Government of Andhra Pradesh
Public Disclosure Authorized Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department
VOL. 1
Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project The World Bank Assisted Public Disclosure Authorized
Environmental Analysis And Environmental Management Framework Public Disclosure Authorized
Final Report
November 2008 Public Disclosure Authorized Samaj Vikas Development Support Organisation Hyderabad [email protected] Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis .Final Report .November 2008
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ...... 10 1. 1 Background ...... 10 1.2 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project ...... 10 1.2.1 Objectives ...... 10 1.3 Scope of the Project ...... 11 1.4 Brief profile of Andhra Pradesh ...... 12 1.4.1 Physiographic Profile ...... 12 1.4.2 Water Resources ...... 13 1.5 Environmental Analysis ...... 13 1.5.1 Objective ...... 14 1.6 Methodology ...... 14 1.6.1 Data Collection and Review ...... 14 1.6.2 Sample Habitations for Pilot Study ...... 17 1.6.3 Preliminary Site Visits ...... 17 1.6.4 Public Consultations ...... 17 1.7 Organisation of the Report ...... 18 2 . Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Andhra Pradesh - Policy, Regulatory Framework and Programme ...... 20 2.1 RWSS at National Context ...... 20 2.1.1 Sector Reforms Project ...... 21 2.1.2 Swajaladhara ...... 21 2.1.3 Sub - Mission Project (SMP) ...... 22 . . 2.1.4 Total sanitation Campaign ...... 22 2.2 RWSS Coverage in Andhra Pradesh ...... 23 2.2.1 Drinking Water ...... 23 2.2.2 Sanitation ...... 26 2.3 Regulatory and Policy Framework ...... 26 2.3.1 The World Bank Safeguard Policies ...... 30 2.4 Sector Institutions ...... 32 Nodal Institution ...... 32 2.4.1 Nodal Institutions ...... 33 2.4.2 Converging Departments ...... 35 2.5 GOAP RWSS Sector Vision ...... 36 2.6 Proposed World Bank Assisted Project ...... 37 3 . Baseline Environmental Status ...... 39 3.1 Introduction ...... 39 3.2 Physical Environmental ...... 39 3 2.1 Location ...... 39 3.2.2 Geomorphology ...... 39 3.2.3 Ecologically Sensitive Areas ...... 40 3.2.4 Climate and Rainfall ...... 42 3.2.5 Demographic Status ...... 43 3.2.6 Agriculture ...... 45 3.3 Water Resources ...... 47 3.3.1 Surface Water ...... 48 3.3.2 Groundwater ...... 48 3.3.3 Artificial Recharge of Groundwater ...... 55 3.3.4 Water Quality ...... 56
Samaj Vikas (~nfo$~sal-nal viA:ik~j~) 2 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis .Final Report .November 2008
3.3.5 Surface Water Quality ...... 56 3.3.6 Ground water Quality ...... 57 3.3.7 Current Water Supply and Treatment Practices ...... 63 3.3.8 Incidence of Water and Sanitation - Related Diseases ...... 64 3.4 House Hold and Environmental Sanitation ...... 66 3.4.1 Status of Toilet Construction ...... 66 ...... 4 . Environment Management Framework !.... t~ 69 4.1 Environmental Analysis ...... 69 4.2 Key Environmental Issues ...... 69 4.2.1 Water Availability ...... 69 4.2.2 Water Quality ...... 70 4.2.3 Construction Stage Environmental Impacts ...... 73 4.3 Objectives of EMF ...... 74 4.4 Environmental Management Frame Work ...... 75 4.4.1 Key Elements of the EMF ...... 75 4.4.2 Application of EMF to Project ...... 76 4.4.3 Environmental Supervision and Monitoring ...... 77 . . 4.5 Institutional Arrangements ...... 78 4.5.1 Village Level GPWSC and SOs ...... 78 4.5.2 Mandal Level ...... 79 4.5.3 Disrtict Level ...... 79 4.5.4 State Level ...... 79 4.5.5 Performance Indicators ...... 81 4.6 Training and Capacity Building ...... 81 4.6.1 Objectives ...... 81 4.6.2 Approach ...... 81 4.6.3 Institutions for Training ...... 82 4.6.4 Details of Training Programmes ...... 82 4.6.5 Budget ...... 84 4.7 Guidelines / Environmental Code of Practices ...... 85 Annexure 1 Terms of Reference for Environmental Analysis ...... 87 Annexure 2: List of Sample Habitations Selected for Field Study ...... 94 Annexure 3: Questionnaire for Field Data Collection ...... 95 Annexure 4: Summary Analysis of Data Collected ...... 100 Annexure 5: Issues identified during Village level Public Consultations ...... 107 Annexure 6: Summary of Public Consultation1 Disclosure Workshops ...... 108 Annexure 7: List of projects requiring prior environmental clearance as per EIA Notification 2006 ...... 113 Annexure 8: Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance ...... 119 Annexure 9: District Wise- Fluctuation in water level in observation wells between May 2007 and November 2007 ...... 124 Annexure 10: Categorisation of Mandals In Andhra Pradesh According To Groundwater Exploitation As On April 2007 ...... 128 Annexure 1 1: Disposal of Reject brine from RO Plant ...... 133 Annexure 14: Sanitary Protection of Water Supply Sources ...... 142 Annexure 15: Fluoride Mitigation ...... 143 Annexure 16: Guidelines for Sustainability of Groundwater Sources ...... 148 Annexure 17: Selection of Safe Sanitation Technologies and Environmental Considerations in Location of Toilets ...... 153
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Samaj Vikas (ijj !'&~~~uA~\:j~~~~)~~) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis .Final Report .November 2008
Annexure 18: Recommended Construction Practice and Pollution Safeguards for Twin Pit Pour Flush Latrines ...... 156 Annexure 19: Guidelines for Safe Sullage Disposal at Household and Community Levels ...... 159 Annexure 20: Guidelines for Community Solid Waste Management ...... 163 Annexure 2 1: Formats for Environmental Data Sheets (EDS) ...... 168 Annexurc 22: Screening Tool for Categorizing Schemes ...... 184 Annexure 23: Internal Supervision of the Completed Schemes ...... 186 Annexure 24: External Audit of the Completed Schemes ...... 190 Annexure 25: Check list for Environmental Supemision/Audit ...... 194 Annexure 26: Sample Field Visit Reports for Internal Supervision / External Audit ..... 200 Annexure 27: Environmental Performance Indicators ...... 201 Annexure 28: Safety Provisions (Building) Convention, 1937 (No . 62) ...... 202 Annexure 29: Formt for Declaration by Contractor/ Consultant ...... 205
Sarnaj Vikas (--f-[lr'i;al~jaj i.ik.~s.org) 4 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis .Final Report .November 2008
List of Tables
Table 1-1: The proposed scope of activities ...... 11 Table 2-1 :Water Supply Coverage Status of the Habitations in different districts (as on 1.03.2007) ...... 24 Table 2-2: Scope of Relevant Environment Regulations ...... 27 Table 2-3 : World Bank Safeguard Policies ...... 30 Table 3-1: Wildlife Sanctuaries & National Parks in AP ...... 40 Table 3-2: District wise demographic data (census 2001) ...... 44 Table 3-3: Different zones and their agro-climatic characteristics ...... 45 Table 3-4: Water requirement for various sectors ...... 48 Table 3-5: Depth to water level variations in different districts (as observed in October 2007) ...... 49 Table 3-6: Categorization of Mandals with reference to Groundwater Exploitation ... 52 Table 3-7: Impact of artificial recharge structures on groundwater regime in water sheds areas ...... 55 Table 3-8: Mandal wise NSS / Quality affected Habitations (as on APRIL 2007) ...... 58 Table 3-9: Diarrhea incidence in Andhra Pradesh from 1998 to 2002, ...... 65 Table 3-10: Gastroenteritis incidence in Andhra Pradesh from 1998 to 2002 ...... 65 Table 3-11: District wise number of latrines constructed in AP between 2004 and 2008 ...... 67 Table 4-1: Additional Water Requirement ...... 69 Table 4-2: Environmental Management Framework ...... 76 Table 4-3: Institutional Arrangement for Implementation of the EMF ...... 80 Table 4-4: Number of Training Programs ...... 84 Table 4-5: Estimated cost of Training ...... 84 Table 4-6: Budget for Environmental Management ...... 84
Samaj Vikas (Irj tbcd sr.llrla.~has.c~rw) 5 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis .Final Report .November 2008
List of Figures
Figure 1.1. Disrtict Map of Andhra Pradesh ...... 12 Figure 1.2. Methodology Flow Chart ...... 16 Figure 2.1. Status of Rural Water supply Coverage in Andhra Pradesh (2007) ...... 24 Figure 2.2. Present organization set up of RWSSD ...... 34 Figure 3.1. Map of Wildlife Sanctuaries & National Parks of AP...... 40 Figure 3.2. Rainfall - 1998-99 to 2006-07 ...... 42 Figure 3.3. District wise deviation of annual rainfall in the year 2007 from 1997 ...... 43 Figure 3.4. District wise Population Range ...... 45 Figure 3.5.Water level fluctuation- Decadal mean November (1997-2006) ...... 50 Figure 3.6. District wise status of groundwater development in AP (2004-05) ...... 51 Figure 3.7 :Categorization of mandal based ground water development ...... 54 Figure 3.8. Type of water quality problems in affected habitations ...... 59 Figure 3.9. Status of Not safe Source (NSS) habitations ...... 60 Figure 3.10. Status of Brackish water habitations as on 2007 ...... 61 Figure 3.11. Status of Fluoride water habitations as on April 2007 ...... 62 Figure 3.12. Gastroenteritis cases in Andhra Pradesh from 1991 - 2002 ...... 64 Figure 3.13 :Types of sanitation facilities provided for the households ...... 67
Samaj Vikas (~jlt.(ig.;;ll~gj\~ikils.or.c ) 6 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008
List of Boxes Box 2-1: Guidelines for environmental safety as per Swajaldhara Projects 22 Box 2-2: Guidelines for Environmental Safety TSC 23 Box 2-3: National Water Policy aspects impacting Rural Water Supply Schemes 27 Box 3-1: Stage of Ground water Development - Terminology and Definitions 52 Box 3-2: Water Quality Classes and Criteria 5 6
Samaj Vikas (111 to:l{s:i~n~l~\~l\;x!rs) 7 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008
ABBREVATIONS AND ACRONYMS
ARWSP Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ADD Acute Diarrheal Diseases AE Assistant Engineer AEE Assistant Executive Engineer APRWSSP Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project APWALTA Andhra Pradesh Water and Land Tree Act BCM Billion Cubic Meter BC Beneficiary Committee CCDU Community and Capacity Development Unit CGWB Central Ground Water Board DDP Desert Development Programme CRSP Central Rural Sanitation Programme DPAP Drought Prone Area Programme DPMC District Programme Management Cell DPR Detailed Project Report DRP District Resource Person DSR Detailed Scheme Report DSU District Support Unit DWSM District Water and Sanitation Mission DWSC District Water and Sanitation Committee EA Environmental Analysis EAS Employment Assurance Scheme EDS Environmental Data Sheet ECOPs Environmental Codes of Practices EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EE Executive Engineer EMF Environmental Management Framework FC Fully Covered GoAP Government of Andhra Pradesh GP Gram Panchayat GWD Ground Water Department IEC Information, Education and Communication ISL Individual Sanitary Latrines IHHL Individual Household Latrines ICR Implementation Completion Report JGSY Jawahar Gram Samrudhdhi Yojana JE Junior Engineer MCM Million Cubic Metre MoEF Ministry of Environment & Forests M&E Monitoring and Evaluation h4NP Minimum Need Programme MRP Mandal Resource Person MTP Medium Term Program MVS Multi Village Scheme NSS Not Safe Sources NGO Non Governmental Organization OD Operational Directive
Samaj Vikas (mf~$(>;~~r~aj\-~h~:~,!,~g) 8 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008
NRCP National River Conservation Programme OHT Over Head Tank O&M Operation and Maintenance PC Partially Covered PCs Production Centres PIP Project Implementation Plan PRED Panchayat Raj Engineering Department PRI Panchayat Raj Institution PSU Project Support Unit PWC Price Waterhouse Coopers RO Reverse Osmosis RSF Rapid Sand Filter RSM Rural Sanitary Mart RWSS Rural Water Supply and Sanitation RWSM Rural Water and Sanitation Mission RWSSD Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department SA Support Agency SEA Sector Environmental Assessment SHP Sanitation Hygiene Promotion SMP Sub Mission Project SLC Scheme Level Committee SLWM Solid and Liquid Waste Management SMSC State Management Support Consultant SPCB State Pollution Control Board SRP Sector Reform Project SSF Slow Sand Filtration SWAP Sector Wide Approach SSHE School Sanitation and Hygiene Education SWSM State Water Supply and Sanitation Mission sos Support Organizations SEA Sector Environmental Analysis svs Single Village Scheme TOR Terms of Reference TSC Total Sanitation Campaign TPPF Twin Pit Pour Flush UGD Under Ground Drainage VWSC Village Water Supply and Sanitation Committee WB World Bank UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund
Samaj Vikas ("oG<.:;1m~!i~:11.i1_y~gz) 9 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008
1. Introduction
1.1 Background
Government of Andhra Pradesh (GOAP) formulated its Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (RWSS) Sector vision and policy in 2006. Key features of the Vision are: Transfer of responsibility for planning, design and construction of the RWSS infrastructure and for operating the RWSS services to the Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs) and Communities; and Evolution of the role of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department (RWSSD-nodal agency) into that of a provider of technical assistance to the PRIs.
