Portal’s first insignia of a British order came with the DSO which he was awarded on 18 January 1917 while a Captain with the Special Reserve, Royal Engineers and Royal Flying Corps. The official citation for his decoration stated that it was for "Conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. For many months he has done magnificent work in co-operation with the artillery. During an attack he succeeded in silencing nine active hostile batteries, ranging our artillery. His splendid example has been of the greatest value". The bar to the DSO came almost exactly one y ear later, on 26 July 1918, and was accompanied by the following citation: "During a pe- riod of four months, chiefly under adverse weather conditions, he repeatedly carried out suc- cessful raids by day and night, his ingenuity and daring enabling him to drop many tons of bombs on important enemy posts. One night he crossed the lines five times, only landing be- tween each flight to replenish with bombs. Another day he took on single-handed five enemy machines, and drove down three of them - a most gallant and spendid feat. On another day, despite thick mist, he registered one of our batteries on an enemy battery, causing the destruc- tion of one pit and obtaining one fire and two explosions; and another day, flying tor 5-1/2 hours, he carried out two very successful counter-battery shoots, observing 350 rounds. He always set a most magnificent example to the squadron under his command."

Portal was swiftly taken through the ranks of the , from CB in January 1939 to KCB in July 1940, and then on to his appointment as a GCB on 11 June 1942. He received a peerage, a barony, in September t945, when he took the title Lord Portal of Hungerford. In 1946 he received three of the most senior honours available, starting with his nomination to be a Member of the Order of Merit on 1 January 1946 (at the same time as Winston Churchill). This was followed with his promotion in the peerage to the rank of viscount on 28 January, and with his nomination to be a Knight of the Garter in December. Portal was invested with his Garter insignia at a special chapter of the Order which the King held in the Bow Room at Buck- ingham Palace on 17 December 1946, when the other recipients of the Blue Ribband included Admiral the Viscount Mountbatten of Burma, and Field Marshals the Viscounts Alanbrooke and Montgomery of Alamein. In due course Lord Portal’s coat of arms was incorporated in a plate which was fixed to his stall in the chapel of the Order of the Garter at Windsor Castle, where it is preserved to this day, located beside similar memorials for such fellow Knights as Stratford Canning, the great Victorian diplomat; the Duke of Marlborough, Winston Churchill’s grandfather; the Earl of Athlone, King George V’s brother-in-law; and Sir Anthory Eden, the Prime Minister.

Charles Portal’s younger brother also served in the armed forces, ending his career with the rank of Admiral in the Royal Navy and as a fellow member of the Order of the Bath. Admiral Sir Reginald Portal received his military CB on the day his elder brother joined the Order of Merit, and he was promoted to KCB three years later. The Portals provide an unusual example of brothers being members of the Bath at or above the level of Knight Commander.

Case 5: Sir Andrew Hum~hre_v

One of the young officers who served under Portal’s overall command during the war was Andrew Humphrey, who earned the Distinguished Flying Cross in 1941, and the Air Force Cross in 1943 (with bars to the AFC in 1945 and 1955). Humphrey remained in the RAF after the war, and eventually became Chief of the Air Staff in 1974, and in 1976 went on to hold th~ senior appointment in the British armed services, that of Chief of the Defence Staff, an office which was cut short due to his premature death in January 1977. Sir Andrew’s display includes the badge and star of a military GCB; the badge of a military OBE; the DFC and AFC with bars; the 1939-45 Star with Battle of.Britain Bar; the Air Crew Europe Star with Atlantic Bar; the Burma Star; the 1939-45 Defence and War Medals; the 1962 General Service Medal with the South Arabia Bar, and the 1953 Coronation Medal. His promotions in the Order of the Bath came less rapidly than those of Lord Portal, with his CB in 1959, KCB in 1968, and GCB in 1974, a span of almost 15 years for Sir Andrew as against 3 years for Portal. Ca~e 6: Lord Tedder & Lord Cameron of Balhou$ie

The final case contains awards which were conferred on two Chiefs of the Air Staff, one from the 1940s and one from more than 30 years later. The insignia relates to Lord Tedder, who succeeded Portal in 1946, and to Sir Nell Cameron, later Lord Cameron of Balhousie, who suc- ceeded Sir Andrew Humphrey in 1976.

