W Nchester ” F 1 6 1 H Is O 6

Home , Adam Orleton, Brownlow North, Lancelot Andrewes, Peter Courtenay, Richard Neile, Richard Willis (bishop)

’ BE LL S C ATH E D RA L S E R I E S : E D I TE D BY G L E E SO N W H I TE W F T A N D E D A RD . S R A N G E

W I N C H E STE R

THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF W N C H E S T E R A DESCRIPTION OF ITS FABRIC AND A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE EPISCOPAL S EE

PH I I P W E R E A T L . S G N

LL L L LLL LLL L LL LLL L L L L L LL L L LLLLL L L L

LO N D O N G E O RG E BE L L SO N S 1898 CO . LI M I TE D H .

R I V E R I E R E E D I N BU G H S D P S S , R G E N E R A L PR E FAC E

T H 1 s series o f monographs has been planned to supply visitors to the great English Cathedrals with accurate and well illus trated — a T h e o f guide books at popular price . aim each writer has been t o produce a work compiled with sufﬁcient knowledge and scholarship to be o f value to the student of Archaeology ln u se and H istory, and yet not too technical language for the of an ordinary Visitor o r tourist To specify all the authorities which have been made u se of in each case would be difﬁcult and tedious in this place . But amongst the general sources o f information which have been almost invariably found useful are the great o f in county histories, the value which , especially questions o f r 2 genealogy and local reco ds , is generally recognised , ( ) the numerous papers by experts which appear from time to time in the Transactions o f the Antiquarian and Archaeolog ical

Societies , (3) the important documents made accessible in the series issued by the Master o f the Rolls ; (4) the well- o f known works Britton and Willis on the English Cathedrals , and (5 ) the very excellent series of Handbooks to the Cathedrals originated by the late Mr John Murray ; to which the reader may in most cases be referred for fuller detail, o f s especially m reference to the histories the respective see .

G LEESON WHITE ,

E . F . STRANGE,

E di tor s o 1126 r i f S e es . PR E FAC E

IT would be useless to attempt to record all the sources of information to which it has been necessary to have recourse in preparing this short account o f Winchester Cathedral and its history ; but I should like to acknowledge the main “ o f o f a portion the debt . The Proceedings the Arch eological ” o f in 1 8 o f I nstitute Great Britain 45 must, course, take ’ Willis s o the ﬁrst place, for to paper every one must g who ’ “ ” wishes to know the cathedral well . Britton s Cathedrals, ’ “ ” ’ Willis s o f and d Browne Survey the Cathedrals, Woo ward s o f H is History Hampshire, with the more recent Diocesan “ of tory Winchester by Canon Benham , and the Winchester o f o f r Cathedral Records various dates, have been g eat 8 2 . u ilder 1 1 service An article in the B of October , 9 , and ' o ne o n Ar c/zztectu r e 1 8 6 St Cross in for November 9 , must l a so . I be mentioned Above all , am glad to be able to r o n o f o f e express my g atitude to e the editors this seri s,

Mr Gleeson White, without whose assistance this account i would never have been commenced . The engrav ng of the ' iron grill - work is reproduced from Mr Starkie Gardiner s “ ” - V l f and o . I . o Iron work , , by permission the Science

Art Department, South Kensington .

PHILIP WALSINGHAM SERGEANT . CON T E N T S

— s o f CHAPT E R I . Hi t ry o th e Ca th e dral

P R —T h e a e a n n o CHA T E II . C th dr l Buildi g a d Cl se T h e Ext erio r T h e W es t Fro n t T h e No rth and S o uth S ides T h e Central To wer T h e Transe pts T h e Eas t E nd

—Th e n CHAPT E R III . I terio r T h e Nave ’ T h e Minstre l s Gallery T h e Grill -wo rk T h e No rman Fo nt ’ Wyk eh am s Ch antry ’ E ding don s Chantry Th e Cho ir “ T h e To mb o f William R ufu s T h e R eredo s Th e Transepts N o rth Transe pt S o uth Transe pt T h e Libra ry T h e Fe reto ry T h e H o ly H o le ’ ’ G ardiner s and Fox s Chantries

T h e o a es s . M rtu ry Ch t O T h e R etro cho ir and itS Ch antries T h e La h a e l dy C p . Th e Guardian Angels and Langto n Chapel s T h e Cry T h e S ta ine d Glass

PT E R I V — s o of th e ee CHA . Hi t ry S

PT R V -Th e is o s o f nc es e CHA E . B h p Wi h t r — C PT E R VL O e ns o ns connec e h th e athe a . 1 1 8 HA th r I tituti t d wit . C dr l LI S T O F I LLUS T R AT I ON S

PAC E ’ T h a e a f o - e C th dr l r m th e N o rth Wes t Fr onti rpzece Th e Deane ry Old View o f th e No rth S ide o f th e Cathedral M o nument to Bisho p E th elmar T h e Cathe dra l fro m th e Deane ry G arde ns T h e W es t Fro nt — N o rth -Wes t Bay Ext erio r — Eas t E nd Exterio r Na e s o n S c een e fo e R es o a o n v , h wi g r b r t r ti Trans fo r matio n o f th e Nave T h e N a e o o n as v , l ki g E t Th e Na e o o n Wes v , l ki g t ’ n Th e Grill wo rk fro m S . S withu s S hrine T h e No rm an Fo nt ’ William o f Wyk e ham s Chantry Th e o o o n as Ch ir, l ki g E t T h e Cho ir S talls T h e jAltar and R eredo s T h e N o rth Transe pt View in No rth Trans e pt ’ Do o r to H e nry de Blo is Trea sury ’ Bis ho p Wilbe rfo rce s M o nume nt o A s e f o m anse S uth i l , r Tr pt ’ ac o f e reto r s o a d ne s han B k F y, with Bi h p G r i r C try ’ Bish o p Fo x s Chantry and De tails S o uth Ais le o f R e tro -c ho ir ’ Cardinal Beaufo rt s Chantry

Th e Lady Chapel . De ta ils o f Lady Chape l ’ Bis h o p Langton 5 Chape l and De tails ’ Queen M ary s Chair M o rtua ry Ches t in Ch o ir Caw i ng o n Ch o ir S talls D e tails o f Fo nt Wi nc hes t e r Co ll ege : S ch o o l Winchest e r Co ll ege : Th e Out e r G ateway Winches te r Co llege : Chantry Cha pe l Winches te r Co llege : Insc ription and Th e Trus ty S en ant S t Cro ss fro m th e S o uth S t Cross fro m th e Quadrangle S t Cro ss : Eas t E nd fro m Nave Co u nty H all with R o und Table T h e City Cross To mbs tone in Churchya rd

T h e West Gate . . PLA N S o r m s CATH E DR AL AN D C ar e rs

W I N C H E S T E R C A T H E D R A L

C H A P T E R I

HISTORY OF T H E CATHEDRAL

“ K o u r UNLI E many of cathedral cities , Royal Winchester has a secular history of the greatest importance, which not only is almost inextricably interwoven with the ecclesiastical annals down to a comparatively recent date , but should at times T o occupy the foremost position in the records of the place . attempt, however, to trace the story of the city as well as that of the cathedral would be to recapitulate the most important facts o f the history o f England during those centuries when I ts Winchester was its capital town . civic importance, indeed, no t was dependent upon the cathedral alone, for before the introduction o f Christianity into the island Winchester was a o f undoubtedly the principal pl ce in the south England . The

Roman occupation , though it seems a mere incident in its record , lasted over three centuries , about as long as from the V o f reign o f Henry I I I . to that Queen Victoria . Richard Warner ( 1 7 9 5 ) sums up the various names o f Winchester “ a when he speaks of the metropolis of the British Belg e, called by Ptolemy and Antoninus Venta Belgaru m by the Welch o r o ld Wintan modern Britons , Caer Gwent and by the Saxons, ” “ c e ste r Winto nia ; by the Latin writers , ( Collections for the History o f o f Even , therefore, when we read the account the legendary o f king the Britons, Lucius , founding a great church at Win 6 f A . D 1 o chester in . 4, we do not touch the source its fame, nor have we discovered the record o f the ﬁrst building devoted to o n o f religious worship the site the present cathedral . How far certain references to early pagan temples may be trusted : does not here concern us but at Christchurch Priory, some 4 WINCH ESTER CATHE DRAL

- ﬁve - thirty miles to the south west in the same diocese , bones “ supposed to be those o f sacriﬁcial birds have been

o f . exhumed on the site its church There was , however, a relapse into paganism after the ﬁrst dedication of the Christian so o f building , that there can be no certainty about the date

such discoveries . ’ “ ' On the authority of Vigilantiu s D e Bari/fa : Pe/r z at “ R u dbo rne A n lia Wynton or Winchester) , quoted by in g ” S cu m, John of Exeter, and other writers , we have it that a great church was rebuilt from its foundations at Caergwe nt by

A . 1 6 Lucius after his conversion in D . 4 ; and that he erected

also smaller buildings with an oratory, refectory, and dormitory for the temporary abode o f the monks until the monastery itself

should be completed . Quotations from another lost author, Mo raciu s , provide us with the dimensions of this ediﬁce , the t 2 0 2 00 assu s leng h being variously given as 9 and p , the breadth 8 0 1 0 2 aw n as and 3 , while the tower was 9 p in height . This

was to . church , it said , was dedicated S Saviour in November 1 6 and 9, endowed with property formerly held by the pagan “ priests . The site of the monastery to the east o f the church was 1 00 f arm s in length toward the o ld temple of Concord and 40 in breadth to the new temple of Apollo . The north 1 8 position was 60 in length and 9 in breadth . To the west of 0 1 00 the church it was 9 in length and in breadth , to the south ” 80 0 . 4 5 in length and 5 in breadth Willis , from whom the o ab ve dimensions are quoted, does not attempt to reconcile e ades fo r assu s the ﬁgur s except in so far as he suggests f p , substitu ting one foot for ﬁve . During the pe rsecution of the A D 2 66 Christians by Diocletian in . . the buildings were ”

to . destroyed and the new church , dedicated S Amphibalus , wh o o f was said to be one the martyrs in that persecution , was f not so large as its predecessor . I n writers o the period we “ ” ﬁnd occasional references to the Vetus Coenobium o r old

monastery at Winchester . The new building was no t destined to remain long undisturbed in the service fo r which it was

intended , for when Cerdic, King of the West Saxons , was crowned at Winchester and the pagans once more gained the

ascendancy , the monks were slaughtered and the church , “ m o f devoted to other rites, re ained a temple Dagon from Birinu s f 1 6 to 6 . a . o 5 3 5 I n the latter ye r S , in pursuance his “ mission from Honorius to scatter the see ds of the holy faith HISTORY OF T H E CATH E DRAL 5 in those farthest inland territories o f the English which no ” C ne ils teacher had yet visited, converted King y g to

Christianity . This king intended to erect a great new church , e and, with that end in view, destroyed the des crated building and granted the law for seven miles round to the monks whom f o . he destined to take possession the new building He died, however, within Six years of his conversion , and was buried - H is s o n before the altar of the partly erected church . Birinu s Cenwalh . therefore completed the building, which S dedicated to Christ in honour o f the Holy and I ndivisible Birinu A lbe rh . s e e t Trinity was followed by g , afterwards 662 Bishop of Paris , who resigned in Wina, who died as o f 666 Bishop London , ejected in and Eleutherius , who died in 67 6.

So far the see was not at Winchester, but was temporarily placed at Dorchester in Oxfordshire . Under Hedda, the fourth Birin o f . u s a successor S , the seat was at l st moved to Winchester , in accordance with the intention of the royal founder, and at the same time the body of the saint, which had hitherto rested at

was . enwalh Dorchester, removed to the cathedral city King C himself also on his death was buried in the building which he had completed . o f Practically nothing is known the actual Saxon building, and the very legends are scanty . We learn that the city was

tw . ravaged by the Danes o years after the death of S Swithun , but the cathedral itself appears fortunately to have escaped damage . i Ath elwo ld co nsecra The bishopr c of , commencing with his h a 2 A . D. 6 s tion by Dunstan on November 9, 9 3 , more import ance in the history of the cathedral than tha t o f his immediate predecessors . He was chosen by King Edgar to undertake the work of a ne w monastery in which the king took such pleasure that he is said to have measured the foundations o u t Ath lw l himself. This work carried at Winchester by e o d W is described at great length in a Latin poem by o ls tan . No doubt the ﬂorid eulogy of the poem is open to grave suspicion o f where it concerns the details the building, but , even when fo r we make full allowance poetic exaggeration , the church appears certainly to have been a large and important one . ’ The poem in its ﬁrst form is reproduced in Mabillo n s version ’ “ ” o f Wo ls tan s Ath elwo ld Life of S . , but in its entirety it 6 WINCHESTER CATH EDRAL

consists of an epistle of over 30 0 lines to Bishop E lph eg e w ’ Ath l o ld s . e successor Some passages deserve quotation . ” “ Wo ls tan He built, says , all these dwelling places with m strong walls . He covered them with roofs and clothed the o f with beauty . He repaired the courts the old temple with lofty walls and new roofs and strengthened it at the north and south sides with solid aisles and various arches . He a d added also many chapels, with sacred alt rs which istract o f attention from the threshold the church, so that the

stranger walking in the courts is at a loss where to turn , seeing on all sides doors open to him , without a certain path . He stands with wondering eyes until some experienced guide o f conducts him to the portals the farthest vestibule . Here h o w marvelling he crosses himself and knows not to quit, so dazzling is the construction and so brilliant the variety of the fabric that sustains this ancient church , which that devout father himself strengthened, roofed, endowed , and dedicated . ’ “ Later W o lstan speaks o f Ath elwold s addition o f secret ” “ ” o f crypts , of such organs that the like were never seen , a ’ sparkling tower reflecting from heaven the sun s first rays , with at its to p a rod with golden balls and a mighty golden cock which as it turns boldly sets its face to every wind that ” f blows . More might be quoted, but it is su ficient here to refer those interested in the matter either to the chronicle “ itself o r to Willis in the Proceedings o f the Architectural W l tan I nstitute for 1 845 . Though o s thus describes ’ Ath elwo ld s r undertaking at g eat length , it does not appear that the bishop actually did more than commence the i o f i restorat on the original build ngs, for his successor is ’ exhorted in the letter to carry o u t Ath elwo ld s design . The chronicler R u dbo rne makes mention only o f the dedication o f o f o a minster in honour the Ap stles Peter and Paul , in o f Aeth elred the presence King , Archbishop Dunstan and

o n 2 0 80 A . D . eight other bishops, October , 9 John of Exeter ascribes to Ath elwo ld the entire rebuilding o f the cathedral , but the Winchester annalist does not mention h lw ’ At e o ld s great works . ’ From Ath elwo ld s death to the succession o f Walkelin the history of the cathedral is little more than a record of its bishops ; but with Walk elin we reach a very important epoch 1 0 in its existence . I n 7 9, the Winchester Annals relate, this H ISTORY OF T H E CATHED RAL 7 bishop began to rebuild the cathedral from its very fo u nda o f tions, as was commonly done by the Norman ecclesiastics 1 0 86 the time . According to this account, it was in that the Walk elin fo r king granted , the completion of his new building, as much wood from the forest of H empag e (three miles distant from the city o n the Alresford road) as he could cut Walk lin in four days and nights . e collected all the men he could , and within the given time removed the whole forest . “ : " The king, passing its site , cried Am I bewitched or have I ” o f " taken leave my senses But the bishop, when he heard o f h is s ee anger, pleaded to be allowed to resign the if he ’ might but keep the Chaplaincy and the king s favour . At this “ : to o William relented, saying I was as much liberal in my grant as you were to o greedy in availing yourself o f it 1 0 (Willis) . I n 93 the new church was formally consecrated , “ o n 8 and April , in the presence of almost all the bishops and o f abbots England , the monks came with the highest exulta tion and glory from th e old minster to the new o ne : o n the f w e m Feast o S . S ithun they went in proc ssion fro the new l ’ minster to the O d one and brought thence S . Swithun s Shrine and placed it with honour in the new buildings ; and on the ’ following day Bishop Walk elin s men ﬁrst began to pull down o f the Old minster, and before the end the year they o f o ne demolished the whole it, with the exception of apse ” o ld and the high altar . When the high altar was pulled “ down , we are told, the relics of many saints were found . Walkelin The cathedral , as designed it, was for the most part so strong that its core and much of its actual work remains to this day ; but the central tower lacked the stability 1 1 0 of the rest, for on October 7 , 7 , during the vacancy which ’ k Walk elin s . occurred after death , it fell The mon ish chroniclers attributed the fall to the fact that William Rufus , “ who all his life had been profane and sensual and had ” R u dbo rne expired without the Christian viaticum ( ) , was f 1 1 00 . O interred beneath it in William Malmesbury, however, o f with a degree incredulity rare in his days , says it may have been that it would have fallen in any case “ through imper

' feet construction . He describes the burial thus A few o n countrymen conveyed the body , placed a cart , to the t ca hedral of Winchester, the blood dripping from it all the

way . Here it was committed to the ground within the tower, 8 WINCHESTER CATHE DRAL

o f attended by many the nobility, but lamented by few . The next year the tower fell ; though I forbear to m ention the f di ferent opinions on this subject, lest I should seem to triﬂ assent too readily to unsuppo rted es . ’ After Walkelin s death the history of the building is lost o f c o ntinu al sight for some time, owing to the disturbances w ’ as . which all England undergoing With De Lucy s acces sion , 1 1 8 however, in 9 , considerable additions were made to the o f - i cathedral , in the form the Early English retro choir, of wh ch ’ the details are given later in this volume . De Lucy s work , it h as as t been pointed out , was carried out in such a way o leave the Norman building undisturbed as long as it was practicable ’ i n sztu to do so, the circular apse being left until the new b external walls had been erected , while the pres ytery itself was no t touched until the Decorated Period set in . De Lucy would doubtless have made further alterations but for his

1 2 0 . two death in 4 As it was, years before that event he instituted a confraternity to carry o n his work for the space of ﬁve years, and to this body is due some of the work which is attributed loosely to him . ’ It was during De Lucy s tenure o f Winchester that Richard was re- crowned by the Archbishop Of Canterbury after his return from captivity . He pas sed the night before at S . ’ was i to Swithun s Priory, and brought thence in the morn ng “ the Cathedral clothed in his royal robes , with the crown upon his head, holding in his right hand a royal sceptre which i terminated in a cross , and in his left hand a golden wand w th o f Of a ﬁgure a dove at the top it , being conducted on th e and o n the right hand by his chancellor, Bishop Of Ely, the left by the Bishop of London (Roger de H o veden) . The Bishop Of Winchester h imself does not seem to have been present, probably on account of a dispute with the king . Another period Of disturbance follows the comparatively quiet rule of Bishop De Lucy, and it is not until we reach 1 34 6 that we come to a fresh outburst of architectural zeal on f E in o n O Of . d d the part the incumbents Winchester But g , and still more his successor Wykeham , left very lasting monuments O f their occupancy at Winchester . I t must not be forgotten that , while to Wykeham is due the credit Of most of the Of E di n don actual transformation the building , g must have ' ’

. E din do n s ﬁrst conceived, however vaguely, the design g

1 0 WI NCH ESTE R CATHE DRAL

o ne foundation but in the cathedral he only left monument , though this Milner styles the “ most elegant and finished chantry ” o n - in the kingdom , lying the south side of the retro choir . Wa nfl e te y , who followed him , left another fine chantry in a t corresponding position o the north . Under Bishops Peter Of Courtenay and Thomas Langton , the latter whom has his chapel at the east end , next the Lady Chapel , considerable to additions were made the architecture of the cathedral , though to S ilkstede most of the credit is due I the priors Hunton and , who seem to have been chiefly responsible for the new work . ’ io This incl uded a prolongat n of De Lucy s Lady Chapel , carried out in all probability between the years 1 4 7 0 and 1 5 2 4 ; and Of the erection the present side aisles of the presbytery, in l 1 2 p ace Of the original Norman aisles . I n the latter year ( 5 4) Fo x the side screens of the presbytery were added by Bishop , F . ox whose motto can be read on them The work of , whose 1 1 0 chapel is behind the reredos to the south, began in 5 , and was carried o u t under early Renaissance influence . He found to the choir and presbytery converted, to a great extent, the Dec orated style, though the Norman aisles remained . He com

leted - p the transformation , adding the above mentioned screens, i together w th a wooden vaulting . He would probably have also replaced with his own work De Lucy ’s additions at the east end and the Norman transepts , had he but had the time .

This, however, he did not live long enough to do, for he died 1 2 8 in 5 . Roughly speaking, his work lies between the tran septs and the Early English east end . The Reformation Period did not beneﬁt much to the e o f architectural featur s Winchester Cathedral , while it most “

o f . certainly did them harm . The bones S Swithun , says

Woodward , were doubtless lost at the Reformation , when his costly shrine was taken from the feretory, where it stood ” so long , and destroyed . The period was now at hand when many seem to have considered it a religious duty to destroy o r m monuments, at least deface the and Winchester, though ff it su ered less than many churches , by no means escaped i damage . Under Stephen Gardiner, however, no great ev l ’ befell the building . Gardiner s own chantry behind the reredos commemorates his connection with the cathedral , and dis tinc tl h is y illustrates the inferior taste of day, when compared with the earlier tombs about him though it might easily have

H ISTO RY O F TH E CATHE DRAL 1 3

been far worse . The Puritans maltreated it on other grounds

o f . than those taste, it is to be feared It was during Bishop ’ Gardiner s tenure of the see that Philip o f Spain and Mary were married at Winchester . Contemporary records by a ’ o f Spaniard in Philip s suite, and by an English observer the

u s . same date, recently revealed to by Mr Martin A . S Hume, s et forth the story o f the marriage most vividly . The king “ o f arrived from Southampton in a storm rain , and donned a black velvet surcoat covered with gold bugles and a suit of white velvet tri mmed in the same way, and thus he entered, passing the usual red—clothed kneeling aldermen with gold keys o n cushions , and then to the grand cathedral , which impressed ‘ the Spaniards with wonder, and above all to find that Mass ’ was as solemnly sung there as at Toledo . A little crowd o f mitred bishops stood at the great west door, crosses raised and censers swinging, and in solemn procession to the high altar, under a velvet canopy , they led the man whom they ’ looked upon as God s chosen instrument to permanently re ” a store their faith in Engl nd . Two days after the wedding took place . Great attention is paid to the clothes by both English and Spanish narrators, and the ceremony and dresses were very ’ “ magnificent ; the Queen s ladies looked more like celestial ” angels than mortal creatures . The Queen , we are told, blazed with jewels to such an extent that the eye was blinded as it looked upon her ; her dress was of black velvet flashing with o f o f gems, and a splendid mantle cloth gold fell from her shoulders ; but through the Mass that followed the marriage service she never took her eyes Off the crucifix upon which m they were devoutly fixed . The arriage took place in the 1 now July of 5 54, and the chair used by Queen Mary is ’ standing in Bishop Langton s chapel . ’ Some stormy years at the end o f Gardiner s interrupted episcopacy and during the rule o f his immediate successors did ' no t much afl ec t Winchester externally but under Robert Hom e the whole diocese suffered terribly through the “ Puritanical ” ’ f - views o its bishop . Wykeham s chapter house was pulled o f o n Off down , part the lead the cathedral roof was stripped , and stained glass , architectural decorations, etc . , throughout the neighbourhood were ruthlessly destroyed . However, after a f o . short period comparative peace, far worse had yet to come

Under James I . and during the early part of the reign o f 1 4 WINCHESTE R CATHE DRAL

I . Charles , little happened to the building beyond the ins titu ’ tion o f Curle s passage through the buttress at the southern end o n of the cathedral , with its quaint inscription the western wall .

