Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report

Project Number: 49063-001 May 2018

Islamic Republic of : Enabling Economic Corridors through Sustainable Transport Sector Development

Prepared by Mott MacDonald Croydon, United Kingdom

For Ministry of Planning, Development and Special Initiatives

This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents.

Planning Commission Ministry of Planning, Development & Reform www.pc.gov.pk

1 The State of Pakistan's Transport Sector 1 1.1 Pakistan's Transport Context: The Current Situation 2 1.2 Classication of Transport sub-sectors 4

2 The Need for a National Transport Policy and Master Plan 5 2.1 Contribution to the Pakistan's Government Policies and Plans 6 2.2 Relationship with existing policies and transport plans 6

3 National Transport Vision for Pakistan 8 3.1 Vision Statement 9

4 Principles for the Governance of Pakistan's Transport Sector 10

5 National Transport Policy Objectives 14

6 Policy directions for each of the transport sub-sectors 18

6.1 Road transport 19 6.2 19 6.3 Air transport 20 6.4 Maritime transport 20 6.5 Pipelines 21 6.6 Inland Waterway transport 21 6.7 Urban transport 21 6.8 Multimodal logistics 22

7 Implementation arrangements 23

8 Bibliography 26 The State of Pakistan’s Transport Sector

National Transport Policy of Pakistan 01 1. The State of Pakistan's Transport Sector Transport is a key driver of socioeconomic development. Transport allows our people to access Pakistan's economy has recorded steady jobs, markets, social interaction, education, and growth, but job creation and investment is an other services, enabling people to rise out of poverty ongoing challenge. and overcome social exclusion. Transport adds Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth was 5.3% in value to goods brought to markets, links rural areas 2016-17 and is forecast to increase to 5.8% in 2019 to cities and global supply chains, driving economic (Ministry of Finance, 2017; World Bank, development. 2017).Transport itself contributes 22.3% of the services sector GDP and accounts for approximately The Government of Pakistan has invested large 6% of the nation's total employment (Ministry of amounts of human and nancial resources into the Finance, 2017). However, GDP needs to grow at 7- development of the transport sector through the 8% to create an additional 1.5m employment Pakistan Economic Corridors (CPEC) opportunities per annum and investment levels need program, the Regional Economic to improve beyond the current level of 15.8% of GDP Cooperation (CAREC) program and other initiatives. (Ministry of Finance, 2017; World Bank, 2017).

Pakistan needs to support these large investments The geography and past development of with a cohesive policy and planning framework to Pakistan lead to four levels of transport flows. transform the transport sector into a modern, International transport through international sustainable and effective one, helping businesses to gateways, inter-urban via the strategic federal and grow, empowering the creation of new industries and provincial network, urban and rural transport. Inter- supporting the creation of quality jobs. urban passenger and freight is primarily via road (94% of all passenger kilometres This National Transport Policy of Pakistan 2018 (pkm) and 98% of freight tonnes kilometres (tkm), (hereafter the Policy) reects the Government of wherein 80% is via the National Network Pakistan's aim to create a world class transport and rail (5% of all pkm and 2% of all tkm). (estimates sector. The Policy provides a vision, governance based upon Pakistan Economic Survey, 2017). principles, policy objectives, contributions for each Urban transport is dominated by the road sector. subsector, and the implementation arrangements. , -, , and An accompanying Master Plan will identify have developed, or are implementing bus necessary interventions to achieve the vision and systems. policy objectives. Rural connectivity remains important for The Policy has been developed through a equitable growth. collaborative process, receiving inputs from many About 118 million people, 60% of the rural key stakeholders from across federal and provincial population, live in poverty (Ministry of Finance, government agencies, transport operators, the 2017). Rural accessibility remains low, with only 53% business sector, academia, and civil society. of the rural population living within 2 km of an all- weather road (calculations based upon Rural 1.1 Pakistan's Transport Context: The Current Accessibility Index of the World Bank, 2017), limits Situation: economic growth and development in rural areas. Pakistan is a populous and rapidly urbanizing country, with a growing demand for transport. Development of the transport sector has been Pakistan has a population around 210 million, 76 unbalanced, lacking a coherent institutional Million of whom live in cities. The population is framework and up to date legislation. growing at 2.4% per annum (Pakistan Bureau of Responsibilities for planning and development of Statistics, 2017), and the urban population is transport infrastructure are divided among several expected to reach 50% by 2050 (Planning ministries. Investments are allocated to projects Commission, 2014; Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, without attention to long-term strategic goals. 2017). travel nearly 400 billion Legislation, such as the Motor Vehicles Ordinance passenger kilometres (pkm) each year and this is 1965, are outdated and need to be revised. expected to rise to 1,000 billion pkm by 2030 (estimates based upon Pakistan Economic Survey, The local logistics industry is under-developed 2017). and does not provide cost effective and integrated modern logistics services. The World Bank's Logistics Performance Index for

National Transport Policy of Pakistan 02 2016 ranks Pakistan at 68 among 160 countries for inadequate cargo facilities at certain airports, have the quality of trade and transport infrastructure (i.e. also limited the ability to expand the air cargo market. , rail, roads and information technology) and Major infrastructure development and upgrading of quality of logistics service providers (World Bank, existing airports are well underway to address these 2016) concerns.

Limited level of cross-border transport. Poor hinterland connectivity limits the potential Considerable challenges remain to fully of Pakistan's ports. operationalize efcient transit. Border crossing point Karachi handles approximately 60% of all infrastructure is poor condition, and customs and Pakistan's seaborne trafc, with 39 million tons of other procedures have yet to be harmonized with cargo in 2016-17, including nearly 2 million TEU neighbouring countries, often resulting in long delays (Twenty-foot equivalent unit) container trafc. Port at the borders. Qasim handled 27 million tons of cargo, including approximately 1.2 million TEU in 2016-17 (Ministry of Poor condition of safety for all road users. Finance, 2017). While infrastructure and operations The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates at the sea ports are generally satisfactory or are that 25,781 persons were killed in road crashes in being improved, poor hinterland connectivity causes Pakistan in 2013 due to many factors, including poor long delays. driving skills, limited usage of protective helmets on motorcycles, outdated vehicle standards, poor road There is large untapped potential for inland design and no routine maintenance. Efforts to waterway operations. improve road safety have, however, fallen short due Pakistan has an elaborate canal system and several to a lack of institutional support and funding. In2016, navigable rivers. Inland waterway transport can Pakistan adopted the National Road Safety therefore be a valuable addition to the transportation Framework and Action Plan, but much remains to be of rural and industrial freight, as is currently being done. piloted in Punjab province between and Daudkhel. Pakistan has a significant railway network but has not been successful in capitalizing on its role Pipelines are an efficient and cost-effective as part of an integrated national transport means of transporting and oil, network. supplies to terminal facilities and refineries. The railway network totals 7,791 km (Ministry of Oil pipelines carry about 37% of all Finance, 2017). Rail has 2% market share of the products, rest being carried by road and rail. Oil freight market, and 5% of the passenger market pipeline connections exist to the ports and the (estimates based upon Pakistan Economic Survey, reneries; however they are not yet fully utilized. The 2017). This is primarily due to underinvestment in implementation of new pipeline infrastructure has infrastructure, operations, and human capital. Since commenced at renery facilities. Several 2012-13 there have some efforts to address these gas pipeline connections are currently under shortcomings. development.

