. The scope of investment projects and their estimated annual costs are specified in the investment plan. Fingrid’s investment plan is assessed and updated several times a year. If changes occur in the operating environment, the investment plan is updated to correspond to the changed situation.

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3.3 Development of grid age

The main grid consists of transmission lines and substations, which in turn comprise many different components and structural parts. These parts have different lifecycles with different service and maintenance needs and different lifespans after which they must at the latest, be replaced. The only elements of the main grid assets that do not age are the user rights to the plots and rights-of-ways.

Substations naturally have components of different ages, because substations are seldom built to the final extent all at once. Space is reserved for expansion and these are done as needed, and as a result the age of a substation has to be examined on a component-by-component basis. The age of a transmission line is clearer, although it is also complicated by, for example, changes and additions of conductors. As a general rule, a transmission line clearly has a longer lifespan than a substation. The lifespan expectation for a transmission line is between 35 and 80 years; wooden towers embedded underground have the shortest expectation and steel towers the longest. The expected lifespan for substation components are clearly shorter: between 35 and 40 years. The tables below present the technical lifespans for grid parts in accordance with the control model.

Transformers 60 y Overvoltage protectors 40 y Disconnectors 40 y Capacitors 40 y Separators 40 y Oil reactors 45 y Instrument transformers 35 y Dry reactors 35 y

Self-supporting steel towers 80 y Steel guy wire towers 65 y Aluminium guy wire towers 65 y Wooden guy wire towers 50 y Wooden towers embedded underground 35 y Conductors 70 y Overhead ground wires 50 y Optical overhead ground wires 40 y

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The Finnish main grid has taken its present form over more than 80 years. The oldest 110 kV transmission lines still in use were built in the 1920s. The majority of the main grid’s oldest parts have already been renovated or replaced. However, some very aged transmission lines are still in use. In contrast, the oldest equipment at substations was replaced with new equipment a long time ago. At this time, the average age of the main grid is approximately 27 years. The average age of transmission lines is 30 years, more than 10 years higher than the average age of the substation high voltage components, which is 20 years. Approximately one quarter of the total length of transmission lines is more than 50 years old, while less than 5% of the substation equipment is over 40 years. In recent years, the annual rate of ageing has been around 0.7 years for transmission lines and only 0.3 years for substation equipment. Figures 10 and 11 illustrate the age distribution of 400 and 220 kV disconnectors in the main grid. The figures also show the disconnectors that will be removed and renewed over the next 10 years.

As a component nears the end of its lifespan, the aim is to time its replacement properly before damage and an increasing number of faults cause problems. In addition to condition, the proper timing is influenced by many other factors, such as supply possibilities during operational outages and suitable renewal entities. Sometimes a replacement investment can be deliberately delayed. The lifespan can be lengthened with repairs and renovations. This allows the most rapidly aging parts last until a satisfactory renewal time for the entity. A slight decline in the grid’s system security due to the delay is permitted. However, operational and personnel safety will not be compromised.

Figure 10. 180 Age distribution 160 140 for 400 kV 120 disconnectors and 100 disconnectors that will be 80 60 replaced / decommissioned. 40 20 0 1960– 1965– 1970– 1975– 1980– 1985– 1990– 1995– 2000– 2005– 2010– 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014

Others Will be removed / renewed

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Figure 11. 100 Age distribution for 90 80 220 kV disconnectors 70 and disconnectors that 60 will be renewed / removed. 50 40 30 20 10 0 1950– 1955– 1960– 1965– 1970– 1975– 1980– 1985– 1990– 1995– 2000– 2005– 2010– 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014

Others Will be removed / renewed

Despite maintenance, not all grid components achieve the normal lifespan and poor individual parts or component types occasionally have to be renewed earlier. Components that are damaged by faults caused by external reasons must be replaced immediately. As the load increases, a grid part that has become insufficient in terms of technical features may have to be replaced by a stronger component. An old device can be replaced with a new one due to superior technical features or lower losses. A component or grid part that becomes unnecessary can be moved to a new location or completely decommissioned. Early replacement investments can also be made for security and environmental reasons.

A comprehensive and up-to-date grid information system containing history data for the components is an important tool in terms of optimising lifespans. Such a system makes it possible to take all data produced in procurement, operations, inspections and maintenance into consideration in lifespan planning. More of the background information needed in decision-making is gained through international cooperation among transmission system operators. Among other things, it provides experience-based information about component use and faults, which otherwise accumulates slowly.

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The aim is to keep the main grid’s system security at a good level despite aging. The timing decisions related to the renovation, component repair, lifespan continuation and replacement investments of an aging grid play a key role in cost-effective and high-quality management of main grid assets. An important part of maintaining the main grid development plan is close cooperation between maintenance management and grid planning. Main grid maintenance and renovation needs obtained by means of condition monitoring and other methods are collected in a project bank. These needs are used to define feasible entities that are implemented in conjunction with investment projects or as a separate, larger renovation project. The aim is to not have to perform maintenance or renovations in the same site for many years.

Figure 12.

400 kV outdoor switchyard Tuovila Ulvila Forssa Visulahti Lieto 0,01 condition index. Switchyards Vihtavuori Ylikkälä Loviisa that will be renewed / removed Huittinen Toivila Hikiä marked in red. Anttila Alapitkä Pyhänselkä Pikkarala Rauma Pirttikoski Olkiluoto Kymi Vuolijoki Espoo Rauma Salo DC station Asmunti Kangasala Sellee Uusnivala Good Huutokoski Average age Kopula

39,0 y Old New Petäjäskoski 0,0 y

Tuomela

Alajärvi Poor Keminmaa

Koria

Länsisalmi

Nurmijärvi Inkoo Condition index 0,55

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3.4 Changes in the operating environment and future outlooks

3.4.1 Electricity market

The price of electrical power on the electricity market is formed on the basis of the balance between demand and supply. The balance between demand and supply in the Nordic electricity market is affected by many factors, such as the global economic situation, the Nordic hydrological situation, temperature, the price of fuels and emission allowances, and the availability of transmission connections. The electricity trade on the open electricity market can be divided into electricity exchange trade and bilateral trade, also known as Over The Counter (OTC) trade. As indicated by its name, electricity exchange trade involves buying and selling a standardised product on an electricity exchange. OTC trade is all trade that does not take place on an exchange: various bilateral contracts and brokered trade. Along with physical electricity trade involving electricity delivery, the electricity market also includes financial trade, which does not lead to electricity delivery. In this case, the physical electricity must be purchased separately, for example, on the day-ahead market. The financial market can be used to hedge against fluctua- tions in the market price of electricity.

Nord Pool Spot AS is responsible for the physical electricity markets, which means the Elspot and Elbas markets, as the only marketplace in the Baltic region. Nord Pool Spot handles the management of transmissions to transmission system operators taking place on the borders of the price areas and allocating transmission capacity to the markets. The Nord Pool Spot market includes the Baltic Sea region countries of Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. NASDAQ OMX maintains the financial market trading site, where actors can buy and sell electricity derivative products.

THE PRICE OF ELECTRICAL POWER ON THE ” ELECTRICITY MARKET IS FORMED ON THE BASIS OF THE BALANCE BETWEEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY.

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European price coupling for day-ahead markets was introduced in February 2014. The mechanism simultaneously calculates electricity market prices and cross-border transmissions in the entire area, thus resulting in the most effective possible price formation and use of the transmission system. The market coupling currently covers 19 EU countries, including the Nordic countries, western Continental Europe, the Iberian Peninsula, England and Italy. The electricity exchanges and transmission system operators are also preparing the combination of the intraday markets at the EU level.

In Russia, the structure of the electricity market differs significantly from the European practice. In the Russian market model, trade in electricity production capacity use and electrical energy is conducted separately. Russia uses a so-called nodal pricing method, which means that the price of electricity is calculated separately on each node of the grid. There is no market coupling procedure in use between Finland and Russia, but on the Finnish side all trade between the countries takes place in an electricity exchange. The capacity-based price in the Russian capacity market is also a burden on electricity imported to Finland, and this has significantly decreased electricity imports from Russia to Finland.

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3.4.2 Finland’s energy and climate policy

The long-term target of Finland’s energy and climate policy is a carbon-neutral society3. The short-term objective is to ensure that the national targets specified for 2020 are achieved4.

Electricity consumption in Finland increased relatively steadily until 2007, when annual consumption stood at a record level of 90.4 terawatt hours. After the financial crisis, electricity consumption dropped to 81.3 terawatt hours in 2009 and has since increased to a level of approximately 83-85 terawatt hours. The decrease in electricity consumption has been particularly clear in the forest industry, and now stands about 8 terawatt hours lower than before the financial crisis. On the other hand, electricity consumption in certain sectors, such as the chemical industry and service sector, has already exceeded the level preceding the crisis. In its 2013 Energy and Climate Strategy, the Ministry for Employment and the Economy started with the assumption that electricity consumption will increase over the next 10 years.

In recent years, Finland’s energy and climate policy has been affected by measures aimed at increasing renewable energy and reducing carbon emissions and dialogue concerning the need for nuclear power plants. In 2010, the Finnish Gov- ernment made a positive decision-in-principle concerning Teollisuuden Voima’s Olkiluoto 4 nuclear power plant project and Fennovoima’s nuclear power plant project, for which Pyhäjoki’s Hanhikivi district was selected as the location.

On 24 June 2015, the Annual General Meeting of Teollisuuden Voima Oyj announced that it would not apply for a building permit for the Olkiluoto 4 nuclear power plant unit within the timeframe of the decision-in-principle. Fennovoima Oy submitted its application for a building permit on 30 June 2015.

3 http://www.tem.fi/en/energy/energy_and_climate_roadmap_2050 4 http://www.tem.fi/en/energy/energy_and_climate_strategy/strategy_2013

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In 2010, a decision was also made to support renewable energy with a feed-in tariff; the wind power feed-in tariff has been most visible part of the feed-in tariff system. It aims at increasing Finland’s wind power capacity to 2,500 mega- volt-amperes (MVA) by 2020.

Finland has been a net electricity importer for the past 10 years. Until 2011, Finland annually imported electricity from Russia at a steady rate of about 11 terawatt hours. Capacity fees and the rising domestic market price of natural gas in Russia combined with a simultaneous collapse in the price of emission allowances and a strong increase in wind power in the EU and Baltic region have since reduced electricity import from Russia to approximately 3-5 terawatt hours. At the same time, commissioning of the Olkiluoto 3 nuclear power plant has been repeatedly delayed. In combination, these factors have led to a situation in which electricity transmission between Finland and Sweden, which has traditionally been in balance, is now nearly entirely electricity import from Sweden to Finland. On the other hand, a dramatic drop in Nordic electricity wholesale prices has reduced the need for Finnish coal condensate production; for example, the Inkoo coal condensing power plant was mothballed in 2014. The closing of condensing power plants contributes to increasing the risk that the available power will not be sufficient to cover consumption at all times. In recent years, the cross-border transmission capacity between Finland and its neighbouring countries has also increased significantly with the opening of the Fenno-Skan 2 (800 MW) and EstLink 2 (650 MW) submarine cables.

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3.4.3 Outlook for electricity production and consumption

The construction of large nuclear power plants has a major impact on the entire Finnish energy system and main grid development needs. Fingrid’s planning includes preparations to connect the Hanhikivi 1 and Olkiluoto 4 nuclear power plants that received a positive decision-in-principle to the main grid at the completion date indicated by them. However, it has also prepared for a situation in which the plants are delayed or not built. The connection of new nuclear power plants to the grid is addressed in more detail in section 4.4.1.

With regard to wind power, the main grid development plan starts with the assumption that the 2,500 MVA wind power target specified in the Act on Production Subsidy for Electricity Produced from Renewable Energy Sources (1396/2010) will be achieved by 2020. In summer 2015, the Government submitted for statements a draft concerning an amendment to the Act, which if implemented may cut the realised wind power capacity to less than 2,500 MVA. As there is no information available about the possible continuation of the subsidy mechanisms or the setting of new subsidy mechanisms after 2020, planning includes preparations for different development pathways. From the perspective of main grid development, both the total amount of wind power and its geographic location in Finland are important. The connection of wind power to the grid is addressed in more detail in section 4.4.2. The development plan assumes that an extensive capacity mechanism will not be introduced in Finland or elsewhere in the Nordic countries during the review period. A capacity mechanism refers to a payment for the availability of electricity power production.

The increasing share of total production that wind power accounts for has also brought up the question of the quality and system security of the Nordic power system frequency. The force of the wind power plant turbine varies at random. In this case, the power obtained from the wind power plant and the rotation speed of the wind turbine both vary. Such power plants are often connected to a synchronous alternating current grid that runs at a standard speed by means of rectification-in- version equipment. Without a synchronous connection, the benefit of the moment of inertia supporting the alternating current grid frequency is also lost. The smaller the moment of inertia of the power plant turbine generators rotating in the synchro-

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nous grid, the larger the system frequency changes as a result of power changes. In extreme use situations where high wind power production required by a market situation causes production stoppages in thermal and hydropower plants based on synchronous generators, it may even be necessary to limit the highest permitted power change in the power system in order to safeguard the grid frequency and system security of the system.

Many assessments concerning the development of electricity consumption in Fin- land have been performed and presented. Many reports estimate that consumption will increase moderately over the coming years. Consumption is increased by the improving economic situation, a new type of industrial consumption, especially biorefineries and machine rooms (data centres), and a new type of small consumption, particularly the spread of heat pumps and electric cars. On the other hand, growth in consumption is limited by stricter energy efficiency requirements and the spread of energy-efficient solutions. In addition to total consumption, regional distribution of consumption plays a key role in main grid development.

Along with annual consumption, the need for peak power is an interesting factor in terms of main grid development. Peak consumption on a cold winter day in Finland is approximately 15,000 MWh/h, with the available power plant capacity standing at about 12,500 MW in winter 2015. Peak consumption is increasing as overall demand rises and heat pumps become more prevalent, thus leading to a larger deficit, especially prior to completion of the Olkiluoto 3 nuclear power plant unit. Increasing cross-border transmission capacity by building new cross-border transmission connections in areas that have surplus in terms of peak power improves the sufficiency of power in the short term. However, the increase in weather-dependent production such as wind and solar power means there is no certainty that a neighbouring country will have electricity available at a wind- less time. The development prospects for cross-border transmission capacity are addressed in section 4.2. As it becomes more difficult to regulate the electricity production structure with the increase in wind and solar power and the amount of the most adjustable district heat power decreases, Fingrid sees the spread of flexible consumption as an essential part of the future power system. Demand-side management helps consumers keep the electricity system in balance, improve the sufficiency of electrical power and reduce their own electricity bills.

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As a whole, the foundation for the plan is an assessment that Finland will continue to have a deficit in terms of peak power and be a net importer of electricity in relation to annual energy for the next 10 years.

3.4.4 Technology

Basic electricity transmission technology solutions have remained unchanged for decades and there are no technologies on the horizon that would change the solutions. The main grid still includes transmission lines from the 1920s and substations from the 1970s. The lines now being built can be expected to be in use for at least 60-80 years. Although basic electricity transmission solutions have not changed, technology development has made it possible to use the grid in a safer, more efficient and reliable manner. The development of energy storage technologies plays a key role in terms of the main grid.

In future decades, technology innovations will become more visible in distribution networks. System security and uninterrupted electricity distribution will be more appreciated. As the price of technology decreases, more advanced technologies can also be implemented in the distribution network.

Advanced ICT solutions are already used in the main grid, but smart solutions are only just coming to the distribution network. For example, remotely-read energy meters have made it possible to locate faults in the distribution network more accu- rately. Advanced protection systems in the main grid have been able to locate faults at an accuracy of a few dozen metres for a long time already. In the main grid, the system fault protection must be at the best possible level, because the effects of faults can be very extensive and the equipment being protected can be worth mil- lions of euros.

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT HAS MADE ” IT POSSIBLE TO USE THE GRID IN A SAFER, MORE EFFICIENT AND RELIABLE MANNER.

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3.4.4.1 Electricity transmission technologies

Finland’s main grid is based on overhead lines and alternating current. Electricity transmission in the main grid owned by Fingrid takes place at the 400, 220 and 110 kV voltage levels. Electricity is transmitted between the voltage levels by means of transformers. The power of the 400/220 and 400/110 kV transformers used by Fingrid is typically 400 MVA and that of the 220/110 kV transformers is 100-250 MVA.

A distinctive feature of the Finnish main grid is long transmission distances. The use of high-voltage alternating current cables in the main grid is mainly limited to the vicinity of substations, and the maximum length of the cables is usually a few hundred metres. More extensive use of cables is not worthwhile due to cost and electrotechnical limitations. When using alternating current, electricity cannot be efficiently transmitted over long distances by cable, especially in the 110-400 kV grid. The transmission capacity of 400 kV overhead lines is 2-3 times higher

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than the best cables, which means that several parallel cables have to be used to replace overhead lines. The Baltic Sea cross-border transmission connections from Finland to Sweden and Estonia have been implemented by means of direct current technology, which enables the construction of long cable connections. However, the drawbacks of direct current connections are very high construction costs and lower system security resulting from more complicated technology. Fingrid does continuous development work to improve the system security of direct current connections, but availability is still significantly weaker than that of overhead lines implemented with alternating current connections. The electricity market can adapt to interruptions in cross-border transmission connections, but electricity consumption cannot be flexible in the same manner. It is also expensive and technically difficult to add intermediate substations to direct current connections. For these reasons, direct current connections are not suitable for more extensive use in the Finnish internal main grid.

The thermal capacity of electricity transmission components is limited by the heating of the components caused by resistance loss. Transmission capacity in the main power transmission grid is often limited by other electrotechnical phenomena, such as continuous power oscillations at power plants following grid faults and the voltage stability of the grid. These limitations can be addressed with more advanced technology. For example, series compensation on long 400 kV transmission lines and the Static Var Compensator (SVC) built at Kangasala have significantly increased the transmission capacity and system security of the main power transmission grid without the construction of new transmission lines. Additional stabilising systems at large power plants also make higher transmission capacities possible in the main grid. Highly accurate measurement devices (PMU, Phasor Measurement Unit) installed on different parts of the Nordic power transmission grid make it possible to continuously monitor the status of the power system (WAMS, Wide Area Measurement system) and make detailed analyses of various phenomena in the grid. As information describing the status of the power system increases, the grid can be used in a more efficient manner without compromising system security.

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3.4.4.2 Other technology development

A large challenge for the future electricity system will be the growth in unregulat- ed production capacity and the simultaneous reduction in regulating production capacity. It appears that in the future there will be a great need for systems that can store electrical energy produced in an emission-free manner. For example, such devices could be batteries or pumped storage power stations.

Some battery-based reserve power plants have been planned for Finland and ideas developed for battery-based electricity storage facilities. A decision has been made to implement a 1.2 MW electricity storage facility in Helsinki’s Kalasatama district. However, the costs of such power plants are still high in relation to the power and size of the energy storage facility. As electric cars become more common in the future, car batteries will provide a huge potential source of energy storage. Fingrid is closely involved in development and standardisation work for electric cars and the peripheral system being built around them. Fingrid has reached agreement with several industrial facilities concerning loads which can be disconnected. Such loads function like reserve power plants in system disturbance situations. The loads are often selected so that their temporary disconnection does not interfere with other plant production processes. In the future, consumers will also receive more devices that adjust consumption according to the grid frequency or price of electricity.

Product development work in electricity production, industry, transportation, construction and consumer commodities is active and new innovations aimed at increasing the efficiency of energy production and use are being turned out continuously. The future will show which new technologies will become commercially available.

IN THE FUTURE THERE WILL BE A GREAT NEED FOR ” SYSTEMS THAT CAN STORE ELECTRICAL ENERGY PRODUCED IN AN EMISSION-FREE MANNER.

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3.4.5 Wind power

Main grid development needs have changed radically over the past 10 years. Prior to the structural change in the forest industry and the recession that began in 2008, electricity consumption increased each year and steady grid investments were made to meet the transmission needs caused by increased consumption. At the moment, electricity consumption is lower than it was before the recession that began in 2008. Investments in the 110 and 220 kV main grid currently focus on replacing the aged grid and on connecting new production – mostly wind power – to the grid.

