SNH Archive Report 057: Site Dossier for Bryological Interest – Lower Findhorn Woods SSSI

Scottish Natural Heritage Archive Report No. 057

Site dossier for bryological interest – Lower Findhorn Woods SSSI

ARCHIVE REPORT

Archive Report No. 057 Site dossier for bryological interest – Lower Findhorn Woods SSSI

For further information on this report please contact:

David Genney Scottish Natural Heritage Great Glen House Leachkin Road INVERNESS IV3 8NW Telephone: 01463 725253 E-mail: [email protected]

This report should be quoted as:

Rothero, G.P. 2002. Site dossier for bryological interest – Lower Findhorn Woods SSSI. Scottish Natural Heritage Archive Report No. 057.

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This report was commissioned by SNH as part of the Site Condition Monitoring (SCM) programme to assess the condition of special features (habitats, species populations or earth science interests) on protected areas in Scotland (Sites of Special Scientific Interest, Special Areas of Conservation, Special Protection Areas and Ramsar). Site Condition Monitoring is SNH’s rolling programme to monitor the condition of special features on protected areas, their management and wider environmental factors which contribute to their condition.

The views expressed in the report are those of the contractor concerned and have been used by SNH staff to inform the condition assessment for the individual special features. Where the report recommends a particular condition for an individual feature, this is taken into account in the assessment process, but may not be the final condition assessment of the feature. Wider factors, which would not necessarily be known to the contractor at the time of the monitoring, are taken into consideration by SNH staff in making final condition assessments.

Access permission was obtained from all those owning and managing the site.

SCM Dossier for bryological interest: Lower Findhorn Woods

Site name: Lower Findhorn Woods SSSI

SNH area: East Highland

Date of survey: 9th & 10th November, 2002.

Surveyor: Gordon Rothero

Limits of the survey: The site is a ravine some 12km long with only one bridge within the SSSI. Much of the site is very steep and inaccessible without intimate knowledge of safe routes down to the river; the height of the river was also a limiting factor. The SSSI citation picks out the crags as being the important area for bryophytes so craggy ground was targeted but, in the time allocated, only a small proportion of this ground could be visited. The sites chosen were selected on the basis of existing records and ease of access and comprised the area around Daltulich Bridge, Randolph’s Leap, the Dunearn Burn area and the Sluie area (see maps).

Site description: The site is a deep, wooded ravine with large areas of exposed rock including long sections of steep crags and associated ledges. There is also significant exposure of rocks in the spate zone of the river. In the upper part of the site, from Sluie upstream, the bedrock would all appear to be old, hard rocks of the Moine series, mostly granulites, some of which appear to be base-rich, particularly downstream of Randolph’s Leap. From Sluie downstream, the bedrock is Old Red Sandstone which often forms vertical cliffs or crumbling sloping crags and which is strongly calcareous in places. Where it is accessible, all of the woodland has been managed and there are a number of exotic species and some plantation woodland. Even within the semi-natural woodland on the steeper slopes, exotic species, particularly beech, have become established. The River Findhorn is a large, spate river and, being confined in the ravine, experiences a large rise and fall in river levels; this in turn gives a large area over which scouring and deposition of sand and silt are a significant feature affecting plant communities.

Bryophyte communities: The proscribed nature of the site means that bryophyte communities are limited to those of the woodland, the riparian zone and of the rocks and crags above average spate levels.

Woodland. Where there are no rock outcrops the woodland flora usually consists of combinations of large pleurocarpous species like Hylocomium splendens, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Pleurozium schreberi and Thuidium tamariscinum and where the rocks are more base-rich, Eurhynchium striatum and Eurhynchium praelongum. Very locally in the more humid areas in the enclosed ravine section there are banks of Dicranum majus and occasionally lawns of Sphagnum quinquefarium. On wetter ground where there is some flushing Calliergonella cuspidata is often frequent with Plagiomnium undulatum, Pellia endiviifolia and, of local interest Trichocolea tomentella. Where the woodland is rocky the flora grades into that described for the crags below. In the limited area surveyed the woodland in the ravine of the Dunearn Burn is worthy of mention as it has stands of such oceanic species as Scapania gracilis, Bazzania trilobata and Plagiochila spinulosa.