Whilst the aviation sector is slowly growing, Environmental degradation is of concern. there are challenges in terms of the ability of Nearly 60,000 people die each year from air pollution airports to address security concerns and meet related diseases in Pakistan and all large cities in global supply chain standards. Pakistan have severe air pollution problems (World Airline passenger numbers have grown slowly Health Organization, 2016). The transport sector compared to global trends - 19.7 million international currently contributes about one quarter of the and domestic passengers in 2015-2016 (Pakistan country's CO2 emissions and requires urgent Civil Aviation Authority, 2016). Pakistan International addressing (World Health Organization, 2016). Airlines (PIA), the agship carrier, has 60% of the domestic market share and 27% of the international Restricted mobility has been identified as a main market, is facing several challenges, including barrier for women in accessing key services. nancial problems and an inability to compete as Arranging transport is considered a problem for 40% shown by its declining market shares. Airports of of in accessing health care Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad account for 80% of (Asian Development Bank, 2015). Car and the total aviation market (Pakistan Civil Aviation motorcycle ownership levels by women are lower Authority, 2016). The limited growth in aviation than for men. Women have to rely on extended family volume is a result of protectionary policies, high members, neighbours, or for travel, taxation levels, and declining tourism. In addition, leading to women having limited access to economic relatively high freight charges and coupled with opportunity, healthcare, and education.

National Transport Policy of Pakistan 03 1.2 Classification of Transport sub-sectors (iv) Maritime transport, which includes the general In approaching the transport sector, it can be port and maritime infrastructure and specialized classied in accordance to its' end-users, the terminals, as well as shipping lines (including domains it operates in, its' attributes and the different Pakistan National Shipping Corporation). modes. Each aspect needs to be considered to improve the performance of the sector as a whole (v) , which includes mainline (see gure 1). pipeline infrastructure, including storage terminals and operations. In this Policy, the following transport sub-sectors are recognized: (vi) Inland waterway transport, which includes the (I) Road transport, which includes the federal, terminal and navigation infrastructure, the waterway, provincial and district road infrastructure (including ferry and freight services. passenger and freight terminals), road transport vehicles, transport operators (owners, operators, (vii) Urban Transport and Multi-modal logistics and drivers), and road users. Road transport are identied as cross-cutting sub-sectors where services are classied into public transport and several modes of transport need to cooperate to private transport. provide mobility for passengers and movement of freight. Urban transport covers all transportation in (ii) Rail transport, which is primarily provided by towns and cities in Pakistan, including transport and increasingly through infrastructure, public transport (operators), private dedicated companies, and includes the rail network sector transport, non-motorized transport and and associated infrastructure, rolling stock, transport management. Multi-modal logistics covers manufacturing and maintenance facilities, dry ports the trade and transportation facilitation services to and other assets and services. move goods utilizing supply chains, including transportation and warehousing services, for both (iii) Air transport, which includes all civil airports in domestic and cross-border freight movements. Pakistan, domestic and international airlines (including the national ag carrier Pakistan International Airlines), terminal service providers, airways and airport trafc control.

Figure 1. Dimensions of the transport sector

Users Modes Passenger transport Roads and road transport - Private motorized Railways - Private non-motorized Aviation - Public Ports and Shipping Freight transport Pipelines - Operators Inland waterways - Drivers - Owners Transport Sector Domains Attributes International (cross border) Infrastructure Inter-urban Operations Urban Regulations Rural Technology Financial Institutional

National Transport Policy of Pakistan 04 The Need for a National Transport Policy and Master Plan

National Transport Policy of Pakistan 05 2. The Need for a National Transport Policy and Master Plan

In view of the challenges facing the transport sector, - Affordable and clean energy: Rationalizing the this Policy is being adopted to guide the overall usage and nancing of fossil-fuels, as well as shifting development of the transport sector in the mid to to more sustainable fuels, will support the transition long- term. A National Transport Master Plan will be toward a clean energy future. It will also avoid high adopted for the implementation and delivery of the dependence on oil, which will increase in price Policy. over time.

2.1 Contribution to the Pakistan's Government - Industry, innovation and infrastructure: Policies and Plans Developing resilient and sustainable transport The Policy shall be reective of the priorities of the infrastructure will help meet travel needs, now and in Government of Pakistan, as stated in various the future. medium and long-term policies and plans of Government. - Sustainable cities and communities: Providing access to safe, affordable, accessible and The role of transport is one of facilitating progressive sustainable transport systems in urban areas, with a change towards economic development, preserving particular focus on non-motorized and public the environment and achieving social equity. This transport will help develop sustainable cities and includes driving the nation towards higher liveable communities. competitive productivity, following the priorities of the economic activity and associated employment, and - Responsible consumption and production: enhancing regional trade prospects; whilst at the The integration of land use and transport will reduce ' same time addressing communities and individual s the requirement for transport vehicles, fuels and desires for inclusion, security and greater social other resources. equity. The Policy fully supports these priorities and the - Climate Action: Strengthening the resilience of Master Plan is the means by which these benets transport infrastructure and services, as well as can become a reality. reducing the greenhouse gas emissions is a core of any future developments to adapt and mitigate Contribution to Sustainable Development Goals climate change. Eradicating poverty is the prime goal of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. With up to 30% of 2.2 Relationship with existing policies and our population living below the poverty line, it is transport plans fundamental to improve our transport system. A sustainable and integrated transport is best achieved when all subsector and related policies Food security and healthcare will require providing are aligned. This Policy sets the overall objectives reliable and sustainable transport system. Youth for the transport sector as a whole. attending schools and higher education, providing Several specic policies exist, which are aligned opportunities for employment and empowerment of and will be further harmonized with this Policy. This women, demands that our transport system is safe, Policy will provide ongoing direction for the secure and accessible, and to be inclusive for people subsequent harmonisation of other subsector with disabilities and elderly to maintain their policies and localized strategies as may be independence and dignity. Reducing greenhouse developed by Government. gas emissions can only be realised with decisive action to achieving sustainable transport. The Policy Related policies (List is not exhaustive) will directly impact upon our ability to making Automobile Development Policy (2016): Focuses progress in achieving the Sustainable Development on a future road map for tariffs, vehicle standards Goals: and an effective monitoring regime to assist the automotive sector in better complying with - Zero Hunger: Development of an efcient international standards. transport supply chain that provides reliable and timely access of agricultural products to markets will National Aviation Policy (2015): Focuses on capital contribute to meeting this goal. and human investments in the operations and infrastructure to ensure a safe, secure, efcient, - Good Health and Well-being: Transport can adequate, economical and properly coordinated contribute to this objective by focusing on improving civil air transport system in Pakistan. access to essential services, improving road safety, and reducing air pollution from transport.

