Carl Friedrich Von Weizsäcker in Den Netzwerken Der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
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181 Chapter VII a World of Many
181 Chapter VII A World of Many: Giving up the Belief in the Possibility of Universal Rule (1648/59 – 1714) A Description of the “State” of the Holy Roman Empire Slightly less than twenty years after the treaties of Munster and Osnabrück, the jurist and historian Samuel von Pufendorf (1632 – 1694) clad his description of the Holy Roman Empire into a fictitious travel report. He took the role of a Veronese citizen named Severinus de Monzambano, explaining to his alleged brother the oddities of the form of government of the Empire. The choice of Veronese identity had not been random, as the city of Verona the lay on Venetian territory and, from the fourteenth century, Venice had no longer been considered part of the Empire,1 from the turn towards the sixteenth century even as the foe of the Emperor. Pufendorf explained the form of government of the Empire in historical terms, described the processes by which the centre of rule had shifted from the Italian Peninsula to areas north of the Alps and, at the very beginning of his report, made it clear that the Empire was known by the wrong official name. Instead of “Holy Roman Empire”, it should, Pufendorf insisted, be called the “new state of the Germans”, because it had nothing to do with the ancient empire of the Romans. It was a grave mistake, he wrote, to believe that this ancient empire of the Romans had continued to be in existence. Quite on the contrary, the empire, whose capital the city of Rome had once been, had been destroyed. -
Endc Proceedings 12/2009
ENDC PROCEEDINGS 12/2009 ■ ENGLISH SUMMARIES 3 ESTONIAN NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE CULTURAL, PEACE AND CONFLICT STUDIES SERIES ■ SERIES EDITORS: ANDRES SAUMETS AND ALAR KILP VOLUME 1: RELIGION AND POLITICS IN MULTICULTURAL EUROPE: PERSPECTIVES AND CHALLENGES Alar Kilp and Andres Saumets Proceedings 12/2009 EXECUTIVE EDITOR: Andres Saumets (Estonia) EDITORIAL BOARD: Ken Kalling (Estonia) Alar Kilp (Estonia) Peeter Kukk (Estonia) Rain Liivoja (Finland) Enno Mõts (Estonia) Erik Männik (Estonia) Andreas Pawlas (Germany) Claus Freiherr von Rosen (Germany) Volker Stümke (Germany) LANGUAGE EDITORS: Reet Hendrikson (Estonia) Karen Kuldnokk (Estonia) Epp Leete (Estonia) Roy Lowthian (United Kingdom) EDITORIAL COUNCIL: Aarne Ermus (Estonia) Wilfried Gerhard (Germany) Rudolf Hamann (Germany) Jakob Kübarsepp (Estonia) Ants Laaneots (Estonia) Raul Mälk (Estonia) Ago Pajur (Estonia) Eric Allan Sibul (USA) Villu Tamul (Estonia) Peeter Tulviste (Estonia) Matti Turtola (Finland) ISSN 1736–0242 ISBN 978–9985–9513–7–8 Copyright: Estonian National Defence College, 2009 Tartu University Press www.tyk.ee CONTENTS ■ FOREWORD ............................................................................................ 9 RELIGION AND POLITICS IN MULTICULTURAL EUROPE Alar Kilp and Andres Saumets ................................................................ 13 1. Theoretical Considerations .................................................................. 18 1.1. Culture ......................................................................................... -
Der Mythos Der Deutschen Atombombe
Langsame oder schnelle Neutronen? Der Mythos der deutschen Atombombe Prof. Dr. Manfred Popp Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Ringvorlesung zum Gedächtnis an Lise Meitner Freie Universität Berlin 29. Oktober 2018 In diesem Beitrag geht es zwar um Arbeiten zur Kernphysik in Deutschland während des 2.Weltkrieges, an denen Lise Meitner wegen ihrer Emigration 1938 nicht teilnahm. Es geht aber um das Thema Kernspaltung, zu dessen Verständnis sie wesentliches beigetragen hat, um die Arbeit vieler, gut vertrauter, ehemaliger Kollegen und letztlich um das Schicksal der deutschen Physik unter den Nationalsozialisten, die ihre geistige Heimat gewesen war. Da sie nach dem Abwurf der Bombe auf Hiroshima auch als „Mutter der Atombombe“ diffamiert wurde, ist es ihr gewiss nicht gleichgültig gewesen, wie ihr langjähriger Partner und Freund Otto Hahn und seine Kollegen während des Krieges mit dem Problem der möglichen Atombombe umgegangen sind. 1. Stand der Geschichtsschreibung Die Geschichtsschreibung über das deutsche Uranprojekt 1939-1945 ist eine Domäne amerikanischer und britischer Historiker. Für die deutschen Geschichtsforscher hatte eines der wenigen im Ergebnis harmlosen Kapitel der Geschichte des 3. Reiches keine Priorität. Unter den alliierten Historikern hat sich Mark Walker seit seiner Dissertation1 durchgesetzt. Sein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Kaiser Wilhelm-Gesellschaft im 3. Reich beginnt mit den Worten: „The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics is best known as the place where Werner Heisenberg worked on nuclear weapons for Hitler.“2 Im Jahr 2016 habe ich zum ersten Mal belegt, dass diese Schlussfolgerung auf Fehlinterpretationen der Dokumente und auf dem Ignorieren physikalischer Fakten beruht.3 Seit Walker gilt: Nicht an fehlenden Kenntnissen sei die deutsche Atombombe gescheitert, sondern nur an den ökonomischen Engpässen der deutschen Kriegswirtschaft: „An eine Bombenentwicklung wäre [...] auch bei voller Unterstützung des Regimes nicht zu denken gewesen. -
