REPORT on the ACHIEVEMENT of MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS INDONESIA 2007 Photo Credits
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REPORT ON THE ACHIEVEMENT OF MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS INDONESIA 2007 Photo Credits Cover Photo : Hartanto Sanjaya (www.flickr.com/photos/hartanto) Goal 1 Photo (Page 11): Angelo Juan Ramos (www.flickr.com/people/wandering_angel) Goal 2 Photo (Page 25): Jeff Werner (jeffwerner.ca) Goal 3 Photo (Page 37): ANTARA Goal 4 Photo (Page 45): Shreyans (www.flickr.com/photos/thebigdurian) Goal 5 Photo (Page 51): Philippe Tarbouriech (www.flickr.com/people/phitar) Goal 6 Photo (Page 57): ANTARA Goal 7 Photo (Page 67): Hartanto Sanjaya (www.flickr.com/photos/hartanto) Goal 8 Photo (Page 93): M Larson Krisetya (www.flickr.com/people/trotoar) REPORT ON THE ACHIEVEMENT OF MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS INDONESIA 2007 REPORT ON THE ACHIEVEMENT OF MDGs INDONESIA 2007 Report on the Achievement of Millennium Development Goals Indonesia 2007 ©2007, National Development Planning Agency ii THE STATE MINISTER OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING/ HEAD OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING BUREAU STATEMENT The report on the Achievement of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2007 is the third national report of its kind. The first report was published in 2004, while the second one was published, in the form of a brief summary, in 2005. This report is published not merely as an obligation, but it is an attempt to provide readers information about the progress that Indonesia has made, and to demonstrate the commitment of the country to realise the goals of the Millennium Declaration which was made at the United Nations in 2000. The MDGs represent the noble aspiration of many countries as expressed in the Millennium Declaration. This aspiration is based on the view that true development is in the form of human development. The goals represent a paradigm that must be the foundation of development for all the countries that have agreed on the United Nations Millennium Declaration. Human development refers to a state of development where the final goal is the welfare of people. A prosperous community is made up of people who can fully enjoy prosperity; people who are not poor, who do not suffer from starvation, and who are able to have access to education and health services equally. A prosperous society is also one who are free from hazardous and contagious diseases, have appropriate housing, and live in a clean environment. Indonesia’s human development policies have long been planned and directed through various development programs and activities implemented under the administration of President Soekarno, President Soeharto, President Habibie, President Abdurrahman Wahid, President Megawati Soekarnoputri, and President Susilo Bamabang Yudhoyono. Therefore, one can argue that Indonesia has always been strongly committed to human development. The aim of this report is to review the progress made since 1990 to 2007. In addition to it, the report briefly explains the challenges being faced and the efforts needed to achieve the various targets under the MDGs. This report can be used as the basis for planning and mobilising necessary action in order to achieve the MDGs by 2015. The report places a special emphasis on the accomplishment of developmental activities related to the MDGs in each province. In this respect, I would like to congratulate those regions that were able to show positive performance with an expectation that these results can be maintained in the coming years. As to any areas that require improvement, I invite all the parties to collaborate and strive together for the attainment of the MDGs. As my closing remarks, I would also like to convey my gratitude to all parties who have assisted in the writing and publication of this report. I wish this report will be a valuable contribution in our attempt as a nation to realise the aspiration of a better human development in future. Jakarta, November 2007 State Minister of the National Development Planning Head of the National Development Planning H. Paskah Suzetta FOREWORD This is the second report that has been prepared on the status of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Indonesia. After world leaders from 189 countries agreed in 2000 to reach the eight MDGs by 2015, we now find ourselves at the halfway point. It is therefore an important time to take stock of where we stand, and more importantly how we can accelerate progress towards achieving these goals. The report shows that the country is showing gradual improvements towards all the goals, and is on track to meet many of the MDG targets. There are concerns, however, over lack of progress on maternal health, child nutrition, and environment, including access to safe drinking water. Also, these national averages and