National Transport Policy of Pakistan 06 National Environment Policy (2005): Seeks reduction of emission levels from the transport sector, especially improving the ambient air quality in urban air-sheds.

National Climate Change Policy (2012): Addresses the impact of climate change, by promoting development and adoption of environmentally friendly transport technologies and fuels and other carbon reduction strategies.

National Maritime Policy (2002): Addresses the Maritime sector by amongst other matters, improving the integration and efciency of ports and shipping within international supply chains. A revised 2017 version is currently with Cabinet for approval.

National Policy for Development & Women's Empowerment (2002): Calls for barrier free transport access and convenient connectivity for all, regardless of gender.

National Policy for Persons with Disabilities (2012): Advocates for barrier-free transport for all, regardless of age, physical, visual, hearing or other disabilities.

National Trade and Transportation Facilitation Strategy (2016): Calls for improved transit facilities and processes for the transport and carriage of goods and services to and from the international market.

National Trucking Policy (2007): Seeks to modernize and upgrade the sector to comply with international standards in freight vehicle standards and operational capabilities.

Pakistan Railway Strategic Plan (2018): Sets the overall direction for the future development of Pakistan Railways.

Urban Transport Master Plans: Several cities and provinces have developed urban (transport) master plans seeking to address the local issues pertaining to the urban city.

National Transport Policy of Pakistan 07 National Transport Vision for Pakistan

National Transport Policy of Pakistan 08 3. National Transport Vision for Pakistan 3.1 Vision Statement The transport sector Vision statement provides a visionary and unifying message which expresses both a desired end outcome, and a preferred pathway to be followed by all stakeholders to achieve that outcome. Such a Vision is as follows: To support Pakistan in becoming one of the top 25 global economies by 2025 and top 10 by 2047, the nation's transport vision is to: Provide safe, affordable, efcient, durable, and environmentally friendly means of transport, ensuring reliable access to jobs, markets, education, and other services for all.

Annotation to confirm the essences of the Vision Provide safety: recognises the importance of improving the safety in service and infrastructure according to international best practices.

Affordable: creating a transport system that is inclusive to everyone.

Efficient: ensuring a system which minimizes travel time and costs for its users.

Durable: able to be sustained over time environmentally.

Friendly: reduces the environmental impact of the transport system, as well as able to adapt to climate change.

Means of transport: recognizes that all modes are involved.

Ensuring reliable access: the essence of the role of transport, connecting individuals and goods in rural areas, cities, between cities and internationally in a reliable manner.

Jobs, markets, education and other services: providing access to these services that are required to enable people to rise out of poverty, overcome social exclusion and bring goods to market, driving socio- economic growth.

For all: irrespective of location, income, gender, age, race, or disability.

National Transport Policy of Pakistan 09 Principles for the Governance of Pakistan's Transport Sector

National Transport Policy of Pakistan 10 4. Principles for the Governance of Pakistan's Transport Sector

The principles for the governance of Pakistan's all modes, including effective integration with the transport sector are the fundamentals upon natural and built environment. All projects and which the transport sector can further develop. programs will dene their contribution to improving The principles derive from the analysis of the the international, inter-urban, rural and urban current state of the transport sector (Chapter 1), transport. A hierarchy of modes will be adopted, and aim to maximize existing strengths whilst establishing the primary role for each transport mode improving upon areas of weakness. Adherence in an integrated transport sector: to these principles is important to meet the (i) Road transport will remain the key provider for policy objectives (Chapter 5). They shall be local accessibility and connectivity across the delivered progressively through actions in each country. For road based passenger transport, subsector (Chapter 6) and through the priority will be given to the use of non-motorized implementation arrangements (Chapter 7). and public transport, providing access to local neighbourhoods, transport hubs and other Principle 1. Transport policy shall be objectives- important destinations. For freight transport, the led, and target driven. primary role of road transport will be to provide, Objectives and targets shall guide the development via selected corridors, access to and from local of the transport sector and inform decision-making at markets, ports, airports, dry ports, agricultural all levels of government. These objectives are set in areas, mining resources, industrial zones, and this Policy and targets will be set in the National logistic hubs. Transport Master Plan. Targets will be made SMART (ii) Rail transport in Pakistan will connect urban (Specic, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time- centres, the ports and specic industrial zones. bound). Sector-wide progress against these For passengers, the railways will cater primarily objectives and targets shall be periodically to frequent and direct inter-urban passenger monitored, reviewed, and reported on, in the transport services, providing connectivity Government's Annual Plan and Five-Year Plans. between urban centres and to public transport Objectives and targets will be reviewed and hubs. The primary role of rail in the freight sector adjusted, as part of the 5-year reviews of the National will be to provide direct long-haul freight Transport Master Plan, to ensure compatibility with transport between industrial zones across the national development plans. Proposed actions will country and to the ports. Inter-regional be detailed in the Government's Annual Action Plans. connections for freight and passengers will be New programmes and projects are evaluated promoted. through a revised PC-1 proforma, in accordance with (iii) Air transport will connect Pakistan to their relevant contributions to the objectives of this international markets from a select number of policy. international airports and will provide long distance (>1000km) domestic travel and Principle 2. Decisions shall be guided by connectivity to remote domestic areas. The evidence and data. primary role of passenger air transport is to In support of Principle 1, the Government will provide frequent and direct connections to improve the quality and quantity of data and statistics international hubs and provide regional relevant to the transport sector. Processes and connectivity. For air freight, the primary role is to methods for data collection will be made consistent be an integral part of international supply chains, across Government. A national transport data especially for high-value and time- sensitive observatory will be institutionalized to agglomerate freight. and publish key statistics in a structured manner, for (iv) Maritime transport connects Pakistan to better policy making by the government, analysis by international markets and promotes integration industry and academia, and to inform the general with international supply chains. Its primary role public. Surveys and data collection will be routinely is to provide efcient and effective carriage of carried out to add to the knowledge base to support goods to and from overseas, both in terms of decisions on transport sector development. This will direct services and via indirect feeder improve accountability and legitimacy of transport connections. Opportunities for domestic and sector decision-making. regional coastwise passenger and freight services may emerge over the longer term. Principle 3. Projects and programs shall (v) Pipeline transport will cater to the movement of contribute to a multimodal and integrated specic commodities namely crude oil, transport system. petroleum products and natural gas from An Integrated multi-modal transport sector will be gateway ports and land based import terminals achieved through holistic integrated planning across to reneries, industrial areas, and large cities.