The 2010s will be remembered for the emergence of wind power. Several hundred wind power projects are in the planning stage in Finland. The projects are located in sparsely populated areas close to the existing electricity grid. The focuses are on the west coast in the Pori and Vaasa, Kalajoki and Raahe, and Oulu and Tornio areas. A large number of projects are also in progress in the Inland Finland. For the time being at least, it appears that earlier concerns about excessive geographical concentration of wind power have proven groundless and the 2,500 MVA wind power production as specified by the feed-in tariff valid at this time is spreading extensively across Finland.

Despite the many plans, construction of wind power has progressed more slowly than expected. The main reason for the delays has been the slow pace of various permit processes. Many permit-related problems have been solved and it seems very likely that construction of wind power will accelerate in the upcoming years.

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In accordance with Finland’s National Energy and Climate Strategy, Fingrid’s objective is to enable the connection of wind power to the electricity grid. The Act on Production Subsidy for Electricity Produced from Renewable Energy Sources specifies that a production subsidy for 2,500 MVA wind power be paid for a period of 12 years. When legislating the Act, Finland’s target was to increase wind power production to 6 TWh by 2020.

The wind power production subsidy granted by the State has launched a construction boom in wind power and it appears that the goal of 2,500 MVA will be achieved. The draft concerning an amendment to the Act submitted by the Gov- ernment for statements in June 2015 may cut the realised wind power capacity to less than 2,500 MVA. As a result of new and more efficient wind power turbines, the annual energy target of 6 TWh that was set will probably be clearly exceeded. A target of 9 TWh has been set for 2025. The Ministry for Employment and the Economy will begin developing possible future subsidy mechanisms for wind power and other renewable forms of energy in autumn 2015.

In practice, connecting wind power to the grid will require local investments in 110 kV transmission lines and new 110 kV substations and 400/110 kV transformer stations, also in the main power transmission grid. The new 400 kV transmission line from Ulvila to Oulujoki on the west coast will provide a strong framework for connecting wind power to the electricity grid.

In terms of grid planning, the planning and construction boom in wind power has proven challenging, because the time required to plan and obtain permits for a wind power project is very long in comparison to the time needed to build the actual wind power plant and wind farm. Like any other new form of electricity production, connecting wind power to the grid requires investments. With regard to wind power, grid development is particularly challenging because the schedules and organisation of project implementation cannot be ascertained due to the length of permit processes and the related appeal procedures. This uncertainty also means that it is particularly challenging to time the necessary main grid investments and specify their scope.

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3.5 Scenarios

As part of long-term main grid planning, Fingrid is drawing up scenarios in order to understand the impacts that different development paths have on the main grid and the resulting needs. Fingrid’s previous main grid scenarios were made in 2013. The key drivers identified in scenario work were achieving the EU’s climate objectives, the level of energy market and policy integration and development of decentralised energy production.

In addition, Fingrid will submit initial data for ENTSO-E’s Ten-Year Network De- velopment Plan (TYNDP) and long-term System Outlook and Adequacy Forecast (SO&AF) based on the scenario descriptions and guidelines specified by ENTSO-E. You can learn more about the latest TYNDP scenarios on ENTSO-E’s website5.

The scenarios primarily aim at mapping investment needs over a period of 10–25 years, and as such will not be dealt with further in this plan.

5 entsoe.eu/Documents/TYNDP%20documents/TYNDP%202016/150521_TYNDP2016_Scenario_ Development_Report_for_consultationv2.pdf

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4.1 Development of the main electricity transmission grid

A summary of key plans to reinforce electricity transmission connections in Fingrid’s 400 kV grid is shown in the picture below.

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

Fenno-Skan 2 DC connection to Sweden 400 kV main grid

Forssa reserve power plant 400 kV under construction Yllikkälä - Huutokoski main grid base line solutions Hyvinkää - Hikiä Estlink 2 DC connection to Estonia Ulvila - Kristinestad Hikiä - Forssa Hirvisuo - Pyhänselkä Keminmaa Lieto - Forssa Hikiä - Orimattila Pyhänselkä Grid development of Helsinki area Petäjävesi - Pyhänselkä Keminmaa - Pyhänselkä Hirvisuo

3rd AC interconnection to Sweden Grid connection of nuclear and wind power Tuovila Kristinestad EIA / Preliminary design Huutokoski Petäjävesi Figure 13. Detailed planning and permits Ulvila Key plans for Fingrid’s Implementation Yllikkälä 400 kV grid. Forssa Hikiä Koria Lieto

In an attempt to keep Finland a single price region, the greatest need for additional transmission capacity focuses on north-south transmission capacity (known as the P1-section).

The completion of Fennovoima’s nuclear power plant in Pyhäjoki, wind power under construction in northern Finland and an increase in Swedish electricity imports all contribute to an increased need for P1 transmission capacity. In coming years, this need for north-south transmission capacity will also be increased by growth of the largest production unit as Olkiluoto 3 is connected to the grid, and also by an increase in the opportunity for ITC transit. The possibility to import from northern Sweden will increase once the third 400 kV alternating current connection is complete. At the same time, Fenno-Skan 2, EstLink 2 and the bidirectional capabilities of the Russian connection allow for greater export from southern Finland.

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The construction of a 400 kV grid on the coast of Ostrobothnia from Hirvisuo (Kok- kola) to Pyhänselkä (Muhos) will restore the loss of transmission capacity caused by the largest production unit and produce some additional transmission capacity for north-south transmission. Along with the increase in Swedish imports, the Fen- novoima nuclear power plant and additions to the Bay of Bothnia coast and other wind power production in northern Finland will require a fifth 400 kV line to the P1 section. Implementation planning has selected the option to construct a new line in place of the 220 kV transmission line from Pyhänselkä to Petäjävesi.

The Hanhikivi nuclear power plant must be connected to the rest of the power system such that the grid connection allows for the safe operation of the nuclear power plant and ensure that the plant is able to feed the electricity it produces into the grid as planned in all situations. For the main grid this means that provisions are being made for two 400 kV transmission lines from the plant on the Hanhikivi peninsula to Lumijärvi in Raahe to connect the new nuclear power plant to the grid.

Two transmission lines are also needed in order for repair and maintenance work to be carried out on transmission lines and electricity substation devices without long outages. In order to ensure the nuclear power plant’s reserve power feed, a separate electricity transmission connection featuring two 110 kV lines is also required from the nuclear power plant to Valkeus (Pyhäjoki) and then on from Valkeus to Jylkkä (Kalajoki).

The effect of the new nuclear power plant unit on strengthening electricity transmission capacity is not an isolated, separate issue, but instead the main grid’s transmission needs are largely dependent on developments on the Nordic electricity markets and on the development of the structure of production in other countries within the Nordic power system. The transmission need is also affected by developments in connections from the Nordic system to other power systems.

The transmission line project between Forssa and Lieto is necessary due to both the replacement of aging transmission lines and a need to reinforce the main grid. The “Rautarouva”, which belonged to the first trunk line in the Finnish main grid, is coming to the end of its service life, and for that reason transmission lines have

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to be replaced. In addition, a higher voltage level – a 400 kV line – is needed between Forssa and Lieto to reinforce the southwestern Finnish grid in an east- west direction. A transmission line with a voltage level of 400 kV improves the grid’s operational reliability during faults and will allow for transmission outage management in the future. The planned transmission line project will also serve regional electricity transmission needs. The capacity of the new 110 kV transmission line is greater than the current level and will allow for growth in the demand for transmission in the Forssa and Lieto area.

The transmission line project between Hikiä and Orimattila is necessary due to both the replacement of an aging transmission line and the need to reinforce the main grid. In this project, too, a transmission line is approaching the end of its service life. There is also need to prepare for the construction of a 400 kV transmission line between Hikiä and Orimattila that would reinforce the southern Finnish main grid in a west-east direction, thereby allowing for the Russian connection to operate bidirectionally. The new transmission line will be planned so that it allows for both 400 kV and 110 kV transmission connections between Hikiä and Orimattila.

The new transmission line between Hikiä and Orimattila prepares for electricity transmission needs caused by developments in the electricity markets and in the consumption and production of electricity. The need for electricity transmission is increased due to new electricity production concentrated on the western coast and new situations wherein electricity is transmitted from Finland to the Baltic countries and to Russia. The current, aging transmission line poses an increasing risk to system security in the area. The new transmission line will improve the grid’s system security during faults and will allow for transmission outage management in the future. The long-term development plan for the main grid contains provisions for the extension of the 400 kV electricity transmission connection from Orimattila to the Koria electricity substation in Kouvola.

The 400 kV Keminmaa–Pyhänselkä transmission line is a requirement for adding transmission capacity to Lapland and to increase cross-border capacity between Finland and Sweden in the north of Finland. The Keminmaa–Pyhänselkä line is needed in order for electricity produced in Lapland to be transmitted to consumption sites in the south without transmission restrictions.

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4.2 The development of cross-border capacity

The Finnish electricity system is connected to northern Sweden and northern Norway via high-voltage alternating current connections and to central Sweden, Estonia and Russia via direct current connections. With the exception of the Norwegian connection, all aforementioned transmission connections are used by the electricity markets. In early 2015, the commercial transmission capacities of connections managed by Fingrid and made available to the electricity markets6 at the start of the year were as follows (From Finland / To Finland)

• Sweden: 2,300 / 2,700 MW • Estonia: 1,000 / 1,016 MW • Russia 320 / 1,300 MW

Cross-border transmission capacity to and from Finland has developed significantly since Fingrid was established. Investments into cross-border lines and the year in which they were taken into use are set out in figure 14.

Figure 14. 1 Series compensation of Earlier grid investments Sweden’s connection lines 1997 to increase and utilise 2 Power increase in Fenno-Skan direct current connection 1998 cross-border 3 P1 series compensation 2001 transmission capacity. 4 Alajärvi switchyard upgrade 2003 5 1 9 5 Power increase in Sweden’s connection lines 2004 10

6 Pikkarala renovation 2004

7 Upgrade of P1 series compensation degree 2007 6

8 Kangasala SVC 2008 3 7 9 Keminmaa – Petäjäskoski 400 kV connection and replacement of Petäjäskoski switchyard 2009

10 Series compensation of northern 4

transmission connections 2009

11 Fenno-Skan 2 2011 8 12 Estlink 1 (purchase) 2013 2 11 13 Estlink 2 2014

13 12

6 The latest information is available on NordPoolSpot’s website npspot.com/globalassets/download-center/tso/max-ntc.pdf

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The development of cross-border transmission capacity is set out in figure 15. The figure also shows the plan for the development of cross-border line capacity in coming years.

Figure 15. [MW]

Development of 6 000 cross-border transmission 4 000 capacity 2006–2015 2 000 and planned development for 0 2016–2025. -2 000

-4 000

-6 000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

Import to Finland Export from Finland

Cross-border capacity has increased strongly over the last ten years thanks to the implementation of the Fenno-Skan 2 and EstLink 2 submarine cable and the bidirectionality of the Russian connection. The most important new cross-border connection project during the review period is the third alternating current connection planned between northern Finland and northern Sweden with a target schedule of 2025. The estimated increase in commercial tranmission capacity provided by this connection is approximately 500-800 megawatts. In addition, once complete, the new transmission line connection will improve power system security in Finland, and together with the reinforcements to the P1 section, will promote the utilisation of northern Scandinavia’s hydropower and wind power at large consumption sites in southern Finland and Sweden. In addition, the new connection will improve the system security of the power system in line and substation maintenance situations which require outages. The Swedish transmission system operator Svenska Kraftnät has prioritised transmission line projects within Sweden over the third alternating current connection, for which reason the project is delayed beyond its original planned schedule.

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The available import capacity via alternating current connections from northern Sweden to northern Finland will decrease by 300 megawatts in connection with the commissioning of the Olkiluoto 3 nuclear power plant unit. Due to the cable’s maximum voltage, the transmission power of the Fenno-Skan 1 direct current cable has been limited to 400 megawatts. In addition, the complete renewal of the Fenno-Skan 1 cable is under investigation, but the implementation of such a plan would fall outside of the review period.

Fingrid is not planning any new transmission line projects to other neighbouring countries during the review period. The possibility of increasing the current transmission capacity between northern Finland and northern Norway by means of a transmission line between Pirttikoski and Varangerbotn has been reviewed, but investigations currently remain on a conceptual level only. The renewal of the Vyborg direct current substation to bring it up to speed with modern technology would improve the technical requirements for the transmission of electricity between Russia and Finland and would also provide the opportunity to increase transmission capacity from Finland to Russia. Fingrid does not, however, play a role in the decision or its implementation, since the network property to be renewed is located in Russia.

The EU uses the Barcelona indicator to assess the sufficiency of its member states’ cross-border transmission capacity. According to the indicator, each member state should have cross-border transmission capacity of at least 10 per cent of the installed production capacity in 2020 and 15 per cent in 2030. The planned cross-border transmission capacity to Sweden and Estonia during the review period is approximately 20 per cent of Finland’s installed production capacity and therefore exceeds the level required by the indicator.

CROSS-BORDER CAPACITY HAS ” INCREASED STRONGLY OVER THE LAST TEN YEARS.

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4.3 Development of the regional grid

The regional development plans for the main grid are set out in the following par- agraphs. The report examines special features, investments in recent years and the development plan for the grid by planning area. The plans are shown on a map after each section. On the maps, Fingrid’s 400 kV transmission lines are shown in blue, 220 kV transmission lines are shown in green and 110 kV transmission lines are marked in red. Transmission lines owned by other companies are shown in black.

The key target in Fingrid’s main grid development plan is flexibility. The plan is updated twice a year, or more often if necessary. As such, the information concerning planned projects is preliminary and will be further specified nearer the date of implementation. The final method of implementation and schedule will be clarified in connection with an investment decision. This approach has proven successful, since in this way Fingrid is able to react quickly to any need to make changes to the grid due to changes in the operating environment.

The main grid development plan and its scheduling are affected by many factors, including:

• the needs of Fingrid’s existing customers and possible future customers • changes on the electricity markets • changes in energy policy • the condition of the grid • the possibility of organising any transmission outages required by the project • Fingrid’s and service providers’ resources.

The line routes presented in the main grid development plan will be clarified as planning progresses as a result of route planning and related environmental reports or environmental impact assessments (EIA). Based on the clarified route and substation location plans, Fingrid will prepare for new land use needs required by the transmission grid.

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4.3.1 The Lapland planning area

Description of area The Lapland planning area encompasses over one quarter of Finland’s surface area, but is home to only approximately 150,000 residents. The largest electricity consumers in the area are mines, downhill skiing centres and large population centres. Approximately 800 MW of the hydropower constructed along Kemijoki is located in this planning area. During flooding season, typically in May, the hydropower plants produce electricity at full power and at other times, hydropower can be adjusted according to the market situation. There is a 220 kV transmission connection from the area to Varangerbotn in Norway. Hydropower from the Paatsjoki river on the Russian side of the border is connected to Ivalo by means of a 110 kV transmission line.

Lapland’s 220 and 110 kV grid is connected to the 400 kV main electricity transmission grid via 400/220 kV transformer substations at Pirttikoski and Petä- jäskoski. 220/110 kV transformer substations are located in Valajaskoski, Isoniemi, Vajukoski, Kokkosniva and Ivalo. Electricity is primarily transmitted in the area using a 220 kV ring network. In addition, there is also a 110 kV ring connection between Valajaskoski and Vajukoski.

Recent investments into the Lapland grid The Lapland grid has seen heavy investments in recent years. The area’s electricity consumption has increased significantly this millennium, and this has also increased the need for electricity transmission through the grid. The system security of the regional grid was not at a sufficient level, so a new 220 kV ring connection between Petäjäskoski–Valajaskoski–Isoniemi–Vajukoski was added to the grid. The line was completed in 2011 and has a length of approximately 240 kilometres. At the same time, a new 220/110 kV transformer station was constructed at Isoniemi, in the village of Kaukonen in Kittilä. The 110 kV substation in Meltaus was thoroughly renovated in 2014.

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There are currently two major substation projects under way at Pirttikoski and Petäjäskoski. A second 400/220 kV transformer will be added to both of Lapland’s key substations and the switchyard at both will be improved. In addition, the usa- bility of the switchyard at the Vajukoski substation in Sodankylä will be improved and another 220/110 kV transformer will be added to the station.

The Kuolavaara-Keulakkopää wind farm is under construction between Sodankylä and Kittilä and has a capacity of 51 MW. In order to connect its power to the grid, a new 220 kV substation has been completed for the 220 kV line between Isoniemi and Vajukoski.

Development plan for the Lapland region Investments into the Lapland regional grid have created a firm basis for the connection of new production and consumption to the grid. There are plans to further add to the area’s transformer capacity at the Isoniemi and Valajaskoski substations if an increase in electricity consumption or production so requires. In addition, investigations are under way as to improving the system security of the Rovaniemi area.

To connect the Palkisvaara-Kannusvaara wind farm, plans are in place for a new 220 kV substation at Nuolivaara for the 220 kV transmission line between Va- jukoski and Kokkosniva. The substations in the Lapland regional main grid have been renewed and renovated extensively in the last few years. There are plans to replace the 220 kV switchyard at Pirttikoski due to its age around 2025.

A 220 kV transmission line connection from the Ossauskoski substation to Kalix in Sweden is currently in use. This supply connection will be replaced with a 400/110 kV transformer station which is under construction on the Swedish side of the border. The Ossauskoski-Kalix ring connection will be decommissioned once the new transformer station is taken into use in late 2015. The section of line between Ossauskoski and Varevaara in Tervola will be retained and will link the wind farm in Varevaara on to Ossauskoski. The Kalix line between Varevaara and Kukkolankoski, on the other hand, will be removed.

Table of contents 65 REGIONMUONIO 1 PORTTIPAHTA Lapland SUURIKUUSIKKO Replacement investment of UTSJOKI Vajukoski PEURAPASO *New 220 kV SIRKKA AUTIONMUKKA substation switchyard at (2025) 4 Fingrid’sKÄTKÄ ten-yearLEVI grid Isoniemi and second VAJUKOSKI 220/110 kV development plan KEVITSA transformer (2020) KOTIVUOMA Second 220/110 kV ÄKÄSLOMPOLO transformer at MATARAKOSKI Vajukoski (2016) ÄKÄSJOKI YLLÄSJÄRVI ISONIEMI SATTANEN KAUKONEN KELUKOSKI SUUKANGAS *Nuolivaara substation for KURTAKKO wind power connection KOLARI KURKIKOSKI SODANKYLÄ Figure 16. KURKIAAPA Development plan for the Lapland planning area. KOKKOSNIVA Legend: LUOSTO VIRTANIEMI implemented decision made planned Kuolajärvi substation for wind power NELLIMÖ connection (2015) PELKOSENNIEMI Replacement LUOSTO investment of IVALO REGIONMUONIO 1 PORTTIPAHTA Ossauskoski – Kalix 220 LaplandMeltaus 110 kV SUURIKUUSIKKO Replacement investment of UTSJOKI kV transmission line will MELTVajukoskiAUS PEURAPASO substation*New (2014) 220 kV SIRKKA AUTIONMUKKA substation switchyard at (2025) be decommissioned KÄTKÄ LEVI Isoniemi and second VAJUKOSKI SALLA 220/110 kV KEVITSA (2015) PELLO transformer (2020) KOTIVUOMA Second 220/110 kV ÄKÄSLOMPOLO Renewal of 220 transformerkV at Third 220/110 kV MATARAKOSKI Vajukoski (2016) KURSU transformerÄKÄSJOKI at YLLÄSJÄRVI ISONIEMI switchyardSATTANEN at KAUKONEN KELUKOSKI KEMIJÄRVI SUUKANGAS *Nuolivaara substationHANHIKOSKI for TURTOLA Valajaskoski KURTAKKO Pirttikoski (2025)wind power connection KURKIKOSKI KOLARI HONKAKERO *New (2020-2025) SODANKYLÄ KURKIAAPA Keminmaa – KOKKOSNIVA VIRTANIEMI Kuolajärvi substation LUOSTO Taivalkoski for wind power NELLIMÖ connection (2015)NI VAVAARA PELKOSENNIEMI 110 kV LUOSTO Replacement MELLALAMPI PORTTIPAHTA Renovation of 220 investment of IVALO JUMISKO transmission Ossauskoski – Kalix 220 Meltaus 110 kV kV transmission line will substation (2014) MELTAUS kVbe decommissionedswitchyard at line (2017-18) OIKARAINEN SALLA (2015) PELLO VALAJASKOSKI Renewal of 220 kV PEURAPASO AAVASAKSA Petäjäskoski and Third 220/110 kV KURSU transformer at switchyard at KURSUNKI KEMIJÄRVI HANHIKOSKI SEITAKORVA TURTOLA second 400/220 kV Valajaskoski Pirttikoski (2025) YLITORNIO HONKAKERO *New (2020-2025) transformerKeminmaa – (2016) VAJUKOSKI Taivalkoski PIRTTIKOSKI NIVAVAARA 110 kV MELLALAMPI KEVITSA PORTTIPAHTA transmission Renovation of 220 JUMISKO PETÄJÄSKOSKIkV switchyard at line (2017-18) OIKARAINEN VALAJASKOSKI AAVASAKSA Petäjäskoski and PEURAPASO KURSUNKI second 400/220 kV SEITAKORVA YLITORNIO Replacement investment transformer (2016) PIRTTIKOSKI VAJUKOSKI VIIPUSJÄRVI KEVITSA TERVOLA PETÄJÄSKOSKI of 220 kV switchyard at Third AC-connection Replacement investment of 220 kV switchyard at VIIPUSJÄRVI RUKA TERVOLA Ossauskoski (2016) Third AC-connection Ossauskoski (2016) RUKA between Finland and between Finland and OSSAUSKOSKIOSSAUSKOSKI AHOLA AHOLA Second 400/220 Sweden (2025) Second 400/220 Sweden (2025) Replacement investment of Taivalkoski kV transformer at POSIO 110 kV ja 220 kV switchyard (2016) Pirttikoski (2015) KUUSAMO POSIO Replacement investment Replacement investment of Taivalkoski kV transformer at of Keminmaa 400 kV RANUA TAIVALKOSKI substation (2018) LIAKKA 110 kV ja 220 kV switchyard*New (2016) Kittilänjärvi 110 kV switchyard and Pirttikoski (2015) KALIX KEMINMAA KUUSAMO Replacement investment PIRKKIÖ Taivalkoski – Kittilänjärvi 110 kV transmission line ASMUNTI Renewal of 110 kV switchyard SELLEE RANUA of Keminmaa 400 kV at Isohaara (2024) TISOHAARAAIVALKOSKI *The implementation of the projects is significantly dependent on the wind power projects planned for the area. substation (2018) LIAKKA *New Kittilänjärvi 110 kV switchyard and KALIX KEMINMAA PIRKKIÖ Taivalkoski – Kittilänjärvi 110 kV transmission line ASMUNTI Renewal of 110 kV switchyard SELLEE at Isohaara (2024) ISOHAARA *The implementation of the projects is significantly dependent on the wind power projects planned for the area.