1 The epiphytic bryophyte flora is abundant but not particularly diverse. Dominant species on the larger trees tend to be Isothecium myosuroides, Hypnum cupressiforme and Hypnum andoi with cushions of Dicranum scoparium and Dicranum fuscescens. Where the bark is more base-rich Isothecium alopecuroides and Homalothecium sericeum can be frequent and species of Frullania, Ulota and Zygodon are well-represented and the frequency of Ulota drummondii and the occurrence of Zygodon conoideus are worthy of note. On the scattered ashes, aspens and elms there are small populations of Orthotrichum lyellii, Orthotrichum affine and Orthotrichum stramineum. In general, the woodland is typical of this eastern part of Scotland but shows important affinities with the more oceanic woodlands further west.

Riparian bryophytes: With the huge variation in water level when the river is in spate, this zone is particularly wide in the Findhorn ravine. In the areas surveyed the most common species were fairly constant; Brachythecium plumosum and Racomitrium aciculare are normally the most abundant species on the rocks with lesser amounts of Hygrohypnum eugyrium, Hygrohypnum ochraceum, Marsupella emarginata, Scapania undulata and Schistidium rivulare. A notable feature here is the frequency of the oceanic species Isothecium holtii on vertical faces of rocks just above mean water level. Large amounts of sand accumulate on the slabby rocks at the side of the river and these have large stands of Dichodontium pellucidum, Scapania subalpina and less frequently Rhizomnium punctatum. On the more base- rich rocks at Sluie and out of the main current are stands of Rhynchostegium riparioides and Thamnobryum alopecurum and rarely Hygrohypnum luridum. Although they generally occur at the upper limit of this zone, Grimmia curvata and Grimmia hartmannii are locally frequent here and the montane species Pterigynandrum filiforme has a number of stands down the river.

Rocks and crags: The more acid crags have a rather dull flora with carpets of Isothecium myosuroides, Racomitrium heterostichum, Hypnum cupressiforme and Diplophyllum albicans and cushions of Dicranum scoparium. In crevices stands of Cynodontium bruntonii are usually frequent and small cushions of Andreaea rupestris, Hedwigia stellata and Aulacomnium androgynum are widespread. The more base-rich rocks, particularly those that are more open, have a more varied flora though the species just listed are still common. Cushions of Amphidium mougeottii, Anoectangium aestivum, Schistidium spp are frequent along with stands of more interesting species like Distichium capillaceum, Leiocolea bantriensis, Leiocolea alpestris, Leiocolea heterocolpos, Jungermannia subelliptica and Scapania lingulata. Again the humidity associated with the ravine means that there are small populations of strict oceanic species like Plagiochila spinulosa and Plagiochila killarniensis, remarkable records for such an easterly site.

Lower down the ravine, the softer calcareous sandstones are so easily eroded that bryophytes are sparse on the more exposed surfaces but above Sluie there are some harder calcareous rocks with calcicoles like Tortella tortuosa, Encalypta streptocarpa, Scapania aspera, Eurhynchium crassinervium, Apometzgeria pubescens and Anomodon viticulosus as well as some of the species listed above. The ledges on the softsandstone crags often have dense mats of Leiocolea turbinata, usually with Eucladium verticillatum.

Bryophyte features of interest: The description of the site in the SSSI notification says “Various open rock outcrops and river banks support an interesting flora with montane species and the bryophyte flora is exceptional”. The only data on which this judgement can have been made are the records from either the Biological Records Centre or from Roland Richter’s Bryophyte Flora of Moray, published in 1984, the latter being the more likely source. In the site scientific file there is a list of bryophytes extracted from Richter’s Flora.

2 Much the most important records were made during a visit of the British Bryological Society in 1977 and by Jean Paton in 1983. It seems likely that there has been no further bryological activity on the SSSI until this survey in 2002.