National Transport Policy of Pakistan 11 The pipeline network will also provide for inter- Principle 6. Coordination mechanisms within the connection and distribution of petroleum transport sector shall be formalized. products and natural gas between urban area Formal mechanisms shall be instituted to ensure terminals. effective coordination between Government at the (vi) Inland water transport will cater to local district, provincial and federal level, as well as passenger ferry services and the crossing of between federal Ministries. This shall take place in rivers. For freight, it is to carry medium to long the form of a Cabinet Committee on Transport, haul freight with intermodal connectivity. covering all transport modes, with participation from the current federal transport ministries, the Integrated urban transport plans, with specic provincial and territory governments and with a attention to public transport, non-motorized dened mandate. In the mid- to long-term, the transport, and interchange facilities, will be prepared establishment of a Federal Ministry of Transport may and implemented for all major urban areas of be considered. Pakistan to address urban congestion and improving connectivity across Pakistan. Multimodal dry ports Principle 7. Clear separation of roles between the and logistics hubs will be developed to ensure policymaker, regulator, and operator shall be efcient and effective movement of freight. p ursued. International transport facilitation shall be Regulatory and policy setting functions shall remain encouraged to harmonize cross border operations. core responsibilities of the Government and will be distinguished from the operations and management Principle 4. Whole of life asset management of transport services. The Rules of Business and the approach shall guide the development of the relevant legislation shall reect such distinctions. transport sector. Whilst investment in new infrastructure will remain Principle 8. Public sector funding shall be important to improving the overall quantity and directed in a targeted manner, with systematic quality of the transport system, there will be the exploration of alternative funding sources. consummate attention given to the management of Investments will reect the priorities of this Policy. new and existing assets. This will require the Accordingly, once a decision to prioritize a project is Government to (i) adopt whole life cycle asset taken, the nancing should accord with this management, including maintenance and prioritization. Alternatives to public sector funding operational requirements, (ii) build resilient will systematically be explored for all projects. infrastructure which is capable of meeting future Where private sector participation is able to provide demands and environmental conditions, and (iii) the necessary funding, efciency and value for strengthen asset management practices in each money in the implementation, maintenance and subsector. Adopting this principle will bring longer operation of transport infrastructure or a service, life value of assets, improve all-season accessibility such arrangements will be considered. This will to end-users, offer better value for money, and improve the nancial sustainability of the transport reduce overall costs (to both the asset owner and the sector, and help target public funds to where they are end-user). needed the most.

Principle 5. Transport sector developments shall Principle 9. Transport prices shall reflect their principally be guided by the needs of the end- true costs. users or, in some cases, by the strategic needs of The price of transport services shall reect their true the country. costs, including environmental and social Any project or programme will be designed based on externalities. Taxes, levies and excise duties on the needs of its end-users or in specic cases based procurement, usage and decommissioning of upon strategic development needs. Special transport assets shall be reviewed in light of this consideration will be given to the needs and principle. Tariffs will be, as much as possible, set to priorities of vulnerable populations including the reect the real costs of the transport sector on a level urban and rural poor, children and youth, elderly, playing eld basis, and will promote the usage of women and disabled. Stakeholder consultations more sustainable transport modes, vehicles, fuels, and social surveys will underpin the design and and infrastructure. Transport subsidies, wherever implementation of new projects and programmes to provided, shall be set on a transparent basis, and respond and meet user needs as fully as possible. targeted to those who need them the most. This will optimize the usage of the transport network by reducing any adverse incentives for specic modes and will encourage a greater usage of sustainable transport.

National Transport Policy of Pakistan 12 Principle 10. The use of technology and innovation shall be incentivized. Transport sector organizations will actively pursue the adoption of new technology to full its means. The Government will stimulate innovation through investment in research and development, provision of incentives, and reducing legal and regulatory barriers to the adoption of new technologies. Infrastructure investments will be made in anticipation of megatrends which affect the transport sector at large throughout the world. These include, but are not limited to, driverless electric vehicles, automation, vehicle sharing systems and e- commerce. Such megatrends in technological changes will be assessed at the time of preparing transport master plans, and amended from time to time.

Principle 11. Investment in skills shall take place continuously. To deliver the necessary reforms required across the transport sector, continuous improvement of the capacity and skills of the sector's professionals will be required. The Government, supported by academia and international development partners, will invest to enhance skills in the civil service in such areas as transport planning, design, engineering, operations, asset management and governance. The Government will set the conditions for the private sector to invest in the skills of driver/operators, transport and terminal operators, and service providers.

