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Using Maritime Archaeology and Tourism to Promote the Protection of Cultural Heritage on Land and Underwater in Anguilla, British West Indies

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Using Maritime Archaeology and Tourism to Promote the Protection of Cultural Heritage on Land and Underwater in Anguilla, British West Indies University of Southampton Research Repository ePrints Soton Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination http://eprints.soton.ac.uk University of Southampton FACULTY OF HUMANITIES School of Archaeology Using Maritime Archaeology and Tourism to Promote the Protection of Cultural Heritage on Land and Underwater in Anguilla, British West Indies by Lillian Azevedo, MA June 2014 ii UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT FACULTY OF LAW, ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Maritime Archaeology Doctor of Philosophy USING MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY AND TOURISM TO PROMOTE HERITAGE MANAGEMENT IN ANGUILLA (BRITISH WEST INDIES) By Lillian Azevedo At the end of the first decade of the 21st century, the 2009 ratification of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001) created a turning point for maritime heritage management globally. However, in the Caribbean region on a local level many small islands are disadvantaged. Management strategies are poorly defined but even more fundamental is the absence of information on the type and nature of the resource to be managed. This thesis looks at the state of heritage management on Anguilla, a 34 mi2 island in the Lesser Antilles, and the process of developing a system for heritage management where no precedent exists. Analysis is based on participant observation and the local response to two field projects, a Shipwreck Survey to record previously undocumented underwater cultural heritage in 2009, and a land- based heritage trail (2010), both of which were completed during a 2 ½ year residency on Island. The first two chapters provide critical background data into the regional and international state of heritage management, the reasons for choosing Anguilla, and the island’s maritime heritage past and present. This history sets the stage for chapter 3, which presents the results of the 2009 Shipwreck Survey. Recognizing the strengths and weaknesses of this initiative, the following two sections are devoted to recognizing the reasons why heritage management has not developed earlier and suggests future solutions. Piloting a theory for heritage management, chapter six describes the Anguilla Heritage Trail, while the following chapters describe a heritage management strategy on Anguilla for the future. This provides a practical example of how the principles of the 2001 UNESCO Convention, particularly its Annex, may be applied and realized in areas with little infrastructure and/or previous experience managing cultural resources. iii List of Contents List of Contents iii List of Figures v List of Tables vii Author’s Declaration viii Acknowledgements ix Definitions and Abbreviations Used x Chapter 1 Maritime Heritage Management in the 21st Century: The Caribbean 1 Aims and Objectives 1 What is Maritime Heritage? 4 Legislative Framework for Maritime Heritage Management 6 Regional Context 11 Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Caribbean 11 Selecting Anguilla 24 Methodology 33 Chapter 2 Through a Maritime Lens: Picturing Anguilla as a Maritime Community 37 Landscape and Sea Level Change 39 First Seafarers: Amerindians 40 1650-1796 Europeans and Colonization 48 1730-1900 Going Down to the Sea: Maritime Heritage in Anguilla: Trade, Smuggling, Salt and Migrations 55 The 19th Century 57 1900-Present ‘The Sea is in our Blood’: The Past in the Present as shown through tradition and re-enactment 61 Seeing the Past in the Present 72 Chapter 3 Case Study: The 2009 Anguilla Shipwreck Survey 75 Survey Objectives 76 Methodology 76 Funding 80 Summary of 2009 Anguilla Shipwreck Survey Results 80 Sites 82 Spot Finds and Features 119 Conclusion: The Implications of ‘Success’ 130 Chapter 4: Bridging the Gap from Survey to Resource Management 133 Challenges Related to Local Attitudes Which Affect the Management of Cultural Heritage Resources 133 Problems on the Ground and Challenges Related to Local Attitudes 134 Conclusion 153 Chapter 5 An Introduction to Cultural Heritage Management on Anguilla 155 Case Study 1: The Fountain 156 Case Study 2: El Buen Consejo 160 Chapter 6 Identified Areas for Improvement on Anguilla 165 Research 167 Legislation 168 Education and Outreach 169 Local Stewardship and Community Archaeology: Public Engagement beyond Outreach 176 Heritage Tourism 183 Conclusion: The Role of the Initiative 191 iv Chapter 7 Case Study: The Anguilla Heritage Trail 193 Theoretical Background: Heritage Trails 193 Rationale 195 Methodology 197 Making the Heritage Trail 198 Discussion: Reasons for Success 207 Long-term Management: Finding a Home for the Trail 212 The Beginning of Sustainable Tourism 213 Chapter 8 : Assessing Impact and Future Directions for Maritime Archaeology and Heritage Management on Anguilla 215 Questions Answered 216 Chapter 9 Heritage Management Strategy on Anguilla: 2012-2020 229 Strategy: Formulation and Implementation 229 Management Strategy: Getting from 2012 to 2020 232 Implementation: Projects 233 Chapter 10 A Paradigm for Other Researchers 237 2 ½ Years Study 237 Need for a Key Person 237 List of References 241 References- Archives and Unpublished Sources 241 References-Written Sources 242 References- Oral Sources 265 Appendix A: Chronological List of Outreach on Anguilla 2009 268 Appendix B: HER Draft Summary of Historical Research used to brief divers for 2009 Shipwreck Survey 272 Appendix C: Shipwreck Database 277 Appendix D: 2012-2020 Anguilla Heritage Foundation Budget (Draft) 282 Appendix E: Proposal Submitted to Community Development Board 284 Appendix F: Anguilla Beyond the Beach: 3000 Years of Island Heritage- Excerpt 294 End Notes 303 v List of Figures Figure 0-1 Location of Anguilla................................................................................... xi Figure 0-2 Map of Anguilla ........................................................................................ xii Figure 1-1 August Monday 2010 (photo by author) ...................................................... 3 Figure 1-2 Marine Park areas from NOAA Coral Health and Monitoring Program accessed 2013 ..................................................................................................... 32 Figure 2-1 Activities centred around the sea, Anguilla 2009 (Photo Anguilla Shipwreck Survey) .............................................................................................. 39 Figure 2-2 Locations of Amerindian Sites on Anguilla from AAHS Review 1985 ....... 42 Figure 2-3 Archaic axe made from imported stone (left) and Saladoid-period pottery with pelican adorno (right) from AAHS .............................................................. 47 Figure 2-4 Thomas Hinde, one of the Antelope's owners (Lancaster City and Maritime Museum) ............................................................................................................ 53 Figure 2-5 The Warspite schooner (on stamp) is an iconic symbol of Anguilla's maritimity .......................................................................................................... 60 Figure 2-6 Warspite at anchor in Road Bay (photo AAHS) ........................................ 60 Figure 2-7 Anguillian Boat builder 'Beggar' inspects the hull of a fishing boat built upside down ....................................................................................................... 65 Figure 2-8 Building the Sonic on Anguilla Day 1 ........................................................ 66 Figure 2-9 Decision built by Egbert Connor using local hardwood and mop for caulking .................................................................................................................. Figure 3-1 Targeted Search Areas for 2009 Shipwreck Survey .................................. 79 Figure 3-2 Anguilla Shipwreck Survey Team Members in 2009 ................................ 79 Figure 3-3 ECU Site Plan of Buen Consejo (Rodgers 2006) ....................................... 85 Figure 3-4 Photograph showing the shore where the Buen Consejo impacted on a typical day when shore access is impossible (Photo by author) .......................... 86 Figure 3-5 An unusually calm day on the coast near the site of the Buen Consejo ..... 86 Figure 3-6 Cannon and Anchor from the Buen Consejo (photo by author) ................... Figure 3-7 Two cannon discovered in 2009 from the Buen Consejo (photo by author) ............................................................................................................................ 87 Figure 3-8 Composite Plan of Buen Consejo Wreck Site ............................................ 89 Figure 3-9 Site Plan of Site A-02 using trilateration .................................................. 94 Figure 3-10 Author and Jon Adams recording anchor: The sites most distinguishing feature, the top fluke is only 50cm below the surface ........................................
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