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4.3.2 The Sea-Lapland planning area

The Sea-Lapland planning area extends to the Iijoki river in the south and Pello in the north. There are fewer than 70,000 residents in the area. Electricity consumption centres around Kemi. The largest industrial facilities are the Veitsiluoto paper mill, the Kemi pulp mill and the steel factory in Röyttä, Tornio.

The area’s electricity production capacity consists of power plants at industrial facilities and the Kemijoki hydropower plants. Wind power has already been constructed in Sea-Lapland and the quantity is expected to increase to several hundred megawatts in coming years.

There is a 400/110 kV transformer substation at Keminmaa and a 220/110 kV transformer substation at Taivalkoski. In addition, there is a looped 110 kV grid in the coastal region of the Bothnian Arc.

Completed and ongoing investments into the Sea-Lapland region Electricity transmission capacity between Finland and Sweden was reinforced and its reliability improved once a new 400 kV transmission line between Petäjäskoski and Keminmaa was completed in 2009. The same project entity saw the construction of a brand new 400 kV switchyard in Petäjäskoski.

Wind power production capacity has already been constructed in Sea-Lapland, with plenty more expected in coming years. Several transmission line projects are in motion in Sea-Lapland for the connection of new wind power production capacity. The main grid will be reinforced through the construction of a double 110 kV line approximately 4 km in length between Isohaara and Keminmaa, which will allow for two 110 kV line connections between the Isohaara and Keminmaa substations and the Taivalkoski and Keminmaa substations. The conductors in the 110 kV Isohaara – Raasakka transmission line between Kemi and Iijoki will be replaced with conductors that have better transmission capacity. At the Isohaara end, high-temperature conductors will be used for the first time in Finland as they allow for an increase in transmission capacity without replacing towers along the line. The rest of the section of line is dimensioned for heavier conductors, and traditional aluminised steel conductors will be used when renewing these sections.

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Development plan for Sea-Lapland Basic renovation and extension projects for the Taivalkoski and Ossauskoski substations are under way. The aging switchyard in the immediate vicinity of the Kemijoki hydropower plants will undergo basic renovation, thereby improving their reliability. The project entity also includes a planned new 110 kV transmission line between Taivalkoski and Keminmaa which is necessary to connect a significant amount of new wind power at Taivalkoski. Connections at Taivalkoski will be constructed for new wind farms.

The 400 kV grid in the Sea-Lapland region will be reinforced over the next ten years in accordance with plans. A third 400 kV alternating current connection is planned between northern Finland and northern Sweden and its completion is expected in around ten years in 2025. According to plans, the new cross-border line would connect to the Finnish grid in Keminmaa. A new 400 kV connection between Kemijoki and Oulujoki is necessary for this cross-border project. The new connection is planned from Keminmaa to the Pyhänselkä transformer substation in Muhos.

Plans were made to construct a 400/110 kV transformer substation in Simo as a wind power connection station. After technical investigations, it was established that it would not be possible to carry out the plans due to series compensation along the 400 kV Keminmaa – Pikkarala line. Series compensation cannot be changed since it would fundamentally reduce the cross-border transmission capacity between Finland and Sweden. The new Keminmaa – Pyhänselkä 400 kV transmission line would make it possible to build the station. The transmission line is due for completion in 2024.

In addition, a substation is planned for the area at the Kittilänjärvi branch point. A 110 kV transmission line would be constructed from the station to Taivalkoski. The substation would increase system security and transmission capacity throughout the entire Kemi region, but would require significant investments from the local industry and grid companies, for which reason no decision has yet been made to go ahead with the station.

Table of contents 68 KURSUNKI SEITAKORVA Sea Lapland REGION 2 VALAJASKOSKI VANTTAUSKOSKI YLITORNIO PIRTTIKOSKI Ossauskoski – Kalix 220 Replacement investment PETÄJÄSKOSKI Reconstruction of kV transmission line will be of Keminmaa 400 kV 220 kV switchyard at decommissioned (2015) substation (2018)4 Fingrid’s ten-year grid Petäjäskoski and development plan second 400/220 kV transformer (2016) OSSAUSKOSKI Replacement investment Third AC-connection of 220 kV switchyard at between Finland and TERVOLA Ossauskoski (2016) AHOLA Sweden (2025) POSIO Replacement investment of KUUSIMAA Taivalkoski 110 kV and 220 kV switchyards (2016) Figure 17. TAIVALKOSKIDevelopment plan for the Sea-Lapland planning area. LIAKKA RANUA KEMINMAA Legend: *New Keminmaa – Taivalkoski 110 TORNIO implementedkV transmission decision made line planned (2017-18) PIRKKIÖ SELLEE ISOHAARA ASMUNTI RÖYTTÄ *New Kittilänjärvi 110 kV switchyard and Lead-in of Isohaara Taivalkoski – Kittilänjärvi 110 kV transmission line KURSUNKI VALAJASKOSKI VANTTAUSKOSKI SEITAKORVA – Taivalkoski 110 kV Sea Lapland REGION 2 YLITORNIO PIRTTIKOSKI Ossauskoski – Kalix 220 Replacement investment transmission line at PETÄJÄSKOSKI Reconstruction of kV transmission line will be of Keminmaa 400 kV 220 kV switchyard at decommissioned (2015) substation (2018) Petäjäskoski and Keminmaa (2015) second 400/220 kV SIMO transformer (2016) OSSAUSKOSKI Replacement investment Third AC-connection of 220 kV switchyard at between Finland and TERVOLA Ossauskoski (2016) AHOLA Sweden (2025) Renewal of 110 KUIVANIEMI POSIO ReplacementNew investment 400 of kV transmission line Taivalkoski 110 kV and 220 ISOSYÖTE kV switchyard at KUUSIMAA Pyhänselkä – Keminmaa (2024) MYLLY- TUOMELAkV switchyards (2016) TAIVALVAARA Isohaara (2024) LIAKKA TAIVALKOSKI KANGAS RANUA KEMINMAA *New Keminmaa – Taivalkoski 110 TORNIO kV transmission line (2017-18) PIRKKIÖ NYBY Re-conductoring of ISOHAARA SELLEE ASMUNTI *New Kittilänjärvi 110 kV switchyard and RÖYTTÄ Reinforcement of Isohaara Kittilänjärvi – SimoLead-in of Isohaara and II Taivalkoski – Kittilänjärvi 110 kV transmission line – Taivalkoski 110 kV transmission line at PINTAMOJÄRVI – Kittilänjärvi 110 kV Simo – RaasakkaKeminmaa (2015) transmission line (2013) transmission lines (2015) SIMO Renewal of 110 KUIVANIEMI New 400 kV transmission line kV switchyard at Pyhänselkä – Keminmaa (2024) ISOSYÖTE TUOMELA TAIVALVAARA Isohaara (2024) MYLLY- KANGAS Re-conductoring of NYBY YLIKURKI Kittilänjärvi – Simo and ReinforcementRAASAKKA of Isohaara II Re-conductoring of 110 kV – Kittilänjärvi 110 kV Simo – Raasakka PINTAMOJÄRVI transmission line (2013) transmission lines (2015) HAAPAKOSKI transmission lines in the YLIKURKI PUDASJÄRVI RAASAKKA Re-conductoring of 110 kV MAALISMAA HAAPAKOSKI Raasakka area (2015) SOROSENPERÄtransmission lines in the PUDASJÄRVI SOROSENPERÄ MAALISMAA Raasakka area (2015) * New 400/110 kV substation HÄYRYSENNIEMI to Isokangas (2016)* New 400/110 kV substation HÄYRYSENNIEMI HAUKIPUDAS Transmission line arrangements at Replacementto investment Isokangas of 110 (2016) Poikkimaantie (2014) KELLO kV switchyard at Leväsuo (2021) HAUKIPUDAS Replacement investment of 110 kV Transmission line TOPPILA YLIKIIMINKI LEVÄSUO switchyard at Pyhäkoski (2020-25) VEPSÄ Expansion of 400 kV switchyard arrangements at Replacement investment of 110 kV KUIVALA switchyard at Pikkarala (2020) Replacement investmentat Pyhänselkä (2016) of 110 KELLO PIKKARALA Poikkimaantie (2014) kV switchyard*The implementation at ofPUOLANKA theLeväsuo projects is significantly (2021) dependent PYHÄKOSKI PYHÄNSELKÄ on the wind power projects planned for the area. PÄLLI

TOPPILA YLIKIIMINKI Replacement investment of 110 kV LEVÄSUO switchyard at Pyhäkoski (2020-25) VEPSÄ Expansion of 400 kV switchyard Replacement investment of 110 kV KUIVALA switchyard at Pikkarala (2020) at Pyhänselkä (2016) PIKKARALA PUOLANKA Table of contents *The implementation of the projects is significantly dependent PYHÄKOSKI 69 PYHÄNSELKÄ on the wind power projects planned for the area. PÄLLI 4 Fingrid’s ten-year grid development plan

4.3.3 The Oulu region planning area

The Oulu planning area comprises the area between Kalajoki, Haapajärvi and Iijoki. The area has a population of approximately 370,000. The largest industrial facilities are the paper and pulp mill on Nuottasaari and the steel factory in Raahe. Oulu is also home to lots of other industry with relatively high electricity use. The area’s electricity production capacity comprises power plants which produce district heating in addition to electricity for the city of Oulu, power plants at industrial facilities and the Iijoki and Oulujoki hydropower plants. Wind power has been constructed on the Raahe, Pyhäjoki and Kalajoki coast, and there are several construction projects under way.

The area contains the main grid’s 400/110 kV transformer substations in Pikkarala and Uusnivala. There is a 220/110 kV transformer substation at the Pyhäkoski hydropower plant and 400/220 kV transformation at the nearby Pyhänselkä substation.

Ongoing investments in the Oulu area A second 400/110 kV transformer was added to the Pikkarala transformer substation in 2009. The Uusnivala 400/110 kV transformer station was completed in 2011. In the next phase, 220/110 kV transformation was removed from the Leväsuo substation and the 220 kV transmission line began transmitting at an operating voltage of 110 kV along the section of line between Oulu and Kalajoki.

The 400 kV Hirvisuo – Pyhänselkä transmission line to be constructed from Kok- kola to Muhos will run across the Ostrobothnian coastal region. A large quantity of wind power is planned and under construction to the south of Oulu. In order to connect this wind power, Fingrid is constructing new substations in Siikajoki and Kalajoki. The old substation in Kalajoki will be dismantled and replaced with a new 400/110 kV transformer substation at Jylkkä, which will connect to the new 400 kV transmission line. The Siikajoki substation will at first be a 110 kV switchyard, but provisions will be made for the construction of 400/110 kV transformation at the station.

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Around 10 kilometres of aging transmission lines near the Raasakka hydropower plant at the mouth of the Iijoki river will be renewed.

Development plan for the Oulu area Fingrid is constructing a 400/110 kV transformer substation at Isokangas to the north of Oulu. The new substation will connect the 400 and 110 kV grids along the Iijoki river. In connection with the construction of the substation, a 9 km long 2 x 110 kV transmission line from the Leväsuo – Raasakka line will be constructed to the Isokangas station. The new substation will allow for the connection of wind power to the grid in the area and ensure transmission reliability in the Oulu region as consumption increases.

Grid reinforcements required by Fennovoima’s Hanhikivi nuclear power plant planned in Pyhäjoki are set out in section 4.4.1.

Table of contents 71 ISOHAARA SELLEE ASMUNTI New 400 kV Oulu region transmission line REGION 3 AJOS SIMO Pyhänselkä – Keminmaa (2024) ISOSYÖTE * New 400/110 kV substation TUOMELA to Isokangas (2016) TAIVALVAARA Changes to Isohaara and Re-conductoring of Kittilänjärvi substations4 Fingrid’sKittilänjärvi ten-year – Simo grid and Simo – Raasakka II Replacement investment of 110 developmenttransmission plan lines (2015) kV switchyard at Leväsuo (2021)

RAASAKKA YLIKURKI Re-conductoring of 110 kV HAAPAKOSKI transmission lines in the PUDASJÄRVI Raasakka area (2015) SOROSENPERÄ Replacement HÄYRYSENNIEMI Replacement investment investment of Vihanti Transmission line HAUKIPUDAS of 110 kV switchyard at substation (2023) arrangements at Pikkarala (2020) KELLO Poikkimaantie (2014) New 220/110 kV transformer Figure 18. at Seitenoikea (2017) 400 kV and 110 kV substations Development plan for the Oulu region planning area. LEVÄSUO YLIKIIMINKI Replacement Valkeus and Hanhela (Hanhikivi New Siikajoki 110 kV substation (2016) VEPSÄ investment of 110 kV Nuclear Power Plant) Legend: PIKKARALA switchyard at KURIMO implemented decision made planned PUOLANKA Pyhäkoski (2020-25) ÄMMÄ PYHÄNSELKÄ PYHÄKOSKI AITTOKOSKI New Jylkkä 400/110 kV Extension of 400 kV switchyard transformer station (2016) ISOHAARA SELLEE HIRVINEVA ASMUNTI TYRNÄVÄ UTANEN at Pyhäselkä (2016) New 400 kV Oulu region transmission line AJOS SIMO Pyhänselkä – HYRYNSALMI REGION 3 RAUTARUUKKI Keminmaa (2024) ISOSYÖTE * New 400/110 kV substation PALJAKKA Decommissioning of to Isokangas (2016) TAIVALVAARA TUOMELA Changes to Isohaara and Re-conductoring of Kalajoki substation (2016) Kittilänjärvi substations Kittilänjärvi – Simo and NUOJUA SEITENOIKEA Simo – Raasakka II Replacement investment of 110 transmission lines (2015) *NewkV switchyard 400/ at1 Leväsuo10 kV (2021) RAASAKKA YLIKURKI Re-conductoring of 110 kV HAAtransformerPAKOSKI at New Hirvisuo – Pyhänselkä PYHÄJOKI transmission lines in the PUDASJÄRVI Raasakka area (2015) SOROSENPERÄVIHANTI Siikajoki (~2020?) 400 kV transmission line. Replacement HÄYRYSENNIEMI Replacement investment LEPPIKOSKI investment of Vihanti Transmission line of 110 kV switchyard at HAUKIPUDAS substation (2023) arrangements at Pikkarala (2020) The Kalajoki – Siikajoki line KELLO Poikkimaantie (2014) New 220/110 kV transformer New 110 kV segment will be constructed New 2x400 kV at Seitenoikea (2017) LEVÄSUO Ontojoki 400 kV and 110 kV substations YLIKIIMINKI Replacement with a 400+110 kV structure Valkeus and Hanhela (Hanhikivi New Siikajoki 110 kV substation (2016) VEPSÄ transmissioninvestment of 110 kV line for Nuclear Power Plant) substation PIKKARALA switchyard at KURIMO (2015-16) PUOLANKA ETELÄNKYLÄ AlajärviPyhäkoski (2020-25) – Pikkarala 400 ÄMMÄ KALLIOVARASTO (2014) KALAJOKI PYHÄNSELKÄ PYHÄKOSKI AITTOKOSKI KIRKKOAHO New Jylkkä 400/110 kV kV transmission lines. transformer station (2016) Extension of 400 kV switchyard HIRVINEVA TYRNÄVÄ UTANENNew at Pyhäselkä 400 (2016)kV substation TIHISENNIEMI NEVASAARI HYRYNSALMI The old 110 kV Ventusneva SIMI RAUTARUUKKI PALJAKKA Decommissioning of at Lumijärvi. (Hanhikivi – Pikkarala line will be Kalajoki substation (2016) ALAVIESKA TEIKKOPERÄ VUOKATTI ONTOJOKI NUOJUANuclear Power Plant) SEITENOIKEA VUOLIJOKI *New 400/110 kV partially decommissioned YLIVIESKA SOTKAMO transformer at New Hirvisuo – Pyhänselkä PYHÄJOKI HAAPAVEDEN VL (2014-16) VIHANTI Siikajoki (~2020?) OTANMÄEN EROTIN LAHNASLAMPI 400 kV transmission line. LEPPIKOSKI The Kalajoki – Siikajoki line KATERMA HIMANKA KETTUKALLIO Extension of New 110 kV segment will be constructed New 2x400 kV Ontojoki ALwithAVIIRRE a 400+110 kV structure RIESKANEVA UUSNIVALAtransmission line for Uusnivala 110 kV substation (2015-16) TALVIVAARA ETELÄNKYLÄ Alajärvi – Pikkarala 400 KALLIOVARASTO (2014) KALAJOKI KIRKKOAHO kV transmission lines. switchyard (2015) KANNUS NIVALA New 400 kV substation TIHISENNIEMI Renewal of The old 110 kV Ventusneva SIMI NEVASAARI OHENNEVA at Lumijärvi. (Hanhikivi KOKKOLAN VL – Pikkarala line will be ALAVIESKASIEVI TEIKKOPERÄ Nuclear Power Plant) VUOLIJOKI VUOKATTI ONTOJOKI Tihisenniemi 110 kV partially decommissioned YLIVIESKA SOTKAMO KÄLVIÄ HAAPAVEDEN VL Renewal of Tihisenniemi – (2014-16) OTANMÄEN5th EROTIN south-north LAHNASLAMPI 400 kV switchyard (2018) VENTUSNEVA PEKANKANGASHIMANKA KETTUKALLIO Extension of KATERMA Katerma 110 kV transmission line ALAVIIRRE RIESKANEVA UUSNIVALA Uusnivala 110 kV TALVIVAARA switchyard (2015) transmission line Petäjävesi KANNUS NIVALA Renewal of (2014) KOKKOLAN VL OHENNEVA SIEVI Tihisenniemi 110 kV KÄLVIÄ 220 kV Petäjävesi – Haapaveden – Pyhänselkä (2023)Renewal of Tihisenniemi – New Hirvisuo 5th south-north 400 kV switchyard (2018) VENTUSNEVA PEKANKANGAS HAAPAJÄRVI Katerma 110 kV transmission line VL and Petäjävesi – Nuojua transmission line Petäjävesi (2014) WISAFOREST 400/110 kV transformer – Pyhänselkä (2023) New Hirvisuo 220 kV Petäjävesi – Haapaveden KAITFORS VL and Petäjävesi – Nuojua HAAPAJÄRVI WISAFOREST 400/110 kV transformertransmission lines will be partially *TheMUSTINMÄKI implementation of the projects is significantly dependent KAITFORS station (2015-16) transmission lines will be partially *TheMUSTINMÄKI implementation of the projects is significantly dependent station (2015-16) decommissioneddecommissioned (2025?) (2025?) on the wind power projects planned for the area. VALTIMO on the wind power projects planned for the area. VALTIMO KIURUVESI KIURUVESI

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4.3.4 The Kainuu planning area

Description of area Electricity consumption in the Kainuu area primarily consists of consumption by services and households. The planning area has a population of approximately 90,000. No population growth is expected, so the growth in load caused by civil consumption is expected to be slow. In addition, the area is also home to a few industrial facilities and mines in Talvivaara, in Lahnaslampi and in Sotkamo, which are significant with regard to main grid transmission. Nowadays there is over 400 megawatts of electricity production capacity in the Kainuu area. The majority of this is produced in the north of the area through hydropower. There is also a back-pressure power plant in Kajaani which produces heat for industrial and district heating needs in addition to electricity. The planning area also includes the Haapavesi peat-burning power plant, which is connected to the north-south 220 kV transmission line. The area is the focus of several hundred megawatts of planned wind power, in the areas of Hyrynsalmi and Suomussalmi in particular. The area is very suitable for wind power construction since it is sparsely populated and sufficiently windy.

