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Equilibrium Thermodynamics
Equilibrium Thermodynamics Instructor: - Clare Yu (e-mail [email protected], phone: 824-6216) - office hours: Wed from 2:30 pm to 3:30 pm in Rowland Hall 210E Textbooks: - primary: Herbert Callen “Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics” - secondary: Frederick Reif “Statistical and Thermal Physics” - secondary: Kittel and Kroemer “Thermal Physics” - secondary: Enrico Fermi “Thermodynamics” Grading: - weekly homework: 25% - discussion problems: 10% - midterm exam: 30% - final exam: 35% Equilibrium Thermodynamics Material Covered: Equilibrium thermodynamics, phase transitions, critical phenomena (~ 10 first chapters of Callen’s textbook) Homework: - Homework assignments posted on course website Exams: - One midterm, 80 minutes, Tuesday, May 8 - Final, 2 hours, Tuesday, June 12, 10:30 am - 12:20 pm - All exams are in this room 210M RH Course website is at http://eiffel.ps.uci.edu/cyu/p115B/class.html The Subject of Thermodynamics Thermodynamics describes average properties of macroscopic matter in equilibrium. - Macroscopic matter: large objects that consist of many atoms and molecules. - Average properties: properties (such as volume, pressure, temperature etc) that do not depend on the detailed positions and velocities of atoms and molecules of macroscopic matter. Such quantities are called thermodynamic coordinates, variables or parameters. - Equilibrium: state of a macroscopic system in which all average properties do not change with time. (System is not driven by external driving force.) Why Study Thermodynamics ? - Thermodynamics predicts that the average macroscopic properties of a system in equilibrium are not independent from each other. Therefore, if we measure a subset of these properties, we can calculate the rest of them using thermodynamic relations. - Thermodynamics not only gives the exact description of the state of equilibrium but also provides an approximate description (to a very high degree of precision!) of relatively slow processes. -
An Introduction to Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics This Page Intentionally Left Blank an Introduction to Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics
An Introduction to Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics This page intentionally left blank An Introduction to Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics Robert H. Swendsen 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York c Robert H. Swendsen 2012 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Library of Congress Control Number: 2011945381 Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY ISBN 978–0–19–964694–4 13579108642 To the memory of Herbert B. -
Ferguson2012.Pdf
This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: • This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. • A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. • This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. • The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. • When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Carlo Emilio Gadda as Catholic and Man of Science: The Case of Quer pasticciaccio brutto de via Merulana Christopher John Ferguson Ph.D The University of Edinburgh 2012 Declaration I declare that this thesis has been composed exclusively by myself, that it is my own work and that no part of it has been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification. Christopher John Ferguson Stoneyburn, 16 th of May 2012. 2 This thesis is dedicated to my mum, my dad and Sarah. 3 Abstract The present study looks at the influence that two of the major cultural forces of the twentieth century had on the output of Carlo Emilio Gadda. It grew out of a search for ways of discussing Gadda and in particular his 1957 novel Quer pasticciaccio brutto de via Merulana that would be accessible to the widest possible audience. -
Newly Opened Correspondence Illuminates Einstein's Personal Life
CENTER FOR HISTORY OF PHYSICS NEWSLETTER Vol. XXXVIII, Number 2 Fall 2006 One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740-3843, Tel. 301-209-3165 Newly Opened Correspondence Illuminates Einstein’s Personal Life By David C. Cassidy, Hofstra University, with special thanks to Diana Kormos Buchwald, Einstein Papers Project he Albert Einstein Archives at the Hebrew University of T Jerusalem recently opened a large collection of Einstein’s personal correspondence from the period 1912 until his death in 1955. The collection consists of nearly 1,400 items. Among them are about 300 letters and cards written by Einstein, pri- marily to his second wife Elsa Einstein, and some 130 letters Einstein received from his closest family members. The col- lection had been in the possession of Einstein’s step-daughter, Margot Einstein, who deposited it with