Similarly, key features of the policy are: Devolution of funds, functions and functionaries to the Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs); Enforcement of full recovery of Operation and Maintenance (O&M) cost and sharing of capital cost (taking into consideration affordability, particularly by disadvantaged groups); and Improvement of the 'accountability framework' by clarifying roles and responsibilities of various actors of the RWSS sector at the state, district and village level, including responsibilities for policy formulation, financing, regulation, construction, operations and maintenance.
1.2 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Towards realizing the sector vision, GOAP is currently preparing a Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program (APRWSSP) with financial assistance from the World Bank. The project forms a part of the RWSS sector investment program and implementation action plan - Medium Term Program (MTP). This MTP would serve as a financial action plan for channeling investments and other resources for integrated rural water supply and sanitation development in the state during the program period.
1.2.1 Objectives
Key objective of APRWSSP is to increase rural communities' access to reliable, sustainable and affordable Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (RWSS) services. The main objectives for the proposed APRWSS Project are:
To improve the quality and quantity of rural water supply including environmental sanitation, service delivery, household sanitation and hygiene;
To achieve sustainability of investments and generate health and hygiene and income benefits in the rural Andhra Pradesh;
To assist the state in creating an enabling environment statewide for implementation of appropriate sector policy and institutional reforms; and,
Samaj Vikas (in~~s~~~~;~~~k:~~~g~y) 10 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008
To demonstrate sustainable modalities of delivering water supply in Single Village Schemes (SVSs) and Multi Village Schemes (MVSs).
The project aims at covering a total of 2,843 habitations over a period of five years, the breakup of which is as follows: 1,878 Not Covered (NC) and 199 No Safe Source (NSS) habitations. Apart from this, 766 Partially Covered (PC) habitations will be covered with water supply during the five years of MTP. This project will also cany out some augmentations and improvements to Single Village Schemes (SVS) and Multi Village Schemes (MVS). Household latrine and/ or sullage drainage activities will be taken up in about 2,843 habitations. Additionally, 55 Mandal headquarters will be provided with Under Ground Drainage (UGD) and Solid and Liquid Waste Management (SLWM) and 55 major Gram Panchayats (GPs) will be provided with pavements and drains.
1.3 Scope of the Project The proposed scope of activities of the APRWSSP is given below:
Table 1-1: The proposed scope of activities Components 2008-09 12009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 Total svs I SVS (PC to FC) 147 8 7 107 60 47 448 1 SVS (NC to FC) 200 210 300 285 320 1,315 SVS (NSS to FC) 7 14 19 40 Total 354 311 426 345 367 1,803
-.a.MVS - I I I I I I I MVS (PC to FC) - common & intra village- I 1 facilities 71 1 96 1 60 1 35 ( 56 / 318 1 MVS (NC to FC) - common facilities & intra 1
intra village facilities 29 43 43 18 26 159 Total 213 226 213 178 210 1,040
Rain water harvesting 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 5,000 Innovative technology 10 10 15 2 0 20 75
Improvements Augmentation of SVS (distribution system) 700 440 70 2 6 153 1,389 Augmentation of MVS (distribution system) 345 244 20 145 754 Improving ground water sources 44 1 44 1 441 1,323 1,764 4,410 Catchment area protection for surface sources 10 10 10 10 10 50
I I I I I I Environmental sanitation HHSLs 8,505 8,055 9,585 7,845 8,655 42,645 Pavements, drains and SLWM in major GPs 10 10 11 12 12 55 Soak pits in GPs 5 67 537 639 523 577 2,843 UGD and SLWM in Mandal head quarters 10 10 11 12 12 55
The scope of the project is further elaborated under Section 2.6.
Samaj Vikas (In.fo~s~~\~j 4 i bic;l';,o!~) 11 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008
1.4 Brief profile of Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh (AP) is the fifth largest state in India both in geographical area (an area of 2,76,754 sq. km, accounting for 8.4 % of India's territory) and population wise (76.21 million accounting for 7.41 % of India's population of 1,028 million). Andhra Pradesh was formed on 1st November, 1956 under the States' reorganization scheme. AP lies between 12' 41' and 22' longitude and 77' and 84' 40' latitude. It forms the major link between the north and the south of India and is the biggest and most populous state in the south of India. It is bounded by Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh and Orissa in the north, the Bay of Bengal in the east, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka in the south and Karnataka and Maharashtra in the west.
AP has the longest coastline of 972 km in India. There are three main regions in the state of AP - (1) Coastal Andhra, (2) Rayalaseema and (3) Telangana. AP has 22 districts, 1,104 Mandals and 2 1,856 GPs. Telugu is the official language of AP.
1.4.1 Physiographic Profile
AP is endowed with a variety of physiographic features ranging from high hills, thick forests, undulating plains to a coastal deltaic environment. The state has the advantage of having most of the east flowing rivers in the heart of the state bringing in abundant supplies of surface water from the Western and Eastern Ghats and Deccan Plateau up to the Bay of Bengal. The major, medium and minor rivers that flow through the state number about 40. Of these, the most important rivers in AP are Godavari, Krishna, Pennar, Thungabhadra, Vamsadhara and Nagavali. Figure 1.1: Disrtict Map of Andhra Pradesh Like all the peninsular rivers, these too are rain fed rivers. Nearly 75% of its area is covered by the river basins of the Godavari, Krishna and Pennar, and their tributaries. There are 17 smaller rivers like the Sarada, Nagavali and Musi, as well as several streams. Godavari and Krishna are the two major perennial rivers, and with their extensive canal system, provide assured irrigation.
The rainfall of AP is influenced by both the south-west, north-west and north-east monsoons. The average annual rainfall in the state is 925 rnm. A majority of the rainfall in AP is contributed by south-west monsoon (68.5%) during the months June to September, followed by north-east monsoon (22.3%) during the months October to December. The remaining (9.2%) of the rainfall is received during the winter and summer months. The rainfall distribution in the three regions of the state differs with the season and monsoon. The influence of the south-west monsoon is predominant in the Telangana region (764.5 rnm) followed by Coastal Andhra (602.26 rnm) and Rayalaseema (378.5 mm). Where as, the
Samaj Vikas (~to~~~gr~~i~l\r!s.org) 12 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 north-east monsoon provides a high amount of rainfall (316.8 mm) to Coastal Andhra area followed by Rayalaseema (224.3) and Telangana (97.1 mm). There are no significant differences in the distribution of rainfall during the winter and hot weather periods among the three regions.
1.4.2 Water Resources
The State's (surface and ground) water resources are estimated to be 108.15 BCM (3,820 TMC), out of which about 62.29 BCM (2,200 TMC) are currently being utilised for drinking, agriculture, industry and power generation. The per capita annual water resources work out to be slightly more than 1,400 Cu.m. and utilization is about 800 Cu.m. The current percentage withdrawal of available water in AP is 58% (Source: Andhra Pradesh Water Vision, Water Conservation Mission, GOAP; 2005).
However, there has been a dramatic increase in well construction and groundwater extraction during the last 15 years for groundwater based irrigation as well as for drinking water sources. The shift in well construction from open wells to bore wells represents a shift from groundwater extraction in shallow unconfined aquifers to extraction from deeper confined aquifers. Net groundwater extraction for irrigation, domestic and livestock use for the different districts was estimated at 8% to 11.O% of mean annual rainfall, while the groundwater recharge in the state is approximately 10% of annual rainfall only; this suggests that current levels of extraction in certain districts are not sustainable.
Regarding water quality, Fluoride is widespread in AP. It has reached endemic proportions in Nalgonda, Ranga Reddy, Kurnool, Karimnagar and Prakasam districts. In about six thousand habitations (out of a total of about 72 thousand habitations in the state), fluoride content in water is high. This is affecting several thousands of people. In Nalgonda district where the occurrence is highest, about 70,000 people in 215 villages are suffering from fluorosis. In the recent past, fluorosis has been spreading to new areas.
1.5 Environmental Analysis
The proposed APRWSSP falls under environmental category 'B' as per the World Bank's OP 4.01. Accordingly, an Environmental Analysis (EA) of the proposed project was commissioned by the RWSSD. This EA provides insight into the environmental challenges facing the project including source sustainability, water quality management, drainage and disposal and household sanitation issues. Presently the project is under formulation. At this stage, while the project activities and number of villages have been determined, the specific sub-projects that will be taken up in the project villages are yet to be identified. Hence it is decided to do an EA and prepare an Environmental Management Framework. This EMF is expected to provide detailed guidance for conducting screening and environmental assessment for sub-projects to be taken up under the APRWSS. Accordingly, the Terms of Reference (TOR) for the EA study have been formulated as in Annexure 1.
The purpose of the Environmental Analysis (EA) is to identify upfront the APRWSSP's potential environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence; examine project alternatives; identify ways of improving project selection, siting, planning, design and implementation by preventing, minimizing, mitigating, or compensating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts throughout project implementation.
Samaj Vikas (ln t'0<11 sii!l~m:uka>.org) 13 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008
EA has taken into account the natural environment (air, water and land); human health and safety including the country's overall policy framework, national legislation, and institutional capabilities related to the environment and obligations of the country, pertaining to project activities, under relevant international environmental treaties and agreements. The objectives of the EA are given below:
1.5.1 Objective
The key objective of the study is to conduct an Environmental Analysis (EA) with a view to identify the critical environmental concerns in the RWSS sector and address these as an integral part of the RWSS sector program design and implementation strategy. The specific objectives include:
To assess the existing status of environment in the state and to identify threats and issues which have effect on RWSS sector; To identify the environmental issues associated with implementation of RWSS schemes (Single Village & Multi Village Schemes) and develop environmental codes of practices that need to be followed during various stages such as planning, construction and operation and maintenance; To identify water quality issues pertaining to bacteriological, chemical and heavy metal contamination in both ground and surface water sources in the state and suggest possible mitigation measures; To identify generic environmental issues that are beyond the scope of individual RWSS schemes, but related to the sector and recommend remedial measures to address these as part of the project; To identify household and environmental sanitation issues as well as to make an assessment of pollution level with regard to water supply and its usage & propose appropriate sanitation technology options; To prepare an Environment Management Framework including well defined performance indicators for addressing the identified issues, through the various activities1 tasks under the proposed project, and strategy for its implementation to achieve sustainable sources for water supply schemes and environmental sanitation benefits.