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The Kainuu 110 kV electricity transmission grid connects to the 400 and 220 kV main electricity transmission grid via the Vuolijoki, Nuojua and Seitenoikea transformer substations. Electricity is transmitted even long distances to consumers within the area by means of 110 kV ring networks from the transformer substations.

Recent investments into the Kainuu grid The system security of the Seitenoikea – Tihisenniemi 110 kV ring has been significantly improved in recent years. The 110 kV transmission line from Katerma to Kuhmo was renewed in 2009 and the transmission line section from Tihisenniemi to Katerma was renewed in 2014. Also in 2014 the Ontojoki 110 kV substation near the Katerma hydropower plant was completed. Transmission line investments helped to provide the ring network with sufficient transmission capacity even during transmission and maintenance outages. The new Ontojoki switchyard improved the system security of transmission and provided added selectivity to main grid protection, for example.

Development plan for the Kainuu region In order to be able to connect wind power to the electricity grid in the northern sections of the Kainuu planning area, the old 220/110 kV transformer at Seiten- oikea, which has insufficient load capacity, will be replaced with a new transformer in 2017. The nominal load capacity of the new transformer is 250 MVA. Due to the slow load growth, there is no need in sight to reinforce the grid to increase transmission capacity. Investments in upcoming years will primarily focus on basic renovations and renewal of aging parts of the grid. The Nuojua and Tihisenniemi substations, among others, will be renewed before 2020.

INVESTMENTS IN UPCOMING YEARS WILL ” PRIMARILY FOCUS ON BASIC RENOVATIONS AND RENEWAL OF AGING PARTS OF THE GRID.

Table of contents 74 YLIKIIMINKI VEPSÄ REGION 4 Kainuu KURIMO PUOLANKA ÄMMÄ PYHÄKOSKI Replacement investment of 110 kV switchyard at AITTOKOSKI PÄLLI PYHÄNSELKÄ Pyhäkoski (2020-25)4 Fingrid’s ten-year grid New 220/110 kV Extension development of 400 kV switchyard plan transformer to ar Pyhänselkä (2016) UTANEN Seitenoikea (2017) HYRYNSALMI PALJAKKA

NUOJUA SEITENOIKEA New 400 kV KUUMU UVA Hirvisuo – HALMEPURONSUO Figure 19. Pyhänselkä Development plan for the Kainuu planning area. PALJAKKA transmission HEINIPURO line (2016) Legend: LEPPIKOSKI implemented decision made planned Renewal of 110 kV Tihisenniemi – Katerma HÄRMÄNKYLÄ SÄRÄISNIEMI transmission line (2014)

YLIKIIMINKI VEPSÄ REGION 4 Kainuu KURIMO PUOLANKA ÄMMÄ PULKKILA PYHÄKOSKI Replacement investment of 110 kV switchyard at KALLIOVARASAITTOKOSKITO New 110 kV Ontojoki KESTILÄ PÄLLI PYHÄNSELKÄ Pyhäkoski (2020-25) KULUNTALAHTI substation (2014) New 220/110 kV Extension of 400 kV switchyard transformer to ar PyhänselkäTIHISENNIEMI (2016) 220 kV Petäjävesi – UTANEN Seitenoikea (2017) HYRYNSALMI PALJAKKA Haapaveden VL and VARISKANGAS NUOJUA SEITENOIKEA Petäjävesi – Nuojua New 400 kV KUUMU UVA transmission lines will be Hirvisuo – HALMEPURONSUO Pyhänselkä PALJAKKA VUOKATTI SOTKAMO transmission HEINIPURO VUOLIJOKI LEPPIKOSKILAHNASLAMPI KANNINLAMPI partially decommissioned line (2016) Renewal of 110 kV ONTOJOKI HÄRMÄNKYLÄ PYHÄNTÄ Tihisenniemi – Katerma LEPPISUO SÄRÄISNIEMI transmission line (2014) (2025?) KALLIOINEN KATERMA PULKKILA KALLIOVARASTO KESTILÄ New 110 kV Ontojoki KULUNTALAHTI substation (2014) 220 kV Petäjävesi – TIHISENNIEMI 5th south-north 400 kV Haapaveden VL and VARISKANGAS Petäjävesi – Nuojua transmission line Petäjävesi – transmission lines will be VUOKATTI SOTKAMO partially decommissioned VUOLIJOKI LAHNASLAMPI ONTOJOKI KANNINLAMPI LEPPISUO PYHÄNTÄ (2025?) KALLIOINENTALVIVAARA Pyhänselkä (2023) KATERMA 5th south-north 400 kV transmission line Petäjävesi – Renewal of Pyhänselkä (2023) TALVIVAARA TRenewalihisenniemi of 110 kV Tihisenniemi 110 kV switchyardswitchyard (2018) (2018)

VIEREMÄ MUSTINMÄKI VALTIMO RUOTANEN KIURUVESI PYHÄSALMI

PELTOMÄKI NURMES VIEREMÄ SIMONIEMI RAUTAVAARA AHMO *The implementation of the projects is significantly dependent MUSTINMÄKI SÄRKIVAARA * Project depends highly on planned wind power in the area. on the wind power projects planned for the area. VALTIMO RUOTANEN KIURUVESI PYHÄSALMI

PELTOMÄKI NURMES SIMONIEMI RAUTableTAV of contentsAARA 75 AHMO *The implementation of the projects is significantly dependent SÄRKIVAARA * Project depends highly on planned wind power in the area. on the wind power projects planned for the area. 4 Fingrid’s ten-year grid development plan

4.3.5 The Ostrobothnia planning area

Description of area The Ostrobothnia planning area encompasses the regions of Southern and Central Ostrobothnia, Ostrobothnia and some of Northern Ostrobothnia. The area has a population of approximately 450,000. Electricity consumption centres around the largest cities. Some of the largest electricity consumers in the area are the Kaskinen CTMP plant, the Jakobstad paper and pulp mills and the Kokkola zinc plant. One significant type of electricity consumption in the region, especially in Närpiö and the nearby area, is greenhouse cultivation. The majority of Finland’s greenhouse cultivation is located in the area, which is home to dozens of hectares of greenhouses. On this scale, the electricity consumption is also significant from the 110 kV grid’s transmission perspective.

There are back-pressure power plants producing electricity and district heating in Seinäjoki, Vaasa, Kokkola and Pietarsaari. In addition, there are large condensing power plants in Vaasa and Kristinestad. Pohjolan Voima has announced that it will mothball its oil condensing power plants in Kristinestad and Vaasa in 2015. In addition, the company has also announced that it will mothball its coal condensing power plants as unprofitable in Tahkoluoto in Pori and in Kristinestad.

There is relatively little hydropower capacity in this planning area. Instead, the majority of planned wind power in Finland is located on the Ostrobothnian coast. There is currently less than 100 megawatts of wind power in use in the planning area, but this quantity is expected to increase significantly in the next few years.

THERE IS CURRENTLY LESS THAN 100 MEGAWATTS OF WIND POWER ” IN USE IN THE PLANNING AREA, BUT THIS QUANTITY IS EXPECTED TO INCREASE SIGNIFICANTLY IN THE NEXT FEW YEARS.

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The Ostrobothnian planning area electricity transmission grid has primarily been composed of 220 and 110 kV voltage levels. Main grid transformer substations are located in Seinäjoki, Kristinestad, Tuovila near Vaasa and at Ventusneva in Kokko- la. The majority of the 220 kV grid and transformer substations were constructed in the 1970s. The transformer substations are now approaching the end of their technical service lives. The area’s 220 kV voltage will be phased out and replaced with 400 and 110 kV solutions by 2017.

Recent investments in the Ostrobothnian area The main grid in the Ostrobothnian area is currently undergoing a transition to the 400 and 110 kV voltages. The aging 220/110 kV transformation will be removed and replaced with 400/110 kV transformer substations. In 2011, a 400+110 kV joint-structure transmission line from Seinäjoki to Tuovila was completed. 400/110 kV transformation and new 400 and 110 kV switchyards were constructed at the Tuovila substation. The Uusnivala transformer substation was also completed in the same year. After these projects, work began to construct a new 400 kV transmission line connection from Ulvila to the new 400/110 kV transformer substation in Kristinestad. The Ulvila–Kristinestad transmission line was mostly constructed in place of the aging 220 kV line. The connection and transformer substations were completed in autumn 2014.

The third phase of the development of the Ostrobothnian main grid is under way. The new 400/110 kV Hirvisuo transformer substation in Kokkola will be constructed to replace the transformations at Ventusneva. A new 400 kV transmission line spanning approximately 210 kilometres from the Hirvisuo substation to Pyhänselkä in the north will be constructed. The Kalajoki substation will be decommissioned and replaced with the new Jylkkä 400/110 kV transformer substation. A new 110 kV substation will be constructed in Siikajoki. The line between Kristinestad, Vaasa and Kokkola which has been in use at 220 kV, but has a structure capable of operating at 400 kV, will be converted for use at 400 kV. These projects will all be complete in 2016. The development of the Ostrobothnian grid will result in a 400 kV ring network from Pori to Oulu.

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The area features a large number of 220 kV-structured lines built during the 1970s and which have not yet reached the end of their service life. These lines will be taken into use at 110 kV to transmit electricity between main grid substations and to ensure the system security of transformation in various disturbance situations.

Ostrobothnia development plan By the end of 2016, there will be six 400/110 kV transformer substations in the Ostrobothnian area. Transformers will be added to these substations as necessary in line with demand for transmission caused by an increase in consumption or production. The new grid to be constructed in Ostrobothnia is sufficiently strong to cover the needs of increasing consumption, and even large quantities of wind power can be connected to the grid.

In addition to Kristinestad, transformers will also be located at either the Tuovila or Seinäjoki substation, as well as the Hirvisuo substation. Decisions on the new transformers will be made during 2015 and will depend on the construction of wind power.

In addition, if the several hundred megawatts of planned wind power are realised in the areas between Ulvila and Kristinestad and/or Kristinestad and Tuovila, new wind power connection stations constructed in the area could act as connection solutions.

THE NEW GRID TO BE CONSTRUCTED IN OSTROBOTHNIA IS ” SUFFICIENTLY STRONG TO COVER THE NEEDS OF INCREASING CONSUMPTION, AND EVEN LARGE QUANTITIES OF WIND POWER CAN BE CONNECTED TO THE GRID.

Table of contents 78 YLIVIESKA HAAPAVEDEN VL HIMANKA KETTUKALLIO REGION 5 New 400 kV Hirvisuo – ALAVIIRRE RIESKANEVA Ostrobothnia Pyhänselkä UUSNIVALA transmission line (2016) KANNUS Extension of OHENNEVA SIEVI Ventusneva – Leväsuo Uusnivala 110 kV KÄLVIÄ 220 kV transmission lines operating VENTUSNEVA switchyard (2015) at 110 kV voltage (2013-2015) PEKANKANGAS HITURA 4 Fingrid’s ten-year grid HIRVISUO TOHOLAMPI New Hirvisuodevelopment 400/110 kV plan transformer station (2015-16) WISAFOREST Hirvisuo – Marinkainen line HAAPAJÄRVI segment will be constructed with a Second 400/110 kV 400+110 kV structure (2015) transformer to Hirvisuo (2018) TIILIMÄKI UUSIKAARLEPYY TEERIJÄRVI Tuovila – Hirvisuo 220 kV transmission 5th south-north 400 MUNSALA 220 kV line operating at 400 kV voltage (2016) kV transmission line Petäjävesi – PetäjävesiVETELI – JEPUA Haapaveden VL Figure 20. Pyhänselkä (2023) Development plan for the Ostrobothnia planning area. EVIJÄRVI and Petäjävesi – ORAVAINEN PIHTIPUDAS KINNULA Nuojua Legend:T uovila 400 kV KOJOLA transmission implementedswitchyard decision (2016) made planned ALAHÄRMÄ FENNOMARKKI KIVIPURO lines will be LOTLAX SKATAN partially GERBY LAPPAJÄRVI decommissioned YLIVIESKA HAAPAVEDEN VL PERHO VÖYRI YLIHÄRMÄ HIMANKA KETTUKALLIO VIMPELI New 400 kV Hirvisuo – Renewal of (2025?) REGION 5 ALAVIIRRE RIESKANEVA Ostrobothnia Pyhänselkä UUSNIVALA transmission line (2016) KANNUS AlajärviExtension 400 of kV SUNDOM OHENNEVA SIEVI Ventusneva – Leväsuo Uusnivala 110 kV KÄLVIÄ 220 kV transmission lines operating VENTUSNEVA switchyard (2015) TUOVILA KAUHAVPEKANKANGASA switchyard at 110 kV voltage (2013-2015) HITURA HIRVISUO HOISKO SUOLAINEN TOHOLAMPI (2017) MAALAHTI New Hirvisuo 400/110 kV ALAJÄRVI transformer station (2015-16) WISAFOREST Hirvisuo – Marinkainen line HAAPAJÄRVI segment will be constructed with a SÄNKIAHO KYYJÄRVI Second 400/110 kV 400+110 kV structure (2015) transformer to Hirvisuo (2018) TIILIMÄKI YLISTARO Expansion of LAIHIA UUSIKAARLEPYY TEERIJÄRVI Kristinestad – Tuovila Tuovila – Hirvisuo 220 kV transmission 5th south-north 400 LAPUA 220 kV Alajärvi 110 kV line operating at 400 kV voltage (2016) MUNSALA kV transmission line Petäjävesi – HAAPOJAPetäjävesiVETELI – 220 kV transmission line JEPUA Haapaveden VL switchyard (2016) Pyhänselkä (2023) EVIJÄRVI and Petäjävesi – ORAVAINEN MARTIKKALA PIHTIPUDAS PETOLAHTI KINNULA Nuojua operating at 400 kV Tuovila 400 kV KOJOLA transmission switchyard (2016) ALAHÄRMÄ FENNOMARKKI KIVIPURO SOINI lines will be voltage (2016) LOTLAX SKATAN partially KARSTULA GERBY LAPPAJÄRVI Replacement decommissioned VÖYRI SEINÄJOKIYLIHÄRMÄ Renewal of VIMPELI PERHO JOUPPI (2025?)KUO RTANE investment of 110 SUNDOM Alajärvi 400 kV KONTTIPURO TUOVILA switchyard JU RVA KAUHAVA TRÄSKBÖLE SUOLAINENILMAJOKI (2017) SOUKKAJOKIHOISKO kV switchyard at MAALAHTI ALAJÄSeinäjokiRVI – Ventusneva KYYJÄRVI *New Pirttikylä 400/110 kV SÄNKIAHO LAIHIA YLISTARO Expansion of Alajärvi (2023) Kristinestad – Tuovila LAPUA and SeinäjokiAlajärvi –110 AlajärvikV wind power connection station 220 kV transmission line HAAPOJA switchyard (2016) YLIMARKKUoperating at 400 kV PETOLAHTI MARTIKKALA SAARENKYLÄ SOINI 220 kV transmission voltage (2016) KARSTULA Replacement SAARIJÄRVI SEINÄJOKI JOUPPI KUORTANE RAJALA KONTTIPURO investment of 110 JUKURIKKARVA lines operating at 110 TRÄSKBÖLE ILMAJOKI SOUKKAJOKI kV switchyard at *New Pirttikylä 400/110 kV Seinäjoki – Ventusneva Kristinestad – Tuovila 220 kV Alajärvi (2023) wind power connection station and Seinäjoki – Alajärvi SOIDINLAMPI YLIMARKKU SAARENKYLÄ 220 kV transmission kV voltage (2016) SAARIJÄRVI RAJALA ALAVUS transmission line operating at KURIKKA lines operating at 110 Kristinestad – Tuovila 220 kV NÄRPIÖ NORI kV voltage (2016) SOIDINLAMPI transmission line operating at ALAVUS NÄRPIÖ NORI 110 kV voltage (2014) 110 kV voltage (2014) TEUVA VÄISÄLÄNMÄKI VÄISÄLÄNMÄKI ÄHTÄRI ÄHTÄRI TEUVA KOIVISTO Replacement KOIVISTO KASKINEN MARTTILANMÄKI investment/Renewal of UURAINEN New 400/110 kV transformer KAUHAJOKI Seinäjoki 110 kV Replacement station at Kristinestad (2014) YLIVALLI KASKINEN KRISTINESTAD switchyard (2018-25) *New 400 kV Arkkukallio wind MARTTILANMÄKI investment/Renewal of UURAINEN Second 400/110 kV KAUHAJOKIpower connection station VIHTAVUORI New 400/110 kV transformer transformer to Kristinestad KRISTIINA Petäjävesi – Alajärvi (2017) 220 kV transmission Seinäjoki 1PETÄJÄVESI10 kV HEINÄAHO station at Kristinestad (2014) line operatingYLI at 1V10ALLI RAUHALAHTI ISOJOKI KRISTINESTADUlvila – Kristinestad 220 kV kV voltage (2016) switchyardYLIAHO (2018-25) transmission lines replaced with new KELJO *New 400 kV ArkkukallioKARVIA wind 400 kV transmission line (2014) RÄNNÄRI KANTTI Second 400/110 kV power connectionKATKO station *The implementation of the projects is significantlyMUURAME dependent VIHTAVUORI ISOKEIDAS on the wind power projects planned for the area. HONKO MÄNTYLÄ transformer to Kristinestad KRISTIINA Petäjävesi – Alajärvi (2017) 220 kV transmission PETÄJÄVESI HEINÄAHO line operating at 110 ISOJOKI RAUHALAHTI Ulvila – Kristinestad 220 kV kV voltage (2016) YLIAHO transmission lines replaced with new KELJO KARVIA 400 kV transmission line (2014) RÄNNÄRI KANTTI MUURAME KATKO Table of contents 79 *The implementation of the projects is significantly dependent ISOKEIDAS on the wind power projects planned for the area. HONKO MÄNTYLÄ 4 Fingrid’s ten-year grid development plan

4.3.6 The Central Finland planning area

Description of area One special feature of the Central Finland area is its low electricity production in relation to its electricity consumption. The majority of electricity destined for consumption in Central Finland is transmitted to the area from elsewhere. Major consumers of electricity in the area are large forest industry clusters in the Jämsä river valley, Äänekoski and Mänttä. Structural change in industry in recent years has brought great uncertainty with regard to the development of loads. The Central Finland area has seen development in both directions; some forest industry has been wound down in the area but decisions have been made to construct more. The shutdown or expansion of a single large industrial plant can have a wide-reaching impact on transmission in the area’s main grid, either reducing or increasing it.

A large share of electricity produced in Central Finland is produced using industrial back-pressure plants. In addition, the Rauhalahti and Keljonlahti power plants in Jyväskylä produce electricity and district heating. There are a few small hydropower plants in the area as well. The planning area has a population of approximately 300,000.