National Transport Policy of Pakistan 13 National Transport Policy Objectives

National Transport Policy of Pakistan 14 5. National Transport Policy Objectives The policy objectives state the outcomes that 8. Preserve and conserve the environment: the transport sector intends to deliver. Meeting The transport system will minimize adverse effects the policy objectives requires directional on the environment. changes in the transport sector. Adopted key transport policy objectives are as Objective 1: follows: Improve connectivity and accessibility for all An integrated transport network consisting of roads, 1. Improve connectivity and accessibility for all: railways, inland waterways, ports, airports and An integrated transport network consisting of roads, pipelines will help all citizens improve access to railways, inland waterways, ports, airports, and schools, hospitals, markets, and jobs; improve pipelines will help all citizens improve access to community cohesion; and also serve effective schools, hospitals, markets, and jobs; improve supply chains. community cohesion; and also serve effective supply chains. Sub-Objectives: 1.a. Improve direct connectivity between communities 2. Enhance international competitiveness: and between economic zones by enhancing Trade competitiveness will be enhanced through the access to national and provincial highway establishment of efcient international gateways networks, modernizing and expanding the rail, and harmonized operating standards with pipeline and inland waterways network. neighbouring countries and trading partners via 1.b. Develop multimodal connections and provide ports, airports and land border crossings. seamless transfer between transport modes by increasing physical and system integration 3. Foster sustainable urban development: between transport modes and improving Future population and economic growth in cities and interchange facilities. towns will be facilitated in a sustainable manner 1.c. Improve travel time and travel time reliability through effective land use planning and trafc along key economic corridors by addressing management. infrastructure bottlenecks and adopting intelligent transport measures. 4. Facilitate equitable growth across Pakistan: 1.d. Develop new, and improve existing supply Transport will help to facilitate economic growth of chains by improving facilities at dry ports, ports, all regions of Pakistan, especially those which lag borders and railway stations and enhancing behind the national average by targeting logistics operations. investments, focusing subsidies and skills 1.e. Increase all-season accessibility to remote development in such areas. areas and local communities by applying climate resilient design, construction and 5. Make the best use of existing and new assets: maintenance standards to the transport All transport assets will be maintained and utilized to infrastructure. their maximum potential to provide value for money 1.f. Improve the accessibility to transport for women and lowest whole of life costs. and vulnerable groups by identifying and removing any barriers hindering their access. 6. Maximize user-friendliness and consistency of transport services: Objective 2: Customer requirements will be met through the Enhance international competitiveness enhancement of operational performance by Trade competitiveness will be enhanced through the encouraging competition, harmonizing standards establishment of efcient international gateways and and regulations, strengthening enforcement and harmonized operating standards with neighbouring compliance, developing a level playing eld and countries and trading partners via ports, airports and strengthening governance structures. land border crossings.

7. Ensure safe travel for all transport users and Sub-Objectives: surroundings: 2.a. Improve connectivity with international trading The transport system will be safe and secure for all partners by advancing competitive international its end users and surroundings. shipping, aviation, rail and road haulage services and enhance the capacity of international corridors.

National Transport Policy of Pakistan 15 2.b. Provide unencumbered access to and from Objective 4: international gateways by enhancing capacity, Facilitate equitable growth across Pakistan developing direct connections and implementing Transport will help to facilitate economic growth of all trafc management measures. regions of Pakistan according to their potential, 2.c. Provide efcient and effective transhipment at especially those which lag behind the national international gateways by improving the average, by targeting investments, focusing planning, operational productivity, and subsidies and skills development in such areas. enhancing intermodal integration. 2.d. Ensure that capacity is adequate to address the Sub-Objectives: current and expected growth in international 4.a. Boost local employment opportunities and freight and passenger ows by developing and economies through targeted transport implementing long-term master plans for the investments. international gateways. 4.b. Link investments with marketing efforts to 2.e. Provide seamless operations at international improve local job opportunities, including in the gateways by acceding to and implementing the agriculture, services and manufacturing relevant international transport conventions sectors. and establishing and implementing interface 4.c. Support local development strategies by agreements with neighbouring countries. facilitating sustainable transport access and aligning transport developments. Objective 3: 4.d. Maximize access to specic areas, such as Foster sustainable urban development special economic zones, to unlock their Future population and economic growth in cities and potential to improve socio economic towns will be facilitated in a sustainable manner development. through effective land use planning and trafc 4.e. Provide affordable transport services to the management, and greater promotion and poor and to less developed regions by implementation of sustainable transport modes. implementing targeted subsidies.

Sub-Objectives: Objective 5: 3.a. Integrate urban land use planning and transport Make the best use of existing and new assets development in accordance with the principles All transport assets will be maintained and utilized to of Transit Oriented Development, facilitating their maximum potential to provide value for money improved public transport connections and and lowest whole of life cycle costs. limiting urban sprawl along bypasses. 3.b. Facilitate and encourage non-motorized Sub-Objectives: transport in urban areas by upgrading the 5.a. Improve the level of utilisation and efciency of streetscape, developing new non-motorized existing and new transport infrastructure by transport infrastructure, managing parking, and prioritizing investments in accordance with developing a supporting regulatory framework. relevant economic and social criteria and by 3.c. Improve the quality and accessibility of public improving competition between and within transport by increasing the coverage, modes. modernizing the eet and facilities, 5.b. Reduce freight vehicle overloading by implementing supporting trafc management reviewing and updating existing standards and and revising concession and licensing regulations, developing and implementing an regulations. implementation strategy and enforcing 3.d. Improve urban freight logistics by improving compliance with vehicle construction safety and trafc management on main corridors, loading standards. promoting intelligent transport systems and 5.c. Optimise the cost of transport by applying implementing an enabling regulatory pricing principles and user charges (inclusive of framework. taxes, levies, tolls) that improve utilization rates, 3.e. Improve liveability in urban areas by whilst ensuring affordability. implementing trafc calming measures, 5.d. Maintain the transport system at a level which promotion of sustainable transport, preserves the value of all xed and mobile implementation of cleaner fuels to reduce air assets by ensuring that all assets address pollution. future needs, minimizing the whole of life cycle 3.f. Improve transport safety and security within cost and eliminating the maintenance backlog. urban areas, to ensure that everyone is able to 5.e. Enhance the integration of primary and take advantage of the wide range of transport backhaul transportation operations by services within urban areas. promoting market intelligence technology.