Unfortunately, Richter’s list of bryophytes does not really justify the epithet “exceptional”, though with the addition of some species discovered on this survey, the bryophyte flora is certainly interesting. The current survey plus a small number of species recorded in 1977 by the BBS gives a site total of 166 taxa, which is a good total for a lowland, eastern site. There are only a limited number of nationally rare and scarce species but this interest is augmented by the occurrence of a number of Atlantic species on a very eastern site.

Red Data Book: Scapania praetervisa, Nationally rare: Scapania lingulata Nationally scarce: Pterigynandrum filiforme Jungermannia subelliptica Leiocolea heterocolpos Strictly Atlantic: Isothecium holtii Plagiochila killarniensis Sub –Atlantic: Heterocladium heteropterum Hookeria lucens Hygrohypnum eugyrium Ulota drummondii Zygodon conoideus Plagiochila spinulosa Scapania gracilis Western British: Grimmia hartmannii Sphagnum quinquefarium Ulota hutchinsii Bazzania trilobata Frullania fragilifolia Metzgeria conjugata Nowellia curvifolia Scapania compacta

Apart from Pterigynandrum filiforme, which occurs widely on open rocks by the river, all the nationally rare and scarce species occur on more or less base rich rocks in open sites above normal spate levels. So the first feature of interest for bryophytes are the base-rich crags composed of Moine rocks above, but close to, the river. The second feature of interest for bryophytes is the assemblage of Atlantic species.

Distribution of features of interest:

1) The base-rich crags: Given the limited time for the survey and the very difficult access to much of the rockier part of the site, this can only be a partial assessment. Moderately base-rich rocks occurred at all of the sites visited but the following observations can be made. It would seem that all of the Moine bedrock in the Sluie area is base-rich while outcrops of basic rock are more patchy by the outflow of the Dunearn Burn, at Randolph’s Leap and particularly by Daltulich Bridge. The impression gained from this sample of sites is that the rocks above the river increase in base-richness downstream to the junction with the Old Red Sandstone. Limited observation of the tops of the higher crags indicated that many of these are rather more acidic and have a much more limited flora. It is probable that outcrops of moderately to strongly calcareous rocks occur right down the site to the Sluie area where the sandstone outcrops and the rupestral flora changes.

3 2) Assemblage of Atlantic species Of the areas surveyed, by far the most significant assemblage of these species occurs by the Findhorn close to the outflow of the Dunearn Burn and in the ravine of that burn but the more widespread Atlantic species occurred at all of the areas visited and are probably present along the whole site but not on the sandstone.

Monitoring:

1) The base-rich crags: Monitoring sites 1, 2, 3, & 4. Useful indicators for the flora of these crags are cushions of Amphidium mougeottii, Anoectangium aestivum and Schistidium species and patches of Preissia quadrata though these are largely absent from monitoring site 2. The abundance of Distichium capillaceum and the occurrence of species like Leiocolea bantriensis, Leiocolea alpestris, Palustriella commutata var commutata, Fissidens dubius, Fissidens osmundoides and Gymnostomum aeruginosum all confirm this flora. The nationally rare Scapania lingulata (Monitoring sites 2 & 4) and the scarce Leiocolea heterocolpos (monitoring sites 1 & 3) and Jungermannia subelliptica (Monitoring site 3) all occur in this habitat. The RDB species Scapania praetervisa is recorded with Scapania lingulata from Randolph’s Leap but was not seen on this survey.

2) Assemblage of Atlantic species: Monitoring sites 4 & 5. Useful indicators for the well-being of the generality of the Atlantic species are Isothecium holtii which is remarkably abundant on steep rock faces regularly inundated by the river and Grimmia hartmannii which is common on both acid and basic rocks just above normal river levels, and, to a lesser extent, Hygrohypnum eugyrium on flat rock in the inundation zone. Other indicator species are rather more limited in their occurrence with the most important assemblage occurring by the Dunearn Burn, though it is possible that further survey would reveal more stands elsewhere. In the lower part of the Dunearn Burn, just above the Findhorn, there is a steep bryophyte covered face with an abundance of Bazzania trilobata and Plagiochila spinulosa (Monitoring site 5). On basic rocks near the outflow there is a small stand of Plagiochila killarniensis (Monitoring site 4) here with Scapania lingulata.