Arthur Tedder was a member of only one British order, which may be contrasted with his exten- sive collection of foreign badges and stars. His insignia as a GCB is accompanied by the badge and star of the grand crosses of the French Legion of Honour, the Belgian Order of the Crown, the Dutch Order of Orange Nassau (with swords), the Tunisian Order of Nichan Iftikhar, the Italian Order of Merit, and the Greek Order of George I (with swords); the stars of a Chief Commander of the American Legion of Merit and of a grand officer of the Moroccan Order of Ouissam Alaouite, and the Russian Order of Kutuzov; the French Croix de Guerre, and the American European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal. Tedder’s medal bar contains the 1914-15 Star and the British War and Victory Medals; the 1939-45, Africa, and France and Germany Stars; the 1939-45 War Medal; the 1935 Jubilee and the 1937 and 1953 Coronation Medals; the American Distinguished Service Medal; the Belgian Croix de Guerre with palm; the Italian Silver Medal of Valour; and the breast badge of a grand officer of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite. Sir Arthur, who received his peerage in January 1946, after serving during the Sec- ond World War as Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterannean Allied Air Forces and Deputy Supreme Commander of the British and US Expeditionary Forces, joined the Order of the Bath in February 1937, and received one of the most rapid promotions in the Order, rising from KCB on I January 1942 to GCB on 27 November of the same year. Tedder’s father, like that of Sir , had also been a member of the Bath, but he joined the civil division as a Com- panion on 3 June !918, following his service as a Commissioner of Customs and Excise.

Sir Nell Cameron’s awards have no international dimension, but are of particular interest in that they include insignia from the Order of the Thistle. Sir Neil’s services during the Second World War earned him the Distinguished Flying Cross in 1944, and the Distinguished Service Order on 2 October 1945 while a with 258 Squadron, RAFVR. His insignia as a GCB and CBE are on display, with his appointment as a Knight Grand Cross in June 1976 fol- lowing a KCB in January 1975 and a CB four years earlier. Cameron served as Chief of the Air Staff in succession to Sir Andrew Humphrey, and a brief naval spell under Admiral of the Fleet Sir , Sir Nell became Chief of the Defence Staff, where he was granted a life peerage in 1983, and in November 1983 he was nominated to become one of the 16 Knights of the Order of the Thistle. He was duly installed as a member of the Thistle in the chapel of the Order, located at St Giles’ Cathedral in Edinbugh on 3 July 1984. Only four senior officers from the armed forces (apart from members of the British royal family) joined the Order of the Thistle during the 20th century: Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig in July 1917, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Andrew Cunningham in January 1945, General Sir Richard O’Conner in April 1971, and Mar- shal of the RAF Lord Cameron of Balhousie in 1983. The Hendon display contains a Thistle mantle in green velvet, with a representation of the star of a Knight on the left breast. There is also a representation of the collar and St Andrew badge of the Order, together with an unofficial sash badge and a star of European manufacture. In addition to his DSO and DFC, Lord Cameron’s mounted awards include the 1939-45, Air Crew Europe, Africa, and Burma Stars; the 1939-45 War Medal; the 1977 Jubilee Medal; and a King George VI pattern Air Efficiency Award.

(4/ Qther Displays

In addition to the several examples of insignia of the Order of the Bath which are present in the displays relating to King George VI and the various Chiefs of the Air Staff, the galleries contain the banners of four of the GCBs which were previously hung in King Henry VIl’s Chapel in Westminster Abbey. The heraldic banners belonged to Marshals of the RAF Sir John Salmond, Sir , and Lord Newall, and to Sir Ronald Ivelaw-Chapman. Salmond, Ellington, and Newall were all installed in the chapel of the Order of the Bath on 24 May 1951, while Ivelaw-Chapman, who was appointed a GCB in June 1957, was installed on 28 May 1975.