National Transport Policy of Pakistan 16 5.f. Attract private sector funding for construction, protocols. maintenance and operations by supporting new 7.b. Improve the safety of transport infrastructure by contract modalities and strengthening the implementing and carrying out safety audits on capacity of PPP cells in all levels of all new or improved transport infrastructure governments. projects in accordance with international best practice. Objective 6: 7.c. Ensure safe transit and movement of people Maximize user-friendliness and consistency of and freight around and across transport modes transport services by providing adequate alternative infrastructure Customer requirements will be met through the and complimentary measures. enhancement of operational performance by 7.d. Promote a safety culture in Pakistan by encouraging competition, harmonizing standards strengthening the leadership, management and and regulations, strengthening enforcement and institutional capacity of those agencies tasked compliance, developing a level playing eld and with the design and management of transport strengthening governance structures. network systems including safety standards, enforcement, regulation and education and Sub-Objectives: ensure the independence and transparency of 6.a. Harmonize transport infrastructure, service safety investigations and safety audits takes design, and operations by updating and place. implementing legislation, setting national transport standards and norms, and adopting Objective 8: service level agreements (SLA) between Preserve and conserve the environment federal and provincial & territory governments, The transport system will minimize adverse effects and between provincial and local governments. on the environment. 6.b. Improve planning processes and collaboration across transport institutions by constituting a Sub-Objectives: Cabinet Committee on Transport and a 8.a. Optimize the need for transport through supporting Advisory Committee on Transport improved and integrated urban planning, that will be made responsible for guiding the transport demand management, effective and development of the transport sector. efcient supply chains, and promotion of e- 6.c. Develop a level playing eld in the transport communication options (mobile phone use, sector by reviewing and setting contracting, teleworking). licensing, nancing, regulatory and operational 8.b. Reduce transport emissions (air, noise, and standards in a transparent manner. vibration) from vehicles by improving emissions 6.d. Continuously improve the level of service and and fuel standards, ensuring adherence to such operational performance of the transport sector standards, and promotion of sustainable by benchmarking, exchanging best practices transport modes. and investing in research, technology, and 8.c. Minimize the environmental impact of innovation. infrastructure by complying with environmental 6.e. Adopt intelligent transport systems to manage impact assessments and the associated and operate the transport network more mitigation measures. effective and efcient. 8.d. Mitigate the impact of natural disasters by taking preventions and adaptability measures Objective 7: as well as improve climate change resiliency. Ensure safe travel for all transport users and surroundings The transport system, including infrastructure and operations, will be made safe and secure for all modes, its end users and surroundings.

Sub-Objectives: 7.a. Improve travel safety and security by adopting, implementing and ensuring compliance with all relevant international transport safety standards and regulations, strengthening road safety, improving driver/operator skills, upgrading vehicle standards and implementing emergency response and accident recovery

National Transport Policy of Pakistan 17 Policy directions for each of the transport sub-sectors

National Transport Policy of Pakistan 18 6. Policy directions for each of the transport sub-sectors Pakistan's determination to develop an agreements and conventions, as ratied by integrated transport system will require each Government of Pakistan. transport mode to improve its performance and (vii) Leasing within the Right of Way shall not be to be integrated with the rest of the network. This pursued. will require linking modal infrastructure to (viii) The level of service1 provided on the roads operations, as well as to ensure appropriate will be commensurate with the function of the regulations, technology, finances and road. institutions. Achieving this integration and (ix) Road safety will be actively promoted through utilizing each transport mode to its full potential, the adoption of the UN endorsed Safe System is a critical challenge to be achieved. Approach, including improvements to road safety leadership and management, safety Within the respective areas of its comparative infrastructure with a key focus on speed advantage, each sub-sector will contribute to the management and safety of vulnerable road eight policy objectives, while recognizing the need to users, vehicle standards regulation including (i) improve the infrastructure and connectivity across access to and movement on the road network, Pakistan, (ii) enhance mobility and transport service road user behaviour, and post-crash delivery, (iii) improve the utilization of the assets, and response. (iv) provide effective regulations that enable safe, (x) Negative impacts of road transport on the affordable, efcient, durable, environmentally environment will be reduced, including friendly transport. addressing vehicle emissions and noise. (xi) Modern intelligent transport systems will be 6.1 Road transport adopted to enhance the planning and Overall direction of road transport under the operation of the road network. Policy: (xii) Road user charges will reect the priorities of (i) The priority for passenger transport by road this transport policy, address the externalities will be to enhance the usage of non-motorized of road users and tolls will only be levied at transport and public transport. An increased specic roads if a viable alternative exists. focus will be made to the provision of public (xiii) Root-causes of vehicle overloading will be transport services and integration to other addressed and eliminated. modes. Private transport will be considered (xiv) Enhancement of road related statistics will be complimentary to non-motorized transport pursued to support evidence-based decision and public transport, and will provide reliable making. access to low density and remote areas. (ii) For freight, the predominant movement by 6.2 Rail transport road transport will increasingly be shifted to Overall direction of rail transport under the rail and pipeline, by better integration of Policy: agriculture and industry to rail stations, dry (i) Railway operation in Pakistan will be ports, and pipelines. An increased focus will organized to become more commercially be placed upon last-mile connectivity to ports, viable. industrial zones and within urban areas. (ii) Railway infrastructure will remain in the public (iii) Rural roads will remain vital for providing sector. Private sector participation in railway accessibility to local communities and public operations and maintenance will be services. Focus will be placed on provision of encouraged and promoted, in ways that serve rural transport services, in addition to the public interest. providing all-weather road infrastructure. (iii) Dened railway role in the transport sector will (iv) Urban roads will be designed to support be supported by appropriate levels of efcient and effective urban transport, with investment. priority given to non- motorized transport and (iv) A methodology for calculating compensations public transport. for meeting Public Service Obligations will be (v) Inter-urban roads will offer efcient developed, agreed and implemented. The connections between urban areas and process of getting Public Sector Obligations provide integration to the areas they pass from the Government, including provincial through. and local governments, if any, will be initiated (vi) International road transport will be supported as per the agreed framework. by accession to and implementation of (v) For passengers, rail transport will prioritize the relevant international road transport provision of fast and reliable inter-urban