The Central Finland area is connected to the 400 and 220 kV main electricity transmission grid through several transformer stations. The area is connected to the 400 kV grid via transformation at Vihtavuori, Toivila and Alajärvi. Cen- tral Finland is connected to the 220 kV grid at Alajärvi, Petäjävesi and Jämsä. Electricity is transmitted to consumers within the area via 110 kV ring networks between these transformer stations.

Recent investments into the Central Finland grid Two substation projects are currently under way in Central Finland. The aging 220 kV switchyard at Petäjävesi will be renewed in a project due for completion in 2016. Petäjävesi’s new switchyard will be constructed using 400 kV equipment, meaning it can be taken into use at 400 kV in the future. The 110 kV switchyard at Petäjävesi was renewed in 2007.

Work to renew the old 110 kV switchyard is under way in Mänttä. The new substation will be constructed in the vicinity of the existing substation. The Mänttä substation will be complete in 2016.

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Development plan for the Central Finland planning area The 400 kV Alajärvi switchyard will be renewed to improve main grid system security. The existing dual-rail transfer bar structure will be renewed to a double-circuit breaker (duplex). The same project will see the existing 220 kV switchyard at Ala- järvi decommissioned. The decommissioning of the 220 kV switchyard at Alajärvi is part of Fingrid’s plan to phase out the 220 kV voltage south of Oulujoki over the next 10 years. In connection with the decommissioning, the 220 kV transmission lines connected to the station will switch to an operating voltage of 110 kV. Once the 220 kV switchyard at Alajärvi has been decommissioned, the 220 kV grid will remain between the Jämsä, Petäjävesi, Nuojua and Pyhänselkä substations.

The aim is to phase out the 220 kV connections from Oulujoki to Petäjävesi and Jämsä with the construction of the fifth P1 line Petäjävesi – Pyhänselkä in the 2020s. The fifth south-north 400 kV transmission line is planned for completion in 2023.

The transmission capacity and operational reliability of the 110 kV main grid between Koivisto and Vihtavuori must be improved due to the changing transmission situation. The changes will be caused by the commissioning of a new bioproduct mill in 2017. The connection of the new bioproduct mill will result in the need to construct a second 110 kV transmission line connection between the Koivisto and Vihtavuori substations.

The new 110 kV substation in Jyväskylä will be constructed to replace the aging Keljo substation as a main grid hub. The Jyväskylä substation is planned for construction as gas-insulated switchyard approximately 1.5 kilometres to the south of the existing substation.

Central Finland houses a large number of aging wooden tower-structured 110 kV transmission lines, which will be renewed later on as plans are clarified. The area is also home to several substations which will require basic renovation over the next ten years.

According to the long-term plan, the Jämsä substation will be phased out once the 220 kV voltage level is no longer in use. This is expected to take place around 2023 when the 400 kV voltage is to be taken into use in Petäjävesi. After this, main grid operation is planned to concentrate on the Toivila substation in Jämsä, approximately three kilometres away.

Table of contents 81 VETELI JEPUA EVIJÄRVI REGION 7 PIHTIPUDAS ORCentralAVAINEN KOJOLA Finland KINNULA 220 kV Petäjävesi – Haapaveden VL and LAPINLAHTI VARPAISJÄRVI FENNOMARKKI Petäjävesi – Nuojua transmission lines will ALAHÄRMÄ KIVIPURO Renewal of Alajärvi 400 be partially decommissioned (2025?) kV switchyard (2017) 220 kV Seinäjoki – PERHO KEITELEPOHJA PIELAVESI NILSIÄ YLIHÄRMÄ ALAPITKÄ Tuovila and Seinäjoki VIMPELI 4 Fingrid’sExtension ten-year of grid KEITELE MAANINKA – Alajärvi transmission developmentAlajärvi 110 plankV 5th south-north 400 VIITAKANGAS KAUHAVA lines operating at 110 kV transmission line switchyard (2016) OULUNMÄKI kV voltage (2016) Petäjävesi – SIILINJÄRVI YLISTARO SÄNKIAHO ALAJÄRVI KYYJÄRVI Pyhänselkä (2023) LAPUA VIITASAARI MATOMÄKI TOIVALA HAAPOJA MARTIKKALA VESANTO SOINI ILOHARJU MÄNNISTÖ KARSTULA Extension of Koivisto KARTTULA KUORTANE substation (2016) New 110 kV transmission NEULALAMPI JOUPPI KONTTIPURO Figure 21. lines Vihtavuori – Koivisto SEINÄJOKI Development plan for the Central Finland planning area. MATKUS Replacement investment KONGINKANGAS KURKIMÄKI ILMAJOKI (2017) and Vihtavuori – of 110 kV switchyard at Legend: PELLESMÄEN MA PAHANEVA Rauhalahti (2020-2025) Alajärvi (2023) implemented decision made planned SAARIJÄRVI RAJALA KONNEVESI HUMALAMÄKI SOIDINLAMPI MUSTASUO ALAVUS VETELI JEPUA KUHNAMO EVIJÄRVI PIHTIPUDAS ORAVAINEN REGION 7 RAJAKORPI VÄISÄLÄNMÄKI Central KOJOLA Finland KINNULA 220 kV Petäjävesi – Haapaveden VL and LAPINLAHTI ÄHTÄRI VARPAISJÄRVI KOTALAHTI FENNOMARKKI Petäjävesi – Nuojua transmission lines will KIVIPURO Extension of KOIVISTO ALAHÄRMÄ SUOLAHTI Petäjävesi – Alajärvi Renewal of Alajärvi 400 be partially decommissioned (2025?) VkVihtavuori switchyard (2017) 220 kV Seinäjoki – PERHO KEITELEPOHJA PIELAVESI NILSIÄ 220 kV transmission YLIHÄRMÄ ALAPITKÄ Replacement investment Tuovila and Seinäjoki VIMPELI Extension of substation (2017) KEITELE MAANINKA line operating at 110 Petäjävesi– Alajärvi transmission Alajärvi 110 kV 5th south-north 400 VIITAKANGAS of 110 kV switchyard at LEPPÄVIRTA KAUHAVA lines operating at 110 kV transmission line switchyard (2016) OULUNMÄKI kV voltage (2016) Petäjävesi – YLIVALLI kV voltage (2016) SIILINJÄRVI YLISTARO switchyard taken ALAJÄRVI KYYJÄRVI Kauppila (2020-25) SÄNKIAHO Pyhänselkä (2023) VIITASAARI LAPUA MATOMÄKI into use at 400 kV TOIVALA HAAPOJA LAUKAA HUHTIMÄKI MARTIKKALA VIHTAVUORI VESANTO MÄNNISTÖ voltage (2023) SOINI ILOHARJU KARSTULA Extension of Koivisto KARTTULA VARKAUS KUORTANE substation (2016) New 110 kV transmission NEULALAMPI JOUPPI KONTTIPURO lines Vihtavuori – Koivisto PARTAHARJU SEINÄJOKI HANKASALMIMATKUS Replacement investment KONGINKANGAS KURKIMÄKI ILMAJOKI (2017) and Vihtavuori – HEINÄAHO HAAofP 1AMÄKI10 kV switchyard at PETÄJÄVESI Rauhalahti (2020-2025) PELLESMÄEN MA PAHANEVA NIKKARILA Alajärvi (2023) SAARIJÄRVI KONNEVESI RAJALA HUMALAMÄKI HÄYRILÄ SOIDINLAMPI RAUHALAHTIMUSTASUO ALAVUS KUHNAMO LIEVE PIEKSAMÄKI RAJAKORPI VÄISÄLÄNMÄKIPetäjävesi – Jämsä ÄHTÄRI KOTALAHTI Petäjävesi – Alajärvi Extension of KOIVISTO SUOLAHTI 220 kV transmission Vihtavuori KELJO Replacement investment KAUPPILA 220 kV transmission substation (2017) of 110 kV switchyard at LEPPÄVIRTA LIUNANKOSKI line operating at 110 HUUTOKOSKI Petäjävesi YLIVALLI kV voltage (2016) switchyard taken Kauppila (2020-25) line operating at 110 into use at 400 kV AITTASUO LAUKAA HUHTIMÄKI 400 kV switchyardVIHTAVUORI RÄNNÄRI voltage (2023) VARKAUS Re-conductoring of Kauppila – kV voltage (2023) PARTAHARJU HANKASALMI HEINÄAHO HAAPAMÄKI forPETÄJÄVESI Petäjävesi MUURAME NIKKARILA Hämeenlahti 110 kV HÄYRILÄ Renewal of Mänttä RAUHALAHTI LIEVE PIEKSAMÄKI Petäjävesi – Jämsä operating at 220 kV TOIVAKKA PARKANO KAUPPILA transmission line (2020-2025) substation (2016) 220 kV transmission KELJO MÄNTYLÄ HUUTOKOSKI LIUNANKOSKI line operating at 110 voltage (2015-16) AITTASUO 400 kV switchyard RÄNNÄRI Re-conductoring of Kauppila – JAAKKOLA kV voltage (2023) for Petäjävesi MÄNTTÄ MUURAME Hämeenlahti 110 kV ARMALA Renewal of Mänttä operating at 220 kV TOIVAKKA PARKANO transmission line (2020-2025) substation (2016) voltage (2015-16) MÄNTYLÄ PAUNUNPERÄ JAAKKOLA MÄNTTÄ ARMALA NARILA PAUNUNPERÄ NARILA RUHALA RUHALA JÄMSÄ KANGASNIEMI Decommissioning of KANGASNIEMI JÄMSÄ JUVA JämsäDecommissioning substation (2023) of HALLI TOIVILA Renewal of 110 kV POIKOLA Rauhalahti switchyard (2024) JUVA JämsäTAMMIJÄ RsubstationVI KÄLÄ (2023) LÄYKKÄLÄ HALLI POIKOLA JUUPAJOKI New 110 kV substation to Renewal of 110 kV NISUNPERÄ TOIVILA JOUTSA Jyväskylä (2017-2018) SIIKAKOSKI Rauhalahti switchyard (2024) PUUKKOINEN TAMMIJÄRVI KÄLÄVISULAHTI HÄMEENKYRÖ ORIVESI HIRVIHAARA TORNIMÄKI LÄYKKÄLÄ PINSIÖ OTAVA ELOVAARAJUU PAJOKIYLÖJÄRVI ANTTOLA New 110 kV substation to NISUNPERÄ Jyväskylä (2017-2018) JOUTSA SIIKAKOSKI PUUKKOINEN VISULAHTI HÄMEENKYRÖ ORIVESI HIRVIHAARA TORNIMÄKI PINSIÖ OTAVA ELOVAARA YLÖJÄRVI ANTTOLA Table of contents 82 4 Fingrid’s ten-year grid development plan

4.3.7 The Savonia-Karelia planning area

Description of area The grid in the Savonia-Karelia area is characterised by long distances. There are large distances between the area’s production and consumption clusters. Consump- tion in the area mainly comprises consumption by services and households, but there are also a few industrial facilities in the region that are significant with regard to main grid transmission. The planning area’s population is approximately 550,000. The population is not predicted to grow, so the growth in service and household consumption is expected to be slow. Electricity production consists of heating plants in towns and cities, industrial CHP plants and dispersed hydropower plants.

Savonia-Karelia is connected to the 400 kV main electricity transmission grid via 400/110 kV transformer substations at Alapitkä, Huutokoski and Visulahti. Electricity is transmitted within Northern Savonia from the Alapitkä transformer substation via the surrounding 110 kV ring network. The Alapitkä substation also feeds the 110 kV transmission grid in radial use by Savon Voima Oy. Northern Kare- lia is fed by the Alapitkä and Huutokoski substations and the four, long 110 kV ring connections. In addition, there is one 110 kV main grid connection in the area that runs from the direction of Kitee in the south. Southern Savonia is fed by a 110 kV ring network from the Huutokoski and Visulahti transformer substations.

Recent investments into the Savonia-Karelia grid The new Yllikkälä – Huutokoski 400 kV connection was completed in 2013. A second transmission line connection was required between Yllikkälä and Huutokoski in order for Southeast Finland’s power surplus to be transmitted away from the area without transmission restrictions and without endangering system security on the Savonian-Karelian grid. At the same time, the old 400 kV switchyard at Huutokoski was modernised to duplex switchyard.

A 110 kV Varkaus – Kontiolahti transmission line will be complete in summer 2015. The new transmission line connection will replace the old transmission line, which has weak transmission capacity. The transmission line will provide Northern

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Karelia with additional transmission capacity and simultaneously improve the system security of the electricity grid.

In 2015, two new main grid substation projects were initiated in Savonia. The old substation in Varkaus will be renewed in order to guarantee good system security for the area in the future. Another electricity substation investment in the area is the construction of the new Kiikanlahti substation in Kitee. The Kiikanlahti substation will replace the old Puhos substation. In connection with the construction of the Kiikanlahti substation, a conductor replacement along the Kiikanlahti – Suursuo section of line will also be carried out. An increase in the load capacity of the section of line will support the main grid in the area in the event of outages along the lines which feed Northern Karelia. In addition, it will also allow for the more efficient use of the Kiikanlahti – Pamilo transmission line.

Development plan for the Savonia-Karelia planning area There is currently no need to carry out significant reinforcements to increase the main grid’s transmission capacity in the Savonia-Karelia area. Investments over the next ten years will primarily be to address the aging grid.

Northern Karelia is home to a large number of aging wooden tower-structured 110 kV transmission lines which will be renewed later on as plans are clarified. At least the Kontiolahti – Uimaharju – Pamilo project entity will be carried out during the review period. The entity will consist of the renewal of the old Pamilo substation, which is in poor condition, and of the renewal of transmission lines between substations. In addition, basic renovation is planned for the Kontiolahti 110 kV substation, along with an extension via a new line output and a second main bus.

Several key substations will undergo renewal and basic renovation in the Savonia-Karelia planning area over the next ten years. The 110 kV switchyard at Huutokoski will be entirely renewed in 2017. Later on this decade, a new 110 kV switchyard will be constructed in Iisalmi to replace a customer’s Peltomäki switchyard as a main grid hub. In addition, basic renovation will also be carried out on the Alapitkä 110 kV switchyard, among others.

Table of contents 84 Savo-Karelia REGION 6 MUSTINMÄKI RUOTANEN VALTIMO KIURUVESI PELTOMÄKI NURMES MAKKARALAHTI 4 Fingrid’s ten-year grid RAUTAVAARA AHMO development plan Renewal of Peltomäki SÄRKIVAARA 110 kV substation

LIEKSA Replacement investment of LAPINLAHTI VARPAISJÄRVI Alapitkä 400 kV ja 110 kV HANKAMÄKI switchyards (2017-20) Reservation for new JUUKA Huutokoski – Kontiolahti PIELAVESI ALAPITKÄFigure 22. NILSIÄ KEITELE Development plan for the Savonia-Kareliaand planning Kontiolahti area. – Alapitkä HALOLA 400 kV transmission lines Legend: AHMOVAARA implemented decision made planned OULUNMÄKI Renewal of Kontiolahti – Pamilo – Uimaharju – JUANKOSKI MARTONVAARA JÄLÄNMÄKI Kontiolahti 110 kV UIMAHARJU MANKINEN transmission lines Savo-Karelia REGION 6 PELTORANTA VESANTO MUSTINMÄKI VALTIMO (2017-2021) RUOTANEN ILOHARJU KIURUVESI RIISTAVESI AHVENLAMPI KARTTULA PELTOMÄKI NURMES MAKKARALAHTI PAMILO RAUTAVAARA POLVIJÄRVI AHMO Renewal of 110 RenewalNEULALAMPI of Peltomäki SÄRKIVAARA Renewal of 110 kV substation kV Pamilo MATKUS LIEKSA Huutokoski 110 kV Replacement investment of LAPINLAHTI TUUSNIEMI RATILANVAARA HIRVO VARPAISJÄRVI Alapitkä 400 kV ja 110 kV VEHMERSALMI HANKAMÄKI substation (2022) switchyard (2017) switchyards (2017-20) VUONOS KONTIO- Reservation for new JUUKA Huutokoski – Kontiolahti PIELAVESI ALAPITKÄ NILSIÄ KERETTI LAHTI KEITELE and Kontiolahti – Alapitkä ILOMANTSI HALOLA 400 kV transmission lines KONNEVESI AHMOVAARA HUMALAMÄKI RenewalOULUNMÄKI of V arkaus VIINIJÄRVI Renewal of Kontiolahti JUANKOSKI – Pamilo – Uimaharju – MARTONVAARA Replacement JÄLÄNMÄKI Kontiolahti 110 kV UIMAHARJU substation (2016)MANKINEN transmission lines PELTORANTA VESANTO (2017-2021) investment and RAUTALAMPI RIISTAVESI KARTTULA ILOHARJU AHVENLAMPI NIINIVAARA RAJAKORPI POLVIJÄRVI PAMILO Renewal of 110 NEULALAMPI extension of the KOTALAHTIRenewal of kV Pamilo Huutokoski 110 kV MATKUS TUUSNIEMIPALOKKI RATILANVAARA HIRVO substation (2022) VEHMERSALMI VUONOS LIPERI 110 kV Kontiolahti switchyard (2017) KONTIO- KERETTI LAHTI ILOMANTSI KONNEVESI HUMALAMÄKI Renewal of Varkaus VIINIJÄRVI NIITTYLAHTI switchyard (2020) Replacement substation (2016) investment and RAUTALAMPILEPPÄVIRTA NIINIVAARA RAJAKORPI extension of the KOTALAHTI PALOKKI LIPERI 110 kV Kontiolahti HONKAVAARA NIITTYLAHTI switchyard (2020) LEPPÄVIRTA Renewal of Varkaus HONKAVAARA HEINÄVESIRenewal of Varkaus LAUKAA LAUKAA HEINÄVESI – Viinijärvi – – Viinijärvi – PARTAHARJU NIINIMÄKI VARKAUS NIINIMÄKI Kontiolahti 110 kV RÄÄKKYLÅ PARTAHARJU VARKAUS transmission line HANKASALMI SELKIÖ Kontiolahti 110 kV RÄÄKKYLÅ LIEVE HÄYRILÄ (2015) VINSKA TOHMAJÄRVI NIKKARILA HAARAJÄRVI HANKASALMI HUUHA KAUPPILA HUUTOKOSKI New Visulahti – transmission line SELKIÖ SAVONRANTA Savonlinna SUURSUO AITTASUO KITEE LIEVE HÄYRILÄ 110 kV transmission (2015) VINSKA TOIVAKKA line (2025...) PUHOS TOHMAJÄRVI ARMALA RANTASALMI LAUKUNKANGAS NIKKARILA RAUVANNIEMI NARILA VARMO HAARAJÄRVI KAUPPILA KANGASNIEMI KELOHARJU KERIMÄKI New Kiikanlahti substation and re- HUUHA HUUTOKOSKI HYÖTYNEN KESÄLAHTI New Visulahti – conductoring of Puhos – Suursuo line segment (2016) POIKOLA SAVONRANTA KÄLÄ SavonlinnaHARAVANIEMI KULENNOINEN SUURSUO SAVONLINNA AITTASUO SULKAVA 110 kV transmissionLAUTEALA KITEE TOIVAKKA line (2025...) PUHOS ARMALA RANTASALMI LAUKUNKANGAS RAUVANNIEMI NARILA VARMO KANGASNIEMI KELOHARJU KERIMÄKI New Kiikanlahti substation and re- HYÖTYNEN KESÄLAHTI conductoring of Puhos – Suursuo line Table of contents 85 segment (2016) POIKOLA KÄLÄ HARAVANIEMI KULENNOINEN SAVONLINNA SULKAVA LAUTEALA 4 Fingrid’s ten-year grid development plan

4.3.8 The Pori and Rauma region planning area

Description of area The Pori and Rauma region area is significant with regard to electricity production on a national level. Over 3,000 megawatts of electricity production capacity is situated in the area. The production structure is diverse with the largest production being the Olkiluoto nuclear power plant in Eurajoki. Electricity is also produced at e.g. industrial and district heating CHP plants, condensing power plants, hydropower plants and wind power plants. In addition, two direct current connections to Sweden run from the Rauma substation in the area. Energy-intensive industry forms a large share of the area’s load. The area contains, for example, forest, metal and chemical industry. The planning area’s population is approximately 300,000.