the Hebrew University of Jerusalem with the stipulation that it remain closed for twen- ty years following her death, which occurred on July 8, 1986. The Archives released the materials to public viewing on July 10, 2006. On the same day Princeton University Press released volume 10 of The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, con- taining 148 items from the collection through December 1920, along with other newly available correspondence. Later items will appear in future volumes. “These letters”, write the Ein- stein editors, “provide the reader with substantial new source material for the study of Einstein’s personal life and the rela- tionships with his closest family members and friends.” H. Richard Gustafson playing with a guitar to pass the time while monitoring the control room at a Fermilab experiment. -
Chemistry Education and Contributions from History and Philosophy of Science Science: Philosophy, History and Education
Science: Philosophy, History and Education Mansoor Niaz Chemistry Education and Contributions from History and Philosophy of Science Science: Philosophy, History and Education Series editor Kostas Kampourakis , University of Geneva , Switzerland Editorial Board Fouad Abd-El-Khalick , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , USA María Pilar Jiménez Aleixandre , University of Santiago de Compostela , Spain Theodore Arabatzis , University of Athens , Greece Sibel Erduran , University of Limerick , Ireland Martin Kusch , University of Vienna , Austria Alan C. Love , University of Minnesota - Twin Cities , USA Michael Matthews , University of New South Wales , Australia Andreas Müller , University of Geneva , Switzerland Ross Nehm , Stony Brook University (SUNY) , USA Stathis Psillos , Western University , Canada Michael Reiss , UCL Institute of Education , UK Thomas Reydon , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Germany Bruno J. Strasser , University of Geneva , Switzerland Marcel Weber , University of Geneva , Switzerland Alice Siu Ling Wong , The University of Hong Kong , China Scope of the Series This book series serves as a venue for the exchange of the complementary perspectives of science educators and HPS scholars. History and philosophy of science (HPS) contributes a lot to science education and there is currently an increased interest for exploring this relationship further. Science educators have started delving into the details of HPS scholarship, often in collaboration with HPS scholars. In addition, and perhaps most importantly, -
A Possible Approach to Relativistic Thermodynamics Bernhard Rothenstein and G
A Possible Approach to Relativistic Thermodynamics Bernhard Rothenstein and G. Spix [email protected] Abstract. Considering a system of non-interacting particles characterized by the number N of its constituents and by its Kelvin temperature T, we reduce the transformation of the Kelvin temperature and heat to the transformation of mass (energy). Many authors present approaches to relativistic thermodynamics, with different final results, deriving transformation equations for absolute temperature T and heat Q. [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]. The purpose of our Note is to derive transformation equations for T and Q, reducing the problem to the transformation of internal energy, a physical quantity proportional to T via a relativistic invariant factor. Consider an ideal mono-atomic gas consisting of N identical non-interacting molecules at rest in the inertial reference frame I 0 which moves with constant speed u relative to the inertial reference frame I and with speed u’ relative to the inertial reference frame I’, I’ moving with speed V relative to I. The three inertial reference frames are in the standard configuration, u, u’ and V showing in the positive direction of the permanently overlapped x,x’,x 0 axes. In order to characterize the studied system of molecules, observers from I 0 measure the proper absolute temperature T 0 and the proper internal energy 3 U= kNT (1) 02 0 where k stands for the Boltzmann constant. In accordance with the principle of relativity 3 kN is a relativistic invariant. Measuring the absolute temperature of the same ensemble 2 3 of molecules observers from I obtain T expressing its internal energy as U= NkT the 2 energies U and U 0 being related by [4] 3U 3 T U= NkT =0 = Nk 0 . -
Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