National Transport Policy of Pakistan 19 services between all major urban centres. aviation sector will be established. (vi) For freight, rail transport will focus on the (vi) Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority will be provision of long-haul transport, particularly of restructured, separating its regulatory and container, trailer and bulk commodities, to service provision responsibilities. reduce the share of freight moving on the road (vii) Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority may enter network. into suitable public-private partnerships for (vii) The network will handle a balance of freight operation, management and development of and passenger services. A minimum level of airports. passenger service will be dened in line with (viii) Pakistan International Airlines will be socio-economic plans. restructured and rescaled to become (viii) Railway infrastructure will be modernized and nancially viable. expanded to improve capacity, provide (ix) The infrastructure capacity and level of connectivity across the country and improve service of international and domestic airports reliability of services. will be developed in line with the functional (ix) Direct connectivity to, and intermodal purpose of the airports. connections between the ports, dry ports and (x) All airports will be connected to public industrial areas will be enhanced. transport of suitable standards, to (x) Dedicated intermodal terminals for commensurate with the status of the airport. passengers will be provided within and near (xi) Aviation and air travel safety and security will urban areas to connecting public transport. actively be promoted. Investigation of air (ix) A sustainable asset management regime for accidents and incidents and the airport both xed assets and rolling stock will be security force will be made independent adopted. functions. (xii) Rail safety will actively be promoted. (xii) Negative impacts of air transport on the (xiii) New technology will be adopted to enhance environment will be reduced, including ease of passenger travel and freight addressing fuel standards, noise and connectivity. efciency of aircrafts. (xiv) Improve environmental protection, including (xiii) Enhancement of air related statistics will be addressing rolling stock emissions and noise. pursued to support evidence based decision (xv) Fares will reect the willingness and ability to making. pay, allowing targeted Public Service Obligations regulations to be considered. 6.4 Maritime transport (xvi) Enhancement of rail related statistics will be Overall direction of maritime transport under the pursued to support evidence based decision Policy: making. (I) Maritime sector shall be geared to become a major engine of growth through its support 6.3 Air transport and facilitation of international trade. Overall direction of air transport under the (ii) International ports will play a leading role in Policy: the promotion of the country's integration with (i) Air transport will be liberalized in accordance a growing range of trade partners and global with open skies policy on a reciprocal basis to supply chains and supporting regional transit stimulate new entrants establishing new trade. routes and increasing the number of ights to (iii) Karachi and Port Qasim ports will serve as the and from Pakistan, without compromising primary international gateway ports for all national interests. types of commodity shipments, with (ii) International long-distance connectivity will be Port balancing national trade opportunities, promoted from selected airports, whilst direct transhipment and regional transit. connections are promoted for regional and (iv) Effective and efcient infrastructure and domestic travel. operational capacity will be provided, (iii) Specic domestic routes for socio-economic addressing expanding maritime economy, purposes will be targeted via Public Service freight volumes and potential passenger Obligations. ows. (iv) A level playing eld for both domestic and (v) National and port master plans will be international airline operators will be developed, with due attention to future established for passenger and freight capacity constraints, procurement transport. programmes and urban contextual setting (v) Commercial, market based pricing together integration. A port-city council planning forum with rationalisation of the tax structure in the will be established to support port

National Transport Policy of Pakistan 20 developments. standards to comply with applicable (vi) Ports will be operated under a landlord port regulations and policies. model. Private sector terminal operators will (vi) The pipeline system will be independently lead in providing specialist terminal facilities regulated. Private sector participation will be and service delivery. Public sector will provide considered on commercial basis. supportive port and navigation infrastructure (vii) Public-private partnerships in pipeline and regulatory oversight. systems will be encouraged. (vii) Ports' performance in terms of efciency and (viii) Enhancement of pipeline related statistics will effectiveness will be continuously enhanced be pursued to support evidence based in terms of provision of seamless integration decision making. of ship, terminal, and landside road, rail, and pipeline operations. Further linkages to inland 6.6 Inland Waterway transport waterways will be considered. Overall direction of inland waterway transport (viii) Hinterland connections, including dry port under the Policy: integration, will be enhanced. (i) Inland waterway transport will be promoted as (ix) Services supporting the maritime sector will a cheaper alternate, and environmentally be accommodated within the existing port friendly mode, and will become an element of areas, particularly addressing naval activities. intermodal transport services in conjunction (x) Third-party shipping access and provision of and support of rail and road freight and maritime shipping services will be supported. passenger connections. (xi) Public sector shipping lines will continue to (ii) Inland waterway transport will focus primarily address strategic trade arrangements, whilst upon short to medium lengths of navigable being supportive of broader expansion of waterways along the , leveraging maritime shipping services capabilities. for freight and passenger opportunities given (xii) Coastal port harbour facilities will be its scale economies, uncongested route promoted, including freight and passenger ways, and low emissions. shipping service concessions. (iii) Freight operations will focus on the handling of (xiii) A sustainable asset management regime for dry bulk volumes, together with intermodal the xed assets will be adopted. container handling. (xiv) The governance of port and maritime services (iv) Passenger ferry services will target cross- will be improved to comply with river linkages, urban transit corridors, and environmental, safety, and security standards coastal estuaries/ zones, as alternatives to rail established within international conventions. and road access. (xv) Enhancement of maritime related statistics (v) An inland waterway transport master plan will will be pursued to support evidence based be developed, actively exploring other decision making. navigable rivers and canals, considering (xvi) Maritime security will be enhanced for all effective riverine water management maritime zones and implementation through planning. maritime security agency. (vi) Environmental, safety and security (xvii) An independent regulator will be established regulations will be developed. as national maritime authority. (vii) Enhancement of inland waterway related statistics will be pursued to support evidence 6.5 Pipelines based decision making. Overall role of pipelines under the Policy: (i) Oil, gas and bulk liquid will principally be 6.7 Urban transport transported via pipelines. Overall direction of urban transport under the (ii) Bulk dry commodities will be considered via Policy: slurry pipelines or conveyors upon (I) Urban transport will be considered as a single establishment of a supporting business case. integrated transport system and planned in (iii) Pipeline connections will be established to accordance to the hierarchy of modes, ports, terminals, reneries, storage depots, including public transport, private transport, dry ports, airports, industrial zones and to non-motorized transport, and freight periphery of urban areas. transport. (iv) Capacity of existing pipelines will be fully (ii) Individual urban transport master plans will be utilized and enhanced, including the developed for all major cities in accordance to application of appropriate technologies. the principles of Transit Oriented Design, (v) Safety, security, technical and environmental looking at a 10- year timeframe with a 20-year horizon.

National Transport Policy of Pakistan 21 (iii) Public transport will be implemented, covering (i) Multimodal logistics will be strengthened to the metropolitan urban area, integrating the enhance current and prospective domestic main destinations and to inter-urban transport and international supply chain integration, terminals. Mass transit systems, including bus including the promotion of domestic rapid transit and commuter rail lines will be distribution, national import and export trade, considered for all cities. and regional transit trade. (iv) Walking and cycling networks and facilities (ii) Intermodal terminals will be expanded and will be developed and implemented as an enhanced to facilitate seamless integration of integral part of the urban streetscape and will logistics via road, rail, marine, inland be fully integrated with other modes to waterway, and aviation. minimise use of private motorised transport (iii) Peripheral freight stations will be developed to where possible. connect freight from inter-urban networks to (v) Integrated trafc management, utilizing the urban transport networks to tranship to intelligent transport and information systems, local trucks. will be implemented to manage passenger (iv) Multimodal logistics will promote a shift and freight transport ows. Central urban towards higher value-added logistics services trafc control systems will be considered for and from road to alternative modes. all major cities. (v) The logistics sector will be established as a (vi) The aspiration or attraction of the use of commercially viable industry that provides private motor vehicles in urban areas will be effective, efcient and safe freight transport dissuaded. operations in compliance with national and (vii) Parking policy will be established, limiting the international regulations. parking of private cars. (vi) Freight logistics, forwarding, and distribution (viii) Air quality will be monitored and interventions services will be primarily delivered through will be taken where levels exceed national private sector enterprises, facilitated and standards. regulated by public trade and transportation (ix) Freight will be routed through dedicated facilitation agencies. freight corridors, limiting urban pass-through (vii) Enhancement of service quality, reliability, transport. and cost effectiveness of the logistics sector (x) For large urban cities, nal mile distribution through the promotion of information and centres will be established where appropriate. communication technology. (xi) Waterway transport, as a freight and potential (viii) Knowledge and skill bases of multimodal passenger transport mode will be actively logistics will be made at par with international pursued within cities, where appropriate. best practice. (xii) Urban transport authorities will be established (ix) Enhancement of logistics related statistics will to plan and regulate local transport services be pursued to support evidence based and to license urban public transport. An decision making. enabling legislative framework for existing and emerging transport services will be developed to promote effective sustainable transport. (xiii) Public transport fares will reect the willingness and ability to pay, allowing targeted Public Service Obligations Regulations to be considered. (xiv) Electric and other low-carbon transport will actively be pursued to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, phasing out of the internal combustion engine. (xv) Safety and security of the urban transport system will be enhanced. (xvi) Enhancement of urban related statistics will be pursued to support evidence based decision making.