The Great Rebellion , as was only to be expected , brought

Winchester into the utmost peril . The important situation of the town in the south of England caused it to become the

m . centre of uch hard ﬁghting Sir William Waller , whom to f Winchester has no cause remember with a fection , came very near to destroying the interior of the cathedral entirely .

His troops marched right up the nave in full war equipment, some even being mounted . Tombs were defaced, relics scat tered , statues mutilated, stained glass smashed , and the more o u t portable objects carried into the streets . It is diffi cult to estimate with any exactitude what was the whole extent o f the damage done ; but we have suffi cient testimony in the

. see broken ﬁgures , empty niches, etc , to that it was great . One highly creditable i ncident in the midst o f the general — disgrace has been recorded namely , the preservation from ’ insult of Wykeham s chantry . This was the work of a ’ wh o Colonel Fiennes , had been educated at Wykeham s

College at Winchester . The protests of the inhabitants seem to have ﬁnally induced Waller to call o ff h is fanatical o f troops from their work destruction and violation . What to might have happened the cathedral , had this not been done , it is quite impossible to imagine . Of the brass ” torn from the violated monuments in 1 644 might have been built a house as strong as the brazen towers o f ’ “ ' ” o ld R ves s M er cu r zu s R u stin/s romances ( y , quoted by

Milner) . Here the architectural history o f Winchester Cathedral f practically ends . We ﬁnd tombs and memorial brasses o im all dates , but until the modern restorations nothing of aﬁ ct d portance e e the actual appearance of the church . Among the few examples o f Jacobean work to be seen within , the nave pulpit can hardly be classed , since it was brought from New College Chapel at Oxford as late as 1 884 .

f . The two statues o James I . and Charles I by the west door o f le are the work Hubert Sueur, who came to England in

1 62 8 . The urns which were supposed in the last century to decorate the reredos have long ago been removed , as has also the gilt Jacobean canopy which formerly disﬁgured the H I STO RY OF T H E CATH ED RAL 1 5

’ “ centre o f this screen ; but Benjamin West s Raising of ” Lazarus still remains above the altar . ’ This century s work in the cathedral is no t very formidable f . o in its extent All it is mentioned elsewhere in this book , ’ a o f and it is sufﬁcient here to s y that the erection Sir G . Scott s choir- screen and the restoration of the reredos are the most “ l noticeable modern features, though the atter was carried o u t o n o l was the d lines as nearly as thought advisable . Sir ’ G . Scott s additions to Winchester have by no means given universal satisfaction , severe language having been applied to n them by more than o e expert . The most recent alterations o f have consisted chieﬂy a very necessary, though costly, o f strengthening of the nave roof. This work is , course, invisible from the ground level , but can be reached from o f the stair in the south transept . A repair the organ has fo r h as also been provided , and new glass been inserted in the large south window of the Lady Chapel , in memory o f Bishop Thorold .

M N UM E N T T o BI S H P E T H E LM A R O O .

' ( Fro m Carte r s Anc ient A rch ite c tu re o f En l g and . CHAPTER I I

THE CATHED R AL BUILDING AND CLOSE

BEFOR E any detailed consideration o f the architecture of the cathedral , it is well to be clear as to the various dates f o the chief parts . But it must here be remembered that practically in every instance the now existing portions re o n placed still earlier st ru ctures the same site . Mention has been made already o f the changes from the original building to o n 1 0 the e commenced in the eleventh century . I n 7 9 Bishop Walkelin laid the foundations of a great Norman church , of which the transepts, the outer face of the south nave wall , Of the core the nave itself, the crypts, and a portion of the ’ Walkelin s was base of the west front are still existing . work

1 0 . completed in fourteen years, j ust before the end of 93 1 1 0 The tower fell in 7 , but was rebuilt soon afterwards ’ in the form which we now see it . Bishop de Lucy s work , which came next in date ( 1 1 89 includes the Chapel of the Guardian Angels , flanking the Lady Chapel , at the - o f north east end the cathedral , and the corresponding - a chapel on the south e st , which afterwards became the chantry of Bishop Langton . The piers of the presbytery probably date from about 1 3 2 0 . The west front was rebuilt ’ in E dingdo n s time ( 1 345 and a small part of the o f o f reconstruction the nave, the first two bays the north aisle,and a bay o f the south are generally attributed to him . re— The great modelling of the nave, the outer walls of the o f presbytery , and the continuation the Lady Chapel range in date of completion from the end o f the fourteenth to the i o f s xteenth century . So much , however, each period has been altered , and often modified almost beyond recognition by later additions , that it is impossible to make more than a f r rough guess at the age o the various po tions . The work of Wykeham and his successors is so important that it must be left until we reach it in its proper place . 1 6

1 8 WI NCH ESTER CATHE DRAL

I n the angle o f an old extension of the chapter- house south wall are traces o f the dormitory and inﬁ rmary which formerly stood there . The Early English doorway with Purbeck marble l o f Shafts seems to have e d to this dormitory . To the south ’ this is the deanery or prior s hall , the acute external arches , e which date from the reign of Henry I I I . , forming a vestibul with a southern aspect, while above are some narrow lancet f windows . Although the original portion O this hall dates from th e the ﬁfteenth century , it was considerably altered in seven ’ tee nth , during the second Charles s reign . This king himself o f sometimes stayed at the deanery, where Philip Spain lodged o ne for night before his marriage . Over a wooden building , ’ r which now Se ves as the dean s stables , is an ornamental

o f - w e timber roof late thirteenth century work , hich was onc ’ ’ part of the Old pilgrims o r strangers hall o riginally standing in this part Of the close for the beneﬁt of pilgrims to the shrine o f S . Swithun . th e I n the south wall of cathedral , close to the west front, there is a doorway which is reported to have led to the chapel and

- charnel house mentioned by Leland . S . Swithin , now called ” “ o f Trinity , he says, stands on the south side the town and

i . there s a chapelle with a carnarie at the we st end of it . S ’ Swithin is, of course, the cathedral itself. Leland s other wh ich ' mu st was carnary, not be confused with this , attached “ to a chapel on the north Side o f S . Mary Abbey church at Winchester, in an area thereby, on which men entre by k tilman i c erte n . I n e enne en a steppes One p , a g that ber th

h is s ch eke r was . in shield a sylver and sables , founder of it There be three tumbes o f marbl e of prestes castodes of the ’ ch apeh e ﬁ Among the Old houses which have vanished from th e close

is one in which Charles I I . in vain requested Bishop Ken to allow Nell Gwynne to lodge ; and o ne which was erected for

her and not pulled down until this century . The cathedral o n precincts, however, still contain the southern side several

buildings well worthy o f notice . A picturesque house yet standing is that which was known by the name of Cheyney ’ as Court . It now serves a porter s lodge, and stands by the

- wooden doored gateway which opens into Kingsgate Street . The doors are supposed to have come down to u s from was the thirteenth century . Previously this lodge the court TH E CATHEDRAL BUI LDI NG AN D CLOSE 1 9

o f house of the Soke Winchester, and the centre of the l m . O d episcopal j urisdiction here The ti bered front, with its - was 1 88 6 - barge boards , in concealed behind a rough cast

° Bo la s . 8 . 69 Co Ph o to . , )

SOUTHERN SIDE OF CATHEDRAL , FROM DEANERY GARDEN .

iii e cement coating, but that year this was fortunat ly stripped m away, and the present char ing aspect revealed to the eye .

- I t fﬁ T h e E xte r ior . would be di cult to deny that the e e a is exterior of Winch ster Cath dr l disappointing, and few are likely to echo the opinion o f an over - zealous admirer of the building who said that the longer one looks at it the more one feels the lo w ce ntral tower to be the only kind that would suit the huge proportions of the building . is m On the contrary , it may be said that it i possible to look at Winchester without a feeling of regret that the

' m o f a superb ass the great fabric , the largest medi eval church l ’ o f O d . a in England since the destruction S P ul s , is not e is crowned by a loftier central tower . Ther a legend to the effect that there were seven towers in the original design — o ne and the central , two at the west end , one at each 2 0 WINCHESTER CATHE DRAL angle of the transepts and this seems to be supported by the f o . solid character of some the piers in the transepts Yet , Of despite the rather ungraceful outline the whole building, is e its when its mere size r alised , it gradually asserts importance and i ncontrovertibly prove s its right to b e conside red one o f

the very ﬁn e st structures in England . It will not be o u t Of place to quote a short criticism which sums up the e xternal qualities of the cathedral in a concise way ' With the exception of portions Of the late work in the o f re presbytery, the exterior Winchester is severe in t atment ,

- m and plain wall space plays an i portant part in th e design . ﬁ Plain parapets and simply treated pinnacles characte rise the m are work Of the nave . The Nor an transepts externally but e e e o f e w little alter d , xcept by the ins rtion Decorat d indows to give more light to the altars in their eastern aisl e s ; and De ’ its Lucy s work eastwards is , compared with some work of date , m was simple in the extreme . Rather ore elaboration bestowed ‘ On the design of the new easte rn bay of th e Lady Chapel by S ilk stede as Prior and Bishop Courtenay but , taken a whole , Winchester h as one o f the si mplest exteriors for its siz e and ” “ ” importance in the country ( Winchester Cathedral in Tlze Bu ilder fo r October The ground - plan o f Winchester Cathedral is in the form o f a th e plain Latin cross , hardly broken in its outline save by Perpendicular prolongation o f the Lady Chapel at the east “ e Of end . But , simple as is the plan , the gr at length the church (to u se the words of Fergusson) is pleasingly broken its e by the bold projection of transepts , which her extend , th e a as usual in England , three bays beyond isles, their section ” o f being the same width as that Of th e nave . The width the w is 88 s nave ith the aisles feet, while the transepts mea ure,

w 8 1 . from east to est, feet The total length has already been as 6 to given 55 , and the width from north south across the T h e o f w i s 2 0 . transepts 3 feet altitude the alls is 7 5 feet ,

which is a foot less than at Peterborough , though three more

than at Ely . 11 o f E din do n h as T h e Wes t Front , the ork Bishop g , been

roughly handled by its critics, though Britton calls it a ﬁne i m speci men of Perpendicular architecture . The or ginal Nor an E din do n was a work demolished by g , as excav tions have proved , a de forty fe et in advance of the present f fa . To judge by s . B B la . o s a o . m o ral C , ] T H E WEST FRONT , WINCHESTE R CATHEDRAL .

T H E CATHEDRAL BUI LDING AN D CLOSE 2 3

c o f its a counts the destroyed portions , the west front in earlier m state ust have been far more imposing than it is at present, for not only is it now commonplace in mass , but even the r detail h as no particular charm to atone fo the change . The whole o f this work appears so thoroughly Perpendicular in character that it h as been questioned whether at such an early date as that to which it is assigned the style can have been so far developed . Woodward, indeed, though attributing to E din do n o f g the walls and the principal part the west end, declares o f the tracery, the fronts the porches , and much of the panel ling to be later ; but a comparison o f Winchester with another o f church undoubtedly built by this bishop, at his native town E din do n g , in Wiltshire, supports the tradition which credits him with its erection . Besides this evidence, we have additional proof in the fact that he left by h is will certain property to be to m Of devoted the co pletion the nave . Late though his work is may appear at ﬁrst sight, yet when it closely examined and m ’ compared with Wykeha s work the difference is very apparent . The whole western facade with its three bays is wanting in o f greatness, and its effect may be said to be that a large

parish church rather than a cathedral . Not only do we miss the western towers which are so Often the most striking feature o f an English west front, but the screen which masks the lower storey lacks the richness which distinguishes a somewhat

Similar feature at Exeter . The curiously poor appearance, o f notwithstanding its huge size, the great west window is perhaps chieﬂy responsible for the want o f dignity in the no r whole ; is there, to redeem this, any delicate fancy in the ” r tracery . The merest stone g ating Willis terms the window, and though from so warm a pa negyrist Of the church this seems m h i s . a severe criticis , no one can traverse opinion ’ By way Of further proof that the west front was E dingdo n s ’ work , Willis points out that , while in Wykeham s panels the

masonry itself is carefully ﬁnished, and the same stones used ’ o f its m E din do n s for the ground the panel and ouldings, in g m work the monials and tracery alone exhibit good asonry, the

panels being ﬁlled with rough ashlar . By other tests, too

technical to quote here, the same critic makes it clear that r o f o n the west front, with two compa tments the nave the north o ne m E din do n and to the south , ust be attributed to g , though not he probably did ﬁnish the gable and turrets, which seem to 2 4 WI N CHESTE R CATH EDRAL

be the work of Wykeham . The present state shows a gable rising in the centre, flanked by octagonal pinnacle turrets . On th e apex of this gable is a canopied finial containing a niche no w wherein stands a figure of William of Wykeham , the original statue , which was supposed to represent S . Swithun , having been removed to the feretory when the west front was 1 860 f 0 restored in at a cost o J£3 00 . The triangle o f the o f gable is filled with tracery , the lower part the central panels in which serve as a smaller square - headed six - light window above the parapet which crosses at the head of the great nine

light window . Buttresses assist in supporting the two towers , o f w and lesser ones project to hide the sides the porch, hich ,

pierced by three doorways and crowned by a parapet, extends

along the whole lower storey, across the nave and both aisles . o f m a Above the screen the pitched roofs aisles y be seen . The of bays containing the side windows , four lights each , accord i in style with the large central one , hav ng also wall tracery in

panels over the comparatively small surface Of unpierced wall . The screen itself has three deeply- recessed portals with pointed f arches, and a large canopied empty niche on each S ide o the

main entrance .

The central doorway is divided by a clustered shaft, where

from Spring two cinquefoil arches . The recessed portal has a o n groined roof, with an arcade Of cusped arches the main west m wall , broken by the doorways which give ad ission to the nave . A pierced balcony o f simple design crowns the whole Of the screen and forms a gallery which is said to have been used for bestowing episcopal benedictions to the people outside the t cathedral on fes ival days . The excavations which brought to light the Old foundations “ of the original west front showed a wall o f 1 2 8 feet from 1 2 north to south , and feet thick , with returns at each 6 end of the same thickness 0 feet in length . At their eastern ends the walls again turn in at right angles and meet

the present side aisles at 1 7 feet from each com er . Within the parallelogram thus partially traced two other walls run from ” east to west at a distance of 36 feet from each other . In a garden adjoining the west end Of the cathedral at the o f - time when these observations were made, part the south west m angle of the walls still re ained . Indications of the western towers were apparent ; and Willis suggests that they were

2 6 WI NCHESTER CATH EDRAL

o r a e a e probably either unfinished , in thr t ning condition , S O that E ding do n demolished them ; eve n as at Gloucester the Of ade western towers the cathedral were removed , and the fac was replaced by a perpendicular west front at the beginning o f the fifteenth century . The original west front may very p robably ha ve been similar ” to that of Lincoln Cathedral , unornamental , says a writer in A r c/ziteclar e fo r n , save some interlaci g arches and dwarf blind no o r to arcades , and with windows to reflect the setting sun , ” light the cavernous interior . The t wo weste ra st bays of the N orth s ide are due to E din do n o f E din g , and we get here well contrasted the work g ’ f Willis s don and o Wykeham . In plan the difference can

. are i be clearly seen The two windows to the right heav er, m lower, and broader, and display much deeper exterior ould “ m ” ings, with a most cavernous and gloo y appearance , while o n is the window the left hand much narrower and lighter . The left - hand buttress is like the others o n the north side o f the f ro church , whereas the other three are di ferent f m it and from o ne r anothe , that on the extreme right , together with its E din do n pinnacle , being apparently just as g left it . The pinnacles and upper s et Off o f the two centre buttresses m the ’ ﬁgure were added by Wykeham to E dingdo n s underwork ’ The mouldings of Wykeh am s windows are more elaborate than ’ o f E din do n s is r those g , where the tracery simila to that of the

west window . Of the bays on the north side the nine next to ’ E din do n s two th e g , together with three beyond the northern ’ k eh am s r transept, are Wy wo k , as are the three bays beyond the transept o n the southern side and the extension Of the Lady E in n m e a . d do Chapel g clai s , beside what has b en lready

o n . mentioned , one bay the south , next the west front De ’ o n Lucy s work consists of the three easterly bays either side , f and part O the Lady Chapel exterior . The rest of the bays are m is m Nor an , and the prevailing note si plicity , not to say o f is m Of rudeness . The Sou th s ide the nave al ost devoid

decoration , the bays being merely divided by ﬂat buttresses

which do not reach below the bottoms o f the aisle windows . a The eleven windows in the clerestory above are all like ,

divided only by ﬂat buttresses . Aisle and clerestory both Show o n a plain parapet and corbels . The bold buttresses the north w n c ro ck ette d n side, ith their pa elled and pi nacles , save it from THE CATH ED RAL BUI LD ING AN D CLOSE 2 7

the monotony of the south side, which , however, was once greatly concealed by Cloisters and convent buildings , and is even now far more enclosed than the northern side . n r r o f The low Ce t al Towe , the coping which is only is 3 5 feet above the ridge of the transept roof, Norman , though , as explained before, of later date than the transepts . It is o f 1 0 0 a simple square form , 5 feet high by 5 wide, and is i e i o f div d d by a str ng course into two storeys , the lower which is plain with small round-headed windows the larger upper storey h as o n a - e ch side three narrow round headed windows , which o f form a kind arcade round the upper part of the tower,

- surmounted by a zig zag string course . At the angles are engaged shafts . The massive manner in which the tower was rebuilt in the eleventh century can be better appreciated from within , when we come to the piers which support it . The building has been said to prove that the Normans o f the period were still bad masons and imperfectly acquainted with ” Of o f the principles construction , the masses masonry employed showing an enormous waste o f both labour and materials . But the architects at any rate gained their end, Since the tower has m stood to the present day . The strength o f the original Nor an r so fo r 2 0 Of wo k , indeed , is great that all the 5 feet nave no — ﬂying buttresses were required to suppo rt the later vaulting . The gables o f the Trans e pts are not so high as those o f o n the nave, but the clerestory parapets are the same level . T h e side aisles are much lower than those in the nave o r the are o f presbytery . The parapets plain , over a series small arches suppo rted by corbels except that in the eastern aisle o f

the south transept the parapet rests on plain corbels , and above the western clerestory Of the other transept is a cornice with a Perpendicular bosses . I n this clerestory , gain , the buttresses e are Perp ndicular, whereas otherwise throughout the transepts o f they are ﬂat Norman . Over the eastern aisle the north there “ ” “ o r is no cornice corbel the parapet , says Woodward, with no - is more than a water table under it, carried across the gable o f so a la r a the north transept, as to form an above the buttress, f ” in front o the circular window there . The Perpendicular rose- window in the northern gable cannot no w be seen from

the interior, being hidden by the transept ceiling, but in the Br i tton o n illustration from , page 5 9 , it is visible . The corre spo nding gable on the south shows panelling with interlacing 2 8 WINCH ESTER CATH ED RAL

Norman arches , but there are only two narrow lights . Many symptoms Show that square towers were to have been erected n flanki g the transept gables . There is an unfinished turret at - o f the north east corner the north transept, while the spri nging of an arcade and the generally incomplete appearance prove that a side tower was intended . The other three extreme o f o u t w angles the transepts also bear this view . The idth from east to west o f the transepts is enormous as compared o f with the height the central tower above . It rather looks from the presence (barely perceptible from outside) of the westernmost windows o f the presbytery aisles as if those who ’ carried o n Wykeham s work had meant to reduce this great width, and give more importance to the presbytery and retro choir externally . It is certain , at any rate, that the Norman transepts narrowly escaped a complete transformation . That o n the north side of the cathedral shows very considerable m alterations , in the majority Of its windows, fro the old - u Norman pattern . A built p doorway may be noticed under f the first window from the west o this transept . The exterior of the Pres bytery has only three compart e o n m nts each side , but in each there are four lights in aisle and f . o clerestory alike The windows are the Wykeham pattern , thoug h probably a little later in date than his work . The buttresses, which rise above the aisle roof, culminate in square k t c ro c e ted . panelled pinnacles , surmounted by ogee canopies fl in - w From these buttresses spring graceful y g buttresses , ith pierced spandrels running to the clerestory walls . On the northern Side the plain parapet has over it a pierced battlement . E a E nd 1 1 0 The s t , as it now stands, is some feet beyond r the o iginal Norman termination , and presents a square face, projecting with a flat parapet beyond the high gable over the actual east window . The Norman apse was demolished about 1 2 0 3 in all probability, and the present polygonal end sub o f stituted for it . It seems that originally the aisles the was Norman presbytery continued round this apse, which

ﬂanked by two small towers . The eastern chapel may have been dedicated to the Holy Trinity as at Canterbury , and probably extended as far as the western arch of the present o f o ld Lady Chapel . The central gable the termination , rather acute in form , is richly decorated with panels and c ro c kettin g , and is crowned by a tabernacle wherein Bishop THE CATH EDRAL BUI LDING AND CLOSE 2 9

f Fo x is represented leaning o n the pelican . Three o the panels in the centre are pierced and glazed, forming a small square- headed window ; and under it is a door opening upon ala r a an , behind a crenelated, panelled, and pierced parapet, over a cornice with bosses , at the base Of the gable, and just ” above the east window (Woodward) . The Perpendicular east window has seven lights , and resembles , in the form of ’ w its . head, Wykeham s indows A portrait bust of Fox has

S . B . B l o as Co . , l to . ] — THE EAST END E X TERIOR .