Site condition:

1) The base-rich crags: Favourable. It was disappointing not to re-find the RDB species Scapania praetervisa but it is probable that a targeted search in better light conditions would be successful. All other species of interest in this habitat were re-found and it is clear that this feature is widespread in the ravine.

2) Assemblage of Atlantic species: Favourable. The discovery on this survey of stands of Plagiochila spinulosa and Plagiochila killarniensis is a remarkable extension of range for both species, particularly Plagiochila killarniensis. The occurrence of these species and the frequency of others like Isothecium holtii, Hygrohypnum eugyrium, Grimmia hartmannii and Zygodon conoideus all contribute to the favourable condition of this feature.

Management: In terms of the well-being of the bryophyte features of interest, the only obvious management concern is the spread of exotic species within the ravine. Though it would be good to see the removal of most of the alien conifers that have seeded in and of the odd laurel and Rhododendron, the major problem is the beech. The dense shade cast by beech and its copious and persistent leaf litter create conditions with which many bryophytes cannot cope. Beech is very successful here and there are numerous small trees and seedlings suggesting that the tree is still spreading within the ravine. This spread will inevitably have a deleterious effect on bryophyte populations in the long term but the tree is so well-established that it is difficult to envisage an eradication policy.

4 Map of Lower Findhorn Woods SSSI showing the areas visited (green) and the monitoring sites 1 to 5.

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5 Monitoring site 1: Basic rocks with a stand of Leiocolea heterocolpos.

Grid reference: NH9999.4958

Location: The site is on the true R bank some 50m below Randolph’s Leap on a steep wall above a slabby rock ramp above the river and accessed by scrambling behind a large boulder.

Date: 9th November 2002

Surveyor: Gordon Rothero

Photo 1.1. Findhorn Monitoring site 1 looking downstream from the end of small path. Red arrow indicates site for Leiocolea heterocolpos. Isothecium holtii is frequent on the steep faces of the boulder indicated by the pink arrow. November 2002.

Notes: Other small stands of Leiocolea heterocolpos occur on the crags on the L of the photo, usually in cushions of Amphidium mougeottii. Other stands may occur further up the ramp but in the slippery conditions this was deemed too risky to explore.

Photo 1.2. Findhorn monitoring site 1. The red square shows the area covered by the more detailed shot in Photo 1.3. November 2002.

Photo 1.3. Findhorn monitoring site 1. Scattered stems of Leiocolea heterocolpos occur right through the cushion of Amphidium mougeottii outlined and are most frequent near the top as indicated. November 2002.

7 Monitoring site 2: Moderately basic rocks with a stand of Scapania lingulata.

Grid reference: NJ0005.4980

Location: In the angle of the junction between the Findhorn and the River Divie is a promontory of broken rocks on the true R bank of the Findhorn. The stands occur on the river side of this ridge of rocks (see Photo 2.1)

Date: 9th November 2002.

Surveyor: Gordon Rothero

Photo 2.1. Findhorn monitoring site 2, looking downstream. The monitoring site is indicated by the red arrow and the island in the river is a useful marker. November 2002.

Notes: There are further small stands of Scapania lingulata on this rib of rocks, particularly in the area indicated by the pink arrow in Photo 2.1 where it occurs with Leiocolea heterocolpos. In Photo 2.3, the distribution of the associated species is too complex to show graphically; associates are Andreaea rupestris, Frullania tamarisci, Lophozia sudetica, Grimmia curvata, Diplophyllum albicans, Mnium hornum, Polytrichum piliferum, Marsupella emarginata, Racomitrium heterostichum, Grimmia trichophylla, Parmelia saxatilis, Cladonia spp., Peltigera sp.

Photo 2.2. Findhorn monitoring site 2 viewed from directly below near the river; red rectangle indicates the area shown in Photo 2.3. November 2002.