6.8 Multimodal Logistics Overall direction of multimodal logistics under the Policy:

National Transport Policy of Pakistan 22 Implementation arrangements

National Transport Policy of Pakistan 23 7. Implementation arrangements The implementation of this Policy shall require to guide the technical development, implementation, the collective effort of all concerned Ministries monitoring and evaluation of the Policy and Master and Divisions of the Federal Government, as well Plan. It shall support the Cabinet Committee on as all Provinces and Territories. Transport in all its tasks to ensure effective coordination among concerned Ministries and This Policy shall be coordinated by the Cabinet Divisions of the Federal Government, all Provinces Division. This responsibility may be entrusted and and Territories. overseen across all sub- sectors through the Cabinet Committee on Transport. In the mid- to long- The Advisory Committee on Transport will include term this may be conveyed through a Federal representations from all concerned ministries, Ministry of Transport. provinces and territories, public transport agencies and institutions, with a rotating chairmanship. The The Cabinet Committee on Transport shall be Advisory Committee on Transport will be convened constituted by the Prime Minister or Cabinet within 3 at least every three-months and more frequent when months of the approval of this Policy. The Cabinet and if required. The Transport and Communications Committee on Transport will be chaired by the Prime Section of the Ministry of Planning Development and Minister and may include the Ministers responsible Reform shall serve as the Secretariat to monitor the for Communications, Maritime Affairs, Railways, implementation of the Policy and accompanying Aviation, Petroleum, Inter-Provincial Coordination, Transport Master Plan and to provide the necessary Planning and Development, Finance, support for the Advisory Committee on Transport. representation of all the provinces and territories, and other members as deemed appropriate. The For the implementation of this Policy, appropriate Cabinet Committee on Transport will be convened changes shall be made in relevant rules, regulations twice a year, and more frequently when and if and modal agreements. In particular: required. (i) To detail the recommendations and actions of this Policy, the Government of Pakistan shall The mandate of the Cabinet Committee on produce a National Transport Master Plan Transport will be to: covering a time horizon of 10 years, and to be (i) Oversee all matters, including the develop- updated on a 5-year basis, coinciding with ment, monitoring and implementation, of this updates to the Five-Year Plans of the Policy, as well as the National Transport Government of Pakistan. Master Plan framed there under. (ii) The Annual Plan of the Government of (ii) Oversee all matters, including the devel- Pakistan shall opment, harmonization, monitoring and • incorporate progress on the impleme- implementation, relating to transport policy ntation of this Policy and supporting and all related subsector policies, strategies National Transport Master Plan, and plans. • detail the actions proposed for the (iii) Coordinate the development, monitoring and upcoming year. implementation of related policies and local (iii) Update the PC1 process to reect the Policy transport strategies and plans. Principles and Objectives, including the need (iv) Evaluate performance of the transport sector for a Business case, as guiding tool for a rapid and take necessary measures for necessary assessment and approval process to be adjustment. applied to transport sector related (v) Consider periodic review of this Policy and investments and reforms. National Transport Master Plan for updating as and when required. This Policy will be referenced as the National (vi) Mobilize and direct required resources to Transport Policy of Pakistan 2018, Government of implement this Policy and National Transport Pakistan. Master Plan. (vii) Implementation of any other tasks assigned to The Government of Pakistan reserves the right to the Committee by the Cabinet. change terms of this Policy in response to changes in national transport needs. Updates to this policy An Advisory Committee on Transport shall be shall be undertaken through an inclusive constituted by the Cabinet Committee on Transport collaborative effort with key stakeholders as has

National Transport Policy of Pakistan 24 been the case for the preparation of this Policy.

Involvement of sector associations Government of Pakistan may wish to establish a consultative program with sector associations to:

(i) better appreciate what is important for the private sector,

(ii) discuss and concur with the required reforms in both legislation, pending sector policies and compliance matters, and

(iii) other matters which will arise and which will need attention.

Program actions could include a review of the next steps, the sponsoring and implementation of training programs both within Pakistan and at international workshops, the presenting of awards for excellence in the delivery of outcomes of the Policy.

These actions could take place with quarterly meetings at a Provincial/District level and half-yearly reviews of progress and resultant next steps agreed.

National Transport Policy of Pakistan 25 Bibliography

National Transport Policy of Pakistan 26 Bibliography

Asian Development Bank. (2015). Country Gender Assessment: Pakistan - Final Report.

Asian Development Bank. (2015). Regional: Promoting Gender Inclusive Growth in Central and West Asia: Consultants Report. Asian Development Bank.

Ministry of Finance. (2017). Pakistan Economic Survey 2016-2017. Islamabad.

Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. (2017). Provisional summary results of 6th population and housing census-2017.

Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority. (2016). Major Trafc Flows by Airlines during the year 2015-2016.

Planning Commission. (2014). Pakistan Vision 2025.

Planning Commission. (2016). Multidimensional .

Planning Commission. (n.d.). Rural Accessibility Index - World Bank methodology.

United Nations. (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision.

World Bank. (2016). Logistics Performance Indicator. Retrieved from lpi.worldbank.com

World Bank. (2017). Economic Focus 2017.30 World Health Organization. (2016). WHO Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database (update: May 2016).

National Transport Policy of Pakistan 27

Planning Commission Ministry of Planning, Development & Reform Government of Pakistan www.pc.gov.pk