1.6 Methodology
The methodology followed in conducting the Environmental Assessment Study is depicted in the figure and brief description below:
1.6.1 Data Collection and Review
The methodology basically comprised collection and collation of secondary data on water resources availability, their utilization, problems of water availability and quality as relevant in the context of the proposed APRWSS project, demographic, socioeconomic and health aspects, water supply and sanitation coverage and service levels and problems in O&M of existing water supply systems. The study also included an analysis of policy, legal and institutional framework related to water and sanitation with specific focus on AP. A review and analysis of this information led to the delineation of the baseline status of relevant environmental components pertaining to the State and provided the basis for assessment of
Samaj Vikas (I!I~O The present study has primarily relied upon the available secondary sources of data relevant to the proposed project. The main sources of such information comprised the RWSSD, the State Ground Water Directorate, Central Ground Water Board and the Andhra Pradesh State Pollution Control Board. The RWSSD, as the nodal agency for the provision of rural water supply and Sanitation in the state, has generated over the years, data pertaining to water services to rural areas. Such data includes water supply coverage in the State, sources of water supply, water quality of rural schemes, etc. Samaj Vikas (I 11 ti!! .;!g?!al\i-!kx.om) 15 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Figure 1.2: Methodology Flow Chart Analysis 1 I Inception Report 1 3 Regional ancl 1 State Level Public I I Envir~1in1etitalMonituring and Performance Indic=lt~~rs Final Relaor? Samaj Vikas (jnf~/&~:i~~i~i ~ikas.~x!rg) 16 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 1.6.2 Sample Habitations for Pilot Study 34 sample habitations were selected from 30 Mandals in 10 districts of Andhra Pradesh to assess the existing status of water supply, sanitation, public health and personal and environmental hygiene. The selection of villages for village level and household survey was done in consultation with RWSS Department based on the guidelines given by the World Bank. The villages were selected in such a way that each selected village matches at least one parameter in the given templates so as to represent in the best possible manner the typical conditions in the state. The parameters governing the selection of villages are given below: Presence1 Absence of functional water supply scheme Canal1 River water source1 Ground water source Adequatel Inadequate canai water siipply (a;! ycarj Adequatel Inadequate canal water supply (dry season) Adequatel Inadequate1 Declining yield of ground water Adequatel Inadequate water works infrastructure Potable water available (deep aquifer greater than 60 m) Shallow Ground water not potable due to salinity Deep ground water non potable due to fluoride1 salinity1 excess iron High incidence of disease related to water supply and sanitation Inadequate 0 & M of water supply by Gram Panchayat (GP) The list of sample habitations for field study is furnished in Annexure 2. 1.6.3 Preliminary Site Visits Site visits were taken up for field assessment using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), household surveys and for conducting Focus Group Dsicussions (FGDs). During the field visits the local RWSSD Department personnel were contacted regarding water and sanitation status in the sampled villages and the area in general. The Gram Panchayat President and other key members of the village were consulted to list the issues related water and supply and in particular environmental issues related to water and sanitation. The site visits were conducted using participatorty approaches like trasact walks, field observations, mapping, FGDs, etc. 1.6.4 Public Consultations 1.6.4.1 Preliminary Consultation In keeping with the World Bank's OP 4.01, Public Consultations were organized, as part of the environmental screening, in the 34 sample habitations. The objective of these consultations was to identify environmental issues, as related to the proposed activities under the APRWSSP, that need to be addressed. The consultation groups consisted mainly of local villagers, PRI representatives, line department staff, etc. During public consultations, the participation of the target population, elected representatives of the GP, local NGOs, economically1 socially weaker sections, informedl Samaj Vikas (!iifl)xi1!!1~~ !J:L~:OI~) 17 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 knowledgeable public and opinion leaders, etc. was mobilized. The participants to the consultations were briefed on the proposed APRWSSP, its objectives, scope and the rules for participation in the project. The participants' opinions were solicited on the following main issues: 1. Quantity of current water supply 2. Quality of current water supply 3. Household sanitation facilities 4. Sullage disposal 5. Prevailing diseases 6. Their expectations from the proposed project A summary of the preliminary village level public consultation is firnished in Annexure 5. 1.6.4.2 Second Public Consultation I Disclosure Workshops A second public consultation process was undertaken following the drafting of Environmental Management Framework in consultation with RWSSD. Three regional level and one state level public consultation\ disclosure workshops were organized to invite suggestions1 inputs of the stakeholders to finalize the EMF document. The executive summary of EMF in Telugu language was circulated to PRI representatives, SHGs, line department staff, NGOs, etc., one week in advance of the consultation workshop. The regional public consultation workshops were held in Vijayawada, Kadapa and Hyderabad on 2nd, 4th and 7th of June 2008. The State level public consultation workshop was held in Hyderabad on 3oth June 2008. Inputs from stakeholders have been incorporated following the consultation process and the EMF was suitably revised. A report on the public consultation/ disclosure workshops is fimished in Annexure 6. 1.7 Organisation of the Report The report is presented in four chapters: Chapter-1: Introductory chapter presents a brief of project, the methodology followed, criteria for selection of sample habitations for preliminary site visits, schedule and the procedure followed for public consultations. Chapter-2: This chapter provides rural water supply and sanitation position in AP. This has information on the rural water policy and on the legal and regulatory framework relevant to the proposed project. This chapter describes rural water and sanitation institutions in the state, their roles and responsibilities with special focus on rural water supply and sanitation. Further it presents a profile of the proposed project and the rules for participation of the beneficiary community in the project. Chapter-3: This chapter presents the baseline data on relevant environmental components in the State. Based on a critical review and analysis of baseline data, the issues of environmental concern have been identified. Chapter-4: Fourht chapter has the environmental management framework. This analyses the potential environmental risks associated with the proposed project activities during the design, preparation, construction and operation phases as well as, the mitigation measures for removingl reducing the adverse impacts and Samaj Vikas (~nf<~>..;jgtl~jvi kx.;..o!:g) 18 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 enhancing the beneficial impacts of the project. The institutional and capacity building arrangements, monitoring and supervision arrangements as well as the financial arrangements for the implementation of the ENIF are presented in this chapter. Appropriate environmental performance indicators have been proposed which need to be integrated with other indicators as tools to assess the project performance. This report has several annexure including detailed tools for screening and environmental assessment, detailed guidelines and codes of practice for improved environmental management, etc. Samaj Vikas (~ntn~~.;:irnt~j~~li.~i:org) 19 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 2. Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Andhra Pradesh - Policy, Regulatory Framework and Programme 2.1 RWSS at National Context The primary responsibility for providing drinking water and sanitation facilities in the country rests with the State Governments. Following the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments, the States may give the water and sanitation responsibility and powers to the Panchayati Raj institutions (PRIs) and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). The First Five Year Plan, introduced the 'National Water Supply and Sanitation Program' in 1954 and provided funds for development of Social Welfare Sector. During the initial years, the programme mainly concentrated on the construction of open wells in habitations having no/ inadequate drikng water wells. These works were executed with people's participation. During the sixties, only easy habitations were being attended to, leaving the difficult habitations. Recurring droughts made the situation worse with the falling ground water table and drying up of open wells resulting in acute scarcity of drinking water. At this juncture, the state government felt the need to develop deep bore wells particularly in difficult habitations. A bore wells programme was started by the Government in the early seventies with assistance from UNICEF and thus, there was a marked shift in emphasis from construction of open wells to bore wells. With the introduction of the Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP) in 1972-73 by the Government of India (GOI) with 100% grant-in-aid to the states, greater emphasis was placed on coverage of difficult habitations in the state. The programme was withdrawn after 1973-74, following the introduction of Minimum Needs Programme (MNP) under the Fifth Five Year Plan. The slow progress achieved by the states in the supply of safe drinking water to the rural population under the MNP led to the reintroduction of ARWSP in 1977-78. The approach to water supply and sanitation in the Eighth, Ninth, Tenth and Eleventh Plans broadly followed the guiding principles of the New Delhi declaration, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in December 1990. These include (a) protection of the environment and safeguarding of health through integrated management of water resources and liquid and solid waste; (b) organisation of reforms, promoting an integrated approach including changes in procedures, attitudes, and behaviour, and the full participation of women at all levels; (c) community management of services, backed by measures to strengthen local institutions in implementing and sustaining water and sanitation programmes; and (d) sound financial practices, achieved by better management of existing assets and extensive use of appropriate technologies1. The Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012) targets to 'provide clean drinking water for all by 2009 and ensure that there are no slip-backs by the end of the Eleventh Plan. The Plan also 1 India Assessment 2002 Water Supply and Sanitation - A WHO-UNICEF Sponsored Study, Planning Commission, Government of India Samaj Vikas (~nfo:'~srlmajviki~s.~rg) 20 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 targets to complete 7.29 crore individual toilets for achieving universal sanitation coverage in rural areas. 2.1.1 Sector Reforms Project Sector Reform Project (SRP) was the beginning of the reforms in the rural water supply and sanitation sector initiated in 1999 covering 67 districts in 26 states. The program was a paradigm shift from the regular supply based approach to demand based approach. This was initiated in 7 pilot districts of the AP state - Prakasam, Nellore, Guntur, Chittoor, Khammam, Nalgonda and East Godavari districts. Benefits from the sector reforms project include: 1. Improved public facilities for drainage 2. Reduction in incidence of water borne diseases amongst children 3. Reduction on time spent, predominantly by women, in collecting water 4. Introduction of appropriate technology and designs for water supply systems These in turn would increase the health and productivity standards in the rural areas of India. 2.1.2 Swajaladhara Sector Reform Project (SRP) has been scaled up throughout the country in the form of centrally sponsored Swajaladhara launched on 25th December 2002. This programme is a paradigm shift from supply driven to demand driven, centralized to decentralized implementation and Government's role from service provider to facilitator. A fundamental reform principle of Swajaladhara is the empowerment of villagers to ensure their full participation in the project through a decision making role in the choice of the drinking water scheme, planning, design, implementation, control of finances, management arrangements including full ownership of drinking water assets. The community has to share partial capital cost either in cash or kind or both as well as 100% responsibility of operation and maintenance (O&M). An integrated service delivery mechanism is also promoted which includes taking up conservation measures through rainwater harvesting and ground water recharge systems for sustained drinking water supply. Lessons learnt from "Swajaladhara" program are: 1. The empowerment of the PRIs is a viable and sustainable option for scaling up the decentralized service delivery model. 