Due to its high electricity production and cross-border connections, there is a large power surplus in the area. In order to transmit the surplus away from the area, the area’s 400 kV main electricity transmission grid is well-looped and has strong transmission capacity. The Pori and Rauma region is connected to the 400 kV main electricity transmission grid via the 400/110 kV transformer substations at Rauma and Ulvila. Electricity is transmitted to consumers within the area by means of 110 kV ring and radial networks from the transformer substations.

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Recent investments into the Pori and Rauma region grid Many investments have been made into the main grid in the Pori and Rauma region in recent years. The most recently completed is the new 400 kV Ulvila – Kristinestad transmission line, which was constructed in place of the aging 220 kV transmission line. In conjunction with this, the 400 and 110 kV switchyards at the Ulvila substation were also renewed and the 220 kV switchyard was phased out. The new 400 kV transmission line is part of the future 400 kV west coast ring network, which will extend from Pori to Oulu.

The area’s 400 and 110 kV main grid was markedly reinforced at the turn of the decade to connect the Olkiluoto 3 nuclear power plant to the main grid and due to increased cross-border connection capacity. In addition, the area’s 400/110 kV transformer capacity was increased by renewing one Ulvila transformer and by adding a third transformation in Rauma. The cross-border capacity between Swe- den and Finland was reinforced by 800 megawatts at the start of the decade. The Fenno-Skan 2 HVDC connection from Rauma to Finnböle was completed in 2011.

Development plan for the Pori and Rauma region area There are many plans for wind power in the planning area. Fingrid has kept these in mind and made preparations to construct connection stations for wind power at Leväsjoki and Arkkukallio north from Ulvila. In addition to wind power-related investments, the aging substations in the area will undergo basic renovation and the older 400 kV switchyard at Olkiluoto will be renewed.

THE PORI AND RAUMA ” REGION AREA IS SIGNIFICANT WITH REGARD TO ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION ON A NATIONAL LEVEL.

Table of contents 87 TEUVA TAIVALMAA KALLMOSSA ÄHTÄRI TEOLLISUUSARO MARTTILANMÄKI SAVIKYLÄ Pori and Rauma KASKINENregion REGION 8 SVALSKULLA YLIVALLI New 400/110 kV transformer KRISTINESTAD station at Kristinestad (2014)

KRISTIINA 4 Fingrid’s ten-year grid HAAPAMÄKI HEINÄAHO developmentISOJOKI plan Ulvila - Kristinestad 220 kV YLIAHO transmission line replaced with new 400 kV transmission line (2014) KARVIA Extension of RÄNNÄRI Kangasala 110 kV KANTTI switchyard (2015) *New 110 kV Replacement investment Reconstruction of KÄENKOSKI Leväsjoki of Kangasala 400 kV and Kankaanpää substation HONKO JAAKKOLA 110 kV switchyards (2023) substation (2019) MÄNTTÄ Figure 23. RUHALA PAUNUNPERÄ Development plan for the Pori and Rauma region planning area. YLIKYLÄ Ulvila – Kristinestad 220 kV and 110 kV Legend: KANKAANPÄÄ HALLI transmission lines replaced with new implemented decision made planned Lavianvuori LEVÄSJOKI NARVI 400 kV line (2014) SISÄTTÖ 400/110 kV Renewal of Elovaara – Pinsiö conversion and JUUPAJOKI 1KALLMOSSA10 kVTEU transmissionVA line TAIVALMAA 400 kV T-branch MERI-PORI POMARKKU ÄHTÄRI TEOLLISUUSARO MARTTILANMÄKI SAVIKYLÄ connection Renewal of 400 and 110 kV Pori and Rauma KASKINENregion REGION 8 VILPEE ReplacementSVALSKULLA investment of YLIVALLI (2015) ERÄSLAHTI switchyards at Ulvila (2014) New 400/110 kV transformerPEIT TOOKRISTINESTAD station at Kristinestad (2014) the Melo 110 kV switchyard HÄMEENKYRÖ ORIVESI KRISTIINA HAAPAMÄKI and addition of a capacitor SUODENNIEMIHEINÄAHO PINSIÖ ISOJOKI YLIAHOHIRVIHAARA Ulvila - Kristinestad 220 kV at substation (2016) Renewal of Tikinmaa transmission line replaced with new 400 kV transmission line (2014) KARVIA ELOVAARA Extension of YLÖJÄRVI – Vanaja 110 kV:n RÄNNÄRI Kangasala 110 kV ULVILA KANTTI switchyard (2015) KALLIO *New 110 kV Replacement investment Reconstruction of KÄENKOSKI Leväsjoki of Kangasala 400 kV and transmission line Kankaanpää substation HONKO JAAKKOLA 110 kV switchyards (2023) KANGASALA substation (2019) MÄNTTÄ (2018) JYRÄ RUHALA SAHALAHTI PAUNUNPERÄ MELO Renewal of Olkiluoto 400 YLIKYLÄ SOTKA Ulvila – Kristinestad 220 kV and 110 kV HALLI KANKAANPÄÄ Lavianvuori kV switchyard (2018) transmission lines replaced with new LEVÄSJOKI HERTTUALA LUVIA NARVI SISÄTTÖ 400/110 kV 400 kV line (2014) Renewal of Elovaara – Pinsiö VAMMALAconversion and JUUPAJOKI 110 kV transmission line LUOPIOINEN MERI-PORI POMARKKU 400 kV T -branch connection VASTAMÄKI Renewal of 400 and 110 kV HARJAVALTA VILPEE Replacement investment of ERÄSLAHTI switchyards at Ulvila (2014) PEITTOO VARILA(2015) LAVIANVUORI the Melo 110 kV switchyard HÄMEENKYRÖ ORIVESILEMPÄÄLÄ and addition of a capacitor SUODENNIEMI PINSIÖ OLKILUOTO HIRVIHAARA at substation (2016) Renewal of Tikinmaa ELOVAARA YLÖJÄRVI – Vanaja 110 kV:n ULVILA ROSENLEW-ÄETSÄ KALLIO transmission line KANGASALA (2018) JYRÄ SAHALAHTI MELO SOTKA RAUMA Renewal of Olkiluoto 400 TIKINMAA kV switchyard (2018) LUVIA LAUTTAKYLÄ HERTTUALA VAMMALA LUOPIOINEN HARJAVALTA VASTAMÄKI RETULA VARILA LAVIANVUORI LEMPÄÄLÄ OLKILUOTO RIHTNIEMI HUITTINEN ROSENLEJOKISIVUW-ÄETSÄ TARTTILA HAUHO RAUMA TIKINMAA LAUTTAKYLÄ RANTTILA LAPPI TL PUNKALAIDUN RETULA RIHTNIEMI SÄKYLÄHUITTINEN JOKISIVU TARTTILA HAUHO LAPPI TL PUNKALAIDUN RANTTILA SÄKYLÄ URJALA URJALA Replacement of Replacement of LAMMI IHODE LAMMI SEIKUNMAA Forssa – Hikiä 110 HATTULA IHODE LAUTAKARI kV transmission Forssa – Hikiä 110 SEIKUNMAALINTULA HATTULA line with 400+110 IDÄNPÄÄ LAUTAKARI LAITILA kV transmission HUMPPILA kV transmission YLÄNE HUHTIA line (2016) VANAJA LINTULA HANKOSAARI IDÄNPÄÄ KALANTI ORIPÄÄ LOIMAA RENGON VL JANAKKALA line with 400+110 LAITILA FORSSA New 400 kV switchyard YPÄJÄ TERVA Replacement investment of 110 in Forssa (2015) HUMPPILA kV transmission kV switchyard in Kalanti (2022) VOJAKKALA RYTTYLÄ VINKKILÄ MATINSUO HIKIÄ MYNÄMÄKI LUUTAKORPI VANAJA YLÄNE PALTTA HUHTIA line (2016) HANKOSAARI KALANTI ORIPÄÄ LOIMAA RENGON VL JANAKKALA FORSSA Replacement investment of 110 New 400 kV switchyard YPÄJÄ TERVA in Forssa (2015) kV switchyard in Kalanti (2022) VOJAKKALA RYTTYLÄ VINKKILÄ MATINSUO HIKIÄ MYNÄMÄKI LUUTAKORPI PALTTA Table of contents 88 4 Fingrid’s ten-year grid development plan

4.3.9 The Häme planning area

Description of area The Häme planning area covers a rather extensive area of three regions: Pirkanmaa, Häme and Päijät-Häme, which have a total population of approximately 650,000. Electricity consumption in the Häme planning area is mainly comprised of a few large forest and metals industry plants, as well as consumption by the public sector, services, SME industry and households. Consumption by civilians in the Häme area is increasing most rapidly around Tampere, Hämeenlinna and Lahti. Elsewhere in the area there is an increase in electricity consumption, though this is smaller than in the town and city areas. The cities and towns in the Häme area contain power plants which produce both electricity and district heating. In recent years, the amount of electrical energy produced has decreased. In addition, there are electricity and heat production plants linked to industrial facilities in the area. There are new waste-to-energy power plants in Riihimäki and Tampere. The Riihimäki plant is located at Ekokem Oy’s facilities and in Tampere, the plant is located in the eastern part of the city in the Tarastejärvi landfill area. There are hydropower plants in Tam- pere, Nokia and Hämeenkyrö. Fingrid’s 320-megawatt reserve power plant is located in Forssa. The power plant is used as a fast disturbance reserve.

In the Häme planning area, the 110 kV grid is connected to the 400 kV main electricity transmission grid via transformer substations in Kangasala, Forssa and Hikiä. Electricity is transmitted to consumers within the area via 110 kV ring networks between transformer substations.

Recent investments into the Häme grid In 2010, a new 110 kV transmission line with better transmission capacity was completed between Hikiä and Vanaja in place of an old line. The new Multisilta substation at the intersection between Kangasala – Melo and Tikinmaa – Kangasala was constructed in the same year.

A couple of years ago, the extension of the Hikiä 400 kV switchyard and its renewal to duplex switchyard to improve system security on the grid was also completed. At the same time, the aging 110 kV switchyard was renewed and a second

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transformer was added to the transformer substation. A 400 kV transmission line from Hikiä to Hyvinkää was also built and the 110 kV Hikiä – Nurmijärvi connection, which was in poor condition, was renewed.

Construction is currently under way on the new 400+110 kV transmission line between Forssa and Hikiä in Hausjärvi. The line will replace the old and worn 110 kV transmission line which is a part of the transmission line structure between Imatra and Turku. The extension of the 400 kV substation in Forssa is also under way parallel to the transmission line project. The 400 kV main electricity transmission grid in the area will be reinforced since the 400 kV main grid’s west-east transmission needs are increasing; furthermore, as the grid ages, the need for outages due to maintenance also increases, which places heightened significance on support from connections provided by the ring network.

In June 2015, the new Lavianvuori transformer substation will be completed along the Hikiä–Kangasala 400 kV transmission line on the border between Kangasala and Valkeakoski. The project will see the Tikinmaa 110 kV switchyard phased out and 110 kV transmission lines will run to the Lavianvuori 110 kV switchyard. The Lavianvuori transformer will lighten load on the Kangasala transformation and improve the security of supply in the area. Previously, the electricity consumption in Pirkanmaa was mainly fed via the two transformers at the Kangasala 400/110 kV transformer substation. Consumption in the area has grown and the transformers are running out of transformation capacity.

Development plan for the Häme region The old 110 kV Vanaja – Tikanmaa line is old and in poor condition, and will be upgraded to a higher transmission capacity by 2019. A capacitor will be added to the 110 kV Melo substation to support the area’s voltages during faults and maintenance outages. The transmission capacity of the Elovaara – Pinsiö line section will be reinforced to the same level as the rest of the Melo – Seinäjoki transmission line.

There are a few old wooden tower-structured transmission lines in the Häme review area, and these will be renewed according to a plan to be clarified at a later date. The area is also home to several substations which will require basic renovation or renewal over the next ten years, of which the largest is the basic renovation of the Kangasala substation.

Table of contents 90 POIKKEUSJÄRVI MÄNTYLÄ JAAKKOLA REGION 9 MÄNTTÄ HÄME RUHALA KANGASNIEMI PAUNUNPERÄ VÄÄRINMAJA JÄMSÄ HALLI TOIVILA SEPPOLA TAMMIJÄRVI SISÄTTÖ 4 Fingrid’s ten-year grid KÄLÄ IKAALINEN 1 VL developmentJUUPAJOKI plan LESKENMAJA Replacement NISUNPERÄ investment of Melo JOUTSA Renewal of 110 kV 110 kV switchyard ERÄSLAHTI and addition of a Elovaara – Pinsiö VILPEE ORIVESI PUUKKOINEN capacitor at transmission line substation (2016) PINSIÖ TEISKO Replacement investment of Figure 24. YLÖJÄRVI Kangasala 400 kV and 110 ELOVAARA Development plan for the Häme planning area. KALLIO kV switchyards (2023) HARTOLAN HAARA NAISTENLAHTI Legend: KUHMOINEN KANGASALA implemented decision made planned JYRÄ MELO SAHALAHTI Extension of SYSMÄ KARKKU MULTISILTA HERTTUALA Kangasala 110 kV

switchyard (2015) MÄNTYLÄ POIKKEUSJÄRVI JAAKKOLA NUORAMOINEN MÄNTTÄ REGION 9 KUORTTI HÄME KANGASNIEMI RUHALA LUOPIOINEN PAUNUNPERÄ VÄÄRINMAJA Tikinmaa decommissioning VASTAMÄKI JÄMSÄ VARILA PÄLKÄNE PYHÄVESI HALLI TOIVILA PADASJOKI and transmission line LEMPÄÄLÄ SEPPOLA TAMMIJÄRVI SISÄTTÖ KÄLÄ IKAALINEN 1 VL New 400 kV LAVIANVUORI JUUPAJOKI arrangements (2016) Lavianvuori LESKENMAJA Replacement NISUNPERÄ Orimattila - investment of Melo JOUTSA Renewal of 110 kV400/ 110 kV 110 kV switchyard ERÄSLAHTI and addition of a Elovaara – Pinsiö Koria TIKINMAA VILPEE ORIVESI PUUKKOINEN capacitor at transmission line conversion and substation (2016) transmission PINSIÖ TEISKO400 kV T-branch LUSI Replacement investment of line (2022) RETULAYLÖJÄRVI Kangasala 400 kV and 110 VOIKOSKI ELOVAARA HARTOLAN HAARA connectionKALLIO (2015)kV switchyards (2023) NAISTENLAHTI KUHMOINEN KANGASALA JYRÄ MELO SAHALAHTI Extension of SYSMÄ TARTTILA KARKKU MULTISILTA HAUHO KURHILA HERTTUALA Kangasala 110 kV VÄÄKSY KUIKKAVUORI PUNKALAIDUN switchyard (2015) RANTTILA NUORAMOINEN HEINOLA KUORTTI Renewal of Tikinmaa – LUOPIOINEN Tikinmaa decommissioning VASTAMÄKI HUHDASJÄRVI VARILA PÄLKÄNE PYHÄVESI PADASJOKI LÄPIÄ and transmission line LEMPÄÄLÄ Vanaja 110 kV:n LAVIANVUORI New 400 kV arrangements (2016) Lavianvuori New 110 kVOrimattila - 400/110 kV Renewal of Lieto – Koria transmission line (2018) TIKINMAA URJALA conversion and Orimattila transmission Forssa transmission 400 kV T-branch LAMMI LUSI RETULA line (2022) VOIKOSKI HATTULA connection (2015) substation (2019) KALLIOLA HAUHO KURHILA line with a 400+110 TARTTILA VÄÄKSY KUIKKAVUORI PUNKALAIDUN HEINOLA JAALA Renewal of Tikinmaa – RANTTILA HUHDASJÄRVI LÄPIÄ kV structure (2018) Vanaja 110 kV:n New 110 kV Renewal of Lieto – New 400/110 URJALA transmission line (2018) Orimattila Forssa transmission LAMMI KOSKI HL Replacement of Forssa – HATTULA substation (2019) KALLIOLA KYTÖLÄ kV transformer KORVENLAITA line with a 400+110 VANAJA JAALA kV structure (2018) SAARIMÄKI New 400/MUS110 TANKALLIO Hikiä 110 kV transmission KOSKI HL Replacement of Forssa – VANAJA KYTÖLÄ kV transformer KORVENLAITA to Orimattila Hikiä 110 kV transmission SAARIMÄKI MUSTANKALLIOSAL PAKANGAS SALPAKANGAS to Orimattila ine with 400+110 kV HUMPPILA ine with 400+110 kV (2022) HUMPPILA LÖYTTYMÄKI KOLAVA (2022) HUHTIA transmission line (2016) KALPALINNA NIKKILÄ UUSIKYLÄ VOIKKAA 1KOL AVA LÖYTTYMÄKI UUSIKYLÄ VOIKKAA 1 LOIMAA KALPALINNA RENGON VL VILLÄHDE NIKKILÄ HUHTIA transmission line (2016) KAURAKOSKI JANAKKALA FORSSA LEPPÄKOSKI JÄRVELÄN VL YPÄJÄ LOIMAA RENGON TAMMELAVL SIRKKOSUO VILLÄHDE KORIA KAURAKOSKI RYTTYLÄ TÖNNÖ JANAKKALA MATINSUO HIKIÄ HIKIÄ FORSSA PALTTA JÄRVELÄN VL New 400 kV LOPPI Replacement of Hikiä – Tönnö 110 ELIMÄKI SELKÄ LEPPÄKOSKI switchyard at LIESJÄRVI kV transmission line with 400+110 YPÄJÄ ISOAHO PALMA Forssa (2015) kV transmissionMYRSKYLÄ line (2019) MÄNTSÄLÄ SIRKKOSUO TAMMELA SOMERO KORIA RYTTYLÄ TÖNNÖ MATINSUO HIKIÄ PALTTA HIKIÄ LOPPI SELKÄ New 400 kV Replacement of Hikiä – Tönnö 110 ELIMÄKI switchyard at LIESJÄRVI kV transmission line with 400+110 ISOAHO PALMA Forssa (2015) kV transmissionMYRSKYLÄ line (2019) MÄNTSÄLÄ Table of contents 91 SOMERO 4 Fingrid’s ten-year grid development plan

4.3.10 The Southwest Finland planning area

Description of area Electricity consumption in the Southwest Finland area is primarily comprised of consumption by the public sector, services, SME industry and households. The planning area has a population of approximately 430,000. The majority of electricity production in Southwest Finland is located in Naantali, where district heating and steam for industrial needs are produced in addition to electricity. In 2014, Turun Seudun Energiantuotanto (TSE) made an investment decision concerning a new power plant to be constructed in Naantali that would partially replace old capacity that is to be decommissioned.

In Southwest Finland, the 110 kV electricity grid is connected to the 400 kV main electricity transmission grid via 400/110 kV substations in Lieto, Forssa and Salo. Electricity is transmitted to consumers within the area by means of 110 kV ring networks from the transformer substations.

Construction is currently under way on an HVDC cable connection from the Åland Islands to the Naantalinsalmi substation. The transmission capacity of the HVDC connection under construction by the Åland Islands’ transmission system operator Kraftnät Åland is 100 megawatts. The connection will operate only as a reserve connection to secure the electricity system in the Åland Islands. Discussion is under way concerning the possible use of the cable as part of the electricity markets.

Recent investments into the Southwest Finland grid The transmission capacity of the aging 110 kV transmission line between Salo and Kemiö was reinforced in 2009. A second 110 kV transmission line was constructed between Inkoo and Karjaa in 2010 to meet the area’s transmission and system security needs. In 2011, the 110 kV grid between Lieto and Naantali was reinforced by renewing old transmission lines and by constructing a new transmission line between Lieto and Koroinen.

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The Kemiö substation underwent basic renovation in 2013. In 2015, the new 110 kV Naantalinsalmi substation was completed and replaced the old Naantali substation as a main grid hub. The Åland Islands cable and new Naantali power plant will be connected to the new substation.

Development plan for the Southwest Finland planning area A 400+110 kV-structured transmission line will be constructed between the Forssa and Lieto substations to replace the aging 110 kV transmission line. The new transmission line will serve the regional electricity transmission needs in Southwest Fin- land and significantly improve the area’s system security. The transmission line is due for completion in 2018. In addition, preparations have been made in land use plans to develop the 400 kV grid from Lieto to Naantalinsalmi. Southwest Finland contains a few aging substations which will undergo basic renovation during the planning period.