Winter 2012 Chemistry 223B: Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics Instructor: Alex Levine Office Hours: Office: Young Hall 3044A Monday 1:30 – 2:30 pm Phone: 794-4436 Wednesday 1:30 – 2:30pm Email: [email protected] And by appointment if necessary Teaching Assistant: Christian Vaca Office Hours: Office: Geology 4607 TBA Email: [email protected] And by appointment if necessary Class Meetings: 1) Lectures will be held on Mondays and Wednesdays from 10:00am to 11:50am in Young Hall 3069. 2) Christian Vaca will hold a discussion section on Fridays at 10:00am to 10:50 am in Young Hall 3069. Homework: Typically, homework will be assigned on Mondays and will be due on the following Monday unless specified otherwise All assignments will be found online at the course website. Books: Below I list a number of useful textbooks for the course roughly in order of importance to the class. I would like you to purchase the main two texts for our course and I strongly recommend that a few of the other ones, particularly if you are interesting in pursuing this field further. The principal text for the thermodynamics part of the course. This is a classic textbook in the field Thermodynamics and an Introduction to and presents thermodynamics in a concise and Thermostatistics, 2nd Edition, Herbert Callen, John axiomatic approach. Over the two-quarter sequence, Wiley & Sons, New York (1985). we will cover most of the first eleven chapters. The principal text for the statistical physics part of the course. This book provides an excellent Elementary Statistical Physics, Charles Kittel, introduction to the subject and provides one of the Dover Publications Inc., New York, (1958). -
The Book of the Opening of the Rice Institute
Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2010 witii funding from Lyrasis members and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/bookofopeningofr01in THE RICE INSTITUTE OCTOBER TENTH, ELEVENTH, TWELFTH NINETEEN HUNDRED AND TWELVE Volume One /'/''//' I//' C j/f/f///'rf f' // . 9ff f^/ /f//f/ (fj ////f'/f/// . //.. ^u/w 'nr.,r„/r,/ /y //....; //. y/r^y., .'/,:, /., //,, //,^., ///eyle. THE BOOK OF THE OPENING OF THE RICE INSTITUTE BEING AN ACCOUNT IN THREE VOLUMES OF AN ACADEMIC FESTIVAL HELD IN CELEBRATION OF THE FORMAL OPENING OF THE RICE INSTITUTE, A UNIVERSITY OF LIBERAL AND TECHNICAL LEARNING FOUNDED IN THE CITY OF HOUSTON, TEXAS, BY WILLIAM MARSH RICE AND DEDICATED BY HIM TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF LETTERS, SCIENCE, AND ART Volume I HOUSTON, TEXAS U.S.A. THESE COMMEMORATIVE VOLUMES ARE INSCRIBED BY SPECIAL PERMISSION TO THE HONORABLE WOODROW WILSON, PH.D., LITT.D., LL.D., MAN OF LETTERS, LEADER OF MEN, THIRTEENTH PRESI- DENT OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, AND THE TWENTY-EIGHTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS VOLUMES ONE, TWO, AND THREE PAGE LIST OF DELEGATES vol. i 3 ADDRESSES OF WELCOME AND RE- SPONSES AT A LUNCHEON GIVEN AT THE CITY AUDITORIUM . vol. i 25 PROGRAMS OF THE CONCERTS REN- DERED BY THE KNEISEL QUARTET vol. i 53 TOASTS AND RESPONSES AT THE SUPPER GIVEN BY THE TRUSTEES AT THE RESI- DENTIAL HALL vol. I 57 FORMAL EXERCISES OF DEDICA- TION VOL.1 97 RESPONSES AT THE LUNCHEON IN THE INSTITUTE COMMONS .... vol. i 221 RELIGIOUS SERVICES IN THE CITY AUDI- TORIUM VOL.1 237 THE INAUGURAL LECTURES The Problem of the Philosophy of History— The Theory of Civilization—The Methods of Extending Civilization Among the Na- tions VOL. -
A Complete Bibliography of Publications in the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (1900–1949)
A Complete Bibliography of Publications in the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (1900{1949) Nelson H. F. Beebe University of Utah Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB 155 S 1400 E RM 233 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA Tel: +1 801 581 5254 FAX: +1 801 581 4148 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (Internet) WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/ 25 August 2019 Version 1.00 Title word cross-reference ◦ −183 [Bee39]. 1 [Atk18c]. 2 [Atk18c]. Σ [Doo03]. 1189 [Dav39b]. 146 [SO37]. 1777 [Chi48]. 1867 [Col41a]. 1900 [Ano00e, Ano00j, Ano00i, Ano00k, Ano00m, Ano00l, Ano00o, Ano00n, Ano00h, Ano00q, Ano00p, Ano00s, Ano00r, Ano00u, Ano00t, Ano00w, Ano00v, Low01]. 1901 [Ano01f, Ano01g, Ano01h, Ano01i, Ano01j, Ano01l, Ano01k, Ano01m, Ano01n, Ano01p, Ano01o, Ano01q, Ano01r, Ano01t, Ano01s, Ano01e]. 1902 [Ano02e, Ano02f, Ano02h, Ano02g, Ano02j, Ano02i, Ano02l, Ano02k, Ano02m, Ano02o, Ano02n, Ano02p, Ano02q]. 1903 [Ano03e, Ano03f, Ano03h, Ano03g, Ano03j, Ano03i, Ano03l, Ano03k, Ano03n, Ano03m, Ano03o, Ano03p, Ano03q, Ano03s, Ano03r]. 1904 [Ano04e, Ano04f, Ano04h, Ano04g, Ano04j, Ano04i, Ano04k, Ano04l, Ano04n, 1 2 Ano04m, Ano04p, Ano04o, Ano04q, Ano04r]. 1905 [Ano05f, Ano05h, Ano05g, Ano05i, Ano05k, Ano05j, Ano05l, Ano05n, Ano05m, Ano05p, Ano05o]. 1906 [Ano06e, Ano06f, Ano06g, Ano06h, Ano06j, Ano06i, Ano06k, Ano06m, Ano06l, Ano06o, Ano06n, Ano06q, Ano06p, Ogb07]. 1907 [Ano07f, Ano07g, Ano07i, Ano07h, Ano07j, Ano07l, Ano07k, Ano07m, Ano07o, Ano07n, Ano07p, Ano07q]. 1908 [Ano08e, Ano08g, Ano08f, Ano08h, Ano08j, Ano08i, Ano08k, Ano08m, Ano08l, Ano08n]. 1918 [And19, Cam19, Lam19, Mil19a]. 1931 [Lin33]. 1937 [Con37a]. 1940 [Wie45]. 1941 [Bar45, Wad45b]. 1942 [Ang42]. 2 [Kra47]. 200-Inch [Tho30]. 61 [Str43]. A.D. [Dav39b]. A.M [Pet03]. -