2. There is a need for consistent policy throughout the state, irrespective of the sources of financing. 3. The PRIs need to be well integrated into the institutional design of the project and organic links between user committees and GPs are essential for institutional sustainability. 4. The partial financing of capital cost by the users as well as user management and financing of O&M is a viable development concept. 5. The sustainability issue is best addressed by emphasis on beneficiary involvement and empowerment, and capacity building of state1 local governments and communities, along with promotion of cost recovery. Sarnaj Vikas (i!lfo:~.?ji;ru~s~~-i~.:LS .u) 2 1 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Box 2-1: Guidelines for environmental safety as per Swajaldhara Projects States would need to enact and implement law on effective ground water extraction control, regulation and recharge. State Government should integrate water conservation and rain water harvesting schemes with the drinking water supply schemes. Rural drinking water, sanitation, health, and hygiene programmes need to be integrated at the State, District, Block and GP levels. DWSM and the SWSM should arrange for periodic monitoring and review of the functioning of completed water supply schemes by officers, experts, NGOs, Institutions etc. Suitable monitoring mechanism and systems may be put in place in this regard by the State Government. 2.1.3 Sub - Mission Project (SMP) Sub Mission projects are taken up particularly for providing safe drinking water to the rural habitations facing water quality problems like fluorosis, brackishness, etc. and for ensuring source sustainability through rain water harvesting, artificial recharge, etc. This program is funded in the ratio of 75:25 by the GO1 and GOAP respectively. 2.1.4 Total sanitation Campaign A direct relationship exists between water, sanitation and health. Consumption of unsafe drinlung water, improper disposal of human excreta and lack of personal and food hygiene have been the major causes of many diseases in developing countries like India. High infant mortality rates are also attributable largely to poor sanitation. It was in this context the Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) was launched in 1986 with the objective of improving the quality of life of the rural people and to provide privacy and dignity to women. The concept of sanitation apart from disposal of human excreta includes liquid and solid waste disposal, food hygiene, and personal, domestic as well as environmental hygiene. The CRSP was restructured in 1999 to introduce the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC). TSC is a comprehensive programme to ensure sanitation facilities in rural areas with a broader goal to eradicate the practice of open defecation. It follows a principle of "low to no subsidy" where a nominal subsidy in the form of incentive is given to rural poor households for construction of toilets. TSC gives strong emphasis on Information, Education and Communication (IEC), Capacity Building and Hygiene Education for effective behavior change with involvement of PRIs, Support Organizations (SOs), and NGOs, etc. The key intervention areas are individual household latrines (IHHL), School Sanitation and Hygiene Education (SSHE), Community Sanitary Complex, Anganwadi toilets, Rural Sanitary Marts (RSMs) and Production Centres (PCs). The main goal of the GO1 is to eradicate the practice of open defecation by 2010. To give fillip to this endeavour, GO1 has launched Nirmal Gram Puraskar to recognize the efforts in terms of cash awards for fully covered PRIs and those individuals and institutions who have contributed significantly in ensuring full sanitation coverage in their area of operation. The project is being implemented in rural areas with district as the unit. Guidelines for environmental safety of TSC are furnished in box below: Sarnaj Vikas (jnf0<&-;;~1~1~1~~~~.0rg) 22 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 A Sanitary latrine should not Pollute or contaminate soil Pollute or contaminate ground water Pollute or contaminate surface water Act as medium to fly breeding or access to flies and animals Require handling excreta Produce odour and give ugly sight Require huge investment and high technology - - Box 2-2: Guidelines for Environmental Safety TSC 2.2 RWSS Coverage in Andhra Pradesh 2.2.1 Drinking Water Only 43.3% of the rural habitations in the state are "Fully Covered" (FC) with water supply (2006-07). FC implies that they have access to a water source able to yield 40 liters per capita daily (lpcd), located within a radius of 1.6 kilometer fiom the center of the village and within an elevation of 100 meters fiom the village. The FC status thus implies that still many households have to travel long distances to fetch water. About 53.4% of the habitations are "Partially Covered" (PC) that implies that they have access to a source that does not meet the above criteria for FC. PC habitations are further classified into PC1, PC2, PC3 and PC4 depending on the yield of the source (in lpcd basis) as less than 10 lpcd, 10 to 19 lpcd, 20 to 29 lpcd and 30 to 39 lpcd respectively. Partially covered 1 (PC1): 8.08% Partially covered 2 (PC2): 17.82% Partially covered 3 (PC3): 15.82% Partially covered 4 (PC4): 11.68% 2,375 (3.30%) habitations are either 'Not Covered' (NC) or do not have access to a 'safe source' of water supply. Not covered (NC): 0.60% Not safe source (IVSS): 2.70% The following figure illustrates water supply coverage status of the rural habitations in Andhra Pradesh as on April, 2007. Samaj Vikas (~nt_og\:lrnrll\&;l, ory) 23 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Chart 1 : Status of Water Supply in Andhra Pradesh (2007) 1 Fully Covered Hab~tat~ons Hab~tat~onswth Not Safe Source Habltattons Part~allyCovered 2 Hab~tat~ons Part~allyCovered 3 Hab~tat~ons Partially Covered 4 Hab~tat~ons Not Covered Hab~tat~ons Figure 2.1: Status of Rural Water supply Coverage in Andhra Pradesh (2007) The following table lists the water supply coverage status of the habitations as on 31st March 2007 in each of the districts2. Percentage habitations falling in each category is furnished in each cell in parenthesis. Table 2-1:Water Supply Coverage Status of the Habitations in Different Districts (as on 01 March 2007) S District Name Total Habitation status in water supply coverage No. Habs FC PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 NC NSS 1 Srikakulam 3938 1839 360 615 553 495 0 76 (46.70) (9.15) (15.62) (14.04) (12.57) (0.00) (1.93) 2 Vizianagarm 2874 1600 269 245 258 353 16 133 (55.67) (9.36) (8.52) (8.98) (12.28) (0.56) (4.62) 3 Visakhapatnam 5448 2459 453 780 792 565 389 10 (45.13) (8.31) (14.32) (14.54) (10.37) (7.14) 1 (0.18) 4 East Godavari 2901 1082 751 425 375 267 0 1 (37.30) (25.89) (14.65) (12.93) (9.20) (0.00) (0.03) 5 West Godavari 2158 1292 167 142 140 336 0 76 (59.87) (7.74) (6.58) (6.49) (15.57) (0.00) (3.52) 6 Krishna 2491 1248 278 21 1 340 338 0 76 (50.10) (1 1.16) (8.47) (13.65) (13.57) (0.00) (3.05) 7 Guntur 1696 633 89 427 218 148 0 18 1 (37.32) (5.25) (25.18) (12.85) (8.73) (0.00) (10.67) 8 Prakasam 2338 796 87 542 31 1 193 0 409 (34.05) (3.72) (23.18) (13.30) (8.25) (0.00) (17.49) 9 Nellore 3054 1296 42 560 61 3 468 0 75 I (42.44) (1.38) (18.34) (20.07) (15.32) (0.00) (2.46) 10 Chittoor 10907 7023 666 1892 834 492 0 0 2 RWSS Department, GoAP, 2007 Samaj Vikas (~nto~i\.i~r~,d;_~\grg) 24 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 (64.39) (6.11) (17.35) (7.65) (4.51) (0.00) (0.00) 11 Kadapa 4542 1207 596 1284 985 460 0 10 (26.57) (13.12) (28.27) (21.69) (10.13) (0.00) (00.22) 12 Anantapur 3329 1764 44 328 48 1 54 9 0 -----(52.99) (1.32) ( 14.45) (16.49) (0.00) 13 Kurnool 1521 620 11 288 276 306 0 20 (40.76) (0.72) (18.93) (18.15) (20.11) (0.00) (1.3 1) 14 Mahaboobnagar 3421 1443 453 63 1 524 275 0 95 (42.18) (13.24) (18.44) (15.32) (8.04) (0.00) (2.78) 15 Rangareddy 1685 368 148 46 1 384 290 0 34 ------(21.84) (8.78) (27.36) (22.79) (17.21) (0.00) (2.02) 16 Medak 2370 666 104 509 687 404 0 7 (28.10) (4.39) (21.48) (28.98) (17.05) (0.00) (0.00) 17 Nizamabad 1632 552 102 203 382 393 0 0 (33.82) (6.25) (12.44) (23.40) (24.08) (0.00) (0.00) 18 Adilabad 3610 1140 532 878 743 28 1 14 22 (31.58) (14.74) (24.32) (20.58) (7.78) (0.38) (0.61) 19 Karimnagar 2259 312 125 445 622 61 1 0 144 (13.81) (5.53) (1 9.70) (27.53) (27.05) (0.00) (6.38) 20 Warangal 3542 1231 297 929 641 442 0 2 (34.75) (8.39) (26.23) (18.10) (12.48) (0.00) (0.05) 21 Khamrnam 3205 1233 223 739 558 297 0 155 (38.47) (6.96) (23.06) (17.41) (9.27) (0.00) (4.84) 22 Nalgonda 3310 1488 34 335 707 472 5 269 (44.95) (1.03) (10.12) (21.36) (14.26) (0.15) (8.13) - Grand total 72231 31292 5831 12874 11424 8435 424 195 1 (43.32) (8.07) (17.82) (15.82) (11.68) (0.59) (2.70) Source: Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department, April 2007 Note: FC - Fully covered with a per capita water supply of 40 lpcd PC 1 - Partially covered with a per capita water supply of less than 10 lpcd PC 2 - Partially covered with a per capita water supply of 10 lpcd to 19 lpcd PC 3 - Partially covered with a per capita water supply of 20 lpcd to 29 lpcd PC 4 - Partially covered with a per capita water supply of 30 lpcd to 39 lpcd NC -Not covered with water supply NSS - Not safe sources. The Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department (RWSSD) currently provides safe drinking water facilities through bore wells with hand pumps, piped water supply through single village schemes (SVS) and piped water supply through multi village schemes (MVS). The type of the scheme depends on the availability of water sources and water demand. About 30% of habitations (1 1 million people) rely solely or mostly on hand pumps, 60 percent of the habitations (33 million people) on Single Village Schemes (SVS) and 10% of the habitations (1 1 million people) on Multi Village Schemes (MVS). Presently, there is an increasing demand for piped water supply and household connections in rural areas. With regard to type of source, about 75 percent of the rural water schemes are dependent on groundwater sources and nearly half of these schemes currently tap over exploited, critical and semi critical aquifers. The remaining are surface water based schemes. With regard to quality, nearly 3% of the total habitations rely on water sources with excess fluoride andlor salinity. - Samaj Vikas (i II~&&~~~~I:~~:I&~~.~)I-~) 25 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Access to infrastructure however does not guarantee access to service. Inadequate operation and maintenance (O&M) due to shortage of funds and technical expertise is resulting in continuous slippage of FC habitations to PC and IVC categories. About 20 % of the schemes, including most schemes for which O&M has been transferred to Gram Panchayat (GPs) are not fully operational and require rehabilitation or augmentation. 2.2.2 Sanitation The present level of sanitation coverage in the state is only 53%. Out of a total of 1,01,50,779 households only 53,81,630 households have individual household latrines. But only half of the rural households with latrines are using them regularly. This implies that more than 70 percent of rural population practices open field defecation. Open defecation constitutes a major non-point source of pollution of surface and ground waters in addition to soil contamination. This problem is more acute in densely populated settlements, especially in coastal areas. Poor environmental sanitation conditions and lack of adequate supply of safe water are factors responsible for high incidence of water borne/ water related diseases among the rural population. In addition to the unsanitary disposal of human waste, the issues concerning the sanitation situation in rural areas are: Wastewater generated by households including cattle sheds flows into open surface drains that are often choked, leading to stagnation of wastewater in the lanes and bylanes. Presence of stagnant water in open drains and open areas is a breeding ground for mosquitoes and other harmful organisms, which lead to water related diseases. Facilities and practices for more efficient and hygienic conversion of animal dung and agriculture residues into manure/ compost are absent. Construction of dry pits to discharge sullage is done without any consideration to sanitary aspects. Discharge of septic tank effluents into the open drains instead of disposing to soak pits, creates unsanitary conditions. Lack of proper sanitation facilities for disposal of various wastes results in seepage into shallow aquifers which are sources of water supply through hand pumps, open dug wells, and percolation wells. Contamination of village ponds by wastewater and dumping of other wastes on its periphery. 