Photo 2.3. Findhorn monitoring site 2. Red flags indicate 16 patches of Scapania lingulata. For associated species see note below Photo 2.1. November 2002.

9 Monitoring site 3: Base-rich rocks with stands of Leiocolea heterocolpos and Jungermannia subelliptica.

Grid reference: NH9995.5136

Location: Rocks on the true L bank of the Findhorn some 175m upstream of the junction with the Dunearn Burn. On ledge of reddish basic rocks above river accessed from downstream by ladder

Date: 10th November 2002.

Surveyor: Gordon Rothero

Photo 3.1. Findhorn monitoring site 3, looking downstream; the arrow indicates the white peg which marks the site. November 2002.

Notes: There are at least three other stands of Leiocolea heterocolpos on the low broken rocks on the true L bank in the section shown in Photo 3.1.

Photo 3.2. Findhorn monitoring site 3. The rectangle indicates the area covered in detail in Photo 3.3. November 2002.

Photo 3.3. Findhorn monitoring site 3. The blue flags mark concentrations of stems of Leiocolea heterocolpos but scattered stems occur elsewhere. The area outlined in red is the stand of Jungermannia subelliptica. Key: Aa Anoectangium aestivum; Am Amphidium mougeottii; Bp Bartramia pomiformis ; Ra Racomitrium aciculare, sa Schistidium apocarpum; Ss Scapania subalpina.

11 Monitoring site 4: Base-rich crags with Scapania lingulata and the Atlantic liverwort Plagiochila killarniensis.

Grid reference: NJ0004.5164

Location: On the true L bank of the Findhorn a few metres upstream of the outflow of the Dunearn Burn is a spur of base-rich rock; the site is at the bottom of the crag on the downstream side of the spur.

Date: 10th November 2002.

Surveyor: Gordon Rothero.

Photo 4.1. Findhorn monitoring site 4, viewed from rocks at the side of the Findhorn; the arrow indicates the white peg marking the site. November 2002.

Notes: The spur is an obvious feature from upstream and the Dunearn Burn is just behind the rocky rib on the right of the photo above. Plagiochila killarniensis is limited to one small stand as shown in Photo 4.3 and no other stands were seen. Three other small patches of Scapania lingulata were seen on the same crag.

Photo 4.2. Findhorn monitoring site 4, the rectangle indicates the area shown in detail in Photo 4.3. November 2002.

Photo 4.3. Findhorn monitoring site 4; the flags mark Scapania lingulata and the red circle, Plagiochila killarniensis. Key: Aa Anoectangium aestivum; Am Amphidium mougeottii; Bp Brachythecium plumosum; Ft Frullania tamarisci; Tt Tortella tortuosa. November 2002.

13 Monitoring site 5: A large stand of the Atlantic species Plagiochila spinulosa and Bazzania trilobata.

Grid reference: NJ0002.5165

Location: N facing rocky bank in the lower ravine section of the Dunearn Burn some 25m above the outflow into the Findhorn.

Date: 10th November 2002.

Surveyor: Gordon Rothero.

Photo 5.1. Findhorn monitoring site 5, viewed from the true L bank of the Dunearn Burn looking down towards the River Findhorn. November 2002.

Notes: Plagiochila spinulosa and Bazzania trilobata form large cushions in the area indicated and there are further cushions of both species on the same bank for some 50m upstream. Other Atlantic species occurring here include Scapania gracilis and Metzgeria conjugata.

14 Bryophyte species list for Lower Findhorn Woods SSSI

All species recorded in 2002 except where indicated. A number of other species are recorded from the Findhorn valley in Richter’s Bryophyte Flora of Moray (1984) but it is difficult to know if these are from the SSSI; this is particularly true of some interesting species reported as occurring on limestone crags and in an old quarry at Mundole. These species have been excluded.

