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Anti-Doping & Data Protection Education and training Anti-Doping & Data Protection An evaluation of the anti-doping laws and practices in the EU Member States in light of the General Data Protection Regulation July 2017 Anti-Doping & Data Protection An evaluation of the anti-doping laws and practices in the EU Member States in light of the General Data Pro- tection Regulation Study carried out by the Tilburg Institute for Law, Technology and Society (TILT) of the Tilburg University and Spark Legal (Bart van der Sloot, Mara Paun, Ronald Leenes, Peter McNally & Patricia Ypma) Disclaimer: “The information and views set out in this study are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Commission. The European Commission does not guarantee the accu- racy of the data included in this study. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on the European Commission’s behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein.” Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union. Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators, phone boxes or hotels may charge you). More information on the European Union is available on the internet (http://europa.eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2017 ISBN 978-92-79-63523-6 doi: 10.2766/042641 © European Union, 2017 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Table of Contents Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................... 5 1. Executive summary .......................................................................................................... 16 2. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 23 2.1 Aim of the study ............................................................................................................... 23 2.2 Approach and methodology ........................................................................................... 25 2.2.1 Inception Phase ......................................................................................................... 25 2.2.2 Field Study and Analysis Phase ............................................................................. 29 2.2.3 Synthesis and Reporting Phase ............................................................................. 30 2.3 Limits of the study ........................................................................................................... 30 2.4 Content and Structure of this report ........................................................................... 30 3. Data processing under the WADA framework ............................................................ 32 3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 32 3.2. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and its regulatory framework ............. 33 3.2.1 WADA’s regulatory framework ............................................................................... 33 3.2.2 Anti-Doping Rule Violations .................................................................................... 34 3.2.3 Prohibited substances and methods ..................................................................... 35 3.2.4 Therapeutic Use Exemptions .................................................................................. 36 3.3 Testing athletes and gathering data ............................................................................ 37 3.3.1 Types of tests ............................................................................................................ 37 3.3.2 Intelligence and investigations .............................................................................. 39 3.3.3 Whereabouts and out-of-competition testing..................................................... 39 3.3.4 Testing personnel...................................................................................................... 40 3.3.5 Testing ......................................................................................................................... 40 3.4. Sharing and storing the data ....................................................................................... 43 3.4.1 Transport to the laboratory .................................................................................... 43 3.4.2 Anti-Doping Administration & Management System (ADAMS)....................... 44 3.4.3 Sharing data ............................................................................................................... 47 3.5. Use of the data ................................................................................................................ 48 3.5.1 Analysing the lab results ......................................................................................... 48 3.5.2 Proof and liability ...................................................................................................... 49 3.5.3 Hearings and appeal ................................................................................................ 49 3.5.4 Sanctions .................................................................................................................... 50 3.5. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 51 4. Comparative overview of MS legislation ...................................................................... 52 4.1 Legal background of anti-doping measures in the Member States ...................... 52 4.1.1 WADA Code, UNESCO Convention and CoE Convention .................................. 52 4.1.2 Legal form of national regulation of anti-doping ............................................... 52 4.1.3 The goal of national anti-doping rules ................................................................. 56 4.2 The National Anti-Doping Organizations ..................................................................... 56 4.2.1 Legal status ................................................................................................................ 56 October 2017 5 4.2.2 Testing and investigation ........................................................................................ 56 4.2.3 Persons to whom the rules apply, and conditions for inclusion in testing pools ....................................................................................................................................... 57 4.2.4 Processing Athletes' data ........................................................................................ 57 4.2.5 NADO criminal law powers...................................................................................... 58 4.2.6 Official programme of cooperation ....................................................................... 58 4.2.7 List of prohibited substances.................................................................................. 58 4.3 National Privacy and Data Protection rules ................................................................ 59 4.3.1 Reference to National Data Protection Act in Doping Rules ............................ 59 4.3.2 Constitutional protection ......................................................................................... 60 4.3.3 Grounds for processing personal data ................................................................. 60 4.3.4 Grounds for processing sensitive personal data ................................................ 60 4.3.5 Categories of sensitive personal data .................................................................. 61 4.3.6 Provisions regarding minors whose personal data is being processed ......... 61 4.3.7 Transfer of personal data to third countries ....................................................... 62 4.4 Legal interpretation of data protection aspects of anti-doping in sport .............. 62 4.4.1 Opinions, statements or decisions of DPAs ......................................................... 63 4.4.2 Court decisions .......................................................................................................... 64 4.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 64 5. Field Study ......................................................................................................................... 66 5.1 Quantitative aspects of doping control programmes ............................................... 66 5.1.1 Number of tests (2016, unless otherwise stated) ............................................. 66 5.1.2 Number of athletes subjected to controls ........................................................... 67 5.1.3 Number of TUEs ........................................................................................................ 67 5.2 Basis for athlete selection .............................................................................................. 68 5.3 Types of Data Collected .................................................................................................. 69 5.4 Procedures for gathering data ...................................................................................... 70 5.4.1 Whereabouts .............................................................................................................
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