2.3 Regulatory and Policy Framework Rural water supply is a state subject under the Constitution of India. However, states are guided by policies and regulations enunciated by the Government of India. These include: 1. 73rd Constitutional Amendment 2. The National Water Policy of 2002 3. The Environment (Protection) Act, No.29 of 1986 4. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (Central Act 6 of 1974) as amended in 1988 - Samaj Vikas (i n fc)$~~satn:~lL ika2s.j)rw) 26 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 5. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act No 36 of 1977 6. Forest (Conservation) Act No. 69 of 1980 as amended in 1988 7. The Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 as Amended in 1991 8. EIA Notification of 2006 The 73rd Constitutional Amendment designates PRIs as providers of basic services to rural communities which include drinking water and sanitation. The Andhra Pradesh Panchayat Raj Act, 1994 allows the Government to transfer to Panchayats the duty of protecting and maintaining any irrigation works or regulate distribution of water. The aspects of the National Water Policy that impact rural water supply schemes are presented in the box below: Box 2-3: National Water Policy aspects impacting Rural Water Supply Schemes Water is a scarce and precious national resource to be planned, developed and conserved as such, and on an integrated and environmentally sound basis, keeping in view the needs of the States concerned. Water should be made available to water scarcity areas by transfer from other areas including transfers from one river basin to another, based on a national perspective, after taking into account the requirements of the areas1 basins. Water resource development projects should, as far as possible, be planned and developed as multipurpose projects. Provision for drinking water should be a primary consideration. The study of the impact of a project, during construction and later, on human lives; settlements, occupations, economic and other aspects should be an essential component of project planning. In the planning, implementation and operation of projects, the preservation of the quality of environment and the ecological balance should be a primary consideration. The adverse impact, if any, on the environment should be minimized and should be offset by adequate compensatory measures. There should be an integrated and multidisciplinary approach to the planning, formulation, clearance and implementation of projects, including catchment treatment and management, environmental and ecological aspects, the rehabilitation of affected people and command area development. Special efforts should be made to investigate and formulate projects either in or for the benefit of areas inhabited by tribal or other specially disadvantaged groups such as Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections of society. In the planning and operation of systems, water allocation priorities, drinking water should have first priority. There should be a close integration of water use and land use volicies. The State adopts the national policy on water and sanitation which emphasizes participation by the PRIs. It lays emphasis on integration of water supply and environmental sanitation including personal hygiene. The State Water Policy accords high priority for drinlung water and underscores the need for regular programme of monitoring of fresh water bodies for protecting their water resource potential. Scope of relevant environment regulations and implications for the EMF are furnished in the table below. Samaj Vikas (!.nfc?isi!!nal! jk;:ls:s!rg) 27 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 1. The Environment Under this Act, the central government is (Protection) Act empowered to take measures necessary to No.29 of 1986 protect and improve the quality of the environment by setting standards for emissions and discharges; regulating the location of industries; management of hazardous wastes, and protection of public health and welfare. 2. Water (Prevention This Act prohibits the discharge of Wastewater should be and Control of pollutants into water bodies beyond a treated before discharge Pollution) Act, given standard and lays down penalties for into water bodies. Sludge 1974 (Central Act noncompliance. from water treatment plants 6 of 1974) as and sewage treatment amended plants must be properly in1988 processed and disposed. Prior clearance from State Pollution Control Board I 3. Water (Prevention This Act provides for a levy and collection (SPCB) is necessary for and Control of of a cess on water consumed by industries disposing sludge from sewage treatment plants. Po1lution)Cess and local authorities. It aims at Act No. 36 of augmenting the resources of the central 1977 and state boards for prevention and control of water pollution. 4. Forest This Act restricts the powers of the state in Permission is to be (Conservation) respect of dereservation of forests and use obtained from the Forest Act No. 69 of of forestland for nonforest purposes. Department when forest 1980 and land is required for the amended in 1988 project activities. 5. The Wildlife This Act provides for protection to listed Ecologically sensitive (Protection) Act species of Flora and Fauna in the declared areas, wild life sanctuaries 1972, Amendment network of ecologically important and national parks should 1991 protected areas such as wild life be avoided while selecting sanctuaries and national parks. sites for project components. If this is not possible, permission should be obtained from the Forest Department and appropriate safeguards must be adopted. 6. EIA Notification All projects listed under Schedule-I of the This project does not of MoEF 2006 Notification require environmental require EIA. However, the clearance from the MoEF. Water supply EMF is designed to ensure and sanitation projects, however, are not that environmental safety covered in the Schedule. The list of project measures are integrated categories under Schedule I of the into the project. Environmental Impact assessment Notification is given in Annexure 7. 7. APWALTA All the existing wells must be The EMF will include registered with the Village Assistant. appropriate appraisal tools, The Local Bodies shall monitor the institutional arrangements construction of water harvesting and capacity building to structures in all existing and new ensure that the all the residential, commercial, public and relevant provisions of Samaj Vikas (int'o~<:g~~~~i~~~k:~s.o~_g) 2 8 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 open areas. APWALTA are respected The Authority (MWSC) may take over in the project activities. any well for drinking water to local people whenever water scarcity arises. Sinking of wells within 250 meters radius of a public drinking water source is prohibited. But sinking of any well for public drinking water supply, hand pump for public or private drinking water purpose shall be exempted. The Authority may declare a particular ground water basin as over exploited for a period of not more than six months and for not more than another six months after review. No well shall be permitted in such areas except wells for public or private drinking water purpose. The Authority may review from time to time and permit sinking of wells in these basins duly specifying the number of wells to be sunk, depth of the well, distance between two adjoining wells and other conditions as deemed fit. Sand mining shall not be permitted in over exploited basins. Authority may issue guidelines for constructing rainwater harvesting structures in all residential, commercial and other premises and open spaces having an area of not less than 200 square meters. The Authority may formulate guidelines including suitable incentives for recycling and reuse of waste water by industrial, commercial users and local bodies. No ground water resources shall be contaminated by anybody through direct disposal of wastewater. The authority may notify water bodies like lakes, village ponds and minor irrigation tanks etc., as heritage bodies and conservation areas. The proposed APRWSSP does not fall under any of the project categories listed in Schedule-I of the Environmental Impact Assessment Notification and hence does not require any formal environmental clearance of the Ministry of Environment and Forests, G01. The project area has not been notified as ecologically sensitive or fragile under the Environment Protection Act, 1986. Though the state of Andhra Pradesh is dotted with a number of sites of religious, cultural and historical importance, wildlife sanctuaries and national parks, the proposed APRWSSP is not expected to have any adverse impact on these Samaj Vikas (i~?fi):L~&i~~~~iy~ kig >~m) 29 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 sites. The proposed APRWSS project will address all the issues of concern as laid down in the OD 4.01 of World Bank on EA. Though there are no specific clearances required from the Ministry of Environment and Forests, GOI, all the provisions in the various central and state Acts listed in this chapter and relevant in the context of the proposed project would be incorporated during the implementation of the project. 2.3.1 The World Bank Safeguard Policies The below table describes the relevant safe guard policies of the World Bank and discusses their applicability to the project. Table 2-3 : The World Bank Safeguard Policies I Policy Key Features Applicability to this project OP/BP 4.01 Potential environmental consequences of Applicable to this project. The Environmental projects identified early in project cycle. EMF includes a detailed Assessrilent EAs and mitigation plans required for projects description of assessment with significant environmental impacts or procedures for each of the involuntary resettlement. activities proposed under the EAs should include analysis of alternative APRWSS project. Screening and designs and sites, or consideration of "no option" assessment tools as well as Requires public participation and information detailed guidelines have been disclosure before Board approval. developed for all proposed schemes. OP/BP 4.04 Prohibits financing of projects involving Not applicable, since schemes to Natural "significant conversion of natural habitats unless be taken up under the project Habitats there are no feasible alternatives". would not convert or degrade Requires environmental cost benefit analysis. natural habitats. Requires EA with mitigation measures. However, assessment procedures and mitigation measures have been put into place through the EMF so that any negative impacts on the natural environment are minimized. OP/BP 4.36 Prohibits financing for commercial logging Some of the schemes taken up Forestry operations or acquisition of equipment for use in under the Project will be primary moist tropical forests. located in forest areas. Mitigation measures have been appropriately included into the Environmental Management Framework (EMF) to ensure that in all schemes which have a component located on forest land, the required permission is taken through the Forest Department (for approval of the Government of India under Samaj Vikas (~jlfo~r.;nn~lgk~k+.;,grg) 3 0 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 the Forest Conservation Act, 1980)~. Also, any required felling of trees in forest or nonforest areas is done with the permission of the Forest Department and in accordance with guidelines- for compensatory afforestation. Assessment procedures and mitigation measures have been put into place through the EMF to ensure that any felling of trees is done in accordance with the approval of the Forest Department and in accordance with guidelines for compensatory afforestation. OP 4.09 Pest Supports environmentally sound pest Not Applicable. Management management, including integrated pest Vector control measures, if management, but does not prohibit the use of undertaken in the project will be highly hazardous pesticides. in accordance with the OP 4.09 Pest management is the borrower's responsibility avoiding use of insecticides in in the context of a project's EA. classes la, I b and 2. OPBP 4.12 Implemented in projects which displace people. Applicable to the project. Involuntary Requires public participation in resettlement The project will ensure that Resettlement planning as part of EA for project. people are not displaced. Intended to restore or improve income earning Scheme components will be sited capacity -of displaced populations. as far as possible on Government or Panchayat lands. Resettlement Policy Framework has been prepared separately. Involuntary acquisition will be avoided. OPBP 4.20 Purpose is to ensure indigenous peoples benefit Applicable to the project. Indigenous from Bank financed development and to avoid or Adverse effects on the indigenous Peoples mitigate adverse affects on indigenous peoples. people will be avoided. Applies to projects that might adversely affect Indigenous people will be indigenous peoples or when they are targeted benefited with access to water beneficiaries. supply and sanitation. Requires participation of indigenous peoples in creation of "indigenous peoples development plans". 