Mosses Gymnostomum aeruginosum Amblystegium serpens Hedwigia stellata Amphidium mougeottii Heterocladium heteropterum Andreaea rupestris Heterocladium heteropterum var Anoectangium aestivum flaccidum Anomobryum julaceum Homalothecium sericeum Anomodon viticulosus Hookeria lucens Atrichum undulatum Hygrohypnum eugyrium Aulacomnium androgynum Hygrohypnum luridum Bartramia ithyphylla Hygrohypnum ochraceum Bartramia pomiformis Hylocomium splendens Blindia acuta Hymenostylium recurvirostrum Brachythecium plumosum Hypnum andoi Brachythecium rutabulum Hypnum cupressiforme Bryum capillare Hypnum jutlandicum Bryum pseudotriquetrum Isopterygiopsis pulchella Calliergonella cuspidata Isopterygium elegans Campylium stellatum var stellatum Isothecium alopecuroides Campylopus fragilis Isothecium holtii Cirriphyllum piliferum Isothecium myosuroides Climacium dendroides Mnium hornum Ctenidium molluscum Neckera complanata Cynodontium bruntonii Orthothecium intricatum Dichodontium pellucidum Orthotrichum affine Dicranella crispa (1977) Orthotrichum lyellii Dicranella heteromalla Orthotrichum stramineum Dicranoweissia cirrata Palustriella commutata var Dicranum fuscescens commutata Dicranum majus Philonotis fontana Dicranum scoparium Plagiomnium ellipticum Dicranum tauricum Plagiomnium rostratum Didymodon spadiceus Plagiomnium undulatum Distichium capillaceum Plagiothecium succulentum Encalypta streptocarpa Plagiothecium undulatum Eucladium verticillatum Pleurozium schreberi Eurhynchium crassinervium Pohlia drummondii Eurhynchium hians Pohlia nutans Eurhynchium praelongum Pohlia wahlenbergii Eurhynchium striatum Polytrichum formosum Fissidens adianthoides Polytrichum juniperinum Fissidens bryoides Polytrichum piliferum Fissidens dubius Pterigynandrum filiforme Fissidens osmundoides Racomitrium aciculare Fissidens taxifolius Racomitrium aquaticum Grimmia curvata Racomitrium heterostichum Grimmia hartmannii Rhizomnium punctatum Grimmia trichophylla Rhynchostegium riparioides

15 Rhytidiadelphus loreus Jungermannia atrovirens Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus Jungermannia gracillima Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus Jungermannia paroica Sanionia uncinata Jungermannia pumila Schistidium rivulare Jungermannia subelliptica Scleropodium purum Leiocolea alpestris Sphagnum capillifolium Leiocolea bantriensis Sphagnum quinquefarium Leiocolea heterocolpos Thamnobryum alopecurum Leiocolea turbinata Thuidium tamariscinum Lejeunea cavifolia Tortella tortuosa Lepidozia reptans Ulota bruchii Lophocolea bidentata Ulota crispa Lophozia sudetica Ulota drummondii Lophozia ventricosa Ulota hutchinsii Marsupella emarginata Weissia controversa Metzgeria conjugata Zygodon conoideus Metzgeria furcata Zygodon rupestris Nardia scalaris Zygodon viridissimus var Nowellia curvifolia viridissimus Pellia endiviifolia Plagiochila asplenioides Liverworts Plagiochila killarniensis Aneura pinguis Apometzgeria Plagiochila porelloides pubescens Barbilophozia attenuata Plagiochila spinulosa Barbilophozia barbata Preissia quadrata Barbilophozia hatcheri Radula complanata Bazzania trilobata Riccardia multifida Blasia pusilla Scapania aspera Blepharostoma trichophyllum Scapania compacta Calypogeia fissa Scapania gracilis Cephalozia bicuspidata Scapania lingulata Cephaloziella divaricata Scapania nemorea Conocephalum conicum Scapania praetervisa (1977) Diplophyllum albicans Scapania scandica (1977) Frullania dilatata Scapania subalpina Frullania fragilifolia Scapania undulata Frullania tamarisci Trichocolea tomentella Gymnomitrion obtusum (1977) Tritomaria quinquedentata Hygrobiella laxifolia

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