2O The Museum contains a number of decorations and medals, apart from those which have al- ready been mentioned, and there are two relating to other officers from the RAF who received the GCB. In a separate section, close to the Trenchard gallery, is the insignia which belonged to a further Chief of the Air Staff, Marshal of the RAF Sir . This contains Sir John’s insignia as a GCB, together with the grand cross badges and stars of the Swedish Order of the Sword, the Greek Order of the Phoenix, and the Norwegian Order of St Ovaf. There is also a badge and star of a grand officer of the French Legion of Honour, a commander’s neck badge of the American Legion of Merit, and a badge of the Belgian Order of Leopold. Slessor’s mounted insignia and medals include the Military Cross which he received in 1916 while sew- ing with the Royal Flying Corps, and the DSO which he was awarded on 10 December 1937 ’for gallant and distinguished services rendered in connection with the operations in Waziris- tan, during the period 25th November 1936 to 16th January 1937". During the Second World War Slessor served as Commander-in-Chief of the RAF in the Mediterranean and Middle East, and in 1950 he succeeded Lord Tedder as Chief of the Air Staff. Sir John was one of the three RAF officers to be installed as GCBs at Westminster Abbey on 29 October 1964, the others being Marshal of the RAF Lord Douglas of Kirtleside and Air Chief Marahal Sir Edgar Ludlow- Hewitt.

The decorations of Lord Douglas of Kirtleside, Slessor’s companion at the 1964 Bath installa- tion, are on public display in London, but at the Imperial War Museum rather than at Hendon. The career of Sholto Douglas, like that of so many other early RAF officers, included service in the navy or army as well as with airborne operations. He joined the Royal Field Artillery on 14 August 1914, and transferred to the Royal Flying Corps four months later, on 26 December 1914. Douglas’s insignia at the Imperial War Museum include his badge and star as a GCB; his star as a Chief Commander of the American Legion of Merit; the star of a grand officer of the French Legion of Honour; and 16 mounted awards, comprising the Military and Distinguished Flying Crosses; the 1914 Star and bar and British War and Victory Medals; the 1935 Jubilee and 1937 and 1953 Coronation Medals; the badge of a grand officer of the French Legion of Honour; the French Croix de Guerre; the US Naval Distinguished Service Medal; and the Czechoslovakian War Cross. This collection is incomplete, in that Sir Sholto also received ap- pointments to a number of European orders, including the Dutch Order of Orange Nassau, the Greek Order of the Phoenix, the Polish Order of Polonia Restituta, and the Yugoslav Order of the White Eagle.

Close to the display relating to Marshal of the RAF Sir John Slessor, is the second mantle of the Order fo the Bath to be found at Hendon, this one belonging to Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Longmore, who was Commander-in-Chief in the Middle East at the start of the Second World War, and served as Inspector-General of the Royal Air Force from 1941 until he retired during the following year. The red and white mantle of a GCB is accompanied by the hat of a GCB, and by Sir Arthur’s badge and star. Longmore was one of those GCBs who was never installed in the chapel of the Order of Westminster Abbey. The number of stalls was limited, and had to be shared with the civil GCBs, and as a result not all Knights Grand Cross were allotted places in Kir~g Henry VIl’s Chapel, which had been the spiritual home of the Order since 1725. Longmore’s display contains his insignia as a grand cross of the Greek Order of George I, and a bar containing other awards, including the DSO which he was granted on 1 January 1919. Like Marshal of the RAF Lord Douglas of Kirtleside, Sir Arthur had started his career with one of the earlier fighting services and then transferred to the Royal Air Force. He began with the Royal Navy in 1900, and his autobiography was appropriately entitled "From Sea to Sky".

The last important display incorporating the insignia of one of the British orders of knighthood which is at Hendon is the only one which does not feature the red riband of the Order of the Bath as one of its principal elements. Lord Brabazon of Tara’s awards are included, but not all for work with the fighting services. He was an early aviator and held certificate Number 1 from the Royal Aero Club. In 1909 he won the Daily Mail prize of £1000 for flying a circular mile in an all English made machine, and served during the First World War with the Royal Flying Corps, when he became closely involved in the application of photography to warfare and aerial re- connaissance. Brabazon was awarded the Military Cross, and also received the 1914 Star and the British War and Victory Medals.

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