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Technologie Snímacích Čipů Digitálních Jednookých Zrdcadlovek

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Technologie Snímacích Čipů Digitálních Jednookých Zrdcadlovek UNIVERZITA PALACKÉHO V OLOMOUCI PEDAGOGICKÁ FAKULTA Katedra technických věd a informačních technologií Tomáš Kocián Technologie snímacích čip ů u digitálních jednookých zrcadlovek Bakalá řská práce Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Jan Kubrický Olomouc 2011 Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalá řskou práci Technologie snímacích čip ů u digitálních jednookých zrcadlovek vypracoval samostatn ě pod vedením Mgr. Jana Kubrického a uvedl v seznamu literatury všechny použité literární a odborné zdroje. V Olomouci dne 21. března 2012 Vlastnoru ční podpis autora Pod ěkování Velmi rád bych pod ěkoval vedoucímu své bakalá řské práce Mgr. Janu Kubrickému za cenné rady, p řipomínky a metodické vedení práce. Dále bych velice rád pod ěkoval Martinu Vachatovi a zam ěstnanc ům firmy Foto Škoda za zap ůjčení testovaných fotoaparát ů a pomoc při jejich testování. Anotace Bakalá řská práce se zabývá záznamem digitálního obrazu jednookou digitální zrcadlovkou. Popisuje dnes užívané technologie v této oblasti a zam ěř uje se na výslednou kvalitu fotografií v závislosti na použitém snímacím čipu. Práce se rovn ěž zabývá chybami v obraze, které p římo souvisí se snímacím čipem nebo obrazovým procesorem fotoaparátu a popisuje možnosti jak tyto fotoaparáty testovat. Výsledkem práce je pak srovnání výsledk ů test ů n ěkolika fotoaparát ů, které jsou dnes dostupné na trhu. Abstrakt This bachelor thesis deals with digital image recording by DSLR camera. Describes the technology used today in this area and focuses on the resulting image quality depending on the sensing chip. The work also deals with errors in the image, which is directly related to the sensing chip or image processor and describes ways to test these cameras. Result of this work is to compare test results of several cameras that are now available on the market. Klí čová slova snímací senzor, obrazový procesor, digitální šum, barevné podání, kresebnost, testování fotoaparát ů, digitální jednooká zrcadlovka, digitální fotografie Keywords scanning sensor, image processor, digital noise, color rendering, testing cameras, digital single lens reflex, digital photography OBSAH ÚVOD ........................................................................................................................................ 2 1. HISTORIE A VÝVOJ ......................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Historicky významné typy DSLR ................................................................................ 3 1.1.1 Sony MAVICA ......................................................................................................... 3 1.1.2 Kodak EO, DSC ........................................................................................................ 4 1.1.3 Nikon D1................................................................................................................... 5 1.1.4 Canon EOS-1Ds ........................................................................................................ 6 1.2 DSLR v dnešní dob ě .................................................................................................... 8 2. SNÍMACÍ SENZORY.......................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Nábojov ě vázané obrazové senzory – CCD................................................................. 9 2.2 Obrazové senzory CMOS........................................................................................... 12 2.3 Záznam barvy............................................................................................................. 14 3. OBRAZOVÉ PROCESORY, DIGITALIZACE OBRAZU........................................... 17 3.1 A/D p řevodník............................................................................................................ 17 3.2 Obrazové procesory pro DSLR .................................................................................. 18 3.3 Formáty obrazového souboru..................................................................................... 19 4. TESTOVÁNÍ ČIP Ů PRO DSLR ...................................................................................... 23 4.1 Testování digitálního šumu p ři zvyšující se citlivosti obrazového senzoru............... 23 4.2 Testování výsledného obrazu na podání barev .......................................................... 28 4.3 Test kresebnosti obrazového sníma če ........................................................................ 