3 The Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 requires the Central Government to provide for diversion of forest land (of less than 1 ha, requiring felling of not more than 75 trees per hectare) for specific Government managed facilities including drinking water supply and water points, water or rainwater harvesting structures, tanks and other minor water bodies. Samaj Vikas (l~~f~!:~~ii~~l;~j~-lk:~:.grg) 3 1 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analvsis - Final Reuort - November 2008 1 OPfBP 4.1 1 Purpose is to assist in the preservation of cultural Not Applicable to the project. Physicla property, such as sites having archeological, No existing cultural property will Cultural paleontological, historical, religious and unique be damaged. Resources cultural values. However, any cultural relics if Generally seeks to assist in their preservation found during any excavation and avoid their elimination. during the project works will be Discourages financing of projects that will deposited with the relevant damage cultural property. Government authority whose recommendation regarding further excavation will also be taken. OPBP 4.37 Applies to large dams (15 meters or more in Not applicable since the project Safety of Dams height). does not involve construction of Requires review by independent experts dams. throughout project cycle. Requires preparation of EA and detailed plans for construction and operation, and periodic inspection by the Bank. -- OPBP 7.50 Covers riparian waterways that form boundary Not applicable since the project Projects on between two or more states, as well as any bay, area does not involve international International gulf, strait or channel bordered by two or more waterways. Waterways states. Applies to dams, imgation, flood control, navigation, water, sewage and industrial projects. Requires notification, agreement between states, detailed maps, feasibility surveys. OPBP 7.60 Applies to projects where there are territorial Not applicable as no project Projects in disputes present. components will be proposed in Disputed Areas Allows Bank to proceed if governments agree to disputed areas. go forward without prejudice to claims. Requires early identification of territorial disputes and descriptions in all Bank documentation. Other World Bank Policies important to Social and Environmental Concerns The Bank's Policy on L>isclosure of Information, has been incorporated in the project implementation plan. 2.4 Sector Institutions Andhra Pradesh has one nodal department for rural water supply and sanitation, as Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department (RWSSD) while four other institutions have a converging impact on water supply and sanitation. These institutions are as under: Nodal Institution 1. Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department (RWSSD) Converging institutions Samaj Vikas (~~~~~Q~s.;II~~~I~I~I&~Is~.vrx) 3 2 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 1. Panchayat Raj and Rural Development Department 2. Department of Irrigation 3. Department of Agriculture 4. Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board The functions of these institutions (as relevant to the project context) are discussed in detail in the following sections. 2.4.1 Nodal Institutions Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department During early 2008, the Panchayat Raj Engineering Department has been bifurcated into Panchayat Raj Department and Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department (RWSSD). RWSSD is responsible for planning, execution, operation and maintenance of works related to water supply and sanitation in rural areas. RWSSD is currently implementing GO1 programmes such as Swajaladhara and Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP). It is also the nodal department for the proposed World Bank assisted Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project (APRWSSP). It also implements Rural Water supply programme under state funded MNP and NABARD supported schemes. The RWSSD also implements the Total Sanitation Campaign. RWSSD operates under the independent charge of the Minister of Rural Water Supply. The Principal Secretary is its administrative head. The operation of the department is managed by three Chief Engineers with the support of 389 SEs, EEs and DEEs. They are further supported by around 1831 AEs/ AEEs besides other supervisory and technical staff to operate the waterworks. The organizational structure of RWSSD is presented in Figure below: Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 AEUAE, RWSS Legends: RWSS -Rural Water Supply & San~lat~on CE - Ch~elEnglnecr SWSM- Slate Walcr & San~lat~onMzss~on SE - Supenntend~ngEnglneer PD,CCDU - Project D~rector,Comrnun~cat~on & Capacity EE - Execuuvc Eng~neer Butldtng Unlt DEE - Depuly Execut~veEng~neer DWSM - D~rtnclWater & Sanltahon Mlrs~on AEEIAE - Ass~rtantExecut~ve Eng~neen : Asslrlant DWSC - D~stnctWater & San~tahonComrn~ltee Engineers MWSC - Mandal Water & San~lattonCommittee Regions (2) & CCDU (1) - 2 CEs In charge 012 regions & i CE ~n charge 01Commun~calton & GPWSC - Vlllagc Water & San~tattonComm~ltce Capacity Development Unit Figure 2.2: Present organization set up of RWSSD The RWSSD has a network of water testing laboratories (there are 52 district laboratories4, one state level laboratory located at Hyderabad and 51 other laboratories spread over the state under the control of the RWSSD). Locations of the laboratories are furnished in Annexure 8. The State laboratories as well as the 22 district laboratories are equipped for testing of chemical and bacteriological parameters. The other 29 divisional laboratories are equipped with facilities for testing of chemical parameters only. However no laboratory is equipped with testing of biological and virological parameters. 4 RWSS Department, GoAP, 2007 Samaj Vlkas (~nttLu- stlrla~\&g> 1)y) 34 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 In addition, Institute of Preventive Medicine (IPM) has water quality testing labs in 15 districts and APPCB has state level and district laboratories for monitoring surface water quality of rivers and groundwater quality of 22 observation wells spread over the state. 2.4.2 Converging Departments Panchayat Raj and Rural Development Department (PR&RDD) The main functions of the Department are as follows: Implement schemes for rural development Improve the coverage and quality of infrastructure facilities in rural areas Execute minor irrigation and poverty alleviation programs The Department is implementing several schemes to improve living conditions of people in rural areas and to create economic awareness in rural areas. Some of these schemes include: Jawahar Gram Samrudhdhi Yojana (JGSY) Indira Kranti Patham Community Development Construction of Mandal Buildings Construction of small minor irrigation schemes and tanks Construction and maintenance of rural roads and drains Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) Department of Irrigation The Department of Irrigation is responsible for 1. Designing and construction of dams, reservoirs and barrages. 2. Construction and maintenance of canals and drains, macro and micro hydel projects. 3. Lining of the existing channels and water courses. 4. Flood control interventions. 5. Regulation of the flow of waters in rivers and canals. 6. Control of water logging in the affected areas. The surface water1 canal based schemes of the RWSSD are critically dependent upon the water transmission and distribution network of canals under the Department of Imgation. Department of Agriculture The Department of Agriculture oversees all agriculture related activities in the state. It is also responsible for monitoring shallow ground water levels. Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board was constituted under the Water (Prevention Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 with headquarters at Hyderabad. It is a regulatory authority for implementing various pollution control laws. The main functions of the Board are: To inspect industrial plants and manufacturing process, sewage or trade effluents plants or any control equipment for the treatment of sewage and trade effluent; to review plans and specification for installation of effluent treatment plants or air pollution control devices; to issue consents for installation and operation of industrial plant and to give such directions to such persons as it may consider necessary to take steps for the prevention and control of water or air pollution. Samaj Vikas (1~~~~~sh~~gj \:,~~.i~-?~.i~~rs) 3 5 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Re~ort- November 2008 To assess the water quality of river, streams, well and ambient air in the state and to plan the prevention, control and abatement of their pollution. The Board has also undertaken various studies of ground water, soil and air to take remedial steps to control pollution. 2.5 GOAP RWSS Sector Vision The RWSS Sector Vision and Policy Note has been issued by GOAP in October 2006, mainly to clarify its objectives for ensuring access to a reliable (40 lpcd water supply), financially and environmentally sustainable and affordable RWSS service to the entire rural population. Key elements of GOAP's 'Vision' are: devolution of funds, functions and functionaries to the PHs; enforcement of full recovery of O&M costs and sharing of capital costs from user charges (taking into consideration affordability, particularly by disadvantaged groups); and a improvement of the 'accountability framework' by clarifying the roles and responsibilities of the various actors of the RWSS sector at the state, district and village level, including responsibilities for policy formulation, financing, regulation, construction, operations and maintenance. The two significant changes introduced by the 'Vision' are the transfer of the responsibility for planning, design and construction of the RWSS infrastructure and for operating the RWSS service to the PRIs and communities; and the evolution of the role of the PRED to that of a provider of technical assistance to the PHs. The GoAP envisaged distribution of responsibilities between key agencies such as state water and sanitation mission (SWSM), district water supply and sanitation mission (DWSM) and Gram Panchayat Water and Sanitation Committee (GPWSC) as summarized below: (i) State Level Principal Secretary, Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department (RWSSD): Overall RWSS policy formulation; definition of RWSS sector program objectives and implementation arrangements; State Water and Sanitation Mission (SWSM): RWSS program planning and management including detailed policy formulation, approval of annual plans and budget allocations; capacity building coordination; monitoring and evaluation (M&E), channeling of funds to GPs and GPWSCs; Rural Water supply and Sanitation Department (RWSSD): Planning and implementation of complex MVS and SVS; operation and maintenance of complex MVS under contract with served GPs; provider of technical assistance and engineering services under contract with PRIs andlor GPWSCs. Jii) District Level a District Water and Sanitation Mission (DWSM): (reporting to SWSM) review and implementation of RWSS sector program, approval of schemes proposed by GPWSCs and GPs, channeling of funds to GPWSCs; capacity building of GPs and GPWSCs, Monitoring and Evaluation, etc. Samaj Vikas (info~~is:ilni~~vik:~s,~)rg) 36 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 (iii) Gram Panchayat (GP) and Community Level Gram Panchayat: capacity building of GPWSCs; approval of RWSS schemes, account management, account auditing, conflict resolution, Operation and Maintenance (O&M), cost recovery of RWSS schemes, Monitoring and Evaluation, etc. Gram Panchayat Water and Sanitation Committees (GPWSCs): RWSS scheme planning, design, procurement of works, construction supervision, with assistance of engineering consultant or RWSSD under contract; O&M of SVS, setting of user charges (capital and O&M), accounts management, etc. 2.6 Proposed World Bank Assisted Project The proposed World Bank assisted APRWSS project would aim to scale up demand responsive and decentralized service delivery approach across the state in the medium term. The project will cover all the 22 districts in Andhra Pradesh. The different key components of the project are as given in Chapter 1. A unique feature of the proposed project is its bottom up planning process in which the beneficiary community is actively involved in all stages of development of the project and its implementation including O&M of facilities created under the project. The key objectives of the proposed project are: a) To improve the quality of rural water supply and sanitation services and to achieve Sustainable development, Poverty reduction, Sustainable health and hygiene benefits to the rural population, Empowerment and inclusion of community in general and rural poor and women in particular, and Strengthening the decentralization process. b) To promote the long term sustainability of the rural water supply and sanitation sector by identifying and implementing an appropriate policy framework and strategic plan. These objectives will be achieved through: Adopting a demand responsive approach and use of participatory process for delivery of sustainable service to project communities, Phased implementation of appropriate policy and institutional reforms for changing role of the government from provider to facilitator, Community and Village Panchayat capacity building, Women's development initiatives built into the project, Targeted Tribal Development Plan. Construction1 up gradation of drinking water supply, drainage and sanitation schemes, including water quality monitoring programs, Groundwater recharge and rainwater harvesting will be integral parts of drinking water source development. Promoting integrated water resource management, and Establishing financial viability and sustainability of rural water supply and sanitation services Samaj Vikas (1_nto:~~~,uy1ajc1h,14org) 37 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 The baseline environmental conditions are elaborated under chapter 3, while the project environmental issues and impacts are elaborated in Chapter 4. Further the existing and potential adverse environmental impacts are listed under Annexures 4, 5 and 6. The project social issues are captured in the Social Assessment Study which comprises of Social Assessment, Resettlement Policy Framework and Tribal Development Plan. Samaj Vikas (1nfo2issnmai ~iLg~'.org) 3 8 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 3. Baseline Environmental Status 3.1 Introduction This chapter provides an overview of the physical geography of the state, with special emphasis on water resources. This environmental baseline has been developed mainly on the basis of data collected through secondary sources, and has been supplemented by public consultations and field surveys in sample villages. 