Table of contents 93 JYRÄ KANGASALA MYLLYMAA ITÄ VATIALA SAHALAHTI MELO SOTKA REGION 10 HERTTUALA Southwest Finland VAMMALA VASTAMÄKI PÄLKÄNE LUOPIOINEN OLKILUOTO VARILA LAVIANVUORI LEMPÄÄLÄ Lavianvuori 400/110 kV conversion and 400 kV Renewal of EURAKOSKI VL T-branch connection LAUTTAKYLÄ TIKINMAA Olkiluoto 400 kV 4RAUMA Fingrid’s ten-year grid (2015) switchyard (2018) development plan RETULA LAPPI TL HUITTINEN JOKISIVU TARTTILA HAUHO RIHTNIEMI PUNKALAIDUN SÄKYLÄ IHODE URJALA HATTULA SEIKUNMAA LAUTAKARI HANHISUO KIHTERSUO NIINIJOENSUU METSÄMAA Replacement of Forssa – Hikiä 110 kV transmission VANAJA HUMPPILA LAITILA KALANTI HUHTIA line with 400+110 kV Figure 25. YLÄNE HIRVIKOSKI Renewal of LOIMAA transmission line (2016) Development plan for the Southwest Finland planning area. ORIPÄÄ RENGON VL Fenno-Skan 1 HANKOSAARI VL JANAKKALA FORSSA TAMMELA cable (2025-30) Legend: New 400 kV switchyard YPÄJÄ Replacement investment implemented decision made planned in Forssa (2015) HIKIÄ of 110 kV switchyard at MATINSUO VINKKILÄ KYRÖ Kalanti (2022) PALTTA PYHE SELKÄ LOPPI AURA KANGASALA MYLLYMAA ITÄ JYRÄ VATIALA SAHALAHTI MELO NOUSIAINEN SOTKA PALMA LIESJÄRVI Replacement investment REGION 10 HERTTUALA SouthwestTAIVASSALO Finland VAMMALA PÄLKÄNE KUSTAVI VASTAMÄKI LUOPIOINEN OLKILUOTO VARILA LAVIANVUORI of Nurmijärvi 400 kV and SUURILA LEMPÄÄLÄ SOMERO Lavianvuori 400/110 kV conversion and 400 kV 110 kV switchyards (2017) Reservation for new 400 Renewal of EURAKOSKI VL T-branch connection LAUTTAKYLÄ TIKINMAA Olkiluoto 400 kV RAUMA JUN TOLA Replacement of(2015) the Lieto – kV Lieto – Naantalinsalmiswitchyard (2018) LIETO RETULA NAANTALI LAPPI TL HUITTINEN JOKISIVU Forssa transmissionTARTTILA lineHAUHO with a RIHTNIEMI PUNKALAIDUN transmission line SÄKYLÄ PUSULA IHODE 400+URJALA110 kV structure (2018) KARKKILA HATTULA SEIKUNMAA HANHISUO NURMIJÄRVI LAUTAKARI PITKÄPORRAS KIHTERSUO NIINIJOENSUU METSÄMAA Replacement of Forssa – Hikiä 110 kV transmissionPERTTELI VANAJA HUMPPILA LAITILA Naantalinsalmi 110 kV RYMÄTTYLÄ KALANTI HALIKKOHUHTIA line with 400+110 kV YLÄNE HIRVIKOSKI Renewal of transmission line (2016) ORIPÄÄ LOIMAA RENGON VL VIHTI Fenno-Skan 1 JANAKKALA substation (2015) HANKOSAARI VL FORSSA PAHASSUO YPÄJÄ TAMMELA KITULA cable (2025-30) New 400 kV switchyard Replacement investment in Forssa (2015) HIKIÄ of 110 kV switchyard at NORRBY MATINSUO VINKKILÄ KYRÖ SALO Kalanti (2022) VILLILÄ PALTTA SELKÄ LOPPI RUOTSINKYLÄ PYHE AURA Reservation for 400/110 kV NOUSIAINEN MUTAINEN PALMA LIESJÄRVI Replacement investment TAIVASSALO SAMMATTI KUSTAVI of Nurmijärvi 400 kV and SUURILA SOMERO KISKO conversion to NaantalinsalmiReservation for new 400 110 kV switchyards (2017) HALSLAHTIJUNTOLA Replacement of the Lieto – TAMMISTO kV Lieto – Naantalinsalmi LIETO Forssa transmission line with a KOPULA transmission line NAANTALI KÄRKELÄ 400+110 kV structure (2018) PUSULA KARKKILA NURMIJÄRVI LEPPÄVAARA VIKOM PITKÄPORRAS PERTTELI Naantalinsalmi 110 kV RYMÄTTYLÄ HALIKKO VIHTI substation (2015) PAHASSUO SÄRKIJÄRVI VIRKKALA ESPOO KITULAPERNIÖ Extension of Lieto 400 kV KEMIÖNORRBY SALO VILLILÄ RUOTSINKYLÄ Reservation for 400/110 kV MUTAINEN SAMMATTI conversion to Naantalinsalmi KISKO switchyard and HALSLAHTI TAMMISTO KÄRKELÄ KOPULA VIKOM LEPPÄVAARA replacement investment of KAUKOSALOSÄRKIJÄRVI VIRKKALA ESPOO PERNIÖ Extension of Lieto 400 kV KEMIÖ 110 kV switchyard (2018)switchyard and replacement investment of KAUKOSALO 110 kV switchyard (2018) Replacement TENHOLA Replacement TENHOLA KARJAA KARJAA TAALINTEHDAS KANTVIK TAALINTEHDAS investmentinvestment of 110 of 110 KANTVIK INKOO HORSBÄCK kV switchyard in Salo (2018) INKOO kV switchyard in Second HORSBÄCK SNAPPERTUNA 400/110 kV Salo (2018)KOVERHAR conversion in Replacement Espoo (2017) HANKO investment of 110 Second Replacement investment of Inkoo 400 kV switchyard in 400 kV cable SNAPPERTUNA kV switchyard (2015) and renewal of Tammisto (2021) connection to 400/110 kV Inkoo 110 kV switchyard (2018) downtown Helsinki KOVERHAR conversion in Replacement Espoo (2017) HANKO investment of 110 Replacement investment of Inkoo 400 kV switchyard in 400 kV cable kV switchyard (2015) and renewal of Tammisto (2021) connection to Inkoo 110 kV switchyard (2018) downtown Helsinki

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4.3.11 The Uusimaa planning area

The Uusimaa planning area encompasses the region between Hanko, Hyvinkää and Porvoo. The area has a population of approximately 1.6 million. Consumption in the area is concentrated around the capital region. Some of the more significant individual industrial electricity consumption sites by size are the Porvoo oil refin- ery and two paper mills in Lohja.

There are many electricity and heat joint-production plants in the area’s large cities Espoo, Vantaa and Helsinki. The newest of these is Vantaan Energia’s waste-to-energy plant.

The Espoo and Western Uusimaa area is fed by the Inkoo, Espoo and Kopula 400/110 kV transformer substations. There are also 110 kV ring connections in the area to the Salo and Nurmijärvi transformer substations. The Espoo substation also has the Estlink 1 connection, a 350-megawatt direct current connection to Estonia.

The Vantaa and Helsinki area is fed by the Tammisto and Länsisalmi 400/110 kV transformer substations. The area also contains several 110 kV ring connections to nearby transformer substations. The high-voltage 110 kV distribution networks in Helsinki and Vantaa are connected to the Tammisto and Länsisalmi transformer substations. Distribution transformations connected to the networks are connected to lines in an operationally reliable way via switchyards, and the networks are used in the ring between the main grid transformer substations. This method of use allows for the undisrupted transmission of electricity even during maintenance and fault outages.

Northern Uusimaa is fed primarily by the 400/110 kV transformer substations in Nurmijärvi and Hikiä. The key hub in Eastern Uusimaa is the Anttila 400/110 kV transformer substation which is connected to the EstLink 2 direct current connection to Estonia. Strong main grid 110 kV ring connections link the Uusimaa transformer substations.

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Recent investments into the Uusimaa main grid The new 400/110 kV transformer substation at Kopula was constructed in Western Uusimaa in 2009 and a second 110 kV transmission line was constructed between Inkoo and Karjaa in 2010.

In 2013, a new 400 kV transmission line was constructed from Hyvinkää to Hikiä, and at the same time the area’s aging 110 kV transmission lines were also renewed. In conjunction with this, the 400 kV switchyard at Hyvinkää was decommissioned. The new Vähänummi 110 kV substation was constructed in Järvenpää in 2014.

A second 400/110 kV transformer was added to the Anttila station and a new 650- megawatt direct current connection to Estonia was also constructed.

Development plan for the Uusimaa area The equipment in the substations constructed in the 1970s and 1980s are reaching the end of their service life of 40 years. Within 10 years, the following substations will undergo either extensive renovation or be renewed entirely: Inkoo, Ruotsinkylä, Nurmijärvi, Tammisto, Porvoo.

A second 400/110 kV transformer will be added to the Espoo substation. The supply of electricity in Helsinki and Vantaa will be secured through the construction of a new 400 kV switchyard and new 400/110 kV transformer in Länsisalmi. Both projects are expected to be complete in 2017.

Fingrid is planning to develop the capital region grid in cooperation with production and grid companies in the area. According to plans, Helsinki requires a new 400 kV transmission connection and 400/110 kV transformation at its end within the next ten years. Fingrid will carry out this connection via a 400 kV cable. The grid solutions and their scheduling will be fundamentally affected by Helsinki’s energy solutions. Decisions on these solutions are expected during 2015. A second influential factor is the rate at which electricity consumption increases.

Table of contents 96 IDÄNPÄÄ KOSKI HL SAARIMÄKI NIINIJOENSUU VANAJA KYTÖLÄ Orimattila 400/110 kV HAARA HUMPPILA REGION 12 New 110 kV Uusimaa region conversion (2022) HUHTIA Orimattila RENGON VL substation KAURAKOSKI LOIMAA HIRVIKOSKI JANAKKALA (2019) TENNILÄ LINIKKALA TAMMELA YPÄJÄ 4 Fingrid’s ten-year grid KORIA FORSSA SIRKKOSUO development plan TERVA TÖNNÖ PORRAS PALTTA New Orimattila – Koria HIKIÄ 400 kV transmission ELIMÄKI SELKÄ 400 kV Hyvinkää – Hikiä LIESJÄRVI line (2022) PALMA transmission line (2013) Replacement investment of MYRSKYLÄ Nurmijärvi 400 kV and 110 SOMERO MÄNTSÄLÄ Replacement of kV switchyards (2017) Replacement of Hikiä – Tönnö 110 the Lieto – New 400 kV Replacement of kV transmission line with 400+110 MARTIN HAARA MATTILA Forssa switchyard Forssa – Hikiä 110 Figure 26. kV transmission line (2019) OHKOLA transmission line at Forssa kV transmission Development plan for the Uusimaa planning area. JOKELA LILJENDAL with a 400+110 (2015) line with 400+110 ASKOLA PUSULA Legend: kV structure kV transmission MONNINKYLÄ AHVENKOSKI implemented decision made planned VÄHÄNUMMI (2017) PERTTELI line (2017) Replacement HALIKKO investment of NURMIJÄRVI PYHTÄÄ PERTTULA Ruotsinkylä 110 VIHTI IDÄNPÄÄ KOSKI HL KITULA VALKJÄVANAJARVI SAARIMÄKIKYTÖMAA KYTÖLÄ TJUSTERBY NIINIJOENSUU kV substation Orimattila 400/110 kV HAARA HUMPPILA REGION 12 New 110 kV PORVOO PAHASSUO Uusimaa region SIIPPOO conversion (2022) HUHTIA Orimattila SALO (2020) RENGON VL substation KAURAKOSKI LOIMAA HIRVIKOSKI JANAKKALA TENNILÄ (2019) ANTTILA LINIKKALA LOVIISA VILLILÄ TAMMELA RUOTSINKYLÄ YPÄJÄ NUMMELA KORIA FORSSA SIRKKOSUO EPOO SAMMATTI TERVA MYLLYLAMPI KEIMOLA TOLKKINEN TÖNNÖ PORRAS KÄRKELÄ PALTTA TAMMISTO New Orimattila – Koria HIKIÄ 400 kV Hyvinkää – Hikiä 400 kV transmission ELIMÄKI SELKÄ GRÄNNES Renewal of Porvoo 110 kV KOPULA LIESJÄRVI transmission line (2013) line (2022) PALMA LEPPÄVReplacementAARA investment of MYRSKYLÄ NIKUVIKEN substation (2018) Nurmijärvi 400 kV and 110 SOMERO MÄNTSÄLÄ PERNIÖ SÄRKIJÄRVI Replacement of kV switchyards (2017) LÄNSISALMIReplacement of Hikiä – Tönnö 110 the Lieto – New 400 kV Replacement of MARTIN HAARA kV transmission line with 400+110 ESPOO MATTILA SÄRKIÄ Forssa switchyard Forssa – Hikiä 110 kV transmission line (2019) at Forssa kV transmission OHKOLA SANTANOKKA transmission line LILJENDAL (2015) line with 400+110 JOKELA with a 400+110 ASKOLA kV transmission PUSULA HERTTONIEMI VIRKKALAkV structure MONNINKYLÄ AHVENKOSKI (2017) PERTTELI line (2017) VÄHÄNUMMI Replacement LAAJASALO KAUKOSALO HALIKKO investment of NURMIJÄRVI PYHTÄÄ VIHTI PERTTULA PELTOKOSKI MASALARuotsinkylä 110 110 kV KITULA VALKJÄRVI KYTÖMAA TJUSTERBY AMINNEFORS kV substation PAHASSUO SUOMENOJASIIPPOO PORVOO (2020) Vähänummi SALO TENHOLA ANTTILA VILLILÄ RUOTSINKYLÄ LOVIISA NUMMELA EPOO SAMMATTI MYLLYLAMPI KEIMOLA Länsisalmi 400 kV switchyard (2014) TOLKKINEN KÄRKELÄ TAMMISTO switchyard and LINDSBY KOPULA GRÄNNES Renewal of Porvoo 110 kV LEPPÄVAARA NIKUVIKEN substation (2018) PERNIÖ SÄRKIJÄRVI LÄNSISALMI second KARJAA SÄRKIÄ ESPOO SANTANOKKA VIRKKALA 400 kVHE RTcableTONIEMI to conversion (2017) HORSBÄCK KAUKOSALO LAAJASALO INKOO PELTOKOSKI MASALA 110 kV AMINNEFORS SUOMENOJAinner city of Helsinki Vähänummi TENHOLA Basic renovation TAMMISAARI Länsisalmi 400 kV switchyard (2014) switchyard and LINDSBY of 110 kV SNAPPERTUNA KARJAA second HORSBÄCK 400 kV cable to conversion (2017) INKOOswitchyard in Basic renovation inner city of Helsinki TAMMISAARI of 110 kV KROGARS SNAPPERTUNA Tammisto (2021)switchyard in SecondKROGARS 400/110 Tammisto (2021) Second 400/110 KOVERHAR kV conversionKOVERHAR in kV conversion in Espoo (2017) HANKO Equipment replaced at Inkoo 400 kV Espoo (2017)switchyard and renewal of 110 kV HANKO Equipment replaced at Inkoo 400 kV switchyard (2018) Estlink 2 (2014) switchyard and renewal of 110 kV switchyard (2018) Estlink 2 (2014)

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4.3.12 The Southeast Finland planning area

Description of area The main grid in Southeast Finland has developed around energy-intensive industry, nuclear power and hydropower. The decommissioning or expansion of a single industrial facility can have a major impact on grid transmission. Southeast Finland features lots of forest industry and some metal, mining and chemical industry production facilities. Structural change in industry over recent years has brought great uncertainty with regard to the development of loads.

The area’s hydropower is dispersed around the planning area in small units, with the exception of Finland’s largest hydropower plant in Imatra at over 200 megawatts. Hydropower on the Russian side of the border is connected to Imatra by means of a 110 kV transmission line. There is a connection from the Loviisa nuclear power plant to the Koria transformer substation, which is located in the planning area. In addition, there are also plants which produce electricity and district heating in the area, along with combined electricity and heat production linked to industry.

The Southeast Finland area is connected to the 400 kV main electricity transmission grid via the Koria, Kymi and Yllikkälä 400/110 kV transformer substations. In Kymenlaakso electricity is transmitted from the Koria and Kymi transformer substations to the surrounding 110 kV ring network. Southern Karelia is fed by the 110 kV ring network that runs east from the Yllikkälä transformer substation. There are three 400 kV transmission connections from Southeast Finland to Russia: two transmission lines from the Yllikkälä transformer substation and one from the Kymi transformer substation. In accordance with the main grid definition decision, the 110 kV Kymi – Vehkalahti, Vehkalahti – Raippo and Vehkalahti – Kyminlinna transmission lines will be excluded from the main grid.

Recent investments into the Southeast Finland grid The grid in Southeast Finland saw heavy investment in the 2000s when electricity consumption increased sharply, particularly in industry. During this period, 110 kV connections between Koria and Nikkilä (Lahti) and Yllikkälä and Imatra were reinforced. In addition, 400/110 kV transformation was added to the Kymi substation.

A second Yllikkälä–Huutokoski 400 kV connection was completed in 2013. A second transmission line connection was required between Yllikkälä and Huutokoski in order for Southeast Finland’s power surplus to be transmitted away from the

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area without transmission restrictions and without endangering the grid’s system security. At the same time, the old 400 kV switchyard in Yllikkälä was upgraded to a duplex switchyard and a second 400/110 kV transformer was replaced with a transformer with higher transmission capacity.

The 110 kV Pyhävesi switchyard in Mäntyharju was completed in 2014 and was constructed to improve the system security of the 110 kV grid between the Koria and Visulahti transformer substations.

Development plan for the Southeast Finland planning area Earlier investments into Southeast Finland have resulted in a grid that has sufficient capacity and system security for the area. Future projects primarily address renewal of the aging grid.

The “Rautarouva” line from the 1920s has already undergone significant modern- isation in Southeast Finland. The renewal of the remaining section from Koria to Yllikkälä is due for completion by the end of 2018.

In the future, additional transmission capacity will be required between Yllikkälä and Imatra to transmit shortfall/surplus to or from the area. Additional transmission capacity will be created by upgrading the 110 kV Imatra – Lempiälä section of line from the 1950s to have higher capacity. As the transmission capacity between Yllikkälä and Imatra increases, there will be less, and ultimately zero, need for the Imatra – Juva – Huutokoski 110 kV line for main grid transmission. Provisions have also been made in land use plans to construct a new transformer substation at Vuoksi near Imatra.

In conjunction with the Hikiä – Orimattila 400+110 kV transmission line project in 2019, a new 110 kV switchyard will be constructed at Orimattila to replace the aging Nikkilä switchyard as a main grid hub. In the long-term, there is a need to make provisions for a 400 kV connection between Orimattila and Koria as west-east transmission needs increase.

Several main grid substations in Southeast Finland will undergo renewal and basic renovation over the next ten years. The 400 kV Koria switchyard will be thoroughly renewed in 2018 and at the same time the 110 kV switchyard will undergo basic renovation. The Imatra switchyard will be renewed in 2020. In addition, basic renovation will be carried out on the Yllikkälä, Luukkala, Pernoonkoski and Heinola 110 kV switchyards, among others.