Humboldt and the Modern German University Tensions
3 The discovery of Humboldt There were nineteen universities in the German Empire when it was proclaimed in 1871. During the almost fifty years that followed, up until the outbreak of the First World War, the number of students quadrupled. During the same period several institutes of technol- ogy and schools of economics were founded, but only three new universities: Strasbourg in 1872, Münster in 1902, and Frankfurt am Main in 1914. Higher education was, strictly speaking, a matter for the individual constituent states; but the university as an institution was seen as a national undertaking and was the subject of a vivid debate in the pan-German public sphere. Within the borders of the Empire the academic norms were similar, and both students and professors moved easily between universities. All this contributed to a sense of the university as a coherent national system.1 Prussia, which held half of the students and eleven universities, dominated the united Germany. An exceptionally important figure in this context was Friedrich Althoff. Originally a lawyer, he served between 1882 and 1907 with great power and determination in the Prussian Ministry of Education. During this quarter of a century, the system that would later come to be known as ‘System Althoff’ prevailed. With forceful, unorthodox methods, Althoff intervened in 1 Konrad H. Jarausch, ‘Universität und Hochschule’, in Handbuch der deutschen Bildungsgeschichte: 1870–1918: Von der Reichsgründung bis zum Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs, ed. by Christa Berg (Munich, 1991); Anderson, ‘European Universities’. As is often the case when university history is investigated more closely, the establishment of a university is a complicated matter; thus the university in Strasbourg had already been founded in 1631, but after the Franco–Prussian War it was re-established in 1872 as ‘Reichs-Universität Straßburg’, and five years later it became one of the universities named ‘Kaiser- Wilhelms-Universität’. -
German Orientalism: the Study of the Middle East and Islam from 1800 to 1945
Book Reviews quite normal that these areas compete and Turkey where large numbers of Muslims interact with each other. Moreover, the au- do not believe or follow the official view thor claims that Muslim laws cover a legal of Islam. For example, in Turkey, the gov- pluralism within itself with well-developed ernment once obliged people to donate the hermeneutical techniques. leather from the sacrificial animal during The plurality of Muslim laws is firstly the Eid ul-Adha only to the Turkish Aero- due to the main schools of laws (Madhabs), nautical Association. However, people re- and along with these four great schools fused and continued to donate the leather, (Hanafee, Shaafi’ee, Hambelee, Maalikee), an enormous source of financial income, to other small sects all have somewhat differ- the traditional institutions and to Muslim ent views on the non-fundamental princi- NGOs, such as mosques, orphanages, and ples and practices of Islam. The second rea- tareekat (religious sect) associations. son for plurality, according to the author, It is clear that the author has referred is the differences between the written and to an enormous list of literature written on customary rules of Islam. These don’t al- this issues and he has presented the main ways completely coincide with each other. points of discussion about the subject mat- The third reason for plurality is the differ- ters. Therefore, this book is a significant ences between official Islam and folk Islam contribution for researchers and academ- which means that the understanding of Is- ics who study legal plurality and alternative lamic rules and principles is rather different applications of the official legal systems. -
Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Werner Heisenberg And
MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUT FÜR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE Max Planck Institute for the History of Science PREPRINT 203 (2002) Horst Kant Werner Heisenberg and the German Uranium Project Otto Hahn and the Declarations of Mainau and Göttingen Werner Heisenberg and the German Uranium Project* Horst Kant Werner Heisenberg’s (1901-1976) involvement in the German Uranium Project is the most con- troversial aspect of his life. The controversial discussions on it go from whether Germany at all wanted to built an atomic weapon or only an energy supplying machine (the last only for civil purposes or also for military use for instance in submarines), whether the scientists wanted to support or to thwart such efforts, whether Heisenberg and the others did really understand the mechanisms of an atomic bomb or not, and so on. Examples for both extreme positions in this controversy represent the books by Thomas Powers Heisenberg’s War. The Secret History of the German Bomb,1 who builds up him to a resistance fighter, and by Paul L. Rose Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project – A Study in German Culture,2 who characterizes him as a liar, fool and with respect to the bomb as a poor scientist; both books were published in the 1990s. In the first part of my paper I will sum up the main facts, known on the German Uranium Project, and in the second part I will discuss some aspects of the role of Heisenberg and other German scientists, involved in this project. Although there is already written a lot on the German Uranium Project – and the best overview up to now supplies Mark Walker with his book German National Socialism and the quest for nuclear power, which was published in * Paper presented on a conference in Moscow (November 13/14, 2001) at the Institute for the History of Science and Technology [àÌÒÚËÚÛÚ ËÒÚÓËË ÂÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÓÁ̇ÌËfl Ë ÚÂıÌËÍË ËÏ. -