— been discovered o n the north corbel of the hood mould of - as l this Wi ndow, and the flying buttresses (which , Wil is pointed out , the jointing of the masonry proves to be later insertions n Into the clerestory walls) have the pelican carved o them . The whole gable is flanked by richly canopied octagonal tur o n - f rets , which the flying buttresses abut . The lower part o the i east w ndow cannot be seen from below , being lost behind the roof of the chantry aisles . The whole o f the eastern arm o f the cathedral is curiously 3 0 WINCHESTER CATH ED RAL m ixed in style, furnishing examples of Early English , Decorated , and Perpendicular architecture . Beyond the main east gable just described projects a low Early English structure Of three

nearly equally high aisles, Of which the central or Lady Chapel has received a further Perpendicular addition . There has been apparently a slight subsidence Of the Early English walls , which has caused the irregular look Of the arches in the interior of the southern retro -choir aisle (see page Above the plain - o f - string course the retro choir there is in each compartment , under a level parapet, an arcade of narrow pointed arches, four o f a in number, the central couple e ch set being pierced and f o . glazed, so as to form pairs lancet windows The Langton ’ e as and Guardian Ang ls chapels, which project not quite half Old far as the Lady Chapel from the eastern limit of the church , i as Show a triple ser es of arcades, diminishing in size they ’

mount . The central arcade is much cut into on the eas tern

- face by the large three light windows of the lateral chapels . i a There s no par pet above the arcades . At the angles between these chapels and the retro - choir aisles are staircases enclosed in small octagonal turrets rising slightly above the adjoining

parts with merely a plain parapet at the top . The Lady Chap e l has at the end and at each side a ﬁne - Of seven light Perpendicular window , the heads the lights below

the transom being cinquefoiled , while above each window is a cornice supported by small arches resting o n corbels ; over all w is is a pierced battlement, hich also crenelated at the actual e be east end . Below the east window of the Lady Chap l , tween the two great buttresses with mutilated Canopies o n th e

two lower Of their three divisions , there is some blank panelling, consisting o f four sh allo w~arc h e d recesses with a pilaster down e the centre , each arch uniting two minor ones with cinqu foil cusps at the head and crowned by a quatrefoil with a rosette

in the middle . There were originally four heads at the ends o f e m the corbels under these quatrefoils, but the south rn ost is

' broken away . A similar arcade runs along the southern wall

o f . the Lady Chapel , but there is none on the north side The two main corbel - tables at the east end Show the arms Of England ’ and France and the bishop s device of three torteaux . Under

these, at a short distance from the ground , are two smaller win

i a . a dows , which g ve light to the L dy Chapel crypt The p nelling

1 0 is to . dates from about 49 , and due Bishop Peter Courtenay A Pu m z r e Plz t ﬂ y , o o . ] V NA E , SHOWI NG THE SCREEN BE FORE RESTORATION .

34 WIN CH ESTER CATHE DRAL

i and port ons are Norman , the very core of the pillars is still a the original Norman stonework . Notwithst nding the changes E din don wrought by g and Wykeham , all the more petty detail of the Decorated period is lavished on a colossal structure “ plan ned with the Simple magniﬁcence o f those that builded

better than they knew . Perhaps it is no t quite fair to the later architects to attribute

all the excellence of the work to the earlier builders , for the graceful columns of the nave ’s eleven bays whi ch rise unbroken to where the roof- groining springs from their capitals are made by Wykeham to fulfil a new duty which entirely alters their " f whole as pect . The general e fect has been said to be as if a Norman architect had expressed himself in the more refined f E in do n idiom o the early fifteenth century . Yet the work of d g w and Wykeham as ruthless in its way . The original Norman o f Walkelin o f o f nave consisted the normal three storeys , equal — f and . height in this case the main arches, tri orium , clerestory At the present day the main arches are fully half as high again

as they were in the Norman cathedral , while the base of the to clerestory has been brought down meet them , so that the triforium appears to have vanished o r rather to exist merely as A i t was . S a balcony over each arch a matter of fact , however, the old clerestory which was entirely removed and replaced by we see the present upper storey . On p . 35 on the one hand

typical Norman work , of the . character still existing at Romsey — Abbey and Christchurch Priory to mention only the two

large churches nearest to Winchester . During the conversion of the nave the bases and Capitals of the grouped shafts of h the main arches were removed, toget er with all the masonry i fo r . u above them Th s is not mere conject re , the Norman shafts and capitals which still remain on the north side o f ba i w the nave, in the second y from the cross ng, here they

- were covered by the ancient , rood screen , Show that the pier o f as arches the nave sprang , from the same heig ht those o f the transepts ; the Norman main arch of the triforium still exists in every compartment over the vault o f the side aisles to prove that the triforium of the nave was practically o n the same o f to a level as that the transepts, and the mof the Norm n shafts yet remaining above the nave - vaulting are additional evidence that the nave was to all intents and pu rposes uniform with the

transepts in its general arrangement . I n the south aisle, N E I G I N A L S T A T E

V V ELE A TION O F TWO BAYS O F THE NA E , SHOWING ITS

TRANSFORMATION . ’ o m W illis s c e c al s o o f nc e s e a h e l 1 a 8 6. [Fr Ar hit tur Hi t ry Wi h t r C t dr , 4 36 WINCHESTER CATH EDRAL

Of o rrn n moreover, there is to be seen the lower extremity a N a shaft, once covered by some votive altar or shrine which was o f removed during the destructive period the Reformation . “ ” o f It may be readily noted , says the writer a recent article “ o n Winchester Cathedral , how the new ashlar was brought ’ o f h o w down to the level this vanished altar, and Wykeham s vaulting-shaft has been made to end in foliation where it — once rose in receipt Of prayers and wax candles vowed in ” return for mercies vouchsafed . I n the seven westerly piers N h a of the south aisle, the orman stonework s merely received new mouldings ; while ﬂat Norman buttresses can be seen o n outside between the clerestory windows, also the south

Side . two On the division into , in place of the usual three, storeys , to o f it may, perhaps, be of interest quote some remarks “ ” o f Arch o lo ical Willis in the Proceedings the m g Institute . “ m ’ i The compartment Of Wykeha s nave, he says, is div ded into two parts vertically instead o f three for although it has a triforium gallery , yet this is so completely subordinated to the clerestory window that it cannot be held as a separate division o f th e the composition , as in Norman work where the triforium compartment is of all importa nce. and similar in decoration to ’ two m the other , although not exactly like the . I n Wykeham s

- work , on the contrary , we find above the lofty pier arch what at first sight appears to be a clerestory window divided at mid — height by a transom , and recessed under a deeply pointed i archway . But it is above the transom only that the real w ndow is formed by glazing the spaces between the monials . Below the two transom these spaces are filled with panels, and narrow openings cut through the latter give access from the roof to a

- kind Of balcony which projects over the pier arches . In each compartment this balcony exists, but there is no free passage from one to the other . This mode Of uniting the triforium and clerestory by the employment of a transom dividing the stone panels o f the former from the glazed lights of the latter is common enough at the period of Wykeham ’ s work and before

is . it , but the balcony unusual

It is needless to add any further explanation , since the diagram fully explains both the present state of the nave and the manner in which the transformation from the original Norman design was brought about but it m ay be worth while ° l . Ph o to . S . B. Bo as é Co , ) T H E V K NA E , LOO ING EAST . 38 WI NCH ESTE R CATH ED RAL

’ to quote an architect s verdict o n the general effect Of Wyke ’ “ ”

n . ham s work in the ave I f we cannot admire all the details , “ o f says this writer, we can but bear tribute to the conception

w . i fo r the hole Its lofty arcades g ve no space triforium , and the proportion between the clerestory and the arcade is some f . I what unsatisfactory we except the vaulted roof, and the o f chantry the great Wykeham himself, and his predecessor E din do n o f co n g , this portion the church may, with reason , be s ide red Of simple in its character, and bears distinct evidence having been grafted on earlier work . The Norman columns still remain in one or two places towards the east end Of the nave o f arcade, but with the exception these and of the Norman

masonry existing in the piers on the south, and perhaps portions ” o f is the aisle walls, all transformed to Perpendicular detail Tli e Bu ilder ( , October

Altogether there are, between the western doors and the piers o n o f supporting the tower, twelve arches each side , one each

series being included in the choir . Hooks and brackets may be seen in the face of the piers at about three-quarters of their height these were formerly used for the suspension of arras On o f occasions great festivity . I t h as been practically established that the sculpture at least of the nave and its vault was no t finished for nearly half- a ’ ’ century after Wykeham s death . We find Cardinal Beaufort s as arms and bust, and his device, a white hart chained , well ’ as Wa nfl ete s y lily, intermingled with the arms and bust of

Wykeham . Under the triforium gallery is a cornice, in each compartment of which are to be found seven large sculptured ’ bosses, representing a cardinal s hat , a lily, roses, etc . Of the compartments o f the clerestory in the nave we have said that

they have the appearance of a very ﬁne Perpendicular window .

All , however, except the upper part of the centre of these seem i - o ld m ing windows s really panel work . The Nor an main arch o f the triforium may be seen behind this panelling, under the

present clerestory windows . Until recently the mass above pressed very heavily on

- the nave vaulting, but during the last and the present years ( 1 896- 7 ) the strain h as been relieved by the insertion Of new supplementa ry timbers above the original H e mpag e Forest

m . bea s, which can still be seen by those who wish The cost o f this work of repairing the roof has been more than td Ph oto J Ph o tock r om Co. L , FRO NAV . WEST WINDOW , M E 40 WINCHESTE R CATH E DRAL

m a s u very considerably higher than the original estimate . I n

August 1 89 7 a large amount still remained to be subscribe d . “ As seen from below each division o f the vault is bounded by

- two vaulting shafts , which rise to the level of the clerestory window- sill and send out from above the capital nine diverging

- ribs to the ridge rib, by which the whole vault is divided into a o f fo r series bisected and interlacing lozenges, as the basis all

the groining (Woodward) . The general effect of the nave can be gathered from the Of illustrations , which bring out well the appearance height which is bound to impress the spectator standing near the

central western door. I n the nave aisles also a ﬁne view may

be Obtained , the comparative narrowness counteracting the

lessened height . As one looks down the church towards the

west, it will be noticed that the western interior wall is practically fo r no t entirely ﬁlled by the great window, only does this stretch

across the whole width , but the mullions also are carried right

- down to the ﬂoor level , a double series of panels Occupying the w space below the sill of the windo . The glass in the window fo r Old proper is, the most part, very , and , as is pointed out

elsewhere , is arranged i n geometric patterns after the fashion

o f a kaleidoscope . This arises from the fact that the fragments

of which it is composed are entirely disj ointed , and probably

incapable of being pieced together . The monuments and objects of interest in the nave are e o n num rous , but chief perhaps are, the north side , the Min ’ o ld - o n strels Gallery , the grill work , and the font ; and , the

Of E din do n . south side, the Chantries Bishops Wykeham and g

o f o n a o f - But, ﬁrst all , though not ccount pre eminent merit ,

should be mentioned the bronze statues of James I . and f Charles I . to the north and south o the main west door ,

against the interior wall . They were executed by Le Sueur,

the artist wh o executed the ﬁne equestrian ﬁgure o f Charles I . ’ n at Charing Cross . A note o the sculptor s payment for “ ” z o f these bron es may be seen in the Record Exchequer, 0 fo r two from which it appears that he received 34 the , “ with a further £ 40 fo r carrying and erecting th e m at

Winchester . ’ I n the north - west corner stands the M ins tre ls Gallery o r b E in n i r u n d do . s T i e , the work of g It supported by two r is ﬂattened arches sp inging from the pier shafts, and panelled

T H E I NTERIOR 43

o n its face and spandrels . The panelling is decorated with o f ﬂowered cusps, and the central bosses bear the arms

Wykeham . This gallery appears to have been intended fo r u se o n no w is State occasions ; , however, it merely used as a room in which the episcopal registers may be stored . I n height

- it extends half way up the neighbouring piers . o f Near this , at the western end the north aisle, is a door o f o f - made up four pieces iron Grill w ork , which originally stood at the top of the steps leading up from the south tran

to - septs the retro choir . The place where it used to be is still o u t i pointed , and indeed marks are v sible in the piers to which w it as secured . A paper read to the Society of Arts by Mr

J . Starkie Gardiner, describes the door as being, from its style, f i is the oldest piece O gr ll work in England . The design o f o f composed sprays formed Of two rolls scrolls, welded to

- a central stem , like a much curled ostrich feather, with lesser scrolls in the interstices and the major scrolls, each terminating

- in an open work trefoil , or quinquefoil . The large scrolls are m i n 5 5 , diameter and rather stout, the grill possessing great

no t . resisting powers , though it would be hard to climb i s There , unfortunately, no means Of ﬁxing the date , since no other grill resembles it ; but, from the position indicated in as the cathedral , it may well have been made long ago as the ” l eleventh or twelfth century . It was origina ly intended to keep the miscellaneous crowd of pilgrims to the shrine o f S . Swithun from penetrating farther into the church by way of the south transept . They were obliged to enter and depart by the

Norman doorway in the north transept . It will not be necessary to record all the monuments and so the brasses which abundantly cover the walls , but those of o f the greatest interest will be alluded to . I n the ﬁfth bay the o f o f north aisle are two memorials very different dates , those “ the Two Brothers Of Avington and of the novelist, o f Jane Austen , the youngest daughter the rector of Steventon f in Hampshire . Her monumental brass is a ﬁxed to the wall

below the other, which records how the two brothers were o f o f Oﬂi cers both Oxford, both the Temple , both to Queen u r m o f Elizabeth and o noble King Ja es . Both Justices the o ne Peace, both agree in arms , the a Knight, the other a a ” C ptain . insc ri I n the next bay, Opposite the Norman Font, is an p 44 WI NCH ESTE R CATHE DRAL

“ to M rs o f tion relating Montagu , the founder the Blue ” ff i Stocking Club . I t is to this e ect Here l es the body Of E s of Elizabeth Montagu , daughter Matthew Robinson , q ,

of West Layton , in the County of York , who , possessing a the united advantages of beauty, wit , judgment , reput tion , and riches , and employing her talents most uniformly for the beneﬁt of mankind, might be justly deemed an ornament r h . 2 t 1 800 to her sex and count y She died on the 5 August, , ’ aged 8 1 3 r n F n a cr u x a u ti The No ma o t , which Milner c lled u ar ior u m o n Of o , is situated the north side the nave between the is o ne ﬁfth and sixth pillars from the west front . I t of a group o f Of seven found in England ; which four are in Hampshire , ’

. . r at East Meon , S Michael s (Southampton) , S Ma y Bourne , in a and Winchester ; two Lincolnshire, in the c thedral and at P ’ Thornton Curtis ; and one at S . eter s, Ipswich . Of four similar o n a Z fonts the Continent, th t at edelghem , near Bruges , is a most like the Winchester ex mple, and also illustrates the same legend . The material of which these fonts are made - is l is a bluish black calcareous marble, such as sti l worked at u Tournai in Hainault . The font before s is a nearly square block o f marble supported o n a solid central column orna me nted with horizontal mouldings , with four disengaged pillars m “ ” Of lesser dia eter, with cable mouldings, at each corner . The spandrels o f the top are decorated with carved symbolic o n subjects , leaves and ﬂowers on two sides , and the other two Of doves drinking from vases out which issue crosses , typifying i a i s . d s baptism , it s id It is rather curious that the artist has regarded the usual symmetry, and ﬁlled his spaces without reference to the corresponding ones . On the north and east faces o f the font are three circular medallions with symbolic doves and salamanders . On the south and west are scenes from the life of S . Nicholas of Myra , as was fully demonstrated by Milner ; the north side showing the saint dowering the three daughters of a poor nobleman , while on the west he restores ’ so n o f to life a drowned person , probably the king s in one h is the stories of life, and rescues from death by the axe three young men who are about to be slain either by the executioner

fo r . or by a wicked innkeeper, there are two versions Some authorities would find four scenes represented on the west side ; but on what grounds it is difficult to se e . There only appear ‘ T H E INTER IOR 4 5 to two o f be figures the saint, and the two scenes are divided by what looks like a short vertical bar indicating a difference f o . f subject (see p The cult o f S . Nicholas O Myra grew rapidly in the twelfth century, being popularised by the crusaders . In this century it is known that the carved work at Tournai , whence it is probable that the black marble came,

Ph r otoclz m . o C0 L td , P/zo to . ] — THE NORMAN FONT SOUTH AND WEST SIDES .

was remarkable fo r its symbolism . The font has been thought o f its as to be older, on account archaic ﬁgures , but, the Dean o f Winchester pointed o u t in a paper read before the Archa logical Association in 1 893 (to which we are indebted fo r

. re re much of this account) , the mitre which S Nicholas is p ’ sented as wearing was not recognised as part o f a bishop s ﬁ of cial dress until the very end of the eleventh century in fact, 46 WINCH ESTER CATH E DRAL

the particular form o f mitre depicted appears to have been is late twelfth century . The conclusion naturally arrived at that 1 5 o f 1 1 0 the font Belgian origin , carved at " 5 ’ 1 2 0 0 Winch S ter , and its presence at may well be due either T live to Henry o f Blois or to o c . On the north Side of the steps leading up to the choir is a o n m o f brass tablet a pillar, recording the erits the renowned ” ’ martialist , Colonel Richard Boles, who fought on the king s

side at Edgehill , and died bravely in a small action at Alton , 1 6 1 Southampton , in 4 , his party of sixty being surprised by “ a large force of the rebels . His gracious sovereign hearing

of his Death gave him high Commendation , in that passionate — Mo o m in o f expression , Bring me a g scarf, I have lost one the i m ” best Commanders in the K ngdo e . Between the ninth and o n is tenth pillars this side the tomb of Bishop Morley , with

an epitaph written by himself at eighty years of age . By the

next pillar is the monument of Bishop Hoadley, with a good

- f medallion portrait o him on it .

On the south side of the nave we ﬁnd two remarkable tombs , o f I S n m o f k e am which the ﬁrst the Cha try of Willia Wy h , “ called by Timbs o ne o f the best remaining speci mens o f a

fourteenth century monument . It stands, where Wykeham “ o f erected it , in that part the cross (formed by the ’ ” church) which corresponds to the Saviour s pierced side, and occupies the Space between the piers which enclose the to ﬁfth bay from the west end . The site is said have been previously occupied by an altar dedicated to the Blessed ’ Virgin , Wykeham s patroness . He left directions, moreover, that three monks Should celebrate masses thrice daily in his fo r o ne chantry , receiving this penny a day, while the boys

w 8d. . h o were to sing there nightly were assigned 6s . a year

h is . Needless to say, wishes are not now carried out The stone screen which surrounds the chantry is of beautiful and i h as elaborate workmanship , the effect of wh ch been com

pared to lace, while above graceful shafts support a canopy, of which the pinnacles rise to the level of the triforium

gallery . At the east end are traces of an altar and credence i s . table, and close by a piscina Above are two rows Of cano r pied niches , which , however they were o iginally occupied,

have for long been untenanted until quite recently . During the early part of 1 89 7 t he pedestals have bee n ﬁlled with ten statue ’ WILLIAM OF WYKEHAM S CHANTRY . ’ “ h es e . [Fro m Britto n s Wi nc t r

5 0 WINCHESTER CATH EDRAL

’ ti an s S d . pillar to pillar, bearing on it g great cross To the south of these choir steps and adjoining the intermediate land is an o f B s E din don a ing the Ch try i hop g , the e rliest in date

of the chapel tombs at Winchester . The chantry Is very plain 1 n in comparison with the others the cathedral , and apart from the tomb there is only a slightly raised platform at the east w f . o u end, ithout an altar A shaft the large pillars r ns down f r the centre o the east and west inte ior walls . On the tomb in ou ti ca liou s lies the ﬁgure of the Bishop p ﬁ , his stole bearing “ ” - the symbolic and much disputed Fylfot cross , which has E i ’ been interpreted as a Sign o f submission . d ngdon s curious 1 0 is o n Latin epitaph , given on page 7 , a blue enamelled strip of brass on the edge of the tomb . ’ E din do n s is ave Pu i Close to g chantry the N lpit, wh ch is o f in itself a good piece Jacobean work , though not happily m situated in the nave of Winchester . It stood for erly in the e f chapel at New Colleg , Ox ord , and did not appear at Win 1 88 was chester until 4 , when it presented by m embers of the o ne to i Mayo family . If stands facing east in the aisle the r ght o f i o f th s pulpit , one the most picturesque views in the o ne cathedral lies before , through part Of the south transept and up the southern ambulatory of the retro -choir to the ’ bright colours o f Langton s chapel window at the end . It will readily be noticed b o w out of the perpendicular are the piers of this ambulatory as one approaches the east end Of the church . This seems to have arisen through a slight subsidence f o the ground here .

i - its The orig nal rood screen exists no longer, and in place we Of w have but a modern copy, by Sir Gilbert Scott, the ork in

. r S r the Decorated choir stall canopies This oak Choi c een, which is all that breaks the view between west porch and h as reredos, not met with much approval , and the pallor of its wood does not contrast agreeably with the rich f O . colour the old choir stalls This, however, cannot with r justice be made a ground for complaint against the a chitect . n l who modelled his work as far as possible o the origina . As one enters the Choir , which is raised above the level o f the nave by the two sets of four steps , the stalls above mentioned will be found to reach o n either side from the eastern piers o f the central tower to the ﬁrst piers of the nave . They are of carved o ak and are possibly the best existi ng TH E INTE RI OR

o f examples their date in England . The style is Early Decor o u t ated, and Willis points the similarity between their canopies

’ S . B N . B la s . Ph o ér Co , oto . ] K THE CHOIR , LOO ING EAST .

