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Anarcho-Capitalism Anarcho-capitalism generally accepted, and which the courts would pledge themselves to follow.”[10] This pact would recognize self- ownership and the non-aggression principle (NAP), al- though methods of enforcement vary. Anarcho-capitalists are to be distinguished from minarchists, who advocate a small government (often referred to as a 'night-watchman state') limited to the function of individual protection, and from social anar- chists who seek to prohibit or regulate the accumulation of property and the flow of capital. Flag used by the Swedish AnarkoKapitalistisk Front[1] 1 Philosophy Anarcho-capitalism (anarcho referring to the lack of a 1.1 Ethics state and capitalism referring to the corresponding liber- ation of capital, also referred to as free-market anar- Anarcho-capitalists argue for a society based on the vol- chism,[2] market anarchism,[3] private-property an- untary trade of private property and services (in sum, all archism,[4] libertarian anarchism,[5] among others (see relationships not caused by threats or violence, includ- below) and the short term "ancap") is a political philoso- ing exchanges of money, consumer goods, land, and cap- phy that advocates the elimination of the state - which ital goods) in order to minimize conflict while maximiz- distorts market signals, breeds corruption, and institu- ing individual liberty and prosperity. However, they also tionalizes monopoly - in favor of individual sovereignty, recognize charity and communal arrangements as part of absence of invasive private property policies and open the same voluntary ethic.[11] Though anarcho-capitalists markets (laissez-faire capitalism). Anarcho-capitalists are known for asserting a right to private (individualized believe that in the absence of statute (law by decree or or joint non-public) property, some propose that non- legislation), society would improve itself through the dis- state public or community property can also exist in an cipline of the free market (or what its proponents describe anarcho-capitalist society.[12] For them, what is impor- as a "voluntary society").[6][7] In an anarcho-capitalist so- tant is that it is acquired and transferred without help or ciety, law enforcement, courts, and all other security ser- hindrance from the compulsory state. Anarcho-capitalist vices would be operated by privately funded competi- libertarians believe that the only just, and/or most eco- tors rather than centrally through compulsory taxation. nomically beneficial, way to acquire property is through Money, along with all other goods and services, would voluntary trade, gift, or labor-based original appropria- be privately and competitively provided in an open mar- tion, rather than through aggression or fraud.[13] ket. Therefore, personal and economic activities under Anarcho-capitalists see free-market capitalism as the ba- anarcho-capitalism would be regulated by victim-based sis for a free and prosperous society. Murray Rothbard dispute resolution organizations under tort and contract said that the difference between free-market capitalism law, rather than by statute through centrally determined [8] and "state capitalism" is the difference between “peace- punishment under political monopolies. ful, voluntary exchange” and a collusive partnership be- Various theorists have espoused legal philosophies simi- tween business and government that uses coercion to sub- lar to anarcho-capitalism. The first person to use the term, vert the free market.[14] (Rothbard is credited with coin- however, was Murray Rothbard, who in the mid-20th ing the term “Anarcho-capitalism”).[15][16] “Capitalism,” century synthesized elements from the Austrian School as anarcho-capitalists employ the term, is not to be con- of economics, classical liberalism, and 19th-century fused with state monopoly capitalism, crony capitalism, American individualist anarchists Lysander Spooner and corporatism, or contemporary mixed economies, wherein Benjamin Tucker (while rejecting their labor theory of market incentives and disincentives may be altered by value and the norms they derived from it).[9] A Rothbar- state action.[17] They therefore reject the state, seeing dian anarcho-capitalist society would operate under a mu- it as an entity which steals property (through taxation tually agreed-upon libertarian “legal code which would be and expropriation), initiates aggression, has a compulsory 1 2 1 PHILOSOPHY monopoly on the use of force, uses its coercive powers to territory, and all of the other depredations and benefit some businesses and individuals at the expense of coercions that are built upon these twin foci of others, creates artificial monopolies, restricts trade, and invasions of individual rights. restricts personal freedoms via drug laws, compulsory ed- —Rothbard in Society and State ucation, conscription, laws on food and morality, and the like. Many anarchists view capitalism as an inherently While the Friedmanian formulation of anarcho- authoritarian and hierarchical system, and seek the ex- capitalism is robust to the presence of violence, and in propriation of private property.