Table of contents 99 MUURAME PUHOS TOIVAKKA MÄNTYLÄ ARMALA RANTASALMI LAUKUNKANGAS Southeast Finland REGION 11 RAUVANNIEMI KANGASNIEMI VARMO JÄMSÄ KERIMÄKI JUVA KESÄLAHTI TOIVILA POIKOLA TAMMIJÄRVI HALLI KÄLÄ TAIPALE KULENNOINEN LESKENMAJA SULKAVA SAVONLINNA 4 Fingrid’s ten-yearLAUTEALA grid New Visulahti – PUNKASALMI JOUTSA developmentSIIKAKOSKI plan Savonlinna 110 kV PUUKKOINEN VISULAHTI transmission line (2025...) PAKSUNIEMI OTAVA TORNIMÄKI New 110 kV Vennonmäki - SÄRKISALMI New Kiikanlahti ANTTOLA Konkapelto transmission substation and PUUMALA VIHKO line (2025-30) replacement of KUHMOINEN SYSMÄ 110 kV Pyhävesi LELKOLA Puhos – Suursuo substation (2015) VILJAKANSAARI RISTIINA KONKAPELTO line segment KUORTTI NUORAMOINEN (2016) Figure 27. SYYSPOHJA SURVAANNIEMI Development plan forReplacement the Southeast Finland planning area. LAIKKO Replacement PYHÄVESI PADASJOKI MÄNTYHARJU investment of 110 investment of 110 Legend: kV switchyard in New 110 kV kV switchyard in Orimattila implemented decision made planned Luukkala (2022) VENNONMÄKI Orimattila Heinola (2022) 400/110 kV NURMAA LUSI KAUKOPÄÄ substation conversion TAINIONKOSKI Renewal of 110 (2019) (2022) MUURAME PUHOS SAVITAIPALE TTOIAIVAKKAPALSAARI kV switchyard at KURHILA MÄNTYLÄ ARMALA LAUKUNKANGAS RANTASALMI RANTTILA HEINOLA Southeast Finland REGION 11 RAUVANNIEMIImatra (2020) VARMO VÄÄKSY Reconstruction of Koria KANGASNIEMI JOUTSENO JÄMSÄ IMATRA KERIMÄKI JUVA 400 kV switchyard and KESÄLAHTI TOIVILA POIKOLA RÄIKKÖLÄ TAMMIJÄRVI LAMMI HALLI KÄLÄ TAIPALE KULENNOINEN replacement investment of LESKENMAJA SULKAVA KALLIOLA SAVONLINNA 110 kV switchyard (2018) LAUTEALA New Visulahti – PUNKASALMI KOSKI HL JOUTSA LUUKKALASIIKAKOSKI Savonlinna 110 kV PUUKKOINEN VISULAHTI transmission line (2025...) MUSTANKALLIO YLLIKKÄLÄ PAKSUNIEMI KORVENLAITA OTAVA TORNIMÄKI SÄRKISALMI SALPAKANGAS New 110 kV Vennonmäki - New Kiikanlahti KOLAVA ANTTOLA Konkapelto transmission substation and PUUMALA Lempiälä – Imatra NASTOLA VL VIHKO line (2025-30) replacement of KUHMOINEN SYSMÄ 110 kV Pyhävesi LELKOLA Puhos – Suursuo LÖYTTYMÄKI substation (2015) VILJAKANSAARItransmission line (2020) RISTIINA KONKAPELTO line segment KUORTTI NUORAMOINENRAIPPO (2016) UTTI SYYSPOHJA SURVAANNIEMI Replacement LAIKKO Replacement PYHÄVESI MÄNTYHARJU PADASJOKI investment of 110 investment of 110 kV switchyard in New 110 kV kV switchyard in Orimattila Luukkala (2022) VENNONMÄKI SIRKKOSUO Orimattila Heinola (2022) 400/110 kV NURMAA SAMPOLA LUSI TAINIONKOSKI KAUKOPÄÄ conversion substation ReplacementRenewal of investment110 (2019) (2022) KURHILA SAVITAIPALE TAIPALSAARI kV switchyard at HIKIÄ KORIA RANTTILA HEINOLA Imatra (2020) VÄÄKSY Reconstruction of Koria JOUTSENO of 110 kV switchyard in IMATRA 400 kV switchyard and LAMMI Renewal of Koria – RÄIKKÖLÄ KALLIOLA replacement investment of Yllikkälä (2016) ELIMÄKI KOSKI HL Yllikkälä110 kV switchyard 110 (2018) kV LUUKKALA MUSTANKALLIO KORVENLAITA YLLIKKÄLÄ SALPAKANGAS KOLAVA Lempiälä – Imatra NASTOLA VL New 400 kV LÖYTTYMÄKI transmission line using transmission line (2020) RAIPPO MYRSKYLÄ Orimattila - Koria single-UTTIcircuit structure MÄNTSÄLÄ SIRKKOSUO SAMPOLA Replacement investment transmission line KYMI HIKIÄ KORIA(2018) of 110 kV switchyard in MATTILA Renewal of Koria – Yllikkälä (2016) (2022) VIROJOKIELIMÄKI Yllikkälä 110 kV PERNOONKOSKI New 400 kV transmission line using ASKOLA LAURILA MYRSKYLÄ Orimattila - Koria single-circuit structure LILJENDAL MÄNTSÄLÄ transmission line (2018) KYMI MATTILA NURMIJÄRVI (2022) VIROJOKI ReplacementASKOLA PERNOONKOSKI investment AHVENKOSKI LILJENDAL LAURILA MONNINKYLÄ NURMIJÄRVI Replacement investment KYMINLINNA AHVENKOSKI VÄHÄNUMMI ofMONNINKYLÄ Pernoonkoski 110 kV KYMINLINNA VÄHÄNUMMI of Pernoonkoski 110 kV PYHTÄÄ PYHTÄÄ PORVOO switchyard (2022) switchyard (2022) MUSSALO 2 PORVOO RUOTSINKYLÄ LOVIISA MUSSALO 2 ANTTILA EPOO TAMMISTO RUOTSINKYLÄ New 110 kV LOVIISA NIKUVIKEN GRÄNNES Vähänummi LÄNSISALMI switchyard (2014) ANTTILA EPOO Replacement investment of Nurmijärvi 400 kV and 110 kV switchyards (2017) TAMMISTO New 110 kV NIKUVIKEN GRÄNNES Vähänummi LÄNSISALMI switchyard (2014) Replacement investment of Nurmijärvi 400 kV and 110 kV switchyards (2017)

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4.4 Connection of new production to the grid

4.4.1 Nuclear power

Nuclear power plant projects have a strong influence on the development of the electricity transmission grid. Due to the large unit size and production capacity, both the technical impact and the impact on the electricity markets are significant. In addition to the actual grid connection, the impact on the need to develop regional and cross-border transmission capacity must be examined. For this reason, the necessary grid reinforcements for planned nuclear power projects have been surveyed right from the early phases of the project.

The planned, new nuclear power plant Olkiluoto 4’s connection point to the main grid is the Rauma substation, located near Eurajoki, where the existing power plant is. The connection of the power plant to the main grid would have required the construction of new 400 kV main grid transmission lines between Olkiluoto in Eurajoki to the Rauma substation and from then on in the direction of the Ulvila, Forssa and Lieto substations. It would only have been possible to plan a detailed connection solution once the power plant’s technical values had been specified, taking the

Figure 28. KRISTIINA 400 kV transmission lines necessary for the connection of Olkiluoto 4.

TOIVILA

MERI-PORI Rauma - Ulvila 55 km UL VILA

KANGASALA

OLKILUOTO Olkiluoto - Rauma 15 km RAUMA Fenno-Skan HUITTINEN Rauma - Forssa 120 km

FORSSA Rauma - Lieto 90 km

HIKIÄ

LIETO

Direct current connection ANTTILA 400 kV transmission line 400 kV transmission lines necessary for power plant connection ESPOO INKOO

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power system’s requirements into consideration. TVO was not granted an extension to the government’s decision in principle. The Olkiluoto 4 project will not be carried out in the next ten years. As such, the lines required for the plant’s connection are not included in the investments presented in this development plan. Figure 28 shows the transmission lines required to connect the Olkiluoto 4 power plant.

The location of Fennovoima Oy’s planned nuclear power plant in Hanhikivi, Pyhäjoki, is situated relatively close to the 400 kV main electricity transmission grid which is currently under construction. The connection of the power plant to the main grid requires the construction of new transmission lines from both the power plant location to the main grid local connection point and from the local connection point further away to the main grid as set out in preliminary plans shown in figure 29.

A 400 kV connection line will be constructed at Pyhäjoki from the power plant location along the main grid’s 400 kV Hirvisuo – Pyhänselkä transmission line, which is currently under construction. In addition, a 400 kV line connection from the main grid switchyard to the Lumijärvi substation is required for the connection of the power plant. The transmission grid between northern and southern Finland must also be reinforced. 110 kV grid reinforcements are required, as well.

Figure 29. Connection of Fennovoima’s Pikkarala Hanhikivi 1 nuclear power Pyhänselkä plant to the main grid. 400 kV transmission line 400 kV transmission lines necessary

for power plant connection Pyhäjoki

Lumijärvi

Jylkkä

Vuolijoki

Uusnivala

Hirvisuo

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4.4.2 Wind power

Fingrid aims to create the necessary conditions for the connection of wind power to the main grid. A significant number of wind farms are small with a power of less than 25 MVA. The majority of small wind farms are connected to the existing 110 kV grid via transmission line connections. Larger wind farms are connected to substations. Fingrid has planned and is constructing several substations to connect wind power to the grid. At the same time, the 110 kV grid will transition in part to radial use, whereupon its capacity can be better utilised for wind power. The aim of planning is for new substations to serve the power system as extensively as possible by improving system security and adding transmission capacity, which will also meet new consumption needs. Planning and implementation aim for grid transmission capacity to be increased rapidly in stages and at moderate cost as transmission needs increase. Fingrid is carrying out planning in cooperation with wind power actors.

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Fingrid aims to prepare for wind power connection needs by carrying out grid planning and, if necessary, land acquisition in advance. Route planning for new, potentially necessary transmission lines and environmental investigations or environmental impact assessment procedures will be carried out in sufficiently good time where possible. One of the most significant main grid investments for the connection of wind power is the new 400 kV transmission line to be constructed on the western coast from Kokkola to Muhos. An environmental impact assessment for the transmission line was initiated back in 2009 even though the transmission line’s planned completion date was not until late this decade. Due to the construction of wind power, the scheduled completion of the line was brought forward to 2016. At the same time, two new substations for wind power connection will be completed in conjunction with this construction: Jylkkä and Siikajoki.

A decision was made on wind power feed-in tariffs in 2010. At the time, it ap- peared that the construction of wind power would concentrate on a few dispersed locations in Finland. Now it appears that wind power plants are being constructed in a very scattered manner all over Finland. The largest clusters are expected in Southern Ostrobothnia, between Kalajoki and Siikajoki, and in Sea-Lapland.

New 400 kV wind power connection substations are planned between Pori and Kristinestad and Kristinestad and Vaasa, among others. One problem, however, is that wind power actors’ projects are all at varying stages of progression. Actors, whose permit processes are in the final stretches, are unable to wait for the possible progression of other actors’ projects. For this reason, it is difficult in practice to construct grid connections to serve several wind farms.

Great uncertainty is associated with wind power construction, for which reason Fingrid requires that planning solutions or zoning related to the project is legally valid before a connection agreement is made. A period of at least two years should be reserved for the construction of a new substation or the extension of an existing substation. New connection needs which arise mid-construction project pose a particular challenge. Construction must be seen through to the end before putting a new extension contract out to tender. Wind farm construction happens more quickly than this.

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4.4.3 Small-scale production

Here, small-scale production refers to various forms of electricity production varying from a few dozen kilowatts to a maximum of several megawatts. Small-scale production is often referred to as decentralised production. The most common small-scale electricity production methods are solar power, small-scale hydropower, small-scale wind power and bioenergy. Motiva has published a Finnish-lan- guage guide for small-scale producers titled “Opas sähkön pientuottajalle”.

The picture shows Helen Oy’s Suvilahti 340 kW solar power plant, which was completed in 2015. A new 800 kW solar power plant is under construction at Kivikko in Helsinki. (Source: Helen Oy)

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Small-scale production is connected to the distribution network and does not generally have an effect on the main grid’s development needs. Of small-scale production methods, solar power has the most potential. Southern Finland especially receives almost as much solar energy as northern Germany. In Finland, the current total output of solar panels is in the order of 10 megawatts. In Germany, there are enough solar panels for approximately 40,000 megawatts. The popularity of solar power in Germany stems from production support granted by the state and the high price of electricity for consumers, which makes solar power a good investment. In Finland, the price of electricity for consumers is approximately half of the German price. Various incentives are also planned, but not to the same extent as in Germany.

Nevertheless, solar power is expected to significantly increase from its current level since the production of solar power can in certain cases be profitable even at current electricity prices. The price of solar panels has dropped to just a fraction of what it was a few years ago. Despite this, the price of solar panels is only around one third of the overall cost of a solar power system. The remaining two thirds comprises installation work, equipment and an inverter which converts the direct current produced by the solar panel into alternating current. Producers see the greatest savings when production does not exceed consumption. In this case, the consumer sees savings in electricity and power network fees, which is a total of approximately 15 cents per kilowatt hour. No financial benefit arises in practice from production that exceeds consumption, but this could change if incentives relating to taxation and net metering are developed. If consumers wish to increase their solar power production, it’s worth considering a battery to store the excess production for consumption later on. The benefit further increases if the stored energy can be used when the price of electricity is at its highest – assuming that the price of electricity is bound to the exchange price.

SMALL-SCALE PRODUCTION IS CONNECTED TO THE DISTRIBUTION ” NETWORK AND DOES NOT GENERALLY HAVE AN EFFECT ON THE MAIN GRID’S DEVELOPMENT NEEDS.

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4.5 A summary of main grid investments

Fingrid will invest approximately 1.2 billion euros, or around 110 million euros per year in the period 2015–2025. Years in which main grid investment levels were high began around the mid-2000s. Over the last 10 years, Fingrid has constructed the Fenno-Skan 2 direct current connection to Sweden and the EstLink 2 connection to Estonia, among others. In addition, Fingrid purchased half of the EstLink 1 connection. Reserve power plants were constructed in Olkiluoto and Forssa, numerous extensive transmission line reinforcements were carried out on the grid and aging parts of the grid have been renewed. A large number of 400 kV substations were constructed in the 1970s. These have been renewed, and will continue to be renewed when the equipment approaches the end of its technical service life of 40 years. 400 kV transmission lines will not be renewed during the planning period.

Plans estimate that investment levels will fall towards the end of the decade, when the Ostrobothnian grid’s 400 kV reinforcements are complete and the 110 kV “Rautarouva” transmission connection from the 1920s that runs from Imatra to Turku has been entirely renewed.

Towards the end of the decade and in the early 2020s, grid investments will focus mainly on renewing aging transmission lines and substations. The most significant individual investment will be the reinforcement of the Helsinki grid with a 400 kV

Figure 30. M€ Fingrid’s grid 260 investments 240 2000–2025. 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

Estlink Reserve power plants New connection line to Sweden Fenno-Skan 2 National grid

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cable connection. In addition, a new 400 kV transmission line connection from Central Finland to Sweden is planned for construction early next decade.

Besides the fifth connection to Sweden, there are no other cross-border connection plans during the planning period; discussions are ongoing about renewing the Fenno-Skan 1 connection, but the project is unlikely to take place during the planning period. According to plans, there is no need to construct new reserve power plants. The connection of Fennovoima’s Hanhikivi nuclear power plant to the grid requires the 400 and 110 kV grid to be reinforced in the vicinity of the power plant. Once these projects are complete, investment levels will once again fall and primarily comprise renovation to substations and renewal of aging 110 kV transmission lines. It is, however, difficult to predict events 10 years into the future, and for that reason grid planning is an ongoing process.

Figure 31 shows the numbers of substation projects. It is assumed that more substation extensions will be carried out due to as yet unidentified customer needs. Although investment levels will fall from current levels, the number of projects will remain high, as renovations to substations constructed during the 1980s must be carried out during the planning period. The majority of 110 kV switchyards constructed during the 1980s are built so that their use can be continued as long as equipment which has reached the end of its service life is replaced. 400 kV voltage switchyards are primarily upgraded to double-circuit breaker systems (duplex), to achieve better system security.

Figure 31. 30 The number of substation projects 25 2015–2025. 20

0 New Substation Substation Substation Substation substation extension renewal renovation decommissioning

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As shown in the diagram depicting the age distribution of transmission lines, all lines constructed during the 1920s and 1930s will be removed and in most cases replaced with new transmission lines by 2025. The 110 kV double-circuit “Rautarouva” line from the 1920s will be replaced with a 400+110 kV joint structure line from Lieto to Orimattila.

In Ostrobothnia, the new 400 kV line from Kokkola to Muhos will similarly be constructed in place of the old 110 kV line. The 400 kV transmission line from Central Finland to Muhos, which is planned for completion in 2023, will primarily be constructed in place of the aging 220 kV transmission line. Elsewhere, aging lines will in most cases be replaced with lines of the same voltage. When an old 110 kV transmission line is replaced with a new 110 kV transmission line structure, transmission capacity increases threefold. The transmission capacity of a 400 kV transmission line is up to 20 times that of an old 110 kV line.

Figure 32. 2 500 Age distribution of transmission lines. 2 000

1 500

1 000

500

0 1925–1929 1930–1934 1935–1939 1940–1944 1945–1949 1950–1954 1955–1959 1960–1964 1965–1969 1970–1974 1975–1979 1980–1984 1985–1989 1990–1994 1995–1999 2000–2004 2005–2009 2010–2014 2015–2019 2020–2024

400 kV length 220 kV length 110 kV length

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Attempts will be made to avoid new line routes and approximately 90 per cent of lines will be constructed in place of or alongside existing lines.

Figure 33. km

Line construction. 2 500

2 000

1 500

1 000

500

0 New Alongside In place of right-of-way existing existing line right-of-way

In terms of euros, approximately two thirds of Fingrid’s investments are new investments. However, in two thirds of projects, condition is one of the reasons for investment. The large number of new investments is due to the replacement of an old structure with a new, better one. For example, a lightweight-structure 110 kV wooden tower line can be replaced with a steel-structured 400+110 kV transmission line.

Figure 34. Share of new 33% New substation and transmission line investments investments of Fingrid’s overall 67% Replacement substation and transmission line investments investments.

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The table below shows the development of Fingrid’s main grid over the planning period. The phasing out of the 220 kV voltage level in West and Central Finland can be seen as a decrease in 400/220 kV and 220/110 kV transformers. In addition, some of the 220 kV-structured transmission lines will be decommissioned and some will be taken into use at 110 kV. The 220 kV grid will be replaced with new 400 and 110 kV transmission lines, new substations and 400/110 kV transformers. Over 700 kilometres of new 400 kV transmission lines will be constructed. The transmission lines will create a strong trunk grid which is supplemented with 110 kV lines. New transformer substations and new transformations to be constructed at transformer substations will tie different voltage levels to one another more strongly.

Number and output of transformers at the end of 2014 at the end of 2015 new for decommissioning 400/220 number 4 5 2 -1 400/220 power 1 600 MVA 2 000 MVA 800 MVA -400 MVA 400/110 number 47 63 16 0 400/110 power 16 400 MVA 22 800 MVA 6 400 MVA 0 MVA 220/110 number 20 10 1 -11 220/110 power 3 200 MVA 1 805 MVA 250 MVA -1 645 MVA transformers, total 71 78 19 -12 transformers’ output, total 21 200 MVA 26 605 MVA 7 450 MVA -2 045 MVA Number of substations at the end of 2014 at the end of 2015 new for decommissioning Number of substations 116 128 17 -5 Length of Changes in transmission lines at the end of 2014 at the end of 2015 new for decommissioning operating voltage 400 kV 4 720 5 673 740 0 213 220 kV 2 230 1 218 0 -460 -552 110 kV 7 550 7 539 950 -1 300 339 Total 14 500 14 430 1 690 -1 760 0

The number of main grid transmission lines will decrease as 220 kV transmission lines in Central Finland are taken out of use.

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Changes in forest industry structure, the connection of wind power to the grid and the phasing out of coal and oil condensing have set new kinds of challenges for grid development and have brought uncertainty to investment solutions and timing. Changes in operating environment are taking place more rapidly than before, but grid planning, permit processes and construction take a long time and the technical service life of investments is several decades. In its plans, Fingrid aims to prepare for uncertainties in the future by taking into account the perspectives of various actors on the development of electricity production, consumption and technology. Grid transmission needs will continue to develop in different ways in different parts of the country. When transmission needs decrease, aging areas of the grid will no longer be renewed. On the other hand, it may be necessary to reinforce the grid with new transmission lines despite the future being uncertain. Fingrid has long engaged in close grid planning cooperation with grid companies, industries and electricity producers. Completed grid investments and projects still in progress appear now to be successful, and their scheduling has also been a great success, especially when we take into account the time spent on carrying out the investments. Fingrid aims to continuously develop its operations and cooperation with industry actors to maintain its status as one of the best transmission system operators in the world.

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