’ and gables and those o f Edward Cro u ch back s chapel in West

minster Abbey . The details are varied and graceful, with the 5 2 WI NCHESTER CATH EDRAL design of each pair coupled under a pointed arch with a cinque in c ro ck e tted foil its head , which is again surmounted by a high

. o ak gable The has turned a superb hue with age , very different from the colour of the modern screen which is banked by the ’ o f o ld miser er es reveals the bishop s throne . The below are do much earlier in date than the canopies , but not go quite so as far back those at Exeter, which may be assigned to about

L330. The desks and stools Of the upper tier Show the date

1 0 I . 5 4 and bear also the initials of Henry VI I , Bishop Gardiner, o n and Dean Kingsmill . The pulpit the north side of the choir was S ilkstede given by Prior , whose name it bears, and is also Of ﬁnely carved work . Above the choir stalls o n the northern i w w s as . Side the organ , hich repaired this year o f Toward the east end the choir stalls , in the centre of the

a - b R fu . p vement, lies the much disputed Tom of William u s

is e . It a plain coped tomb , constructed of Purbeck marbl Since it was known that William was buried originally beneath ’ was h is the tower, this tomb assumed to be , and in Cromwell s was as time it violated, when , Milner relates , there was found “ e o f m ther in , besides the dust, some pieces cloth e broidered ” w1 th r . gold , a large gold ing, and a small Silver chalice The very fact Of these discoveries , however, tend to prove that the f no w grave was not that o Rufus . It is generally held that it is o f that of Henry Blois , who is known to have been buried “ with much honour before the high altar R u dbo rne records ' w r that he as sepu ltas i a ecclesza s u a cor a m s u mmo a lta i . Yet nowhere, unless it be here, is his tomb to be discovered . ’ m set a The ring found in Cro well s time, with a s pphire w m a . hich denotes a bishop, y be seen in the cathedral library a m When the contents of the tomb were last ex ined , on August 2 1 868 7 , , the remains , though much disturbed by the previous v Of 8 a nd iolation , indicated a man about 5 feet inches, frag ments of red cloth with gold embroidery were to be seen . I t th e w was also gathered that body had been rapped in lead , as

Henry Of Blois was said to have been . is o f The vaulting of the presbytery , which timber carved to r fi a imitate stone, is rema kable for its very ne and brilli ntly

m . coloured bosses , for ing a quite unique collection of designs “ as e Milner mentions the chief among thes , the arms and Of badges the families of Lancaster and Tudor, the arms of o f Castile, Cardinal Beaufort, and even of the very sees held

TH E INTERIO R 5 5

F x e successively by Bishop o . Th part of the vaulting from the altar to the east window bears none but pious ornaments ’

r i . the several inst uments of the Sav our s Passion , including S ’ i Peter s den al , and the betrayal in the Garden of Gethsemane, s o f i the face Pilate and his w fe, Of the Jewish high priest, Judas ’ n - V — is im kiss i g Jesus, Judas money bag, the eronica this mediately above the place o f the cross o n the reredos the ’ ur w o f Savio s coat, ith the Cross, crown thorns, nails , hammer, l o f pil ar, scourges, reed, sponge, lance, sword with the ear

Malchus upon it, lanthorn , ladder, cock , dice, etc . Under i 1 6 s . the tower the vaulting of wood, dating from 34 Before

- this year the choir lantern was visible from below, with its i w striking late Norman stonework div ded into t o tiers . It e has been proposed to r open the lantern , but this would a o f a necessit te the removal the bells from the tower, a m tter o f considerable expense . I t would also be a pity to take i o i down the vaulting w th its vari us dev ces , including the f o I . n o f arms, etc . , Charles , his quee , and the Prince Wales , o f r a medallion the two former, the Scotch and I ish arms, and o f those Archbishop Laud, Bishop Curle, and Dean Young . “ o f The central emblem is that the Trinity, with a chrono — gram indicating the year 1 634 thus SI NT DOMUS H UJU S N T R A PI I REGES U I TI I REGINAE N UT R I CE S PI E . The larger o u t letters , picked in red , serve as Roman ﬁgures which

added together make up the required number . From the commencement Of the choir to the high altar o f are eleven steps , making nineteen in all from the level o f the nave . This elevation , course, much enhances the imposing effect of the altar and reredos as seen from the x o f lower plane . It is due to the e istence the Norman crypt

beneath, and can be paralleled both at Canterbury and at m Rochester . The raised platfor includes the presbytery

- with its aisles and the retro choir, and extends under the

central tower to the second pillar beyond . The nave and n transepts are thus o a lower level . Before the altar are I rails which date from the reign of Charles . , while the

Altar Books were presented to the cathedral by Charles I I . R The great e re dos , which separates the presbytery from the o f is feretory and the eastern end the church, , to j udge from its ﬁ ft n h - ee t . style, late century work It has been attributed Fo x S ilk stede to Cardinal Beaufort, and to Bishop and Prior , 5 6 WINCH ESTER CATH EDRAL

but no inscription o r armorial details can be discovered to i e conﬁrm either of these suppositions . I t s similar in charact r - Of r to the altar screens Christchurch P iory, Hants , and S . Mary ’ r Ove y (S . Saviour s, Southwark) ; but , less fortunate than the o f a former, it was despoiled all the st tues which once ﬁlled h as no t o f its niches , while it the exquisite grace detail which

marks the choir of angels at Southwark . The reredos at

S . Albans, in the same style , though not so large, was erected 1 6 1 8 between 4 7 and 4 4 and , as at Winchester, shows a huge a space in form of a cross, where , ccording to legend , a huge AS i silver cruciﬁx was placed . late as the s xteenth century there

is said to have been a ﬁgure o n the great cross . It is curious

m - arch itec to note an atte pt, during the rage for pseudo classic to ture in the last century , beautify the reredos by placing sham i funeral urns in ts niches . These have fortunately been a removed , and in recent ye rs they have been replaced by a series o f statues intended to reproduce as far as possible the ff Bu ilder 1 0 1 8 2 original e ect . In the for October , 9 , a large reproduction was given of a very interesting drawing by the d in e . . S e d late Mr J W g , Showing the whole screen compl tely restored ; but this scheme was unfortunately not used . A “ o il large painting, The Raising of Lazarus , by Benjamin 1 8 2 e West , purchased in 7 by D an Ogle , hangs immediately 1 8 1 8 over the altar . Before a huge wooden canopy in all Jacobean style, freely enriched with gold , covered the

central portion of the screen . The reredos is so large that it occupies the whole of the o f space between the choir piers, and , being constructed a

very white stone , is the prominent feature of the choir . The

work is very elaborate , the whole screen being arranged in three tiers with canopied niches containing eighteen large b statues, while smaller figures , to the num er of thirty, occupy c ro c k etted the splays between . The pinnacles are pierced and and there is a central projecting canopy over the place o f o f the ori ginal crucifix . On either side the high altar is a door r leading to the fereto y at the back of the reredos , and these have in their four spandrels interesting groups of fifte enth

century sculpture , representing various scenes in the life Of the f o . Virgin , the Annunciation , and the Visitation S Elizabeth ,

still showing traces of colour . The fact that these carvings i at ri have escaped destruction , just as the lower t er Ch st

5 8 WINCH ESTER CATH EDRAL

r o f whole is crowned by a t iple frieze leaves , Tudor roses , and o f quatrefoils , at a height little short the corbels which support the arches Of the roof. r The eighteen larger statues we e, and are now, since the

r . restoration of the reredos , ar anged in the following order o f In the uppermost tier, to the left and right the head

o f . . cross , were S Peter and S Paul , who were the patron f o n saints O the church . Two either side Of these were the four Latin Doctors , SS . Augustine, Gregory, Jerome, and

Ambrose . Below these, on the middle tier, we had two great Birinu s o f i local bishops , S . , ﬁrst occupant the see, stand ng

r o f er . beside the ﬁgu e the Virgin , and on the oth side S n-s i Swithun , the benevolent bishop, patro a nt of the church w w t o r . d ct beyond them , over the doo s, ere SS Bene i and " o ne o f Giles , the founder the Order to which the Priory th e o r wh o belonged, the the Hermit Saint, always pitched his tabe rnacle just outside the walls of m edieval cities he is here ’

r . set in honour to commemo ate S Giles Hill , and especially ’ m S . Giles Fair, fro which the Convent reaped great beneﬁt “ (Dean Kitchin : Great Screen o f Winchester Cathedral o n u Outermost this tier stand the stat es of the two deacons ,

SS . Stephen and Lawrence . In the lowest tier, on either side

o f . E th elwo lf o f the altar, stand SS Hedda and , two the most

- famous Anglo Saxon bishops Of the see o f Winchester . Next these saints there is the doorway on either side and beyond o f these doors are statues King Edward the Confessor, and o f S . Edmund the King . At what was the foot the original f Birinu s r o . silver c uciﬁx, between the ﬁgures SS Swithun and ,

stand statues Of the Virgin and S . John , while above the arms

of the Cross are the four Archangels , Uriel , Gabriel , Michael ,

and Raphael . Above the altar it is said that there was once a table o f ” images of Silver and gilt garnished with stones . These

’ T h e c a e o f W m o es h rt r illia R ufus which gave pe mi issi n fo r S . Gil Fair s e s s and ma be fo n a co mm e n a Dean K c n in th e till xi t , y u d , with t ry by it hi , ” nc es e a e R T h as an e fo r ee a s Wi h t r C th dral eco rds . e Fair w gr t d thr d y A s 1 S e e m e I and 2 o a n no n as n th e e s e S . ( ugu t 3 , pt b r ) t r hill , k w ’ ” es . T h e O ec o f th e a was e en sa s Dean K c in Gil Hill bj t F ir vid tly , y it h , to e th e s o in m N n a s h lp Bi h p co pl eting h is grea t o rm a Church . P rt o f th e o cee s o f th e a e e at a a e me ass ne to e A e to pr d F ir w r l t r ti ig d Hyd bb y , ’ ”

n s o a nd to th o s a o f . a a a e n. ithu Pri ry , e H pit l S M ry M g d l TRANSEPT . THE NORTH ’ nc e s e . [Fro m Britto n s Wi h t r

THE I NTE RIOR 61 images are conjectured to have represented Christ and h is disciples , possibly at the Last Supper ; but no traces remain o f them . to - The thirty smaller statues, starting from the p left hand as o ne corner faces the reredos , represent Bishop Ken , Keble,

Bishop Daniel , S . Boniface , Isaak Walton , Bishop Andrewes, Al h e e two SS . p g and Grimbald , Cardinal Beaufort, angels ,

Wa nﬂ ete Fo x . Bishops y , , and Henry of Blois, Egbert, S l wi h E adbu r a E in do n E a s t . d , two angels , S g , Bishop g , Cardinal

Wolsey, Queen Matilda, Cnut, Queen Emma, Queen C ne ils Walkelin Victoria, Alfred , y g , Edgar, Bishops Lucy , , and Stigand , Earl Godwin , and Edward I . “ as On the reredos a whole, one authority has said that no description could do justice to the beauty and effect Of the ” “ h as whole work . But another declared that a huge screen o f this uncompromising squareness o f outline is a flagrantly art less device which in previous periods (to the latter half of the ” fifteenth century) would have been impossible . Milner again “ “ describes its exquisite workmanship as being as mag ni fi ” r cent as this O any other nation can exhibit . Doctors most certainly differ here . I t will perhaps be most convenient to deal at this point n o f with the Tra s epts , which the western walls are almost

- level with the choir screen . Having been but little injured by o f 1 1 0 the fall the tower in 7 , they still remain to a great extent Walk lin what they were when originally built by e . We there fore get the massive and rugged early Norman walls still divided into the three nearly equal storeys which in the nave o f have given place to two . Where the fall the central tower necessitated a partial rebuilding , the difference between the m o f Early and the Late asonry is very evident . That the is transepts generally coarse and very thick , as is the case

. o n with all Early Norman stonework The new masonry , the o f other hand, recalls what William Malmesbury says of the “ m o f Later Nor an masonry at Salisbury, when he speaks the courses o f stone so correctly laid that the j oint deceives the m eye , and leads it to imagine that the whole wall is co posed ” Of a single block . The juncture o f the two works at Win f chester can be easily traced . Of the general style o the “ : is o f transepts , Willis says The architecture the plainest description . The compartment o f the triforium is very nearly 6 2 WINCHESTER CATH EDRAL o f o f - the same height as that the pier arches , and the clerestory is - also nearly the same height . Each pier arch is formed o r o f o f of two orders courses voussoirs, the edges which are left square, wholly undecorated by mouldings . This is the - o f case with the pier arches of Ely transept, but in the arches the triforium at Ely, and in every other Norman part of that f o . cathedral , the edges the voussoirs are richly moulded In o n Winchester transept, the contrary, the arches Of the triforium

- and clerestory are square edged like those of the pier below, ' and hence arises the peculiarly simple and massive eﬂ ect Of this ” - part of the church . Between the tower piers and the terminal i walls of each transept there are three piers , mak ng four com artments two p , the farther of which from the nave and choir open into the terminal aisles . The arches were all originally

- - plain , semi circular, and square edged , and are supported by shafts with the cushioned capitals so characteristic o f the r an d uder Norman style, the bases are simple with a chamfer ' - diﬂ erent m and quarter round , very from the orna ental Late

a as . r Norman b ses , such may be seen at S Cross , Wincheste , for example . Where the Later Norman work has taken the f o . place the original , we ﬁnd stronger piers The vault above is groined , but there are no ribs . Nothing, however, can now o f - be seen the vaulting above the level Of the side walls, since ” 1 n a ﬂat wooden ceiling, painted Early Tudor style was put 1 8 1 8 —w i n up in , by which , among other things, the rose indow ’ Of S the gable the north transept was hidden , though In Britton i o n n v ew, which we give page 5 9 , we have the tra sept previous to the timbering . Each transept has an eastern and a western aisle, while at the extreme ends there are aisles rising to pier a Of - rch level , consisting two arches, which a triple bearing Shaft supports in the centre . A kind of gallery is formed at the of terminations the north and south transepts, over and beyond which m ay be seen the triforium and clerestory windows . This can best be appreciated by a reference to X V the illustration , Plate . Possibly this platform or gallery a was not originally so bare s it appears at the present day, but there is no doubt that it was built in order that processions might pass round on the triforium level . I t has bee n mentioned that when the tower was rebuilt the columns nearest it in the transepts were strengthened . They now, indeed , present a singularly massive outline to the eye, Ph o to . L td . ] Ph o toc h r om Co . , VIEW IN NORTH TRANSEPT .

66 WI NCHESTER CATH EDRAL

’ — s choir wall is rece sed Sir Isaac Townsend s memorial , not a very no w l noteworthy object . Just under it there stands the o d oak

settle which was once used by the Norman monks . In the central space o f the transept itself is a large monument to

DOORWAY TO HENRY OF BLOIS ' TREASURY

I N SOUTH TRANSEPT .

i fo . [From 3 Dra w i ng by H . P. Cl f rd

a - Bishop Wilberforce, showing beneath a c nopy a life sized f o n six ﬁgure , with mitre, cope, and sta f, a slab borne by a h is kneeling ngels . A Latin inscription records birth on

1 80 h is o n 1 th 1 8 . I st September 5 , and death 9 July 7 3 The is o f be monument the work Sir Gil rt Scott, and has met with r Plro toclz om Co . Ltd . , Plzo to . ] ’ BISHOP WILBERFORCE S TOMB IN SOUTH TRANSEPT . 68 WI NCHESTE R CATH E DRAL

o some severe attacks . It certainly is u t of place in its Norman o f surroundings . The aisles the south transept are divided up e o f into six chambers , of which the larg r the two westernmost

- is used as a chapter room , and does not betray its age by its o ne present appearance ; the next the body of the church , ’ ” no w Milner s ancient sacristy, but known as Henry of ’ ’ as m Blois treasury, serves a boys vestry . The Nor an wo rk Th m over the door must not be overlooked . e cha ber to

the extreme south is the entrance lobby to the south door, “ ” which leads into the slype o r passage running between the o ld - church and the chapter house . Leading o u t of it is the “ ” w ancient calefactory , here the ﬁre for the censers and ak thuribles was preserved . Panelled o screens enclose this ilk t ’ . S s ede s room on both Sides Next it comes chapel , the o f o f central the three easterly divisions the transept aisles . ’ o f The prior s rebus, in the form of a skein silk , is evident his m among the carvings, and Christian name Tho as may be o f i seen on the cornice with the MA , the monogram the V rgin ,

standing out distinctly . The screen in this chapel is worthy o f remark , and is divided into four compartments , the upper part o f each being open - work and arched with pierced quatre f foils in the spandrels . In this chapel traces o painting were 1 8 8 o n discovered in 4 , beneath the whitewash the eastern wall , i the subject apparently being Christ upon the water, call ng to o f him S . Peter, who , in an attitude hesitation , holds the prow — o f the boat . Fine canopy work surmounts the whole . Origin w u ally there ere eight canopies enclosing ﬁg res , but little except

- the canopies remain , the distemper painting having almost o f vanished . On the ﬂoor the chapel may be found a black ’ a a s marble slab , the tomb Of Isa k W lton , with Bi hop Ken s

- w often quoted inscription , hich , however, it is perhaps pardon able to quote again

’ A as " ee s o ne efo e l H g b r , o ne to r etu rne no e mo e G , r ; Ou r panting h earts as pire Af e e a e S e t r th ir g d ir , Wh o s e we ll -s pent life did las t

n ne ea s and as . Full i ty y r , p t But no w h e hath be gun That which will ne re be do ne ’ Cro wn d e e na ss e with t r l Bli ,

We wish o u r so uls with h is . S B B l . . o as Co . lzo t , P o . ]

SOUTH AISLE , FROM TRANSEPT .

TH E I NTERI OR 7 1

’ “ Next to Prior S ilk stede s chapel comes the Venerable as o f chapel , which serves a vestry for the minor canons the

. Of cathedral The screen this ﬁlls the whole archway, the Six f canopies extending beyond the sweep o the arch . Down each o f side are untenanted niches, and the Openings the tracery

- Show some beautiful and elaborate iron work , dating from the m Renaissance . A si ilar screen , though without canopies , ’ ilk sted s divides the Venerable Chapel from S e . T h e Library is approached from an Old wooden staircase “

o f . lo w in the south aisle this transept I t is a long, room , with oaken presses curiously ca rved and ornamented with gilded o f Of knobs, after the fashion the latter half the seventeenth ” f . o century It contains three or four thousand books, most o f which are the gift Bishop Morley, and there are many fine its is o f MSS . but chief treasure a Vulgate the twelfth century, in n three folio volumes o vellum . The gorgeously illuminated is o f manuscript the best work extant the Winchester school , and the fact that it was never finished renders It only the more interesting, Since thereby the whole process from the first f outline to the final touch o colour is evident . A legend o f o f i concerning Hugh Avalon , afterwards Bishop L ncoln 1 1 86 is o f ( though probably unfounded , worthy mention . Henry I I . , who founded the Abbey Of Witham , 1 1 o r 1 1 6 in Somerset, had appointed Hugh prior in 7 5 7 , h is and finding that monks needed M SS . to copy, and in e Of particular a compl te copy the Bible, promised to give o ne b e them . To avoid expense, borrowed this superb

Vulgate from Winchester and sent it to Witham . A chance visit long afterwards o f a Winchester monk revealed what h ad o n a m happened , and the m tter beco ing known to Hugh , he m ’ returned the volu e without the king s knowledge, thus commencing a close friendship between the two religious m bodies . Other i portant MSS . in the Library are an eleventh ’ “ ” century copy o f Bede s Ecclesiastical History ; a twelfth “ ” Aelred century Life of Edward the Confessor, by S . , o f e 1 1 60 Cistercian Abbot Ri vaulx about , containing a portrait o f the king within o ne of its initial letters ; a copy of the “ ” Pr omptor i u m Pa r vu lor u m a charter Of [E th elwu lﬁ King

.o f 8 Wessex, dated 5 4 and bearing the Signatures of the king, so n his young Alfred , and S . Swithun . There are also the - 1 1 600 chapter books for 5 5 3 ; the cathedral statutes , with the 2 7 WINCH ESTER CAT H E DR AI .

o f signatures Charles I . and Bishop Laud the original charter o f V Henry I I I . to the cathedral , on the dissolution of the priory ; and many interesting documents and pri nted books , some with the original chains which were fastened to their V . o f . covers Here also are kept the great seal Henry , the ’ ff h is pastoral sta from Bishop Fox s tomb , ring, those of Bishops o ne se t r Gardiner and Woodlock , and the , with a sapphi e , “ - which comes from the tomb Of William Rufus probably , i as we have said , belonging to Henry of Blois . The l brary was

D . built in 1 668 A . We may no w return to the body of the cathedral and pass f to the surroundings O the choir . F r er etr a o f The e etory, where the f or shrines the saints were placed, lies behind the high altar and reredos , and the tw r o . doors in the latter give access to it At one time, befo e o f the erection the reredos , the feretory must have been visible 01 from the ch r . Behind the doors is a raised platform , seven feet in breadth , extending right across . The upper surface is Of this now only three feet above the ground level , but originally it must have been far higher . Four steps give i Of . s access to it Before it a hollow space with stumps piers , demonstrating the ancient presence of an arcade in front of the i i . s platform The feretory without internal decorat on , but the exterior o f the east wall is adorned with nine rich Decorated wi th i o f tabernacles, the yet leg ble names saints and king who in once occupied the eighteen pedestals within them . This scription is to be found here :

Cor or a s au ctor u m s u u t lzic i n ace se a lta p p p , u u u r u la l E x mer itis q or m f lg eu t mi ac mu ta .