Klaus Staubermann
00frontmatter.qxd 6/13/09 9:00 PM Page i Illuminating Instruments 00frontmatter.qxd 6/13/09 9:00 PM Page ii 00frontmatter.qxd 6/13/09 9:00 PM Page iii Illuminating Instruments Artefacts: STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOLUME 7 Edited by Peter Morris and Klaus Staubermann Series Editors Robert Bud, Science Museum, London Bernard Finn, Smithsonian Institution Helmuth Trischler, Deutsches Museum, Munich WASHINGTON, D.C. 2009 00frontmatter.qxd 6/13/09 9:00 PM Page iv 00frontmatter.qxd 6/13/09 9:00 PM Page v he series “Artefacts: Studies in the History of Science and Technology” was established Tin 1996 under joint sponsorship by the Deutsches Museum (Munich), the Science Museum (London), and the Smithsonian Institution (Washington, DC). Subsequent spon- soring museums include: Canada Science and Technology Museum, Istituto e Museo Nazionale di Storia della Scienza, Medicinsk Museion Kobenhavns Universitet, MIT Museum, Musée des Arts et Métiers, Museum Boerhaave, Národní Technické Museum, Prague, National Museum of Scotland, Norsk Teknisk Museum, Országos Mıszaki Múzeum Tanulmánytára (Hungarian Museum for S&T), Technisches Museum Wien, Tekniska Museet–Stockholm, The Bakken, Whipple Museum of the History of Science. Editorial Advisory Board Robert Anderson, Cambridge University Jim Bennett, Museum of the History of Science, University of Oxford Randall Brooks, Canada Science and Technology Museum Ruth Cowan, University of Pennsylvania Robert Friedel, University of Maryland Sungook Hong, Seoul National University David Hounshell, -
Quantum Mechanics Thermodynamics
Quantum Mechanics_Thermodynamics Annotated color version of the original 1824Carnot heat engine showing the hot body (boiler), working body (system, steam), and cold body (water), the letters labeled according to the stopping points in Carnot cycle Thermodynamics is a branch of physicsconcerned with Heat and temperature and their relation to energy and Work. It definesmacroscopic variables, such as Internal energy,Entropy, and Pressure, that partly describe a body of matter or radiation. It states that the behavior of those variables is subject to general constraints, that are common to all materials, not the peculiar properties of particular materials. These general constraints are expressed in the four laws of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics describes the bulk behavior of the body, not the microscopic behaviors of the very large numbers of its microscopic constituents, such as molecules. Its laws are explained by statistical mechanics, in terms of the microscopic constituents. Thermodynamics applies to a wide variety of topics in science and engineering. Historically, thermodynamics developed out of a desire to increase the efficiency and power output of early steam engines, particularly through the work of French physicist Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (1824) who believed that the efficiency of heat engines was the key that could help France win the Napoleonic Wars.[1] Irish-born British physicist Lord Kelvin was the first to formulate a concise definition of thermodynamics in 1854:[2] "Thermo-dynamics is the subject of the relation of heat to forces acting between contiguous parts of bodies, and the relation of heat to electrical agency." Initially, thermodynamics, as applied to heat engines, was concerned with the thermal properties of their 'working materials' such as steam, in an effort to increase the efficiency and power output of engines. -
Thermodynamic Computing
Thermodynamic Computing A REPORT BASED ON A CCC WORKSHOP HELD ON JANUARY 3-5, 2019 This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1734706. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. Thermodynamic Computing A REPORT BASED ON A CCC WORKSHOP HELD ON JANUARY 3-5, 2019 Workshop Organizers: Tom Conte, Erik DeBenedictis, Natesh Ganesh, Todd Hylton, Susanne Still, John Paul Strachan, and R. Stanley Williams Workshop Participants: Alexander Alemi, Lee Altenberg, Gavin Crooks, James Crutchfield, Lidia del Rio, Josh Deutsch, Michael DeWeese, Khari Douglas, Massimiliano Esposito, Michael Frank, Robert Fry, Peter Harsha, Mark Hill, Christopher Kello, Jeff Krichmar, Suhas Kumar, Shih-Chii Liu, Seth Lloyd, Matteo Marsili, Ilya Nemenman, Alex Nugent, Norman Packard, Dana Randall, Peter Sadowski, Narayana Santhanam, Robert Shaw, Adam Stieg, Elan Stopnitzky, Christof Teuscher, Chris Watkins, David Wolpert, Joshua Yang, and Yan Yufik THERMODYNAMIC COMPUTING Table of Contents 1. Overview and Motivation ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................1 1.2 A Brief History of Thermodynamics and Computation ...................................................................................2