[18] There is disagreement fact assumes some degree of violence will occur,[33] between these left anarchists and laissez-faire anarcho- anarcho-capitalism as formulated by Rothbard and others capitalists,[19] as the former generally rejects anarcho- holds strongly to the central libertarian nonaggression capitalism as a form of anarchism and considers anarcho- axiom: capitalism an oxymoron,[20][21][22] while the latter holds that such expropriation is counterproductive to order, and [...] The basic axiom of libertarian politi- [8] would require a state. On the Nolan chart, anarcho- cal theory holds that every man is a self owner, capitalists are located at the northernmost apex of the lib- having absolute jurisdiction over his own body. ertarian quadrant - since they reject state involvement in In effect, this means that no one else may justly [23] both economic and personal affairs. invade, or aggress against, another’s person. Laissez-faire anarchists argue that the state is an initiation It follows then that each person justly owns of force because force can be used against those who have whatever previously unowned resources he ap- not stolen private property, vandalized private property, propriates or “mixes his labor with”. From assaulted anyone, or committed fraud. Many also argue these twin axioms – self-ownership and “home- that subsidized monopolies tend to be corrupt and inef- steading” – stem the justification for the en- ficient. Anarchist theorist Rothbard argued that all gov- tire system of property rights titles in a free- ernment services, including defense, are inefficient be- market society. This system establishes the cause they lack a market-based pricing mechanism regu- right of every man to his own person, the right lated by the voluntary decisions of consumers purchasing of donation, of bequest (and, concomitantly, services that fulfill their highest-priority needs and by in- the right to receive the bequest or inheritance), vestors seeking the most profitable enterprises to invest and the right of contractual exchange of prop- in.[24] Many anarchists also argue that private defense and erty titles.[34] court agencies would have to have a good reputation in or- der to stay in business. Furthermore, Linda and Morris Rothbard’s defense of the self-ownership principle stems Tannehill argue that no coercive monopoly of force can from what he believed to be his falsification of all other arise on a truly free market and that a government’s citi- alternatives, namely that either a group of people can zenry can't desert them in favor of a competent protection own another group of people, or the other alternative, [25] and defense agency. that no single person has full ownership over one’s self. Rothbard bases his philosophy on natural law grounds Rothbard dismisses these two cases on the basis that and also provides economic explanations of why he thinks they cannot result in a universal ethic, i.e., a just natu- anarcho-capitalism is preferable on pragmatic grounds as ral law that can govern all people, independent of place well. David D. Friedman says he is not an absolutist rights and time. The only alternative that remains to Rothbard is theorist but is also “not a utilitarian", however, he does self-ownership, which he believes is both axiomatic and believe that “utilitarian arguments are usually the best way universal.[35] [26] to defend libertarian views”. Peter Leeson argues that In general, the nonaggression axiom can be said to be a “the case for anarchy derives its strength from empirical prohibition against the initiation of force, or the threat of [27] evidence, not theory.” Hans-Hermann Hoppe, mean- force, against persons (i.e., direct violence, assault, mur- while, uses "argumentation ethics" for his foundation of der) or property (i.e., fraud, burglary, theft, taxation).[36] [28] “private property anarchism”, which is closer to Roth- The initiation of force is usually referred to as aggression bard’s natural law approach. or coercion. The difference between anarcho-capitalists and other libertarians is largely one of the degree to I define anarchist society as one where which they take this axiom. Minarchist libertarians, such there is no legal possibility for coercive as most people involved in libertarian political parties, aggression against the person or property of would retain the state in some smaller and less invasive any individual. Anarchists
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