’ th e latfo rm The ﬂoor beneath p is supported by a small vault, the entrance to which (to quote Willis) is by a low arch in the eastern face o f the wall under the range o f tabernacles . This vault is that which was designated as the S a nctu m S a nctor u m as or H oly H ole . The feretory is used a receptacle for the carved work found at various dates about the cathedral , includ ing portions o f statuary once belonging to the great screen . i r Here l es a really marvellous lid of a reliqua y chest, presented 1 0 in 3 9 by Sir William de Lilburn , with events in the life of our Lord and various saints vividly portrayed in colours, and

7 4 WI NCH ESTER CATH E DRAL

feretory are Often very fine, but are most of them sadly mutilated . The north and south sides of the feretory are flanked by the o f i Chantries Bishops Gard ner and Fox, into which it opens . ar ner s an m G di Ch try, in the Renaissance style, was uch m damaged by the Refor ers, the head being knocked Off the o f figure lying in a long niche on the outside the chantry, m and other indignities co mitted . Of the tomb nothing now a r remains, but there is an altar with figures at the back , fte o ne us t I talian models , representing, according to tradition , J ice

sa . and Mercy, while others y the Law and the Gospel At the

east end is a small vestry used as a repository for fragments . ’ The details and the mouldings o f Ga rdiner s chantry are o f the

Renaissance style, and Britton has described the chapel as ” bad Of I talian and bad English . This is true the eastern

end of the compartment, but there are redeeming features — amid the curious mixture of styles . Below the ﬂoor level Of this chantry may be seen the base of one o f the Norman apse o f piers, the sole remaining feature the Norman east end

except the crypt . ’ Bis hop Fox s Chantry is a far ﬁner piece of work and

is certainly the most elaborate chantry in the cathedral . I t ﬁ ft - displays no fewer than y ﬁve richly groined niches , all dif fe rent i n o f pattern ; only two them are tenanted, and these

o n o f . I S by very recent ﬁgures , either Side the door There a great amount o f wonderful undercutting to be seen in the

spandrels to the arches, and the upper part of the erection

Shows open tracery with niches and canopies , under a cornice

of running foliage and Tudor ﬂowers , surmounted by panelled ’ ” pinnacles . Fox s pelican in her pi e ty alternates on the pin m nacles m . with s all octagonal turrets At one ti e, moreover, all no w the arches, etc . , contained stained glass, but this has ’ e i . s vanish d Within there no tomb , but , as in Gardiner s is chantry, there , in an arched recess at the side, the ghastly carved ﬁgure o f a corpse so frequently introduced is in monuments of the period . The altar surmounted by a

small reredos in a sunk panel , now unoccupied , crowned by a

band of angels bearing emblems Of the Passion . Over the altar is this i nscription in Latin :

a r u m on a n r istu s s u mitu r 0 s c c t/im m i qu o C/z . TH E INTERIO R 7 5

’ There is here, as was the case with Gardiner s chantry, a small i relies room at the eastern end . In this are chests in wh ch were ke t . p “ The i nterior part o f the choir aisles have received Wyke ” o n ham windows , four each side, though from the exterior only three can be seen . The westernmost on the north side

X ’ BISHOP FO S CHANTRY .

has two lights partly looking into the Open , while two are

unglazed and the top Of one looks into the northern tra nsept .

On the south side all are glazed, but only three get any light

from outside . These can be seen from the close at the

junction of transept and retroc hoir . All these windows have o r blank panelling arcading below . It looks as if Wykeham 7 6 WI NCHESTER CATH E DRAL

o r his successors meant to reduce the width S O as of the Norman transepts , to bring them into better proportion with the eastern arm

of the church . a1sles Between the presbytery and the side , o f extending from pi er to pier, are screens

pierced stonework , erected by Bishop Fox , o n whose motto frequently occurs them , together with his initials and Cardinal ’ f Beaufort s . On the top O the screens are

six painted chests (see p . in which are collected the bones o f saints and kings o f the Saxon period ; the original collection

being made by Henry o f Blois . These M ortu ary Ches ts were desecrated by the Crom 11 ellian ru fﬁans when they broke

into the cathedral , and the bones were OF FOX S C M N T R " hurled through the stained glass of the west and other windows Afterwards they were collected once more and replaced in the chests where they now lie . Among the relics are the bones of Edred , Edmund ,

Canute, William Rufus , Emma, Bishops Wina, Kenu lf C ne ils Alwyn , Egbert , Cenwulf or , y g , E th elwu lf in and , and there are the Old s criptio ns to indicate whose remains were i orig nally enclosed within the boxes , though there is now no warrant that the bones within correspond at all to the names without . Among those who have been buried in Po ntissara the presbytery aisles is Bishop de , of whom R u dbo rne says that he was buried e x aqu ilona r i plag a maj or is a ltar is . Accord ingly we ﬁnd his monument on the north side . Close by him , and still nearer the wa altar, s laid Hardicanute , the last Danish wa king, who s brought hither from Lambeth f o r interment . His death was attributed to “ excessive drinking . In the southern aisle 0 i 5 011 0 are R chard, the Conqueror s younger , o n “ , o , PU LP” , ° S . B. Bo las 67 Co . , P/z oto . ] ' - W SOUTH AISLE OF RETRO CHOIR , ITH BEAUFORT S AND

' FOX S CHANTRIES .

T H E I NTERIOR 7 9

o f Edward, eldest born Alfred the Great ; and Bishop Nicholas ’ de Ely s heart . Eastward o f the feretory the building is known by the name R r - r of the et o Choi , and presents a very Old and pure example o f Early English work from the hands o f Bishop de Lucy . The aisles are said to have been used as a model in the building o f

Salisbury Cathedral . Similar processional aisles may be seen f also at Hereford o n a minor scale . This part o the cathedral is lower and consequently appears broader than the more westerly portion . There is a considerable amount o f wall space, only interrupted by the numerous imposing Chantries f erected o n the ﬂoor . The lower part o the walls is remark fo r able some ﬁne, though simple, blank arcading, dating also ’ from De Lucy s time ; while light is given by pairs o f lancet o n o f windows, the rear arches being borne groups detached o f i shafts . Many the orig nal chased tiles Of the pavement h as remain to this day, and, in fact, there been little interference ’ with De Lucy s work . Unfortunately, however, as has been remarked , much Of it has settled considerably, throwing - o u t the south eastern angle altogether of the perpendicular, o ne vaulting- shaft having in this manner been bent back and f cracked in half. The ef ects of the subsidence can easily be seen in the photograph o f the south aisle o f the retro - choir looking toward the east .

AS - one passes beyond the feretory through the retro choir, the Chantry o f William W aynﬂ ete stands to the north of the central alley . The canopy is very elaborate and of beautiful , and plentiful traces the original colour still can be

o n . ﬂ at seen , especially the groining On each side are three headed arches , those at the east end being closed , while on each side o f the piers adjoining the west end there are narrow

' Open arches . Corniced and battlemented screens ﬁll these

- o n arches to mid height . The figure the tomb is a modern o ntifi cals restoration , very elaborately clad in full p , while the s u r s u m cor da hands are clasped about a heart , representing the , o r lifting up o f the heart . The chantry is kept in repair by Wa nfl ete Magdalen College, Oxford , which y founded . Its m o f situation , like that of the co panion tomb Cardinal Beaufort,

. a a n w makes it very impressive There is no lt r o . At the east end is a blank wall surmounted by three empty canopied niches , while at the other are two open gratings . 8 0 WINCHESTER CATH EDRAL

In the corresponding position to the south is the Chantry ar n B u f of C di al ea ort , now kept in repair by the Dukes of ’ Beaufort . In Britton s time , as he tells us , there had fallen a ’ horse- load of the pinnacles in the canopy of Cardinal Beaufort s ” chantry . Owing, however, to the extreme elaboration , the f m f e fect is hardly i paired by this loss . The plan o the tomb is Of two groups four clustered piers at each end, supporting a “ mass of canopies, niches , and pinnacles , which bewilder the ” Sight and senses by their number and complexity, as Britton quaintly says . The screen at the west end is closed , that at the

- east end open . The vault di splays some elaborate fan tracery . The body o f the cardinal is presented in his scarlet Ofﬁcial o f robes and the tasselled and corded hat , and the serenity his face suggests very little the traditional portrait of him , as ’ “ ” represented, for example , in Shakespeare s Henry V . His - is mis death bed moments, it well known , have been much n m represented . The inscription originally o his to b has been w o ne z destroyed , but God in quotes sentence of it thus

Tr iou la r er si u esci r em miser icor dias tu a s .

’ no t Wa n ﬂ ete s is Against the north wall , far from y chantry , an unknown tomb with part of an efﬁgy, to the east of which is Of a i the grave one Willi m Symonds, Gentleman , of W nchester ” f 1 6 1 h is o 6 . twice Maior and Alderman , as epitaph relates The last four lines o f the inscription run as follows

H is e o n e L fe and ame M rrit d th E h rit i F , Fo r whils t this City s t ands S ymo nds h is name ’ I n a e m en s ha s s a ne e be fo o e n ll rt h ll v r rg tt , F fl e n o r poo res praye rs rise whe n es h lyes ro tt . Between the same chantry and the wall lies the tomb of Bishop R u ibu s o f de p , while in the space between the Chantries Beaufort and Waynfl e te lies the only ancient military efii gy

o f r . in the cathedral , a genuine relic the fou teenth century m It is co monly known as William de Foix , and represents , in a slightly mutilated form , a knight in surcoat and com f plete ringed armour o the thirteenth century . His legs are " o n i crossed and the feet rest a crouch ng lion , while the head is supported on two cushions whi ch were formerly held up by angels The right hand grasps the sword hilt, and the pointed

S uch ﬁ gures as lie c ro ss l egge d are tho se wh o we re in th e wars o f th e

o Lan o r o e to o and e e e en e S ir iam D u a e . H ly d , v w d g w r pr v t d ( Will gd l )

THE I NTE RIOR 83

o ne o f e o f shield, the earliest exampl s a quartered shield , bears o f quarterly, in the ﬁrst and fourth, the arms Bearn , two cows passant, gorged with collars and bells in the second and third, ” three garbs ; over all a cross . On the front edge of the Slab G av sto n o r Mr F . J . Baigent discovered the name Petrus “ ” C e ncised auston twice , but to this scribbling Mr Weston h a n m . wh o s o S Walford , a note this to b in the ﬁfteenth o f A r c/zeolo ical ou r nal not volume the g j , does attach much ’ n importance, for it may merely record the engraver s co jecture ’ as . f l to the person here buried The body o Edward I . s ’ was favourite , Piers, moved from Oxford to King s Langley two h is in Hertfordshire years after execution , and buried

o n 2 1 1 . there January , 3 4 , in the presence of the king It is no t m known to have been moved Since . It see s probable that the efﬁgy here is that o f the father o f the Piers known Gavasto n to us, a Sir Arnold de , a record Of whose inter 1 0 2 ment at Winchester in May 3 we possess, with the tw additional fact that Edward I . sent money and o pieces f of cloth o gold to the funeral . Such respect would natur ’ - o f I I . S ally be paid to the father Edward foster brother . Mr Walford suggests that the garbs on the Shield are a o r Gavaston canting allusion to the name Gabaston , for the

mu ch w G ave sto n Gaversto n spelling varies very , , and Gaber h e o f Ston being also found . T date the tomb Mr Walford places between the death o f Arnold in 1 3 0 2 and the murder of his so n in I 3 1 2 . The tomb itself is adorned with ﬁve Decorated Gavasto n o n arches with the arms the Shield , together with those f f o o . England, Of France, and Castile and Leon West of this are the tombs of Bishop Sumner and Prior Silk ’ stede . The latter s grave , according to Woodward , was found , m o f when opened , to contain the co plete remains a body robed “ ” o f in black serge, with the funeral boots yet on the bones the feet . The body seems to have been removed hither from Silk ’ stede s chapel in the south transept . ’ Next the western end o f Beaufort s chantry is the tomb o f m Bas n e u ondam Pr zor zsti u s Willia de y g , prior of this church (q ’ eccleszae h is 1 indu l ) , as i nscription states, promising 4 5 days gence to whoever prays for his soul three years . He died 1 2 in 95 . On the south wall facing the same chantry is a marble monu o f Clo ber i ment the Royalist, Sir John y and near this s a large 84 WINCH ESTE R CATH E DRAL

m Le vinz slab in the ﬂoor, in me ory of Baptist , Bishop of S odo r n in 1 6 2 and Man , and prebendary of Wi chester, who died 9 .

On the end wall of the ambulatory , to the left of the entrance to the Chapel of the Guardian Angels , is a ﬁne monument , E th elmar o r somewhat mutilated , to Aymer de Valence, half f o . brother Henry I I I , who was so unpopular a bishop at

Winchester . Only his heart is in the cathedral , having been w as . conveyed hither from Paris , where his body buried The facts are commemorated by the following inscription on the presbytery wall . Corpus E th elmari Cuius Co r Nunc Tenet I stu d S axu m Parisiis Morte Datu r Tumulo A D 1 2 61 Obiit . . .

When Winchester was attacked by the so -called religious zeal ’ E th elmar s of the Puritans, heart was disturbed , as is recorded “ by a writer of the period , who says that when the steps of the altar were levelling with the rest o f the ground o ne o f the workmen accidentally struck his mattock o n this stone and broke it ; underneath which was an urn wherein the heart o f E th elmar was this , being enclosed in a golden cup , which thing being conveyed to the ears Of the committee o wn him men they took the cup for their use, and ordered ” to bury the heart in the north isle, which he accordingly did . “ was so The heart, he goes on to say , entire and uncorrupt that it was as fresh as if it had just been taken from the body, and issued forth fresh drops of blood upon his hand . This I m had from the mouth Of the workman himself, who I believe . i s m The slab which once covered the heart shows, with n the y “ bo lic - vesica, in a trefoil canopy the half length ﬁgure of the h is Bishop, mitred and in episcopal robes , his uplifted hands f holding a heart, his pastoral sta f represented as resting on his ” h is ri m left arm . Below are arms and the insc ption in Lo l or u m u e Tioi M e D . E tize mar u s . C bardic letters, h l The Lady C ape , due in part to De Lucy and in part S ilk stede to Priors Hunton and , is of rectangular shape, the 1 2 easternmost portions being added about 5 4 . It should be noticed that in De Lucy ’ s work the central aisle is but little i h higher than the laterals, wh ch still ave their eastern walls, Ph otoch r om P Co . Ltd . , h oto . ]

THE LADY CHAPEL .

THE I NTERIO R whereas the actual material Of the Lady Chapel east wall was erected by

Hunton . The north and south walls exhibit De Lucy ’s Early English arcades and lancets , while they become Per endicu lar p at the eastern end, and the n i east wi dow is of the same per od . This large seven - light window shows transom and tracery o f a peculiar o f o r kind subordination , rather inter o f penetration patterns , well worth a

careful study (Willis) . The stone o f work the interior is quite plain , but a large portion of the wall space is concealed by some richly- carved wooden Fo x panelling added by Bishop . Seats,

desks , and screen are also of ﬁne work no t manship . Where the walls are hidden by wood- work are the very faint remains Of some curious o ld mural

paintings of the miracles of the Virgin , executed under the direction Of Prior

' ilk 1 8 T h ese fresc o es S stede in 4 9 . are th e are m decidedly archaic, but y extre ely

interesting . Starting from the south side the nineteen piétu res represent f o f 1 . Miracle o an image the Virgin bending its ﬁnger to prevent a young man taking Off a ring which he had placed on the image that it might not be lost or injured while he played at wa ball . By this the young man s won m to onastic life . 2 . Protection and honour conferred o n by the Virgin an ignorant priest, wh o knew and could sing only o ne

mass , which was in honour of her . ilk st de 3 . Prior S e kneeling before ’ Beu edzcta tu i n Virgin , saying : ” mu l r bu ie i s . Beneath is the follow

DETA I L OF LA DY C HA PE L . ing Prior S ilk stede also caused 88 WINCH ESTER CATH EDRAL

0 these polished stones , Mary , to be ornamented at his ” expense .

4 . Jewish boy, after receiving the Eucharist, thrown into a h is m th e Vir in furnace by father, but delivered from the ﬂa es by g .

. o f 5 Famous portrait the Virgin , carried in procession by

Pope Gregory to allay a fearful pestilence . During the pro ls cession the destroying angel seen sheathing his sword .

6. A widow receives back her son who had been kidnapped , o f and thereupon restores the silver image the child Jesus , which she had taken from the i mage of the Virgin o n losing her son .

7 . Virgin assisting woman taken ill on pilgrimage . 8 w . Virgin enables boys, ith ease, to raise that which strong men could not .

9 . Nun brought to life to confess a S in not confessed before death .

1 0 . Virgin saves a monk from drowning , and from two evil spirits, with instruments of torture, one who had lived an immoral life . 1 I Braban o ns . Two g seized by devils and killed for throwing f stones at an image o the Virgin .

f . 1 2 . Deliverance at sea e fected by the Virgin m 1 . O f 3 Mass the Virgin celebrated by Christ hi self, with saints and angels, on an occasion when the priest was unable to do so . ’

1 . 4 . S John s (of Damascus) arm restored ; thereby estab li sh ing his innocence of having corresponded with unbelievers . 1 al 5 . Virgin delivering from the gallows a thief who had ways venerated her . 1 Of o f i 6. Virgin commanding the burial a clerk irrelig ous life in consecrated ground , because he had been her votary . “ 1 i 7 . Virg n assisting a painter to paint the devil as ugly as ” o f he knew him to be, in Spite all the devil could do to prevent him from completing it . 8 — 1 . The Annunciation over door, which formerly led to a particular sacristy . 1 - 9 . How, by praying to the Virgin , a robber knight was de livered from the clutches o f the devil . The altar is ﬂanked o n the north by a memorial o f Bishop

Brownlow North , representing him kneeling in adoration . The ’ vault above, though not so elaborate as that Of Langton s chapel o n h m the right hand , is a ﬁne example of e e work , and the Shafts

90 WINCHESTER CATH EDRAL

The sou thern window o f the Lady Chapel h as recently been ﬁlled with a memorial window to the late Bishop

Thorold , whose tomb lies in the cathe dral precincts just below the new win

- dow . I n pre Reformation times this

window , like those on the north and cast z i , was gla ed with ﬁne pa nted g lass, ' of wh iai a few fragments still remain a in the tracery . The rem ining portions of the o ld work have been worked in

with the new by Mr C . E . Kempe, the

designer and executor . The m e mo rial glass presents scenes in the life o f irinu s Christ , while above appear S . B , Al h . e e Pope Honorius, S . Swithun , S p g ,

and other saints . The dedication cere o n 1 8 mony took place August 7 , 9 7 , two years after the burial Of Bishop

Thorold at Winchester . Of t h e t wo chapels which ﬂank the is Lady Chapel , that to the north the r an An Chape l o f th e Gu a di g els , once the chantry of Bishop Adam de rlto n m O , of who no memorial here

exists , though he is buried in the

chapel . This compartment is some w times called the Portland chapel , o ing to the fact that it contains on the south o f side the tomb Richard Weston , Of was Earl Portland , who treasurer

to Charles I . A recumbent bronze

statue by Le Sueur adorns the tomb , while in the wall above are four taber nac les o f , three which contain mutilated

busts , probably representing members

o f his family . A mural monument of

Bishop Peter Mews , who is also interred m here , is marked by a crozier and itre . ' th e no rth is ' On Side , too , there in the ET I r N T N S C PE D A L o LA G O HA L ‘ wall an aumbry with a shelf, having td Ph o to J cltr om Co . L , Ph oto ’ QUEEN MARY S CHAIR .

94 WINCHESTER CATH E DRAL

Norman church . The actual work is strikingly like that of e m the transepts, the p culiar thin square abacus, co bined with a o r a round capit l , being a noteworthy point in both these p

tions of the building . The third crypt, which is narrow like is the second, rectangular in shape, and its vaulting rests i o n . s columns It Early English in architecture , and is contemporary with De Lucy ’s work in the upper part of the 1 886 church . I n the crypts were to a great extent cleared o f out to their original level , a vast quantity rubbish being

removed . Many fragments of early work still remain , though

in too mutilated a form to indicate where they originally stood . s ne The tai d g las s at Winchester can , perhaps, best be m treated separately fro the windows which it occupies . Most of the information may be found summed up in a paper a 1 8 addressed to the Arch eological Association in September 45 , T w . o by Mr C . Winston circles of Early Decorated glass are i to be seen in the west w ndow , but they are merely composed f o coloured pieces arranged in geometrical patterns . The o f general arrangement the great window is , as has been

already said, kaleidoscopic, the fragments which compose it being too scattered to admit o f being put together again in

. i s their original form The effect, however, striking , par

ticu larly at some distance from the west end . There are remains of the original glass in the west windows o f the

aisles and in the ﬁrst window from the west in the south aisle , but the E dingdo n windows in the north aisle have lost their Of glass . The glass in the above windows consists the heads al Of canopies, though in the west window some of the origin Pe r en ﬁgures are still to be seen . This is the earliest p ’ dic u lar E din do n s glass in the cathedral , and may date from g

time . Next in date is the glass in the other windows of the

nave aisles and clerestory windows , a little later than that in o f the west window , and the same character as that at New

f . College , Ox ord, in the north , south , and west windows Of

this glass, apparently four ﬁgures and part of their canopies have been removed to the ﬁrst window from the east in the b eads choir clerestory . The of the three westerly windows , to o f - the north the choir clerestory , showing canopy work and

cherubim , come next in date, with eight canopied ﬁgures in the upper tier of the two easterly windows o n the south of this

clerestory . The latter seem to have come originally from some THE INTERI OR 9 5

other window, being too Short for their present situation . Their

date m ay be about the end o f the reign Of Henry VI . The east o f 1 2 window the choir may be a little earlier than 5 5 , and has ’ ' E s t deo r acza introduced in it Bishop Fox s arms and motto , g . h as to This window been much disturbed , the p central light being ’ ’ o f o f ﬁlled with glass Wykeham s period, while little Fox s glass T o attri seems to be in its original position . Fox also may be o f o f buted part the aisle windows north and south the choir,

and some canopies in the Side windows Of the choir clerestory .