3.2 Physical Environmental 3.2.1 Location The state of Andhra Pradesh is flanked by Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Orissa in the north, Karnataka in the west and Tamil Nadu in the south. The Bay of Bengal is to the east. Spread over an area of 2,75,100 sq.krns, Andhra Pradesh is the most populous state in the south of India. It lies between 12'41' and 22'N latitude and 77" and 84'40'E longitude. For the purpose of administration, the State is divided into 23 districts including Hyderabad district. There are 1,127 Mandals, 26,6 14 villages and 72,23 1 habitations in the state. 3.2.2 Geomorphology There are three main regions in Andhra Pradesh: Coastal Andhra comprising Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari, Krishna, Guntur, Ongole and Nellore districts; Rayalaseema comprising Kumool, Cuddapah, Chittoor and Anantapur districts; and Telangana comprising Khammam, Nalgonda, Warangal, Karimnagar, Medak, Nizamabad, Adilabad, Mahaboobnagar, Rangareddy and Hyderabad districts. The state has a tropical climate with moderate diffusion to subtropical weather. Humid to semihumid conditions prevail in the coastal area while arid to semiarid situations pronounce in the interior parts of the state, particularly Rayalaseema and some districts of Telangana. The areas covered by Deccan plateau are characterized by hot summers with relatively pleasant winters. The average annual rainfall received in the state ranges from 500-750 mm in the Scarce Rain fall Zone to about 900-1500 mm in the North Telangana region5. The state is dotted with hill ranges from the north to the south, running erratically down the middle. In the north, there are Simhachalam and Annavaram hills, in the middle country , there are the Srisailam hill ranges and in the south are the Tirumalai Tirupati hills. The state has two great rivers, Godavari and Krishna which spring from the Westem Ghats in Maharashtra and flow eastward and joins the Bay of Bengal. The Godavari enters the state of Andhra Pradesh direct from Maharashtra, but the Krishna first goes to Karnataka where it flows for a considerable distance before entering Andhra Pradesh. Besides these two big rivers, there are the Tungabhadra, the Pennar and many other small rivers and rivulets. Tungabhadra and Pennar originate in the Kamataka plateau. Like all the peninsular rivers all these are rain fed rivers. 5 Source MQ 'ig1.1lip 1110 111 cl11.1n;lt~'h1111l (viewed on 1 l August 2008) Samaj Vikas (i n.f-.~~:';~~g~~j\:i~k/l';,~rg) 39 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 3.2.3 Ecologically Sensitive Areas There are 22 wildlife sanctuaries and 4 national parks in Andhra Pradesh. The figure below shows the map of the National Parks and Sanctuaries in Andhra Pradesh. Figure 3.1: Map of Wildlife Sanctuaries & National Parks of AP. Source: Forest Department, GOAP The table below gives the details of the ecologically sensitive areas such as wildlife sanctuaries and national parks in Andhra Pradesh. Table 3-1: Wildlife Sanctuaries & National Parks in AP S. Name of District located Significant trees Significant animals and No. ParWSanctuary birds 1. Kawal Wildlife Adilabad Dry Deciduous Teak Tiger, Panther, Gaur, Sanctuary Forests mixed with Cheetal, and other wild Bamboo, animals and a variety of - 2. Shivaram Wildlife Adilabad & Riverine forest mixed Marsh Crocodile, Tiger, Sanctuary Karirnnagar with Teak, Terminalia, and other wild animals Bamboo, 3. Manjira Wildlife Medak Ipomea, Babool, Marsh Crocodile, fresh Sanctuary Prosopis, Vallisnaria, water Turtles and a variety - Samaj Vikas (~~~f(@i;j~~fi~\ikgg~(!~) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Eichornia, Reeds. of aquatic birds 4. Eturangaram Wildlife Warangal Dry deciduous Teak Tiger, Panther, Gaur, Sanctuary forest with Bamboo Sambar, Cheetal, and migratory Birds 5 Pranahita Adilabad Dry deciduous and Tiger, Panther, Sloth and riverine Forests with other wild animals and a Teak, Bamboo etc. variety of aquatic Birds & 1 Reptiles 6 Pakhal Warangal Dry deciduous Teak Tiger, Panther, Gaur, wild forest with Bamboo, animals and migratory Mohua, Terminalia, Birds Pterocarpus 7 Kinnera Sani Khamrnam Dry deciduous Teak Tiger, Panther, Gaur, forest with Bamboo, etc. Cheetal, and other wild animals and aquatic birds 8 Papikonda East Godavari, Dry deciduous Teak Tiger, Panther, and other West Godavari & forest with Bamboo, wild animals; Marsh Khammam Terminalia, Pterocarpus, Crocodile and a variety of Cassias birds. 9 Koleru West Godavari Krishna and Guntur Estuarine Crocodile and a I variety of birds. Medak & Dry deciduous forest I Panther, Sloth Bear, and Nizamabad with patches of scrub other wild animals grassy plains. 1 ' Medak Ipomea, Babool, Marsh Crocodile, fresh Prosopis, and Reeds. water Turtles and a 'variety of aquatic birds 1 13 Srisailam Guntur, Teak, Bamboo, Tiger, Panther, and other (Nagarjunasagar) Prakasham, Terminilias, wild animals, Mugger 1 Wildlife Sanctuary Kmool, Hardwickias, 1 Crocodile, Rock Python Mahaboobnagar Anogeissus and and Peafowl. hundreds of medicinal ulants 14 Rolla Padu Kurnool Open dry grassland Wild animals, Russell's Viper and Cobra. 15. Kaundinya Wildlife Chittor Dry deciduous and thorn Indian Elephant, Sloth Sanctuary (Project forests consisting of Bear, Panther, Cheetal, and Elephant) Albizzias, Accacias, other wild animals. Lagerstroemea, Ficus, Bamboo. East Godavari Mangrove vegetation Otter, Fishing Cat, Jackal, Sanctuary Marine. Turtle and Estuarine Crocodile. Most common birds. 17 Gundala Kurnool & Mixed deciduous forest Tiger, Panther, and Wild Brahmeshwara Prakasam of Teak, & Bamboo. animals, and Marsh Samaj Vikas (~ntc)~~>,lln;~c_~h,~\ors) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 Crocodile. 18 Sri Cuddapah Dry deciduous mixed Panther, Sloth Bear, Lankamalleshwara thorn forests Cheetal, and other wild animals. 19 Nelapattu Nellore A fresh water tank with Variety of birds Barringtonia trees 20 Pulicut Nellore A vast coastal shallow, Variety of birds brachsh water lake 21 Sri Peninsula Nellore Dry evergreen forest Panther, Cheetal, and other Narasimha wild animals, large number of Reptile and Bird species. 22 Kanbalakonda Visakhapatnam Dry evergreen forest Panthers, Spotted Deers and other wild animals National Parks 1. Sri Venkateswara Tirupathi Flora and fauna National Park 2. Mahavir Harina Kadapa & Chittor Flora and fauna National Park 3 Kasu Brahrnananda Hyderabad Wild animals Reddy National Park 4 Mrugavani National Hyderabad Wild animals Park. 3.2.4 Climate and Rainfall The climate of Andhra Pradesh is generally hot and humid. The average annual rainfall of Andhra Pradesh state is 940 mrn. The average annual rainfalls of coastal Andhra Pradesh, Telengana and Rayalaseema are 1094mm, 961 mm and 680mm respectively. Annual rainfall details for the past years from 1998-99 to 2006-07 are illustrated in figure below: Rainfall in mm from 1998-99 to 2006-07 1 Rainfall in mm 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 06-07 Water Year (June-May) Figure 3.2: Rainfall - 1998-99 to 2006-07 Note: Water year is the period from June of previous year to May of the current year Samaj Vikas (i!hfo~Qsai~n~i~i&.;.or!) 42 The district wise deviation of annual rainfall in the year 2007 is presented in the figure below: CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD 'a.. -., , .".. DEVIATION OF RAINFALL DEVIATION (%) -50 to-25 -25 to 0 0 to 25 w 225 Figure 3.3: District wise deviation of annual rainfall in the year 2007 from 1997 Source: Central Ground Water Board The normal annual rainfall is 940 mm. The rainfall also shows that droughts are fairly recurrent in the state. The analysis of state rainfall during 1974-2004 indicates deficit rainfall in all the 30 years in one or the other parts of the state. The State receives about 66% of rainfall from south west monsoon (June - September) and about 25% from north east monsoon (October - December). The remaining 9% is received during winter and summer months. 3.2.5 Demographic Status The population of the state is 76.21 million as per 2001 census. The State has population density of 277 per sq. krn. (as against the national average of 324). The decadal growth rate of the state from 1991 to 2001 is 14.59% (against 21.54% for the country) and the population of the state is growing at a slower rate than the national rate. 55.40 million (72.70%) of the state population lives in rural areas. Hyderabad district has no rural Samaj Vikas (~fo>~~;!~~~gly~.k;li:.~.~~_r~) 43 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 population. Except Ranga Reddy district all other districts have rural population more than 60% of the district population. Mahaboobnagar district has the highest rural population (89.43%) and Ranga Reddy district has the lowest rural population (45.79%) The district wise demographic data of the state including total population and rural population as per 2001 census is presented in the table below: Table 3-2: District wise demographic data (census 2001) Total Percent to Rural Percent of Population total Population Rural S1. No. District 2001 population of population in the State 2001 the District 2488003 1 Adilabad 3.26 1827986 73.53 2345685 1920947 2 Nizamabad 3.08 81.96 3491 822 2813010 3 Karimnagar 4.58 80.47 2670097 2286573 4 Medak 3.51 85.55 5 Hyderabad 3829753 5.02 0 I 0 3575064 1637227 6 Ranga Reddy 4.69 45.79 35 13934 3142579 7 Mahaboobnagar 4.61 89.43 3247982 2815304 8 Nalgonda 4.26 86.74 3246004 2622792 9 Warangal 4.26 80.79 2578927 2068066 10 Khamrnam 3.38 80.20 2537593 2258934 11 Srikakulam 3.33 89.00 2249254 1836859 12 Vizianagaram 2.95 81.64 pppp-- 13 Visakhapatnam 3832336 5.02 2301437 I 60.11 4901420 3749535 14 East Godavari 6.43 76.67 3803517 3052630 15 West Godavari 4.99 80.3 1 4187841 2844394 16 Krishna 5.50 67.63 4465 144 3179384 17 Guntur 5.86 72.05 18 Prakasam 3059423 4.0 1 2592055 19 Nellore 2668564 3.50 206952 1 20 Kadapa 2601797 3.41 2014044 3529494 2712030 21 Kurnool 4.63 77.43 3640478 27209 15 22 Anantapur 4.77 74.72 3745875 2934845 23 Chittoor 4.91 78.31 Total 762 10007 55401067 The district wise population range is shown in the figure below: Samaj Vi kas (!r!