European Journal of Turkish Studies, 24 | 2017 a Liminal Orientalism: Turkish Studies by Franz Babinger 2
European Journal of Turkish Studies Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey 24 | 2017 Transturcologiques. Une histoire transnationale des études turques A Liminal Orientalism: Turkish Studies by Franz Babinger Christoph K. Neumann Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/ejts/5468 DOI: 10.4000/ejts.5468 ISSN: 1773-0546 Publisher EJTS Electronic reference Christoph K. Neumann, « A Liminal Orientalism: Turkish Studies by Franz Babinger », European Journal of Turkish Studies [Online], 24 | 2017, Online since 08 November 2017, connection on 16 February 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ejts/5468 ; DOI : 10.4000/ejts.5468 This text was automatically generated on 16 February 2020. © Some rights reserved / Creative Commons license A Liminal Orientalism: Turkish Studies by Franz Babinger 1 A Liminal Orientalism: Turkish Studies by Franz Babinger Christoph K. Neumann 1 In August 1951, Professor Franz Babinger, chair of History and Culture of the Near East along with Turcology at Munich University,* filed an official complaint with the Munich police. A photographer had offered pictures, also suitable as passport-size photos, for 1.50 DM in his shop-windows but inside the shop, attendants asked for 3.50 DM. In his rather idiosyncratic German whose flavour is not easily translatable into English (at least for me), Babinger wrote: This constitutes a gross deception of the public which appears the more shameful as the business, which apparently maintains two other branch agencies, is located close to the main station, and therefore bound to necessarily leave the foulest impression upon all foreigners. For a Bavarian like me the issue does not become more palatable by the circumstance that the tradesmen in question are obviously no locals so that the fault does not fall onto Bavaria. -
Hitler's Uranium Club, the Secret Recordings at Farm Hall
HITLER’S URANIUM CLUB DER FARMHALLER NOBELPREIS-SONG (Melodie: Studio of seiner Reis) Detained since more than half a year Ein jeder weiss, das Unglueck kam Sind Hahn und wir in Farm Hall hier. Infolge splitting von Uran, Und fragt man wer is Schuld daran Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. The real reason nebenbei Die energy macht alles waermer. Ist weil we worked on nuclei. Only die Schweden werden aermer. Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. Die nuclei waren fuer den Krieg Auf akademisches Geheiss Und fuer den allgemeinen Sieg. Kriegt Deutschland einen Nobel-Preis. Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. Wie ist das moeglich, fragt man sich, In Oxford Street, da lebt ein Wesen, The story seems wunderlich. Die wird das heut’ mit Thraenen lesen. Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. Die Feldherrn, Staatschefs, Zeitungsknaben, Es fehlte damals nur ein atom, Ihn everyday im Munde haben. Haett er gesagt: I marry you madam. Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. Even the sweethearts in the world(s) Dies ist nur unsre-erste Feier, Sie nennen sich jetzt: “Atom-girls.” Ich glaub die Sache wird noch teuer, Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. -
Archiv Der Evangelischen Kirche Im Rheinland Düsseldorf
Archiv der Evangelischen Kirche im Rheinland Düsseldorf 1OB 017 Landeskirchenamt Sachakten 2 : Az. 11 1972-1984 Die Lesezeichen (2. Icon am linken Rand) erleichtern Ihnen die Navigation durch dieses Findbuch. Bearbeitet von Bert Buchholz und Tatjana Klein 19.02.2015 2 Inhalt Vorwort ...................................................................................................... 3 11 - Verfassung und Verwaltung ................................................................ 8 11-1 Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland .................................................. 8 11-2 Evangelische Kirche der Union ........................................................ 58 11-3 Evangelische Kirche im Rheinland .................................................. 72 11-4 Katholische Kirche ......................................................................... 102 11-5 Ökumene ....................................................................................... 114 11-6 Bund und Länder ........................................................................... 146 11-7 Militärregierung .............................................................................. 157 11-8 Verschiedenes ............................................................................... 158 11-9 Kreisgemeinden ............................................................................. 164 11-10 Kirchengemeinden ....................................................................... 171 11-11 Pfarrstellen .................................................................................. -