Some late glass , much mutilated , may be seen in the east window

o f . the Lady Chapel Warner says Of the two large Windows , “ that the great east window is remarkable for the beauty Of its o f painted glass , which contains the portraits saints , and of some o f is bishops this see it is whole and entire, the west window ” magniﬁcent, but much inferior to this .

O N E O F T H E M RT U A R Y C H ES TS IN T C H I R S C REE N s e e p O HE O ( .

( o m a aw n e na Blo mﬁ e l Fr Dr i g by R gi ld d i n h is Hi s to ry o f R e nais sanc e " c i t ec e in n l a n ll . Be Ar h tur E g d , C H A P T E R I V

HISTORY OF THE SEE

H E f i in T o . B r u s West Saxon kingdom , which S became the

ﬁrst bishop, included the counties of Surrey, Berkshire , Sussex, Birin . u s Hampshire, Dorset, Devon , and Somerset When was was consecrated by the Bishop of Milan , he not assigned any was exact territorial jurisdiction , as only natural , seeing that he w - as . e a missionary to a little known land He met, how ver, 6 o f with a rapid success, and in 3 5 performed the baptism C ne ils o n h is m y g , king of the West Saxons, the day of arriage o f m to the daughter the Northu brian king . The town of Dor chester o n the borders of Mercia was immediately assigned to ’ l Birinu s as a bishop s seat . But when Aeg e berh t had succeeded Cenwalh him , the next king, , made a division of the king o f dom into two distinct dioceses Dorchester and Winchester, 66 1 the new creation being assigned in to Wina ; who, how Ae el ever, succeeded to the whole of the original diocese , as g h a b er t . appears to have left Engl nd in disgust Eleutherius , ’ ffi at Wina s successor, continued to hold the still united o ces

Dorchester, and it was not until Hedda became bishop , about

6 f . A D . o 7 9 . , that Winchester was really made the seat a diocese to all Even Hedda continued rule from Winchester, and not before his death was a permanent division of sees carried out . a Winchester ret ined Surrey , Sussex, and the Southampton district ; while the other counties were assigned to Sherborne — m Dorchester, which belonged ore properly to Mercia, having o f been taken away, as there was no longer the same need an

inland centre to the see , with four bishops now in Mercia . Sussex was also taken from the Winchester diocese during ’ o f the episcopacy Daniel , Hedda s successor, and by way of o f compensation he was only able to add the Isle Wight,

hitherto unattached to any see . When the West Saxon king

dom became, in the ninth century , practically the kingdom 96

98 WINCH ESTER CATHE DRAL see of Winchester to the rank of an archbishopric du ring its o f u c s tenure by that foremost ﬁghting ch r hmen , Henry de Bloi ,

. a who certainly desired the elevation At any rate , Fuller s ys Of “ r s H enry that he outshined Theobald, A chbi hop of Canter ’

s no t e . bury . The Pope s con ent, however, was s cured Henry ff i Of hi s see paid considerable attention to the temporal a a rs , a W o lvese u i rebuilding the castles at Farnh m and y, and fo nd ng f the Hospital Of St Cross . He translated also the bodies o o f the old kings and bishops from the site the Saxon crypt, the i remains without inscript ons being placed in leaden sarcophagi , ’ mixed in hopeless confusion . After Henry s death there oc cu rred

another vacancy in the see, ended at last by the admittance of D T oclive in 1 1 7 4 A. . ’ With De Lucy s accession in 1 1 89 we reach another epo ch f l fo r l o bui ding activity, not only was this bishop busy himse f, h is was 1 2 0 2 as but also under guidance there instituted in , e t the Winchester annalist r cords , a confraterni y, to last for ’

a r . ﬁve ye rs, for repai ing the cathedral De Lucy s work at f i the eastern end o the build ng is described elsewhere . We

Should not omit to notice, when considering the position Of o n hi s in 1 1 Winchester, that Richard , return from captivity 94,

- was re crowned here on the octave of Easter Day . ’ R u ibu s t Bishop de p , De Lucy s successor, in roduced preach 1 2 2 ing friars into England, and set up at Winchester in 5 a n i Domi ican establ shment, while a few years later the Fran

c iscans were also established here . Both institutions have since vani shed The middle Of the thirte enth century was marked at Win i chester by continual struggles between k ng, monks , and Pope ,

as to the right o f electin g the bishop o f Winchester . Some record of these struggles will be found in the list of bishops c i o f o f the see . The contest about the ele t on De Raleigh lasted ’ five years , and the king only finally accepted the monks choice after the Pope and the king Of France had also lent their in i 1 2 6 - a fl u enc e on h s behalf. I n 4 7 the town rose up ag inst and r r t the prior convent, bu ning and mu dering under pretex i i o f of assisting the king, the bishop be ng a part san De t was Montfort. After the battle of Evesham the ca hedral ai i Ottoboni l d under an interd ct by the Papal legate, , and 6 this was no t removed until August 1 2 7 . ’ With Wykeham s importance in the story of Winchester HI STORY OF T H E S E E 99

H is we have dealt elsewhere . successor, Beaufort , greatly “ o f A enlarged the foundation St Cross, adding to it his lms ” i a house of Noble Poverty . It s a rem rkable fact that these Wa nﬂ ete o f two bishops and y , the founder Magdalen College, see fo r 1 2 0 Oxford, between them occupied the no less than o f as years . The history this period, as far the cathedral is concerned , is mainly architectural and therefore uneventful m in comparison with that of the earlier ti es . The intervals is whose history less stirring, however, fortunately leave far better marks o n the actual buildings than do the more eventful epochs ; and the fact that Cardinal Wolsey once was Bishop o f Winchester could no t be gathered from the cathedral itself. Indeed , he never visited the town at all — during the course o f his episcopate a circumstance wh ich is, perhaps , hardly to be regretted . I n 1 5 0 0 Pope Alexander issued a Bull separating the a Ch nnel Islands from their former see of Coutances , which was n now no longer E glish territory, and attaching them to the “ ” see o f . Salisbury This was afterwards altered to Winchester, m says Canon Benham , but fro some cause which does was 1 68 not appear , the transfer never made until 5 , after the ” Reformed Liturgy has been established in the islands . The cathedral itself received archi tectural additions during thi s period from Bishops Courtenay and Langton , their priors, and ’

. VI I I S Bishop Fox When in Henry . reign the former town Of Southwark had either been conveyed to the city o r had become the king ’s property (the latter being such parts as “ ” ha d previously been the holding Of Canterbury), the Clink , ' ’ o r o f was no t the Bishop Winchester s Liberty, interfered with . The result Of this was that the Clink became the home Of

- — the early play houses the Globe, Hope, Rose, and Swan since within the city bounds actors were not allowed to carry ’ “ o n rdish s their profession . I n Mr T . Fairman O Early London Theatres ” the extent to which the ﬁrst theatres

ﬂourished in the Winchester Liberty may be clearly seen . The early Reformation period at Winchester led to a great i mpoverishment o f the see so much so that the second William

1 - Of Wickham ( 5 94 5 ) ventured, in a sermon preached before sa see to f the queen , to y that, Should the continue su fer such rapine as it had already undergone in her reign , there would soon be no means to keep the roof o n the cathedral building . 1 00 WI NCH ESTER CATHE DRAL

We do not know that this remonstrance produced much ff n e ect, for the cathedral and its revenues underwent ma y losses after this . The ravages of the Parliamentarians , how ever, which were the most serious , have been alluded to elsewhere . “ V 1 68 was It appears from the Old alor printed 5 , which “ quoted by Browne Willis in h is Survey o f the Cathedrals of 1 2 to 7 4 , that some dioceses about Calais used once belong to

Winchester . We learn also from Browne Willis that in his time “ the see o f Winchester contained the whole County of South i ampton , with the Isle of Wight, and one parish in Wiltsh re, Wiltesbu r : h as 1 1 viz . y It also all Surrey, except churches in Croyden Deanry which are peculiars Of the See o f 1 Canterbury . Here are two Archdeacons , viz . . Winchester,

- 1 1 d . i 6 1. . 2 valued at 5s for First Fruits, wh ch has all the f l Deanries in the County O Southampton and the I s e o f Wight . D nri 2 . ea es Surrey, which has all the in the County of Surrey, the corps o f which is the Rectory o f Farnham and it is rated ” - 6 1 1. 5 . d for First Fruits at 9 3 . The subsequent history of the see is mainly bound up with political and theological questions which need no t be touched

o n . here It may, however, be mentioned that the Ecclesiastical Commission Of 1 836- 7 re- adjusted th e boundaries of the diocese ; while in 1 846 there were transferred to Lo ndon the i follow ng districts Battersea, Bermondsey , Camberwell , La Clapham , Graveney, mbeth , Merton , Rotherhithe, South

re- wark , Streatham , Tooting, and Wandsworth . This arrange

ment still left Winchester the largest rural diocese in England .

1 0 2 WINCH ESTER CATHE D RA L

successors during the . next century were Aeth elh ear d,

ci r c. r E cbald ( Du dda Cyneb erh t (a e. 7 99) ' E alh mu n a r c ci r o r c. Almu nd d ( . W ig th eg en ( 8 H ereferth (P 2 9 E dm u nd (8 3 3) and H elms tan. s Of none of these do we know much , and their date cannot be i assigned w th any certainty . S S u n 8 2 and With . with ( 5 who was ﬁrst prior afterwards bishop, we come upon one of the names especially connected with the history of the church . It is , however, to be feared that it is not so much because of his fame in church building and his acts of humanity that he will be remembered as for the popular superstition which asserts that the weather for forty days after his feas td ay on July 1 5 is dry o r rainy accord its a ing to state on th t day . The legend is said to be based on the fact that the removal of his body from a vile and u n worthy place where his grave might be trampled upon by every passenger and received the droppings from the eaves ” to the golden shrin e in the cath edral was delayed by a long con tinu anc o f e wet weather . Similar legends to explain a wet “ summer are found elsewhere in Europe The saint was ” “

R u dbo rne 1 1 0 th r Of . translated, says , in the yea his rest so And for his glory, great was the concourse of people and so numerous and frequent the miracles that the like was never ” witnessed in England . A ﬁgure representing S . Swithun seems once to have stood in a niche at the apex o f the gable of the

west front . He was succeeded by Alh ferth o r E alh frith (863 e o r Du nbert translat d to Canterbury ; T u nbrih t , whose name was Latinised as T u nbertu s (8 7 1 Denewu lf (8 7 9 whom a singularly incredible legend asserts to have been the swineherd in whose cottage Alfred allowed his ’ hostess s cakes to burn ; Frith s tan (90 9 Byrns tan (93 1 - 934) Aelfh eah o r E lph eg e (934 Aelfs ig e 1 (95 who was nominated to Canterbury, but died in the snow while crossing the Alps o n his way to Rome for — his pall the only fact whi ch is really known about him ; and Brith elm (95 8 “ o f Next came the holy Ath elwold, a great builder o f r was b churches and va ious other works , both when he ab ot ” and after when he became bishop Of Winchester (Wo lstan) . He seems to have moved the bodies of Swithun and other TH E BISHOPS OF WINCH ESTER 1 0 3 saints to a more suitable resting- place than they had hitherto f ’ enjoyed . O Ath elwold s building operations at Winchester ’ Wo l tan s ee o f s s account is quoted on page 6. He held the Winchester for twenty - o ne years (963 and he was by birth f “ a native Of the to wn . It was said o him that he was terrible ” “ ” as a lion to the rebellious , but gentler than a dove to the meek . o r Aelfh eah 8 E lph eg e (9 4 his successor, to whom ’ Wolstan s o f Ath elwold account is addressed, was martyred in 1 0 1 2 o f by the Danes while Archbishop Canterbury, where his ’ Aelfh eah s tomb subsequently received great honours . great ” was o f o rth men o r work spent in the conversion the N , Danish invaders o f England . Cenw u lf or Kenu lf ( 1 00 5 - 1 0 0 6) is allowed three years by R u dborne o r , but apparently wrongly ; another Ath elw old E th elwold ( 1 0 0 6 and Aelfs ig e ( 1 0 1 5 - 1 0 3 2 ) are no t o f great importance . Aelfwine o r Alwyn ( 1 0 3 2 called by Anglo - Saxon “ ’ chroniclers the king s priest, seems to have been a monk ’ o f r S . Swithun s monaste y and also chaplain to Cnut before he was elevated to Winchester . The legend which makes him the o f i o f Aeth elred lover Emma, w dow and Cnut, and mother of

Edward the Confessor, has been declared unhistorical ; but , at o f sh e any rate, the story her ordeal, when walked blindfold and

- - ed h o t . barefoot over nine r plough shares, was once celebrated I t is a curious coincidence that the bones o f queen and Aelf bishop were deposited by Bishop Fox in the same chest, ’ wine s remains being exhumed from h is grave to the south Of the high altar to be placed in a leaden sarcophagus above the — crypt door . S an 1 0 - 1 06 tig d ( 47 9) was chieﬂy remarkable , it appears, for

his avarice, especially shown in his retention of Winchester after 1 0 8 his election to anterbury . He received the pall in 5 from “ C’ -P X . was the anti ope Benedict , so that he never regarded as o f the rightful possessor the dignities he enjoyed, the Normans

refusing to recogni se him except as bishop o f Winchester . H is wealth attracted the attention of William the Conqueror, 1 0 0 and by a Council held at Winchester after Easter 7 , Stigand w as . m deposed So e reports state that he was cast into prison , where he died o f voluntary starvation ; and that on his body was found a key Of a casket containing the clue to great hidden 1 04 WI NCHESTER CATH E DRAL

treasures, which the king appropriated, giving from them , says R u dbo rne , a great silver cross with two images ; but the cross ti ’ w is generally called S gand s . He as buried in a lea den sarcophagus to the south of the high altar . W alk elin ( 1 0 7 0- 1 0 98) was related by blood to the Con u eror o f q , and was brother of Simeon , prior Winchester and w o f afterwards abbot Of Ely . He as the ﬁrst the Norman bishops, and signalised his incumbency by rebuilding the ecclesi cathedral from its very foundations , as the Norman i ast cs frequently did . He ﬁgures more largely in the architectu ral history o f the cathedral than in its historical records, and his work has been described elsewhere . Walke

- lin was buried in the nave before the rood loft, where stood the great silver cross . William Giffar d ( 1 1 0 0- 1 1 2 9) succeeded after an inter reg nu m su ch as occurred in many sees during the reign Of ’

. r William Rufus He founded S . Mary Ove y, now S . Saviour s , ’

as . Southwark , as well the bishop s residence in the same district

Before his death he became a monk . H enry de Blois ( 1 1 2 9- 1 1 7 1 ) was grandson o f the Con u ero r o f o f q and younger brother Stephen , afterwards King

England . Although an ecclesiastic from his youth , he was by no means a man o f peace or a mere scholar and theologian ; ’ Vi r a mmos u s et a u dax iral u b e d s . , says G During his prelacy inﬂuenced greatly the secular history Of his time . In the quarrel between Matilda and Stephen , Henry at ﬁrst recognised

Matilda, but subsequently, as the foremost power in the church and a strong partisan of his brother, he lent his weight against o f the Empress, and, with the aid of Roger Salisbury and other 1 1 62 bishops, gained the crown for Stephen . On Whitsunday a as Henry de Blois consecrated Thomas Becket archbishop, and it is said that when King Henry visited him just before his death he was reproved by the bishop fo r his murder o f Becket . Henry de Blois was certainly a militant churchman but in an age not conspicuous for such virtues , we are told, his private o f life was pure, and he laboured steadfastly for the good his h im “ diocese . The Winchester annalist says of , Never was o r man more chaste and prudent, more compassionate , more o r earnest in transacting ecclesiastical matters , in beautifying ” w x churches . His great foundation as the still e isting hospital o f St Cross .

1 0 6 WI NCHESTER CATH EDRAL

n d n to enjoy his honours long, dyi g uri g a stay at Tours 1 2 m 49 . E th elmar o r Aymer de Valence ( 1 2 5 0- 1 who succeeded

- f o f . o f him , was hal brother Henry I I I , being son the Count of ’ a m w a La M rche, who arried John s wido . As a n tive of Poitou , i as as o f his appo ntment was unpopular that de Roches , and , to moreover, he is said have been only an acolyte when Henry forced the monks to accept him as their bishop . At ﬁrst he bish o elect was was only styled p of Winchester, and he not r 1 2 6 consec ated until Ascension Day 0 . Even before his appointment we are told that his revenues exceeded those o f o f was m the Archbishop Canterbury , and he per itted to retain f them . His tyranny and greed provoked the Ox ord Parliament 1 2 8 in 5 to expel him from the kingdom and he ﬂed to France , dying three years later in Paris while on his return from Rome to England fo r he had induced the Pope to espouse his cause and consecrate him . John o f E xeter o r John Gervase ( 1 2 65 - 1 2 68) was appointed by the Pope on the death of Aymer, in preference to two rivals whose elec tion was disputed . He is accused of having purchased his elevation . He assisted the barons in the ’ was Civil War, and after Simon de Montfort s failure suspended

d . and cited to appear at Rome, where he die Nicholas o f E ly ( 1 2 68- 1 2 80) had been lord chancellor his and high treasurer before he obtained Winchester . On death he was buried at Waverley Abbey, but an inscription on the wall o f the south choir aisle marks where his heart was interred in his cathedral . n d P n s ara S awb rid e 1 2 8 2 Joh e o tis , Pontoise, or g (

o f I . nominated by the Pope against the will Edward , at length made his peace by paying a ﬁne of 2 000 marks and f o f S wainsto ne o . giving his manor , Isle Wight, to the king

f . He built a college o f S . Eliz abeth o Hungary at Winchester f He had been Chancellor of Ox ord University, though at the time of h is election he was Professor o f Civil Law at Modena . f H enry Woodlock ( 1 3 0 5 former prior o S . ’ a t Swithun s mon stery, who performed the corona ion of Edward 1 1 6 1 20 I I . ; John Sandal e ( 3 Reg inald As s er ( 3 1 3 2 3) John Str atford ( 1 3 2 3- 1 33 whose election was i a t opposed by the k ng, but who in the next reign was transl ed — to Canterbu ry are not part icularly noticeable . T H E B IS HOPS OF WINCHESTE R 1 9 7

Adam Orleton o r de Orlto n ( 1 33 3- 1 345 ) was translated ’ r k hither f om Worcester by the Pope against the ing s wishes . He has the most unenviable notoriety of havi ng been the bishop o f wh o o n Hereford instigated the brutal murder of Edward I I . 2 1 1 2 o f September , 3 7 . He had been accused high treason o f and deprived Hereford , but was restored thereto by the barons . Edward I I I . apparently at length received him into favour ; but Orleton went blind some years before his death . H e i o f s buried in the Chapel the Guardian Angels . William E ding don ( 1 346 though chieﬂy notable fo r was his architectural work at Winchester, treasurer of 1 0 England in 3 5 and chancellor seven years later . He might, o f had he wished it, have become Archbishop Canterbury, but preferred Winchester . He began the great remodelling o f the nave , and, dying before much of the work was done, left certain r as h is o n prope ty, appears from will , for carrying the work ; though it is also said that a claim was made against his executors with regard to the dilapidations Of the see . His “ a general reput tion was, as a biographer says , that he loved ’ ” o f the king s advantage more than that the community . He founded a convent o f Bonhommes at his native village o f E din do n o r g , in Wiltshire, where the church building, rather

. wn rebuilding , is due chieﬂy to him He was buried in his o H i “ ” . s as chantry in the cathedral monkish epitaph , Warner : calls it, runs thus

E ding do n natu s Willmu s h ie est tu mu ltatu s Praes u l praegratu s in Wintonia cath edratu s Qu i Petransitu s eju s m emo rare v e litu s Pro vidu s e t mitus aurit cu m mille pe ntis Pe nig il ang lo ru m fuit adjuto r po pu lo r u m ‘ Dul c is eg eno ru m pato r et pro tec to r c o rum MC tribus ju nctu m po s t Lea ﬁ t I Punc tum ea ﬁ n m Oc tava S anctum po s t L t I Pu ctu .

