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The Ceramic Codex of Yojoa, Honduras

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The Ceramic Codex of Yojoa, Honduras [Journal cover page] Volume / Volumen 1 En este número / In this number: Number / Número 4 February / Febrero 2009 ISSN 2150-3273 Between Copan and the Isthmus: the Ceramic Codex of Yojoa, Honduras …………………….…2-22 A juried online journal for the study Gordon Brotherston of Maya texts and culture with issues appearing on an occasional series basis after peer-review. Editor: The MSJ/ REM is devoted to promoting and publicizing the Carlos M. López (Marshall University, WV) study of Mayan culture and its textual productions in all of their diverse expressions. The dissemination of current Editorial Advisory Board research and debates seeks to facilitate the exchange of Robert Carmack (SUNY, Albany, NY) Dennis Tedlock (SUNY, Buffalo, NY) opinions and perspectives aiming to make a contribution to Enrique Sam Colop (Guatemala) knowledge in the field. Ramón Arzápalo Marin (UNAM, México) Judith Maxwell (Tulane University, New La MSJ/ REM tiene como objetivo promover y difundir el Orleans, LA) Maureen Ahern (The Ohio State University, estudio de la cultura maya y su producción de textos en todas OH) sus diferentes expresiones. La difusión de las investigaciones y Ricardo E. Lima Soto (Universidad Rafael Landívar, Guatemala, Guatemala) los debates actuales pretende promover el intercambio de Sara Castro-Klaren (Johns Hopkins University, opiniones y de diferentes perspectivas, y así se espera Baltimore, MD) Luis Millones (Universidad de San Marcos, contribuir al desarrollo de los conocimientos en el campo. Lima, Peru) Gordon Brotherston (University of Manchester, UK) Arturo Arias (University of Texas, Austin, TX) Sergio Medeiros (Universidade Federal de Address: 298 Hagerty Hall, 1775 College Rd. Columbus, OH, 43210-1286 Phone: 614- Santa Catarina, Brazil) 292-4958 Fax: 614-292-7726 Edward A. Riedinger (The Ohio State University, OH) Email: [email protected] or [email protected] Fernando Unzueta (The Ohio State University, OH) URL: http://MayanArchives-PopolWuj.osu.edu/ Bárbara Tedlock (SUNY, Buffalo, NY) Emilio del Valle Escalante (University of Sponsored by The Department of Spanish and Portuguese at The Ohio State North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC) University, Columbus, Ohio, and the Center for Latin American Studies at OSU. Abril Trigo (The Ohio State University, OH) University. Gordon Brotherston ― Between Copan and the Isthmus: the Ceramic Codex of Yojoa, Honduras Between Copan and the Isthmus: the Ceramic Codex of Yojoa, Honduras The very word Maya first entered western vocabularies and consciousness via the eastern approaches to that linguisitic domain. It was noted on Columbus‟s fourth and last voyage in 1502, when he was sailing along the north or Caribbean coast of Honduras and the isthmus. At that time Columbus also intercepted a trading canoe off one of the bay islands (Sauer 1966:130). His account of its freight indicated the network of trading and tribute conventions which would later be recognized as specific to Mesoamerica. His list of items includes cotton cloth and clothing, copper hatchets, maize and, not least, cacao, a currency unit and an element incorporated into the toponym of the great Maya metropolis Copan, which lies in westernmost Honduras (Stuart and Houston 1994:23). Even the sequence in which these and other items appear recalls the lists of the tribute that the Mexica or Aztec capital far to the west, Tenochtitlan, was extracting from its subjects. These are recorded in the native script tlacuilolli in the Matrícula de tributos and the Mendoza Codex (Berdan and Anawalt 1992), both from Tenochtitlan. In this way, the Mesoamerican world integrated languages and cultures through common understandings of economic value, calendrics and iconography, as foreshadowing New Spain it extended from Michoacan in the west to Guatemala in the east, with offshoots running into Honduras, Cuzcatlan (El Salvador), and Nicaragua. At this point Columbus was on the very eastern edge of both the Maya domain and Mesoamerica, at the interface with the immensely complex mosaic of cultures and languages which comprises the isthmus as it stretches further east into South America. At the most rudimentary level he was at the interface between two food systems, one based on Mesoamerican maize, the other on eastern Central and South American cassava (Roys 1979:118). In pre-Columbian times, life here was found to be so good that the Spaniard Gonzalo Guerrero having grown accustomed to local ways as a captive, chose to die there in 1511, defending a local fort on the Ulua river against his countrymen rather than going back to join them. Concerted resistence to the invasion involving a league of 200 towns in the Ulua and adjoining areas, was orchestrated by the Lenca ruler Lempira, whose name serves today to name the currency of Honduras. Scion of a legendary line (according to Torquemada) and murdered by the Spanish in 1536-7, Lempira‟s influence appears to have been felt most in the area of his Lenca