Journalists and Religious Activists in Polish-German Relations
THE PROJECT OF RECONCILIATION: JOURNALISTS AND RELIGIOUS ACTIVISTS IN POLISH-GERMAN RELATIONS, 1956-1972 Annika Frieberg A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2008 Approved by: Dr. Konrad H. Jarausch Dr. Christopher Browning Dr. Chad Bryant Dr. Karen Hagemann Dr. Madeline Levine ©2008 Annika Frieberg ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT ANNIKA FRIEBERG: The Project of Reconciliation: Journalists and Religious Activists in Polish-German Relations, 1956-1972 (under the direction of Konrad Jarausch) My dissertation, “The Project of Reconciliation,” analyzes the impact of a transnational network of journalists, intellectuals, and publishers on the postwar process of reconciliation between Germans and Poles. In their foreign relations work, these non-state actors preceded the Polish-West German political relations that were established in 1970. The dissertation has a twofold focus on private contacts between these activists, and on public discourse through radio, television and print media, primarily its effects on political and social change between the peoples. My sources include the activists’ private correspondences, interviews, and memoirs as well as radio and television manuscripts, articles and business correspondences. Earlier research on Polish-German relations is generally situated firmly in a nation-state framework in which the West German, East German or Polish context takes precedent. My work utilizes international relations theory and comparative reconciliation research to explore the long-term and short-term consequences of the discourse and the concrete measures which were taken during the 1960s to end official deadlock and nationalist antagonisms and to overcome the destructive memories of the Second World War dividing Poles and Germans. -
Conceptualising Contemporary Antisemitism: How Debates About Immigration Have Shaped the Understanding of Jew-Hatred in Germany and Britain Since 1945
Conceptualising Contemporary Antisemitism: How Debates About Immigration Have Shaped the Understanding of Jew-Hatred in Germany and Britain since 1945 by: Doerte Letzmann A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Philosophy September 2015 Declaration I, Doerte Letzmann, hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Where I have consulted the work of others, this is always clearly stated. Signed: Dated: 2 Conceptualising Contemporary Antisemitism: How Debates About Immigration Have Shaped the Understanding of Jew-Hatred in Germany and Britain since 1945 Doerte Letzmann Abstract This thesis is a comparative historical analysis of the understanding of an- tisemitism in Britain and Germany since 1945. Motivated by recent trends to equate antisemitism and anti-Muslim resentments { or Jews and Muslims, it shows where the idea came from that these two hostilities can be compared. It critically analyses how concepts of antisemitism have been framed by na- tional discourse and debates about identity and immigration by looking at the dynamic relationship between major events and debates about this issue and theorisations of antisemitism. The main finding is that although antisemitism is a global phenomenon, it is understood very differently in different contexts. Conceptualisations and comparisons differed between Britain and Germany, which is due to the ways in which national identity and racism in general were understood and critiqued. In Germany, there was, in reference to the Holocaust, a strong theoretical focus on antisemitism while racism and anti- Muslim resentments were initially much less dealt with, and later only through a prism of antisemitism theories. -
From Philology to the Language of Myth
philological encounters � (�0�7) 346-367 brill.com/phen Semites and Semitism: From Philology to the Language of Myth Céline Trautmann-Waller Université Sorbonne Nouvelle-Paris 3 [email protected] Abstract This contribution analyses the transition from the “Semites”, which were derived, in early Semitic philology, from linguistic classification, to “Semitism,” a category com- bining linguistics, psychology, and cultural history. Goldziher’s critique of Renan’s un- derstanding of Semitism not only led to a new logic of peoples in an economy of invention, transformation, and circulation but also, through the analysis of the names of the gods, to the reconstruction of a language of myth characterized by an inherent duality. With Carl Abel’s work on contradiction in primeval words, this question of duality in the language of myth is linked to Freud’s research on the language of dreams, conceived as remnant of an old primitive stratus of language. Karl Abraham’s Myths and Dreams (1909) and Otto Rank’s The Birth of the Hero (1909) also reveal the inspira- tion early psychoanalysis found in some reflections on Semitism: both combined in- sights from Semitic philology and the science of mythology with those of dream interpretation. When Freud finally offered his own interpretation of Moses in Moses and Monotheism (1939), his psychoanalytical reading revealed the potential of the phil- ological and psychological reconstruction of the language of myth: he also read the names as traces of circulation and the canonical text as