aggregates conceal disparities across the Indonesian archipelago. If the current trend continues, there are many districts and provinces in the outer islands that are highly unlikely to meet the targets. Furthermore, these numbers do not capture the quality of development in the country, which is better reflected through Human Development indicators. In conclusion, there is still much that needs to be done to ensure that all provinces and districts reach these global targets. Our focus should shift to those regions that are lagging behind, and assist them to localize the MDGs, not merely as benchmarks in their development plans, but as drivers for policy making, resource allocation and public spending. The United Nations Country Team (UNCT) stands committed to helping the Government of Indonesia by providing the support needed in this endeavour to make poverty history in the country. Jakarta, November 2007 United Nations Resident Coordinator a.i. Dr. Gianfranco Rotigliano TABLE OF CONTENTS Statement from the State Minister of National Development Planning/Head of National Development Planning Bureau iii Foreword from United Nations Resident Coordinator v Table of Contents vii Aknowledgements xii 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Background 3 1.2. MDGs in Indonesia 4 1.3. Goals, Targets, and Indicators for MDGs in Indonesia 6 2. Achievement of MDGs: Status and Progress 9 2.1. Goal 1. Combating Poverty and Hunger 11 2.2. Goal 2. Achieving Universal Basic Education 25 2.3. Goal 3. Promoting Gender Equality and The Empowerment of Women 37 2.4. Goal 4. Reducing the Infant Mortality Rate 45 2.5. Goal 5. Improving Maternal Health 51 2.6. Goal 6. Combating HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Other Infectious Diseases 57 2.7. Goal 7. Ensuring the Conservation of the Environment 67 2.8. Goal 8. Building Global Partnerships for Development 93 3. Achievement of MDGs: A Regional Perspective 106 3.1. General Achievements 107 3.4. Mainstreaming MDGs in Regional Development 135 Annexes 143 vii REPORT ON THE ACHIEVEMENT OF MDGs INDONESIA 2007 List of Figures Figure 1.1 Trends in the proportion of population whose income is less than US$1 per day 12 Figure 1.2 Total and percentage of people living in poverty between 1976-2007 12 Figure 1.3 Poverty Gap Index 2002-2007 13 Figure 1.4 Poverty ap index ranking according to province for 2004 13 Figure 1.5 Poverty Severity Index for 2002-2007 14 Figure 1.6 Poverty severity index ranking according to province for 2004 14 Figure 1.7 Proportion of consumption of the poorest section of the population against national consumption in 2004 (in %) 15 Figure 1.8 Percentage of children under five suffering from severe malnutrition (severe underweight) and undernourishment (moderate underweight) 1989-2005 18 Figure 1.9 Percentage distribution of children under five suffering from severe malnutrition and under nourishment for the years 1989 and 2005 19 Figure 1.10 Prevalence of under-nourishment in children under five against the percentage of the population living in poverty for the year 20 Figure 2.1 National trend for the primary school PS/MI (7-12 years) and junior high school JHS/MTs (13-15 years) net enrolment ratio between the years of 1992-2006 (in percent) 26 Figure 2.2 National trends in primary and junior high school gross enrolment ratio for the years 1992-2006 (in percent) 26 Figure 2.3 Trend in the primary and junior high school gross enrolment ratio according to family expenditure level for 1995 and 2006 (in percent) 26 Figure 2.4 Distribution of Primary and Junior High School Net Enrolment Ratio according to Province for 2006 (in percent) 27 Figure 2.5 Literacy rate for the 15-24 age group for 1992 and 006 (in percent) 28 Figure 2.6 Literacy rate for 15-24 year old and >15 year age group according to expenditure group for 1995 and 2006 (in percent) 28 Figure 2.7 Profile of literacy rate of people above 15 years (in percent) 29 Figure 2.8 Primary school student cohort for 1993/1994-2005/2006 (%) 29 Figure 2.9 Education of population 16-18 years (1995 and 2006) 31 Figure 2.10 Participation rate of population 7 - 15 years, 2006 32 Figure 2.11 Budgetary allocation for basic education, 2004-2006 33 Figure 2.12 Causes of drop out for population aged 7 - 15 years, 2006 34 Figure 2.13 Regional distribution of population aged 13-15 who are not enrolled (by number and percentage) 35 Figure 3.1 National net enrolment ratio (NER) of female students against male students according to education level, 1992-2006 (in percent) 38 Figure 3.2 National female to male literacy rate (gender literacy parity index) for the 15-24 year age group for the years 1992-2006 (in percent) 39 Figure 3.3 National work force participation rate for 2001-2007 (in percent) 40 Figure 3.4 National open unemployment rate for 2001-2007 (in percent) 40 Figure 3.5 National comparison of the average wage of female workers against male workers in waged employment for the year