A History of the Victorian Women's Domestic Violence Services
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A History of the Victorian Women‘s Domestic Violence Services Movement: 1974–2005 by Jacqualine Lee Theobald BA(hons)/BEc, BSW Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Centre for Applied Social Research, School of Global Studies, Social Science and Planning RMIT University June 2011 Declaration I certify that except where due acknowledgement has been made, the work is that of the author alone; the work has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part to qualify for an other academic award; the content of the thesis is the result of work which has been carried out since the official commencement date of the approved research program; any editorial work, paid or unpaid, carried out by a third party is acknowledged; and ethics procedures and guidelines have been followed. Signed: Name: Jacqualine Lee Theobald Date: 27/06/2011 ii Acknowledgments I am indebted to my supervisors Suellen Murray and Judith Smart, whose encouragement, wisdom, good humour, diligence, and advice, have made it possible for me to undertake this research. I would also like to express my gratitude for their support of my professional development in addition to my PhD studies. Coming into an established project was at once daunting, as it was exciting. Suellen and Judy both provided me with unflagging support and mentorship as I navigated this and other challenges throughout my candidature. Judith has shown respect for my work, and enormous generosity by undertaking detailed editing and proofreading of my thesis continuously throughout the writing process. This support extended to my other work, including writings for publication and conference presentations. Judith‘s knowledge of history, feminism, and women‘s organisations has been an invaluable resource. This PhD opportunity arose in part as a result of Suellen‘s commitment to document the history of the women‘s refuge movement. I have benefitted immensely from her work in establishing this project and in many other ways, including her detailed knowledge of the past and present regarding domestic violence services and policy, her experience in conducting qualitative research, and her impeccable level of professional integrity and commitment to ethical research processes. I also acknowledge the Australian Research Council for a linkage grant (LPO562154) awarded to Suellen, Judy and industry partner Domestic Violence Victoria (DV Vic) that funded the research for this project. I would specifically like to thank Alison Macdonald and Fiona McCormack at DV Vic for their sustained commitment and enthusiasm throughout the research process and for inviting me to participate in wider sector forums, including DV Vic annual meetings. I would like to thank Fiona for her honesty and integrity, and her commitment to the view that this research project is for the benefit of the wider domestic violence sector. Likewise, I would like to thank Alison for her thoughtful contributions to reference group meeting discussions and other practical measures of support, including facilitating access to rooms, information and resources. I would also like to express gratitude to the project reference group members, specifically Fiona McCormack, Alison Macdonald, Kathy Russell, Vig Geddes and Wendy Austin for committing their time and energy to meeting regularly since the project‘s inception. They also generously made themselves available to be interviewed and enthusiastically offered to read a iii final draft of the thesis. Their knowledge, contacts, encouragement, support and ideas made this project possible, accountable and, for me personally, inspiring. I am immensely grateful to Wendy Austin in particular, who was instrumental in initiating the project, and whose tireless commitment to documenting this history was reflected in her provision of support, resources, detailed feedback, and joyful personal encouragement. To the many interviewees who willingly participated in the research, I express my sincerest thanks. These stories provided me with much inspiration and encouragement. There are a number of people whom I would like to mention individually for their support. These include Jean Taylor, David Green, Judy Johnson and Ulla Svensson for participating in the project as interviewees, and for extending their support to me in various other ways. Finally, I would like to acknowledge those who have contributed not only to this project, but the wider movement against domestic violence. I am humbled by their achievements, and truly privileged to have gained the opportunity to write one account of this history. I thank my friends, and colleagues, for their support and encouragement at various stages over the course of my candidature; they include Jane Bullen, Julie Fenley, Carmelita Davies, Heather Holst, Guy Johnson, Michelle Lorrain, Kathleen Lynch, Jenny Malone, Fleur Westig and Ed Yates. I would also like to thank my new colleagues in the School of Social Work and Social Policy at La Trobe University Bendigo for their patience and support during the final months of its completion. Finally, a special thanks to my family, including Pat Murray, for kind words and an endless supply of woollens designed to keep me warm during all those hours spent in front of the computer. I am also grateful to my parents, Marlene and Alan, whose support has always been unwavering. And to my partner, Noel Murray, words are not enough to express my appreciation for the steadfast support he continues to demonstrate for my work and wellbeing. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments ................................................................................................ iii Abstract ................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 3 Chapter 1: Concepts and Questions ................................................................. 10 Theorising History ............................................................................................................... 10 Literature Review ................................................................................................................ 14 Feminist History ............................................................................................................................................ 14 Historiography and the Domestic Violence Services Movement .................................................................. 19 Domestic Violence Services, ‗the State‘ and Social Policy ........................................................................... 25 Feminist Organisations .................................................................................................................................. 31 Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 34 Oral History ................................................................................................................................................... 35 Documentary and Archival Sources .............................................................................................................. 39 The Historian and History ............................................................................................................................. 41 Chapter 2: The Varied Beginnings of the Victorian Refuge Movement, 1974–1979 ............................................................................................................ 47 The Context: ‘A Unique Time in Herstory’ ...................................................................... 48 Domestic Violence, Homelessness and History ............................................................................................ 49 Victoria under Hamer .................................................................................................................................... 51 Women‘s Liberation Movement .................................................................................................................... 53 Women‘s Liberation Centre........................................................................................................................... 55 The Halfway House Group ............................................................................................................................ 57 Feminisms and the Refuge Movement: Difference, Equality and Protectionism .......... 61 Women‘s Liberation Halfway House ............................................................................................................ 62 CO-AS-IT: Migrant Women and Feminism .................................................................................................. 71 Maroondah Halfway House and Doncare Women‘s Refuge, Feminism and Equality .................................. 74 Caroline Lodge and a Feminism of Protection .............................................................................................. 77 Mary Anderson Lodge, the Salvation Army and the Sacredness of the Family ............................................ 81 Aborigines Advancement League and Elizabeth Hoffman House (EHH) ..................................................... 82 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 85 v Chapter 3: The Victorian