speech, South American in Volume 1, Number 4, March 2009 The Mayan Studies Journal / Revista de Estudios Mayas 2 Gordon Brotherston ― Between Copan and the Isthmus: the Ceramic Codex of Yojoa, Honduras affinity, and long current in Ulua and western Honduras. When in Honduras in 1909, Walter Lehmann was able to interview Lenca-speakers, as he says in Zentral-Amerika, and the huge erudition of that work makes it easier in turn to sense the history common to the „Lenca-Reich‟ and the polychrome ceramics characteristic of the Ulua and the Comagua valleys and Lake Yojoa, which lies between (150N 880W). Known formerly as „Babilonia‟ and today as „Ulua‟, the coherence of the Ulua-Yojoa-Comagua polychrome tradition has been increasingly confirmed over the past century by archaeology. The consequence has been the emergence of a statement from pre-invasion Honduras, comparable with what, further east, has been called the ceramic codex of the Maya, where concepts and their interconnection may be apprehended first of all visually. In the larger history of the continent, such possible insight is of the greatest value, given the cultural complexity of the isthmus and its core location between Meso- and South America. Of the collections of Ulua ceramics which have found a home in institutions in Honduras (Tegucigalpa), Central America, the United States, and Europe, one from Lake Yojoa currently in Manchester, stands out. Consisting of some forty polychrome pieces, it succinctly represents the tradition as a whole from a place intermediary between Ulua and Comagua, and it does so over four centuries of the post-Hiatus Classic period (seventh to tenth centuries AD). In these terms, a most useful overall assessment was offered by Kennedy in a work (1987), incisively commented on by Joyce (1987), which illustrates all the pots, drawing on the classifications set up by Viel (1977). Following on Lehmann‟s research in the Lenca area in 1909, at Yojoa archaeological excavations were undertaken in the 1930s (Strong, Kidder & Paul 1938; Yde 1938) and again in the 1960s (Baudez and Becquelin 1973). These last revealed pyramids and ball-courts of impressive proportions, stucco floors, along with sure indications of a closeness to Copan and the Maya which the pottery epitomizes in the 8th-century „Nebla‟ class. For their part, Henderson and Beaudry-Corbett (1993) look more in the other direction in cross-referencing Yojoa locally in the isthmus. Valuable insights into the world of Yojoa were shared in the late 1990s, when the Instituto de Cultura Popular in Tegucigalpa organized a campaign of taped interviews of the people who live and work on and around the lake. A notable result was the novel Azul maligno (2000) by César Rodriguez Indiano, which grew directly from what the author had learned while interviewing Yojoa‟s population of compatriot „pescadores y mineros‟. Aware of a recurrent legend, the work plays heavily with the idea of Yojoa (restored phonetically to Yoxoa) as a literally submerged world, which somehow exists on two Volume 1, Number 4, March 2009 The Mayan Studies Journal / Revista de Estudios Mayas 3 Gordon Brotherston ― Between Copan and the Isthmus: the Ceramic Codex of Yojoa, Honduras time levels, an everyday present and a substrate profoundly shaped by its pre-Columbian past, especially through contact with Copan, trading routes which passed from Cholula to South America through the isthmus, the local pyramids, and „Taulabé‟ or Lenca „jaguar house‟ known for caves found just south of the lake and traditionally synonymous with Yojoa itself. By date and according to theme, the images represented in the Yojoa ceramic source may conveniently be considered in relation to Copan and the impact of the Maya, most obvious in the Nebla class (720-950 AD). Beginning with the seventh century, there is a prior appeal to the Olmec predecessors of the Maya and to the head-pieces that these last elaborated to unlikely extremes; these are contemporary with the highly stylized „monkey diamond‟ (six pots, the largest single grouping). At the same time, the pots of this period develop motifs more readily assignable to South America, signally the steps and breaking wave (or greca escalonada) and the growth of the humanoid head and body from a bean, commonplace among the Moche of the northern Peruvian coast. A further class (which „had a fairly narrowly based but chronologically extended currency‟. Kennedy 1987:49), focuses on the armadillo, again more conspicuously acknowledged in South America, particularly Amazonia, together with sundry manifestations of birds and feathers, long a principal trade item in Honduras itself. In short, the potential of this Yojoa ceramic codex is enhanced from the start by the intricate parallels it suggests with the cultures of Mesoamerica on the one hand and those of the isthmus and South America on the other. Echoing both each other and other examples of the Ulua tradition, these Yojoa designs open the way to comparison with textually richer cultures to either side, Mesoamerica to the west and north, South America to the east and south.
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