William o f -Wyk eham ( 1 367 whose name has so become identiﬁed with Winchester Cathedral and College, o f o f was probably a native the village Wykeham , near Litch

. 1 2 field Born in 3 4, after education at Winchester and Oxford 1 6 he was in 34 presented to the king, Edward I I I . , at the age “ o f - h is twenty three, with no other advantages than skill in ” “ f ” architecture and the courtly attribute o a courtly person . f -o ne I n the course o the next twenty years he rose rapidly, filling 1 0 8 WINCH ESTER CATH EDRAL various offices until he became Bishop of Winchester and Lord

High Chancellor of England . His ﬁrst recorded appointment is ’ to o f the clerkship all the king s works near Windsor, and in the o f same year he was surveyor the new buildings there, including the round tower and the eastern ward o f the Castle and a fo r College to the west the Order of the Garter, occupying the o f site the ancient Domus Regis, close to the present S . ’ George s Chapel . On o ne o f the towers the inscripti on l is made s kelzam may o r may not h e meant to convey a double meaning , but it is certainly true that his architectural successes

. 1 furthered his fortunes In 3 5 7 he received the tonsure, and in ’ 1 60 3 was made Dean of S . Martin s Le Grand, Archdeacon of

Of . Lincoln , Northampton , and Buckingham , and Provost Wells I n 1 3 61 b e commenced Queenborough Castle on the island of

Sheppey ; this important ediﬁce, covering over three acres of 1 6 0 ground, was demolished about 5 . The castles of Winchester, Wo lvese Porchester, y, Ledes , and Dover, with many others , i , are believed to have been " either ent rely rebuilt or at least enlarged, by him . He was only ordained priest ﬁve years before h i 1 s elevation to Winchester . In 3 94 he undertook the great reformation of the cathedral which is dealt with i n another

. W nch estre part of this book New College (Sainte Mary of y ) , o n 1 1 86 ff Oxford, opened by Wykeham April 4, 3 , e ected almost as great a revolution in university education as h is m o f AS fa ous college at Winchester did for the training boys . “ ” h as Dr I ngram pointed out, the very title Of New College which has clung to it shows h o w completely a new collegiate i as system was established by its foundat on , which served a — H is - k model for future endowments . well nown motto chosen when his growing dignity made it necessary for him to possess arm orial bearings Manners Makyth Man has generally been taken to mean that virtue alone is true nobility ; Lord m “ Ca pbell , however, would have us rather interpret manners as the studied etiquette of courts and the polished courtesy

which Lord Chesterﬁeld held so important a factor in success . “ ” Willis styles it a somewhat radical sentiment at the time . I n his o wn day the secular arts Wykeham practised did not

meet with universal approval , for Wiclif alludes to him when he “ ’ Observes, They wullen not present a clerk able of God s word o r o r and holy ensample , but a kitchen clerk , a penny clerk , ” o ne wise in building castles and other worldly doings . But

1 1 0 WINCH ESTER CATH EDRAL the bestowal of this dignity o n him was resented by the Engli sh S ffi monarch , who commanded him to urrender his o ce at

Winchester, which he declared was forfeited by his becoming “ a cardinal . The dispute, however, was arranged, and the h ” haughty cardinal , more like a soldier t an a man of the church , 1 2 i formally received his hat at Calais in 4 6. I n the follow ng o f year he led a crusade against the followers Huss in Bohemia, m where, during the retreat of the great army fro Mies, he alone a at the head Of a b nd of English crusaders endeavoured , but in

o f . vain , to arrest the utter rout . The death Henry V brought i about a fierce r valry between the two great uncles , Humphrey Of Duke Gloucester and the cardinal bishop of Winchester, six lasting until the death of the former, which only occurred o f weeks before that Beaufort himse lf. During the half century Of his rule at Winchester b e rebuilt St Cross and “ o f founded the Almshouse Noble Poverty . Shakespeare h as f made Beaufort a pr ominent figure in Parts I . and I I . o fo r i Henry but, dramat c reasons , perhaps, he is painted was very much blacker than he deserved . That he a militant r ecclesiastic, scheming and unscrupulous , is no doubt t ue but was e r o he a statesman and possess d firmness of pu p se , fertility o f resource, and confidence in those whom he selected to carry o u t fo r his designs . His wealth was very great, he was able to lend his nephew the ki ng besides spending an enormous amount in charities , including devoted f to the inmates o London prisons . William o f W aynfl eete ( 1 44 7 a student in ’ was Wykeham s colleges at Winchester and Oxford , first o f in master of Winchester College, then made provost Eton 1 1 Of 443 , and in 447 succeeded Beaufort in the bishopric hi . 1 1 s Winchester From 449 to 4 59, like predecessor, he held ’ a o f the ch ncellor s seal , and during the Wars the Roses was a

1 86. ﬁrm adherent of Henry VI . His death took place in 4

He founded Magdalen College, Oxford , and possibly inﬂuenced w ’ Henry in his endo ment of King s College, Cambridge, and Wa nﬂ o f r Eton . y eete appears to have been a man g eat piety hi s advanc and learning, and , as Milman observes , actions, in no n- s - ing monastic institution , reveal a sagacious fore knowledge of the coming changes in the temporal po wer of the church , and were planned to maintain its supremacy in ways be tter adapted to the new spirit which soon after his death caused the THE B ISHOPS OF WINCHESTER 1 1 1

a o f . f o f downf ll the religious houses The e ﬁgy this bishop , in h is a - ch ntry in the retro Choir, has been restored , Peter Co u rtenay ( 1 486- 1 49 2 ) was translated from Exeter see to Winchester, but at neither has he left any mark o n

the history , the architectural work of his period being due chieﬂy to h is

priors . T h o m a s L a n g t o n ( 1 493

translated hither from Salisbury, where he was active against the adherents o f 1 0 0 to Wiclif, was chosen in 5 occupy see o f o f the Canterbury, but he died a h is the pl gue before translation , and was buried in his chantry to the south o f the Lady Chapel . He seems to have be en enthusiastic in the cause o f educa

tion , since he is said to have himself superintended the teaching of boys in

his town . Rich ar d Fo x ( 1 5 0 0- 1 5 2 8) was bishop o f successively Exeter, Bath and Wells, and Durham before he was appointed

to Winchester . Great conﬁdence was reposed in him by Henry VI I . , who chose him as godfather of the future V Henry I I I . To Fox is attributed the

introduction of Wolsey to the king . Yet thi s appears to have failed to win him ’ al the cardin s gratitude, for, according to “ Fuller : All thought Bishop Fo x to o ne die too soon , only excepted who i h i m 11ve conce ved to too long, Thomas CA RW N G O N c u o m S TALL h i ” — s . I Wolsey , who gaped for bishopric m LA DY CH A PE L B S HO P ’ FOX S W R K o f O . With Hugh Oldham , bishop Exeter, ‘ ' b - o f o ri ( ’ ” Fox was joint founder C rpus Ch sti nj; Eiirﬁii ﬁ

College, Oxford, the pelican in her piety,

o n . which appears the college arms, being borne by the bishop H is ﬁne chantr y and the recOnstru ctio n o f the choir aisles o f bear witness to his interest in the fabric his cathedral, and he is otherwise noted fo r the assistance he gave to various

foundations . 1 1 2 WINCH ESTER CATH EDRA L

Thomas Wols ey ( 1 5 2 9- 1 5 3 0) at length gained the coveted i n commenda m see, which he held with the archbishopric of

o ne . York , but only for year Ste ph en Gardiner ( 1 5 3 1 another o f the more a famous prelates who have held this see, is s id to have been the illegitimate son of Bishop Lionel Woodville of Salisbury,

- - in . o f brother law of Edward IV Fuller, in one his favourite i conceits , says that Gardiner reta ned in his wit and quick apprehension the sharpness of the air at his bir thplace o f 1 2 a o f Bury St Edmunds . I n 5 9 he bec me archdeacon l Norwich , and , owing to his services to Cardina Wolsey and

V . o . Henry I I I , was app inted to Winchester On the whole, he managed to keep on good terms with the king but his famous six articles in support of the Real Presence sent so many to “ the stake that the title o f the bloody statute has clung

o f . to them . During the reign Edward VI he was kept 1 0 was o f h is prisoner in the Tower, and in 5 5 deprived o f bishopric, which was restored to him on the accession

be . Mary, whom crowned at Westminster He performed also o f r i o f the marriage service Ma y and Phil p Spain , mentioned “ n 1 . o page 3 His malice, says Fuller, was like What is commonly said o f white powder whi ch surely discharged the t bullet yet made no report , being secret in all his acts Of cruel y . ‘ ’ This made him often chide Bonner, calling him ass, though not so much for killing poor people as fo r not doing it more ” cunningly . Cruel and vengeful as he was, it is yet possible that he has been rather unjustly accused Of personal delight ’ i s u ﬁ erin s in his v ctims g but, while the persecutions under Mary continue to be the worst ch apter of English church “ as was history , the hammer of heretics , he called, will always

- continue to be execrated . On his death bed at Westminster in “ 1 : 5 5 5 he is reported to have said I have sinned with Peter, ” but I have not wept with hi m. It has indeed been held that a in his latter days he was half a Protestant at he rt , though this is difﬁ cult to establish . There is preserved a rather amusing

o f v a 1 . appeal Gardiner to the Pri y Council, d ting from 547 He had intended to hold in Southwark a solemn dirge and V mass in memory of Henry I I I . , and writes to complain that the players who ﬂourished in the neighbourhood say that they will also have “ a solemne playe to trye who shal have most ” ’

o r . r resorte, they in game, I in earnest During Gardine s

1 1 4 WINCH ESTER CATHEDRAL

. can a d a of James I hardly be s i to h ve made them famous . ’ Mo nta u s g tomb is in Bath Abbey . Lancelot And rew es ( 1 61 9 - 1 62 6) is the most celebrated o f - the post Reformation bishops who have held the see . He was 1 60 o f made Bishop of Chichester in 5 , Bishop Ely in 1 60 9, and moved to Winchester nine years later . As a pious “ ” and austere man , a powerful preacher (an angel in the pulpit, he was called) , a scholar versed in patristic literature , and a ’

. fﬁ to polemical writer , he is well known Milton s elegy su ces prove the great respect and admiration which he inspired in hi s f contemporaries, and he held a considerable in luence over hi f James I . but s Manual o Devoti on is the only volume o f all his writings that can fairly be said to have become a r classic in any sense of the word . And ewes died at Winchester o n 1 1 1 62 6 House, Southwark , September , and his tomb is at ’ S . Saviour s , Southwark , in the Lady Chapel , whither it was moved o n the destruction o f the chapel to the east of the building , where it was originally placed . R r 1 62 so n o f a - l icha d N e ile ( 7 a t llow chand er, e o f 1 60 8 though of good desc nt, became Bishop Rochester , Lich ﬁ eld 1 61 0 1 61 1 62 and Coventry , Durham 7 , Winchester 7 , f 6 1 e and Archbishop o York 1 3 . He was censured by the Hous o f Commons , together with Archbishop Laud , as inclined to Arminianism and favouring Popish doctrines and cere ” monies . 1 6 2 Walter C u rle ( 3 who came next, was deprived

o f ri . his see du ng the Civil War Like Neile, he was a follower o f Laud . He is best remembered in the Winchester of to day ” for his cutting of the passage known as the slype .

B 1 660 . rian Du ppa ( chaplain , to Charles I and 1 6 8 tutor to his sons, was appointed to Chichester in 3 , having 1 6 1 w previously been dean at Oxford . I n 4 he as translated

to Salisbury, but during the Commonwealth he retired to Rich

mond, where he lived in solitude until the Restoration , when i he obtained the see of Winchester . An allusion to him dur ng i his ﬁrst year here may be found in Pepys , who , in his d ary for i 1 660 . October 4 , , says I and Lieut Lambert to Westm nster, where we saw Dr Frewen translated to the Archbish o prick

o f . York Here I saw the Bishops of Winchester, Bangor, a Rochester, Bath and Wells , and Salisbury , all in their h bits , ’ i V r n I I . s . " King Henry chapel But, Lord at thei going out TH E B ISHOPS OF WI NCH ESTER 1 1 5 how people did most o f them look upon them as strange f ” o o r . creatures , and few with any kind love respect Duppa “ was o f , however, we are informed , a man such exemplary piety, o f lively conversation , and excess good nature, that when

Charles I . was in prison at Carisbrooke Castle he thought him f ” self happy in the company o so good a man . He died in 1 662 at Richmond (where an almshouse, founded by him , ’ bears over its gate the inscription : I will p ay my vow wlzzclz I made to God i n my tr ou ble) and was buried at Westminster ’ Abbey in Abbot Islip s chapel , where a tablet records his

adherence to his two kings . Ge org e M orley ( 1 662 a constant supporter o f o n Charles I . through all his vicissitudes, attended him the

scaffold . From this point he lived in exile until the Restor o f 1 660 ation , when he was created Bishop Worcester in , and o f f 1 662 was chosen to be one the revisers o the liturgy . I n he arnh am succeeded Duppa at Winchester . He restored F Castle, o f 8000 the palace the bishops, at a cost of £ obtained Win “ chester House, Chelsea, for the see and founded the College f for Widows o the Clergy near the close at Winchester . He 1 6 died at Farnham Castle in 84 . Bishop Morley was an ac a o f quaint nce Isaak Walton the angler, whose guest he was

after Parliament had expelled him from his see . The cathedral library owes its being to a bequest from Morley to “ the dean ” and chapter and their successors . Pete r M ews ( 1 684 bishop o f Bath and Wells in 1 6 2 7 , took part personally in the Civil War, attaining the rank f o . 1 6 8 captain , and followed Charles I I to Flanders in 4 . i Even long after his ordination he retained his martial spir t, fo r as bishop of -Winchester he personally took part in the battle o f S edgmo or against the followers of Monmouth and 1 06 received a wound . He died in 7 , and was buried in the

cathedral . na an r aw n 1 0 n f Jo th T el ey, Baronet ( 7 7 was o e o the famous seven bishops who underwent trial in the reign

of James I I . He was before his occupancy of the see o f o f o f Winchester, bishop Bristol and Exeter . During his

episcopacy, the cathedral received some questionable adorn “ ” ments, including the Grecian urns in the niches o f the now reredos , fortunately removed . Char les Trimnell ( 1 7 2 1 - 1 7 2 3) was a very energetic Whig 1 1 6 WINCHESTER CATH EDRAL

and a strong opponent of the once famous Sacheverell . He two only spent years at Winchester, his term being cut short by death . Rich ar d Willis ( 1 7 2 3 - 1 7 34) was bishop successively o f

Gloucester, Salisbury , and Winchester, but he has left little by which he may be remembered . B enjamin H oadley ( 1 7 34- 1 7 6 1 ) was a zealous partisan ” o f Lo w religious liberty, and a strenuous Churchman . He o f occupied in turn the bishoprics Bangor, Hereford, Salis f ﬁ rs t . o bury, and Winchester During his tenure the named see he started the famous Bang o rian Controversy by the publication of a tract and a sermon in which he ’ ’ denied the existence of a mszéle Church of Christ in which any one more than another has authority either to make ’ new laws for Christ s subjects , or to impose a sense upon o r to o r the old ones, judge, censure , punish the servants o f another master in matters relating purely to conscience ” f or salvation . As a result o the heated discussion of the r matter in Convocation , that body was vi tually suspended for a century and a half. Pope ridicules Hoadley for his o f i o f verbose eloquence, speaking Hoadley with his per ods a ”

o f I . mile . He was, however, a great favourite George , whose ’ private chaplain he became o n that king s accession and it was under royal protection that he published the works which gave rise to the great controversy

- John Thomas ( 1 7 61 1 7 8 1 ) was tutor to George I I I . “ He was called by his successor a man o f most amiable ” character and a po lite scholar and it is difﬁcult to say much more about him . 1 8 1 - 1 8 2 6 - H o n . Brow nlow N orth ( 7 ) was half brother of

o . 1 1 L rd North , to whom he owed a rapid preferment In 7 7 , rt o f was when he was thi y years age , he made bishop of

Lich ﬁ eld 1 . Coventry and ; in 7 7 4 , bishop of Worcester At 600 0 o n s Winchester he spent over £ Farnham Ca tle, and during h is time was devoted to the restoration of

the cathedral , but the result cannot be commended . r Pr T o mline 1 8 20 Ge o g e etyman , Baronet ( had a distinguished university ca reer and was the author of several

theological works . Char les S u mner ( 1 8 2 7 - 1 869) came to Winchester after a was o f year at Llandaff. He a vigorous supporter the Evan

C H A P T E R V I

OTHER I NSTITUTIONS CONNECTED WITH T H E CATHEDRAL

I T is hardly possible to conclude an account o f Winchester Cathedr al without brieﬂy alluding to several places in the immediate neighbourhood which are more o r less intimately connected with the church and its benefactors . Only four — Wo lvese buildings , however, call for any detailed description y

Castle, the College, Hyde Abbey, and St Cross . ’ l is f n W o ves ey, which said to mean Wol s Isla d, is quite f i n close to the east end o the cathedral . I t conta ned at o e i time a regular residence of the bishops of W nchester, the w Th greater part of which as erected by Henry de Blois . e i remains of this castle are very ru nous , though the outer walls oo and the exterior o f the keep are in g d condi tion still . Woodward pointed o u t traces o f a refectory with a Norman i i arch and w ndow . The build ng more than once underwent t attacks , the earliest being during the struggle be ween Stephen and Matilda, in which Henry de Blois took a vigorous part . 1 6 6 had Finally, in 4 , Cromwell practically destroyed it, after it held out against him in the Royalist cause . It served as the

- residence of many well known characters in history , and among its bishops Cardinal Beaufort died there . Mary slept at

Wolvese 1 i . y Castle in 5 54, before her marriage at W nchester Bishop Morley commenced building a modern house close by

o ld . the site, and subsequent bishops completed it Only the i middle port on of this , with the Tudor chapel , now remains, the southern end having been pulled down by Bishop Brownlow

North . The ruins of the castle can be seen from the top of the cathedral tower . ’ On Wykeham s charter fo r the incorporation of his new S einte W nch estre foundation , Marie College of y , is the date 2 0 1 8 2 October , 3 but it seems that long before this date and i up to the actual complet on of the Colleg e buildings, the bishop superintended the education o f the boys for whom his

1 1 8 OTHER INSTITUTIONS 1 1 9

e institution was found d, housing them in temporary structures — ’ ’ in the meantime possibly in S . John s parish, on S . Giles ’ Hill , it has been suggested . Before Wykeham s time, and indeed before the Conquest, it appears that the monks of ’ S . Swithun s institution had a school at Winchester, at which no less celebrated a pupil than Alfred the Great was brought ’ up . We have already touched on the subject of Wykeham s o n ideas education , and the change which he brought about

“ L WINCHESTER COLLE GE : SCHOO .

' no t by his colleges at Winchester and Oxford, and it is necessary to go into the subject again . The College build o f ings lie beyond the southern limits the cathedral close, o f on the south side the narrow College Street, being entered by a gateway with an ancient statue o f the Virgin in the niche over it . This door leads into the quadrangle, about which are ranged various parts of the college . A further arch under the tower in this court leads to a larger quadrangle, in which o r 6 0 are the Chapel and the refectory Hall , a room 3 feet by 3 , 1 20 WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL with a groined oak roof and a dais at one end for the

Warden and Fellows ; while at the other is the audit room , which has some ﬁ fteenth - century tapestry and an iron- bound chest once belonging to William o f Wykeham . Beneath the Hall is “ Seventh ” Chamber, an early Be schoolroom . yond ar e Cloisters and more build

ings, and then the meadows which run

down to the Itchen . The niches over the second gateway contain ﬁgures of

t h e V i rg i n , t h e

Angel Gabriel , and William of Wyke ham ; while the room below them is known as the

election chamber, where the annual election o f scholars

took place . I n the inner quad rangle the carvings over the windows

should be noticed . “ Over the hall and kitchen entrance are the psaltery and bagpipe over

k i t c h e n w i n d o w, a h e g d W INCHESTER COLLEG E : T H E OUTER G ATEW A Y E x c e s s ’ . . vomi ti ng ; opposi te

- - a Bursar as Frugality, with his iron bound money chest ; ’ over the Masters windows are the Pedagogue, the Listless ” Scholar, etc . I n the Chapel , which is 93 feet long by 0 l 3 wide and 5 7 high , the Perpendicu ar windows should i a w . be noticed , and in p rticular, the large east ndow The

1 2 2 WI NCHESTER CATHEDRAL

. . are etc , are kept . Among the MSS . , etc , kept here certain Anglo - Saxon documents and charters of Privileges from Richard ’

. o f I I to Charles I I . ; a table Wykeham s domestic expenses ; a thirteenth century Vulgate in manuscript a Briefe desc rip Fo u n i tion of the Newe de Lande of Virg nia, by Sir Walter i Raleigh ; and a pedigree Of Henry VI . , trac ng his descent

from Adam . The chief relic Of Wykeham is a gold ring with a lar ge

sapphire in it . The Cloisters are 1 3 2 feet

in length on each side, and the stone rooﬁng is supported by rafters

o f Irish oak . The ground enclosed by the Cloisters was once used for the bu rial o f

the Fellows . Among the names cut in the walls may be seen the “ name of Thos . Ken , I n the square formed by the Cloisters

is the Chantry Chapel , in 1 2 0 built 4 , converted into the library after

Edward VI . had for bidden its use as a

chapel , and now used once more as a chapel

for the junior scholars . A VV k h anl INSC I PTI ON O N W E S T E R N W A LL O F SC OO portrait Of e R Z H L, y W INCHESTER COLLEG E . (the Oldest o n record) is shown in the east i Of W , i 1 0 ndow the glass wh ch dates from 4 7 , and comes from ’ T h u rbern s l Warden chantry in the larger chape . Behind the “ ” hall is School , a detached building erected in 1 68 7 by

- the Warden , Nicholas . It is now used for glee club concerts

- and like events . The western wall has on it the Often quoted ’ ' ' A u " D irac A u t D zscede M a n t or T r t a z inscription e S s e z d . OTHER I NSTITUTIONS 1 2 3 Modern additions to the college buildings include a library o f - in memory Bishop Moberly, formerly head master ; a in gymnasium , ﬁves courts and a racquet court, and a new

‘ ﬁ rrnar o f o f y. One the most curious properties the College “ is the Old painting (probably sixteenth century) Of the Trusty

THE TRUSTY SERVANT .

' s se an s o a w o l ou se e A tru ty rv t p rtr it u d y , Thi s e mble matic ﬁ gure we ll s u rve y ' — T h e po rk e r s s no ut no t nice in die t s h ow s — ’ T h e padl o ck s h u t no s ecre ts h e ll disc l o s e — ’ Pati e nt th e ass h is mas te r s wra th to be ar — ’ w ne s s in e r an d th e s ag s e e d ec l a e S ift r — t f t r Loa d e d h is l e a nd a t to l a o sa h ; — ft h p b ur— it T h e ve s t his nea tness ; o pe n h and h i s faith G w h h is s wo h is s e l u o n h is ar m irt it rd , hi d p ’ e a n e e l e a m Hims lf d mas t r h l pro t c t fro m h r .