33 ZÁV ĚR.................................................................................................................................... 36 SEZNAM POUŽITÉ LITERATURY A INTERNETOVÝCH ZDROJ Ů........................ 37 ÚVOD V bakalá řské práci se zabývám technologií snímacích čip ů u digitálních fotoaparát ů a dalších prvk ů v elektronice t ěchto p řístroj ů, které p římo souvisí se zpracováním výsledného obrazu z čipu. Hlavní skupinou fotoaparát ů, na kterou jsem se zam ěř il, jsou digitální DSLR zrcadlovky. Tuto kategorii jsem vybral proto, že v sou častné dob ě reprezentují moderní trendy ve vývoji obrazových sníma čů a procesor ů (pokud tedy pomineme kategorii profesionálních, st ředoformátových fotoaparát ů, se kterými se ale b ěžný uživatel nesetkává). Ve své práci budu tyto technologie srozumiteln ě popisovat, ale také poukazovat na možné chyby ve výsledném obraze, které práv ě s t ěmito použitými technologiemi vznikají. Pomocí test ů, které jsem na vybrané skupin ě digitálních fotoaparát ů provedl, budu n ěkteré z těchto chyb na p říkladech demonstrovat a oz řejmím také, jak tato testování probíhají. Jelikož je testování digitálních fotoaparát ů velmi široká oblast, zam ěř il jsem se pouze na chyby obrazu, které vznikají v souvislosti s použitým obrazovým senzorem. 2 1. Historie a vývoj „Celý obor digitálního snímání obrazu dosp ěl v několika málo letech a jedním z nejvýznamn ějších d ůsledk ů tohoto vývoje je ustálení konstrukce fotoaparát ů. Profesionální špi čkové fotoaparáty jsou z mnoha dobrých d ůvod ů jednooké zrcadlovky, které mimochodem tvarem a ovládáním nezap řou p římou p říbuznost s jednookými zrcadlovkami na kinofilm, které ovládaly fotografii více než 40 let. Spot řebitelské digitální fotoaparáty se stále konstruk čně m ění, a ť už podle módy nebo pro ú čely marketingu, experimentuje se s ergonomií. Poloprofesionální a profesionální digitální fotoaparáty se však už významn ě měnit nebudou. Funkce se budou vylepšovat, forma je již stanovena.“ (FREEMAN 2007 s. 6) 1.1 Historicky významné typy DSLR 1.1.1 Sony MAVICA Za prvního p ředch ůdce digitálních fotoaparát ů m ůžeme považovat model Sony MAVICA (Magnetic Video Kamera) z roku 1981, který jako první používal vým ěnný disk k záznamu dat. Tento prototyp nebyl ješt ě digitálním fotoaparátem tak jak jej známe dnes, protože výstup z jeho CCD senzoru byl analogový. Výstupní video signál byl ve formátu NTSC v rozlišení 570 x 490 pixel ů. Výsledné obrázky byly ukládány na diskety Mavipak 2.0“, které byly pozd ěji p řejaty i jinými výrobci pod ozna čením VF (Video Floppy) . Snímky si bylo možno prohlížet na obrazovce televizoru a po čítalo se i s jejich odesíláním p řes telefonní sí ť. U pozd ějších model ů z řady MAVICA byly pak výsledné fotografie ukládány na dv ě 3,5“ diskety o kapacit ě 1,4MB v souborovém systému DOS FAT 12. S pozd ějším rozvojem vysokokapacitních pam ěť ových za řízení, digitalizací signálu ze senzoru a příchodem USB rozhraní za čaly být tyto fotoaparáty kompatibilní i s pam ěť ovými kartami Memory Stick. Nejprve p řes disketový Memory Stick adaptér, pozd ěji byl na p řístroji vyhrazen samostatný Memory Stick slot. V roce 2000 byl na trh uveden model MAVICA MVC-CD 1000, který výsledná data zapisoval na 8“ disk CD-R, ze kterého bylo možné data stahovat do PC z fotoaparátu p řes rozhraní USB, pozd ější modely pak dokázaly zapisovat i na disk CD-RW. [2] 3 Jak p ůvodní model MAVICA tak i jeho nástupci MVC-5000 a MVC-7000 byly koncipovány jako zrcadlovky s možností vým ěny objektiv ů. Model MVC-7 000 byl vybaven i adaptéry pro možnost použití objektiv ů od zna ček Nikon a Canon. 1.1.2 Kodak EO, DSC V roce 1987 byl ve firm ě Kodak vyvinut první megapixelový CCD čip pod názvem M1. Zasazením tohoto snímacího čipu do t ěla klasické SRL zrcadlovky vznikl prototyp profesionální DSLR zrcadlovky ozna čený jako Electro-Optic Camera. Tento fotoaparát předur čil koncepci vývojové řady Kodak DSC, ale také budoucí koncepci profesionálních DLSR zrcadlovek jak jej známe dnes. [3] Prototyp Kodak EO vznikl spojením klasického t ěla SLR fotoaparátu Canon F1 vybaveného vnit řním motorkem pro ost ření a monochromatického KAF-1400 (M1) senzoru s rozlišením 1320 x 1035 pixel ů. Fotoaparát již byl pln ě digitalizován, nebo ť byl vybaven 10bit A/D p řevodníkem pro p řevod analogového signálu ze senzoru na digitální a obrazovým procesorem Intel 80C196 uController. Fotografie byly ukládány na vnit řní disk SCSI o velikosti 100MB. V koncepci se po čítalo s přídavnou jednotkou, která byla s fotoaparátem propojena plochým kabelem pro sb ěrnici a fotograf ji nosil v brašn ě. Přídavná jednotka (tzv. black box) byla vybavena dalším SCSI diskem o kapacit ě 200MB. Pro zrychlení p řístroje byl fotoaparát vybaven 10MB vyrovnávací pam ětí, která pojala až 6 snímk ů. [3] Z prototypu Kodak EO byl následn ě vyvíjen model Kodak Tactical Camera, který m ěl být ur čen pro vojenské ú čely a model Hawkeye II pro komer ční využití. U řady Hawkeye II byl poprvé p ředveden senzor KAF-1300 (M3), který byl vyráb ěn jak v chromatické,
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