Servant, the words being ascribed to Johnson , the head in 1 60 - 1 1 master 5 5 7 . The remains o f H yde Abbey lie considerably to the north o f Old the cathedral , outside the North Gate Of the City, where it was erected during the bishopric Of William Giffard by Henry I . 1 2 4 WINCH ESTER CATHEDRAL

1 1 1 A D wh o The buildings were occupied in 0 . . by the monks ’ “ were forced to leave Alfred s New Minster, pulled down because of its too close neighbourhood to the ca thedral . t Though the foundations of the abbey s ill exist, little is left Of the upper part except an arched gateway with hood—mouldi ngs

- and two royal corbel heads . This gateway is in some walls that

u t- apparently were once part of the o buildings of the abbey . Of was 1 1 1 0 The body Alfred the Great brought hither in , and o f no w must still be here, though all traces the tomb have vanished

ST CROSS FROM T H E SOUT H .

o ne utterly . The institution , which was a very wealthy , was not o n always good terms with the cathedral authorities, Of whom o f it was, course, independent . A record is kept Of a dispute between Cardinal Beaufort and the Abbot Of Hyde . In the was im dissoluti on Of the monasteries under Henry VI I I . it possible that the riches Of Hyde Abbey could escape, and in

1 5 38 pillage and violation overtook i t. The Royal Com m issioners wrote that they intended “ to sweep away all the reli ces not rotten bones that be called , which we may omit, lest

1 2 6 WINCHESTER CATH EDRAL

however, with the bishops Of the neighbouring cathedral that, 1 2 0 0 a about , the Pope appointed a commission which tr ns o f ferred to the bishops the right choosing the master. The new no t arrangement did work well, for a little more than a century and a half afterwards the master was found to be robbing his charge to such an extent that the scandal was intolerable . o f i William Wykeham turning his attent on to the matter, a Papal Bull was procured ordering the use o f the revenues

‘ h n ﬁ t f t e b e e O . for the poor The next bishop, Cardinal Beau

P /t o /to toc r o m Co . L td , Ph o t J

: CHURCH OF ST CROSS VIEW OF EAST END FROM NAVE .

“ fort, added to the buildings by the foundation Of the Almshouse

o f t - v of Noble Poverty, for the maintenance two priests , thir y ﬁ e brethren , and three sisters . The master of the hospital was to be at its head, otherwise the institutions were to be distinct ; but by the middle of the sixteenth century the hospital had practic Of ally absorbed the almshouse . At the end the next century, 1 6 6 a in 9 , the master and brethren Of the hospit l made a public o f repudiation their duties, and commenced either to destroy the buildings or to convert them to other than their original uses ;

1 2 8 WINCHESTER CATH EDRAL

’ and shortly after the southern side Of Beaufort s quadrangle was o f pulled down . The abuses were rectiﬁed in the middle the no w r present century, and a body of trustees, under the cont ol o f the Charity Commissioners, has the management of the two institutions . All the endowments of the hospital are still

1ntact .

Af o ne Of ter has passed through the remains an outer court, the entrance to the buildings is by a gatehouse known by the ” Of name Of the Beaufort Tower . Over the groined vault the ’ doorway is the founder s chamber, surmounted by an octagonal turret . Three niches exist above the exterior or northern o ne window, of which has a kneeling ﬁgure of Beaufort , while a the represent tion Of the Holy Cross, formerly in the centre, and n the ﬁgure of Henry de Blois have vani shed . The niche o the inner side used to be occupied by a statue Of the Virgin , i which , after surv ving the Civil War, fell about a hundred years ’ - ago . At the Porter s Lodge in the gateway the time honoured “ dole Of beer and bread is given to visitors . The square ’ quadrangle o n which the gate Opens h as the bre th ren s rooms o n as o ne the west (the right hand enters), the ambulatory or

- cloister on the east, the church Of St Cross at the south east o f corner, and to the right the church a view Of meadows where the buildings were pulled down in 1 7 8 9 . I n the centre Of the a gr ss is a sundial . Next the Beaufort Tower at the south side i ’ s . the refectory , and beyond that the master s house The

- refectory has three two light Perpendicular windows, a high ’ pitched wooden roof, and a minstrels gallery at the west end .

- It is now only used as a dining hall on great occasions . The ’ “ master s house is thought to be the Old Hundred M ennes ” w no . Hall , but is furnished with modern windows The - w cloister on the east side is of sixteenth century ork , paved “ ” - with large red tiles the roof is red tiled, says a recent “ - Of Observer, the long blank wall faced with rough cast a warm lo w yellowish tinge , and supported on a range Of broad and u timber arcading, which is , in its t rn , supported by a dwarf ” a o f wall some three feet in height . The main fe ture the “ cloister is a red- brick oriel window reared upon two brick m arches , supported idway by an octangular pillar of the same

material , and ﬂanked by splayed buttresses with stone quoins ,

- the window Opening occupies a comparatively small space , and is ﬁlled with stone mullions and tracery of a Tudor character

1 3 0 WI NCHESTER CATHEDRAL

the whole design proclaimed by a stone tablet, let into the t ” o . brickwork , be the work of Bishop Compton Above the

' inﬁ rmar cloister is the y, which opens into the church so as to allow the sick to hear the service . The church , though con s idered by many the ﬁnest existing example Of Late and

Transitional Norman , also exhibits architecture of all periods down to Late Decorated . Commenced by Bishop de Blois in 1 1 1 was Of r 7 , it not completed until the end the thi teenth

. 1 2 century From east to west it measures 5 feet, its ordinary 1 1 breadth is 5 4 feet , while at the transepts it is 5 . Wood ward thinks from the appearance Of the exterior that th e body of the church was widened at some peri od after its ﬁrst erection . The windows are various in style . I n the nave th e they are Transition Norman and Early English , and in clerestory Decorated ; in the choir aisles Late Norman The western doorway is Early‘ English with dogtooth orna its a ment, while the large window above with geometric l “ ” r i i tracery is fully developed Decorated . The most st k ng o f the - feature the exterior, however, is at south east exterior angle of the south transept, a ﬁne triple arch with chevron and billet moulding, which was probably once a doorway into a

- cloister no longer existing . Within the three bay nave one is in the midst o f Early English and Transition Norman work . o f as The bases and caps the Norman pillars are very rich , and , h as o u t been pointed , furnish a great contrast to such Norman work as is seen o n the transept pillars at Winchester itself. The south walls are very plain , and were probably connected with , ’ i i De Blois build ngs or ginally . I n the choir above the pier arches is a triforium o f intersecting arches (to which Milner attributed the origin of the Pointed style) , and there is a second

- passage beneath the clerestory windows . The ﬂoor brass of

John de Camden ( 1 38 2 ) lies in the choir . When the church was restored by Bu tterfi eld the choir was painted in imita ti on I a efl ect . t Of the Old colouring , cannot be said th t the is at Z to all pleasing . The new floor tiles bear the letters . O . commemorate the anonymous donor o f the money for thi s “ i l e restoration . The Old encaust c ti es bear the motto Hav n My de . I n the Chancel the Renaissance carving dates from about Henry VI I , while the Henry VI I I . stalls have been removed to the Iriorn ing chapel in the south aisle . The transepts are a good example o f the transition to Early English OTHER INSTITUTIONS 1 3 1

style . I n the northern arm can be seen the window opening

of inﬁ rmar . out the y, already mentioned above ‘ Of other points o f interest in o r near Winchester it would o u t o f be place to speak here at any length, but among the various Objects that are worth seeing In the town itself mention may be made

of the City Cross, erected by the Fraternity Of the Holy Cross during the

reign Of Henry VI . The chi ef ﬁgures represent Of William Wykeham ,

"Flo r e n c e d e A n n e, of Mayor Winchester,

A . lfred the Great, and S

La u r e n c e, the latter being the only old 1 8 0 "ﬁgure Britton , in 7 , “ gsaid The present 3 building is called the ’ e Butter Cross , b cause ii ,t e retail dealers in "t h a t a r t i c l e u s u a l l y f ” assemble round it . H e ’complained of the i njury “ done to it by bo ys

and childish men . S . Laurence was the only

ﬁgure in his day, and it was then “ generally said o f to be an efﬁgy S . John ” the Evangelist . I n the I n County Hall , which CIU S h de e e B YA D t r mains Of TOM STONE IN THE CH URCH R . the anci ent castle o f ’ “ A ’ ‘ William the Conqueror s days, is King rthur s Round ” Table . This is mentioned as being here by the chronicler John Harding ( 1 3 7 8 so that its antiquity is u n

‘ . doubted Its present painted design, however, can not o f be earlier than the beginning the sixteenth century, but ’ V I S since Henry I I . time the same design has been adhered 1 32 WI NCHESTER CATHEDRAL

r to . The illustratio n which appea s here comes from an Old f o . print the County Hall Milner, in his History and Survey ” o f th Winchester in e last century, remarked that the Round “ Table was evidently an eating table for the knights who used o f i to meet here to perform feats chivalry , which k nd Of

meetings, from this circumstance, was anciently called T h e R b so ou nd Ta le . These, however, were not much as known 600 in England, until the reign Of King Stephen, years after f r the reign o Arthur. There is g eat reason to believe that the

G H . THE WEST ATE , WINC ESTER

said Stephen was the real author Of the present table . The ﬁgures and characters now painted on it were certainly ﬁrst ” executed in the reign o f Henry VI I I . The last illustration represents the Oldest of the city gates at

s o f o f . Winchester, part it being ascribed to the reign Stephen b The town now, of course, extends considerably eyond its

original bounds .

R E FE R EN C ES T O G RO UN D PLAN O F

\VI N C H E S T E R CAT H EDRA L.

A a n e s Do o . . M i W t r

e es o o s . 8 8 . Sid W t D r

a e . CC . N v P LAN O F

o s l e . p i) . S uth Ai

B o s l e . E . N rth Ai

o . F. Ch ir W I N C H E S P e s e . G . r byt ry

S a c ra rtu m . H .

o ans e . J. N rth Tr pt CAT H E DR o h anse . 1c . S ut Tr pt

o o s e . L. S uth Ch ir Ai l

o s e . M . N rth Cho ir Ai l - e d s e s . NNN . R tro c h o ir an Ai l

e re o . o . F t ry a a e l L . P. dy Ch p

as e n mos n w . Q . E t r t Wi d o ’ 50 Lan n a e l n e ls gto s Ch p . [A g a n s . Cha pe l o f h e G a d g u r i T . Slype . S 1t e o f U . Old Cha pt e r s e H o u . '

V . S i lk s t ede s

Ch a pe l . e n w . H ry de ' Blo i s . T Treasury . é a e R x. Ch pt r t oo m O R . “ S 7 . T o mb o f Willi am " s Rufu . e n z . V e ra bl e a e l Ch p .

' l- a m s a o k e h n Wy h C try. o an l N o rm Fo nt . ’ E din do n s a n m g Ch try . T CLOI S T s o l SI E B o e . u- i h p M r y n Bl oc k e oo w a d D r y . u G n a nce to E tr Ch o i r . o man oo wa l N N r D r y (b oc k e d) . O ' C o s e s oo Ch ri t r R m. e e s s e m 9 . R c d To b .

1 . n a nce t 1 E tr o Crypt .

Le c e n . 1 2 . t r P in o h . 1 3 . ulpit C ir '

B s o s o ne . 1 4 . i h p Thr - n s a e o m . 1 s . Co fﬁ h p d T b

e s e c ee ns . 1 6. Pr byt ry S r f o a Kn . 1 7 . E ﬂi g y ight

a and e e o s . 1 8 . Alt r R r d ’

o x s a n . 1 9 . F Ch try '

a ne s a n . 20 . G rdi r Ch try

P o ll a m de Ba s n e . 2 1 . ri r Wi i y g

o S ilk s te e . 2 2 . Pri r d

s o u mne . o n . 2 3 . Bi h p S r M t

Pa o f an nk no w n e ﬁ . 2 4. rt u f gy

h o o e . . e l l 2 5 T H y H

Bea o s a n . 26. uf rt Ch try ’

W a n ﬂ e te s an . 2 7 . y Ch try

s o Pe e de R u ibu s . 2 8 . Bi h p t r p 2 9 Tho ma s M aso n. 30 Bi s h o p Godfre y de Lucy . 3 1 Bis h o p Lan to n. 3 2 E ar l o f Po rt a nd .

a cas e e . 3 3 . St ir Turr t ab . a cas e s . A T h e h e . . C i f Crypt St ir oo w a s . cc . y T h e d e s . BB. Ai D r W e ll . C T h e m u l a o . A . A b t ry a a n n e Vault und e r Gu rdi eco n D . S d Crypt u d r A nge l s . Pre s byt e ry . Third Crypt o f La dy a Ch pe l .

THE CRYPTS . ’ “ [Fro m Britto n s Win c he s te r

EDI TED BY

AN D . . G L E E S O N W H I T E E F S T R A N G E .

I n s eci all des ned ( lot/z cot/er cr ow n 8720 I s . 6d. ed oli . p y ig , ,

ow R ead N y .

A N R Y TLEY TH E . 2nd R . on e se . C TE BU By HAR WI RS Editi , r vi d

36 Illustratio ns .

AL S UR Y. LEE ON H TE . 2 nd o n e se . S I B By G S W I Editi , r vi d

50 Illustratio ns .

R H LE TT . 2 s a o ns . CHES TE . By C AR S HIA 4 Illu tr ti

B. A . s a on . R O S R . . . LM E 8 s CH E TE By G H PA R, 3 Illu tr ti

Y DE R ME R . A s X R D R ev . E C A . a ons . O FO . By P R , M 34 Illu tr ti

A D H W B. A . s a ons X R . E CY D LE S A . E ETE By P R , 35 Illu tr ti

W . . G . 1 a n R . R v . D EET N o PETE R BO OUGH By e S W I 5 Illustr ti s .

N E G E NT . 0 s a n W R . . S o s . I CHES TE . By P W R A 5 Illu tr ti 8 a N R . . . UE N N E LL. s ons . O WICH . By C H B Q 3 Illu tr ti

L LD A . . L FTO N . 2 s a o ns . ICHFIE . By B C I 4 Illu tr ti

. UG H I H . s a o ns . HER EFOR D . By A H F S ER 34 Illu tr ti

B R ev . T B K N D ICK B. A LL. L L . B . . . U I NCO N y A E R , SOUTHWE y AR H R ’ ‘ . . BYG A I E . I M OCK . DURHAM By J E . D

P DE A R M E E LY. B D. K O . v C . T INS N B e . Y R LL . R WE S y ER , T A

W R . T G . B . A O CE . N M . A . TER y E F S R E ’ B B O K . . P I I P O BSON . Y K. B T TO N C B . U ST DAVID S . y H L R OR y A CL R , A

E L L . B L. G L . CHICH STER . CAR IS E RISTO OUCESTER ’ P LB . P L . ST A ANS ST AU S RI ON . w ]: l s Un if or m i t t ze abov e S er ie .

B A S H I I’ ‘ A T . BEVERLEY MINSTER . y CH RLE

Opinions of th e Pr ess .

Fo r th e o se at hi c e aim e are a m a o ne and purp w h th y th y d ir bly d , the re are fe w vis itan ts to any o f o u r no bl e shrines wh o will no t enj o y their s th e e e fo r e n f n s e o ne o f ese e f o o s vi it b tt r b i g ur i h d with th d light ul b k , c can b e s e n o th e o c e and ca e ease and i s et whi h lipp d i t p k t rri d with , y o me s c as a o n an e i a dis tinc t and legible . A v lu u h th t C t rbury s ex c tly d o n o u r ne w o t a a w e an an s e e o e u s . is wh t w t , xt vi it h p h v it with It o o e f and th e e s o f th e fa c and its no e ca h e a th r ughly h lp ul , vi w ir ity bl t dr l m m are ea if . o o es o eo e se e mo e an a em o a b ut ul B th v lu , r v r , will rv r th t p r ry — d ar s o as e as e f . N otes and er z o se an e u es . purp , tru tw rthy w ll d light ul Q “ W e a e so f e en in e se co mns e th e an o f c ea h v r qu tly th lu urg d w t h p , e s a e and e en h an o o s to o u r ca e a s to a e w ll illu tr t d , w ll writt db k th dr l , t k th e ace Of iie ou t Of a e ca o ns o f o ca o o se e s a w e are pl t d t publi ti l l b k ll r , th t gl ad to h ea r tha t th e have been tak en in h and by M essrs Geo rge Be ll ’ y’ - t ames r Ga z ette. and S o ns . S j Vis ito rs to th e cathe dral cities Of England mus t often have felt th e nee d o f so me wo rk dealing with th e histo ry and antiquitie s o f th e c ity s e f and th e a c ec e and asso c a o ns Of th e ca e a m o e o a e it l , r hit tur i ti th dr l , r p rt bl an th e e a o a e m ono a s c a e een e o e to so me of em th l b r t gr ph whi h h v b d v t d th , mo e s c o a and sa sf n an th e a e a e o ca e o o and m o e r h l rly ti yi g th v r g l l guid b k , r co pio us th an th e se ctio n devo te d to them I n th e gene ral guide bo o k o f th e ‘ ’ ma n h co unty o r dis tric t . S uch a le giti te eed t e Cathedra l S e ries no w e n ss e ess s e o e e S o ns n e th f b i g i u d by M r G rg B ll , u d r e edito rs hip o Mr

eeso n e and . . S an e s eems e ca c a e to s . Gl Whit Mr E F tr g , w ll l ul t d upply T h e o mes are an in s z e mo e a e in v lu h dy i , d r t price , e s a e , and , w ll illu tr t d en in a sc o a s t T h e s o Of ca e r a and C is ih writt h l rly piri , hi t ry th d l ity t elli ently s et fo rth and ac co m panie d by a desc riptive survey Of th e '

n i n all its e ta . Th e s t a o ns are co o s and el se ec ed buil g d il illu r ti pi u w l l t , and th e se ri es bids fair to beco me an indis pe nsa ble co mpan io n to th e ” ca e a o s in n a Ti mes . th dr l t uri t E gl nd . e are n ce o ce in oo e o n oo a e and co n a n Th y i ly pr du d g d typ , g d p p r , t i me o n s us a o ns are e e n and e c ea . We o u r u ill tr ti , w ll writt , v ry h p sh uld imagine architect s and s tude n ts Of archit ec ture will be s ure to buy th e ” se es as e a a fo r co n a n in e m a a nf m e e c e o a o n. ri th y pp r , th y t i bri f u h v lu bl i r ti ' ' Br i tt s /z ; /z z l A e ect . H alf th e charm of this little boo k o n Cante rbury s prings fro m th e ’ writ e r s reco gnitio n Of th e his to ri cal assoc iati o n Of so maj es tic a building h e f nd f t o nes es n es a a s O th e n i s eo e . n with rtu , d ti i , h bit E gl h p pl O e a m a d ir bl e feature o f th e boo k is its artis tic illus tra tio ns . Th ey are ” o a i a sa s f — n n a b th l v sh nd ti ac t o ry eve whe reg rde d with c ritica l eyes . S eak r p e . e as e c o f S a is is asse in s f c es e s e in Ev ry p t l bury p d wi t , pi tur qu urv y this c a m n e o me and th e s a o ns in is se also h r i g littl v lu , illu tr ti th ca he ighte n perceptibly th e ro mantic appe al o f an u nco nventional but sch o larly guide — l’ S oo er . bo o k . p is a a m n fo e a The re lik ely to be l rge de a d r thes attr c tive handboo k s .

’ ’ e s a e a S e es so a m a e e is mo e an a des c ri B ll C th dr l ri , d ir bly dit d , r th p n be a ti o n o f th e vario us E glish cath e drals . It will valuable his to ri cal

eco and a o Of m c s e ce a so to th e a c ec . T h e s a o ns r rd , w rk u h rvi l r hit t illu tr ti a re e s e ec e and in man case s no t m e e a a c ec a a i n s w ll l t d , y r b ld r hit tur l dr w g e o c o ns Of ex u is ite s o ne fanc es o c e in e ea men but r pr du ti t i , t u h d th ir tr t t by — tar fancy and guided by art . S . Eac h o f them c o ntains exactly th at amo u nt o f i nfo rmatio n which th e

n e en is o wh o is no t a s e c a s s to a e . T h e dis i t llig t v it r , p i li t , will wi h h v s o n o f th a o s a s is c o s o o o ne and th e s e i po iti e v ri u p rt judi i u ly pr p rti d , tyl s h s a ons a f e m n fea ve ry rea dable . T e illu tr ti supply urth r i po rta t ture ; they A s e s c anno fa o a re bo th nume rou s and go o d . rie whi h c t il t be we lco med ” n by all wh o are i nte res te d in th e eccles iasti cal buildi gs Of E ngla nd . l ow H er a d G a l . ho s e wh o e e fo r oses o f o fess o na s o r fo r a c e T , ith r purp pr i l tudy ultur d ’ ec ea o n ﬁ nd e e en to do th e n s c a h e a s e co me r r ti , it xp di t E gli h t dr l will w l ’ ‘ ’ o f th e begi nning o f B ell s Cathe dra l S eries . This se t bo o k s is an a m to cons l m o e c o se and i n ea e e a an th e s a tte pt u t , r l ly , gr t r d t il th u u l - u e o o s do th e needs o f s o s to th e ca e a o ns . T h e s e es g id b k , vi it r th dr l t w ri I n o o - c anno t but prove marke dly successfu l . each b k a bus iness lik e desc riptio n is given o f th e fa bric o f th e church to whi ch th e vo lume

nd an I n e es n s o o f th e e a e o cese . T h e o o ar relat es , a t r ti g hi t ry r l tiv di b ks e ma e a a t e e n f l s a ed and are s c e as as ns c e . pl ti ully i lu tr t , thu d ttr iv w ll i tru tiv m to all c asses o f ea e s n e es e The y ca nno t but pr o ve we lc o e l r d r i —t r t d e ith e r s r n c as t ca a c e e . S cots ma n in E nglis h Church hi to ry o i e cles i i l r hit ctur . A et o f e o o s c ma be esc e as e r sef e s littl b k whi h y d rib d v y u ul , v ry e and e c ea and a e in th e e e ess th e s a pr tty, v ry h p lik l tt rpr , illu tr ” e ma ho ce n i n e are a o ns and th e a c e e s. ti , r rk bly i bi d g , th y id l guid ’ Lzv erpool Da i ly Post. “ They ha ve no thin in co mmo n with th e almos t i nva ria bly wre tche d oca u es sa e o agilit and th e o n com etito rs in th e a and l l g id v p rt y, ir ly qu lity uanu t o f h ei co n en s are e ex e ns e an mo s a e o s eac q y t r t t v ry p iv tly r r w rk , h - a - Th Of a s iz e that sug ges ts a pack ing case r th e r than a coa t pocke t . e ’ a he a S es ar e m o an co m a ons co ncern n h s o a ch C t dr l e ri i p rt t pil ti i g i t ry , r i ect r e and bio ra b and e o u a eno for s ch as a e an t u , g y, quit p p l r ugh u t k y ” — k t sinc ere interes t I n t eir s ubj ec ts . S e eli .