&$~.;a~~i~~1k:~~.or~1) 44 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 YAHPRASHTRA HHATTISGA Map n& b &ah I Copyright 8 2006. Compata Infobase ilmltsd Source: Census Department Figure 3.4: District wise Population Range 3.2.6 Agriculture The agriculture and allied sectors contribute close to 30% of the State's GDP and provide employment to 64.55% of the population. The cropped area in Andhra Pradesh is divided into seven zones based on the agroclimatic conditions. The classification mainly concentrates on the range of rainfall received, type and topography of the soils. The districts covered by the different zones and their agroclimatic characteristics are given below6: Table 3-3: Iifferent zones and ti eir agroclimatic characteris ic s Zone Districts Rainfall I Temperature Soil Type Crop Grown Krishna - East Godavari Part, South West ( Max. 32-36°C Deltaic Paddy, Godavari West Godavari, Monsoon Min. 23-24°C alluvium, Red Groundnut, Krishna, Guntur, and soils with clay, Jowar, Bajra, contiguous areas of Black Cotton Tobacco, Khammam, Nalgonda soils, Red cotton, chilies, and Prakasam Loams, coastal Sugarcane and sands & saline Horticultural 6 h1~1Jrrrl ap 111cIn cllm:r~r.htrr~l viewed on 11 August 2008 Samaj Vikas (~nti~rc_\,~inaj\I~,I.org) 45 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 soils Crops Srikakulam, South West Red soils with Paddy, Coastal Vizianagaram, Monsoon Min. 26-27°C clay base, Groundnut, Visakhapatnam and Pockets of Mesta, Jute, uplands of East 1000 -1 100 acidic soils, Sunhemp, Godavari mm laterite soils, Sesamum, soils with pH Jowar, Bajra, 4-5 Blackgram and Horticultural crops Southern Hyderabad, South West Max. 28-34°C Red soils Paddy; Zone Rangareddy, Monsoon Min. 22-23°C having Red Sunflower, Mahabubnagar earths with Safflower, (except Southern 700-900 loamy subsoils Grapevine, border), Nalgonda mm. (Chalkas) Sorghum, (except North eastern Millets, Pulses boarder), Medak and Orchard (Southern parts), crops Warangal (North western Part) Adilabad, South West Ma.30-37°C Chalkas, Red Paddy, Telangana Karirnnagar, Monsoon Min. 21-25 "C sandy soils, Sugarcane, Zone Nizamabad, Medak Dubbas, Deep Castor, Jowar, (Northern part), 900- 1500 Red loamy Maize, Warangal (Except mm soils, Very Sunflower, N.W.Part), Eastern deep B.C. Soils Turmeric, tips of Nalgonda and Pulses and Khammai Chillies Southern Hyderabad, South West Max. 28-34 "C Red earths with Paddy, Telangana Rangareddy, Monsoon Min. 22-23 "C loamy subsoils Sunflower, Zone Mahabubnagar (Chalkas) Safflower, (except southern 700-900 Grapevine, border), Nalgonda mm Sorghum, (except North eastern Millets, Pulses border), Medak and Orchard (Southern parts), crops Warangal (North Western Part). Kurnool, Anantapur, Both from Max. 32-36 "C Red Earths Cotton, Korra, Rain Fall Prakasam (Western South West Min. 24-30 "C with loamy Sorghum, Zone of parts) Cuddapah Monsoon & soils (Chalkas), Millets, Rayalasee (Northern part) North East Red Sandy Groundnut, Mahabubnagar Monsoon Soils and B.C. Pulses, Paddy (Southern Border) Soils in 500-750 pockets ------mm -- Northern borders of South West Horticultural Altitude Srikakulam, Monsoon crops, Millets, Vizianagaram, Over 1400 Pulses, Chillies, I Areas Visakhapatnam, East mm Turmeric and Godavari and Pepper Khammam Samaj Vikas (I11 ~O~LI;S~~IIIZ~~J-I~I~.. ors) 46 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 The total cultivable area, which includes net area sown, current fallow, fallow other than current fallow and cultivable waste is around 15.60 million hectares or 57 per cent of the total geographical area. While this area has remained unchanged over the years, the net area sown has declined from 41 per cent during the triennium ending 1990-91 to about 37 percent during the triennium ending 2004-05. The decline in net area sown has been accompanied by an increase in cultivable waste, fallow land and land put to nonagricultural uses. The increase in underutilized land (the difference between the total cultivable area, and net area sown), fiom 28 per cent of the total cultivable area to about 33 per cent during this period is a cause of concern in the state. Almost 19,221.93 sq. krn. of land in the state, which is about 7 per cent of the total geographical area (and 12.31 per cent of the cultivable area), is categorized as degraded and 45,627.15 sq. krn. are total wastelands7. Incidence of degradation is more in Rayalaseema and Telangana regions where agriculture is predominantly dry land based dependent on rainfall. Agricultural inputs - fertilizers, pesticides in irrigation have shown a trend towards increased consumption. The consumption of total fertilizer nutrients recorded a sharp increase of 24.1% from 1.988 MT during 2004-05 to 2.468 MT during 2005-06. Per hectares consumption of total fertilizer nutrients increased from 155.8 kg during 2004-05 to 193.5 kg during 2005-06~.The consumption of pesticides in the state, however, has declined from 3700 MT in 2002-03 (6th place in the country) to 1051 MT in 2006-07 (10th place in the country)9. The percentage of well irrigation, which was only 33 per cent in the state during the triennium ending 1992, rose to 51 per cent by the end of the triennium ending 2004-05 lo. Implications for EMF Agriculture, being the main utilizer of ground water, impacts both seasonal water availability as well as long term sustainability of ground water resources. Agricultural inputs impact water quality of surface water resources as well as shallow ground water resources. The source selection for water supply schemes in the APRWSS must include safeguards against close proximity to competing agricultural wells, and regular monitoring of the quality of water (both surface and ground water sources) to ensure that it is safe for drinking. 3.3 Water Resources The State's (surface and ground) water resources are estimated to be 108.15 BCM (3,820 TMC), out of which about 62.29 BCM (2,200 TMC) are currently being utilised for drinking, agriculture, industry and power generation. The per capita annual water resources work out to be slightly more than 1,400 Cu.M, and utilisation is about 800 Cu.M. The current percentage withdrawal of available water in Andhra Pradesh is 58%". The State Government's estimation of water requirement for various sectors is furnished in the table below: 7 Andhra Pradesh Human Development Report, 2007 8 Sourcc.: l~ttl~:.'~'~va.w.ip~~i,nct 9 Source: http://ppqs.gov.idIpmPesticides.htm 10 Andhra Pradesh Human Development Report, 2007 11 Andhra Pradesh Human Development Report, 2007 Samaj Vikas (!!~ti).~~~~~?i\l&i~~.(~r~) 47 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 Table 3-4: Water requirement for various sectors Sector (Million Cubic Metres) Percentage of total 3.04 1,08,050 94.69 Industries 1,445 1.27 Power generation 56 0.05 Ecological and other needs 1,082 0.95 I I 1100.00Total Source: Water Conservation Mission - Water Vision Based on the present availability of 1,08,012 MCM of water, the 2025 projections for water requirement cannot be met, unless measures to conserve more rainwater or judicious use of the current water available through appropriate recycling are ensured. One of the steps would be to regenerate more natural ecosystems that help in tapping and conserving water, while the other would be the more extensive use of natural ecosystems to recycle the wastewater. Another step to be undertaken is to adopt modem irrigation techniques such as spray irrigation and sprinkler irrigation and reuse of treated sewage in agriculture sector, which will reduce the water needed for irrigation, which is estimated to be 94.69 % of the total water use. The guidelines of APWALTA should be implemented to control over extraction of groundwater. 3.3.1 Surface Water Godavari, Krishna, Vamsadhara and Pennar are important rivers among the 40 major and minor rivers in Andhra Pradesh. Krishna and Godavari alone contribute almost 90% of the State's surface water resources. The State's share of dependable flows at 75% dependability from the river system is estimated at 77.75 BCM (2,746 TMC), and 49.63 BCM (1,753 TMC) has currently been utilised. The State is divided into 40 river basins. Of these, 28 basins have surplus water for further development. Godavari river basin has about 21.52 BCM (760 TMC) surplus water, while other river basins have about 6.5 1 BCM (230 TMC). The water resources of Krishna and Pennar have been utilised completely. 3.3.2 Groundwater The net groundwater availability per mumis estimated to be 32,203 MCM'~.The range of ground water development for different districts varies from 5 - 52% in command areas and from 23-1 15% in noncornmand areas (against the State average of 56% - in 2003). The sustainable development and management of groundwater resources requires precise quantitative assessment based on valid scientific principles. During the last three decades, groundwater utilization in Andhra Pradesh has increased tremendously. According to the Minor Irrigation Census (2000-2001), ground water levels in about 60% of the villages in the state are within a depth of 25 m. About 10% villages have ground water at 12 State of Environment, AP, 2003 Samaj Vikas (~!lt.~.<~~:,tt~n:~pjksx.rr) 48 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 depths at or exceeding 70 m. The remaining 30% have depth of groundwater ranging from 25 m to 65 m13. Andhra Pradesh State Ground Water Directorate has established 2,986 observation wells, 1,017 piezometers and a network of 908 piezometer wells fitted with automatic water level recorders, and, is monitoring the changes in groundwater regime. The following table shows the depth to water level variation in different districts (October, 2007). Table 3-5: Depth to water level variations in different districts (as observed in October 2007) State of Environment, AP, 2003 Source: http:/lmowr.gov.in/micensus/mi3census/index.htm Data on depth to water level observed from observation wells in different districts in November, 2007 are furnished in the figure below: Data on water level fluctuation observed from observation wells in different districts from November 2006 to November, 2007, through May 2007 is furnished in Annexure 9. The corresponding figures (including a figure on decadal mean for November 1997-2006) are given below: 13 Source: http://mowr.gov.in/micensus/mi3census/index.htm Samaj Vikas (in si!g~;~ly-ik:~s.o~.rr) 49 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Data on water level observed from observation wells as decadal mean for the month of November, 2007 in different districts are furnished in the figure below. WATER LEVEL FLUCTUATDN ANDHRA PRADESH Source: Central Ground Water Board Figure 3.5:Water level fluctuation - Decadal mean November (1997-2006) There has been a dramatic increase in well construction and groundwater extraction during the last 15 years primarily for groundwater based irrigation as well as for drinking water sources. Shallow tube wells in the state have increased from 2,46,770 in 1993-94 to 6,56,359 in 2000-2001. Deep tube wells have increased from 32,359 in 1993-94 to 87,482 in 2000-2001. In both cases, an increase of over 2.5 times in each caseI4. Further in recent years, groundwater extraction per well has increased substantially as a result of the availability of submersible pumps and electricity. The shift in well construction from open wells to bore wells represents a shift from groundwater extraction that exploited shallow unconfined aquifers to extraction from deeper confined aquifers. Net groundwater extraction for irrigation, domestic and livestock use for different districts was estimated at 8 to 11.0% of mean annual rainfall respectively. As the Andhra Pradesh 14 Source: http://mowr.gov.in~micensus/mi3census/index.htm Samaj Vikas (! n Groundwater Directorate estimate of groundwater recharge in the state is approximately 10% of annual rainfall only, this suggests that current levels of extraction in certain districts are not sustainable if the extraction is more than the recharge. Of the 6,56,359 shallow bore wells (in 2000-2001), 5,208 (0.8%) had dried up and of the 87,482 deep bore wells, 349 (0.4%) had dried up15. Since the extraction from groundwater for irrigation is in the order of 85 to 90%, it may affect the drawal of water (though very negligible quantity) from groundwater source for drinking water supply during summer (the Minor Irrigation Census of 2000-2001 reports that 10,73 1 (1.6%) shallow bore wells and 1,054 (1.2%) deep bore wells were temporarily not in useI6). In order to achieve sustainability of drinking water sources optimizing the extraction of water for irrigation purposes from groundwater sources is necessary especially in areas where the existing level of ground water exploitation is a concern. State average for ground water development stands at 45%". In 15 of the 21 districts (for which data is available) the groundwater development is less than 70%. This is illustrated in the figure below: - Chart 2: Status of Ground Water Development in Andhra Pradesh (2004-05) District 1 Figure 3.6: District wise status of groundwater development in AP (2004-05) Excessive ground water withdrawal is an issue in parts of the state. The districts of Chittoor, Kadapa, Anantapur, IVizamabad, Medak and Ranga Reddy range between 70% and >loo% groundwater development la. Of the 1,108 mandals in the state, 15% (1 72) are classified as over exploited and 5% (58) are classified as critical with respect to groundwater status19. The Annexure 10 presents the categorization of Mandals according to groundwater exploitation. 15 Source: http://mowr.gov.in~micensus/mi3census/index.htm 16 Source: http://mowr.gov.in~micensus/mi3census/index.htm 17 Central Ground Water Board, 2007 18 Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GoAP, 2007 19 Central Ground Water Board. 2007 Samaj Vikas (! 11t(!$~.~i:~~~~:~ji-!kgs .ow) 5 1 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 Box 3-1: Stage of Ground water Development - Terminology and Definitions Safe: A sub unit is categorised as "safe" with potential for future groundwater development if one of the following two criteria is fulfilled: i) the stage of groundwater development is less than or equal to 70% and the water table during at least one of the two intervals (either premonsoon or postmonsoon) does not show a falling trend and ii) the stage of groundwater development is greater than 70% but less than or equal to 90% and the water table during both premonsoon and postmonsoon intervals does not show a falling trend. Semicritical: A sub unit is categorised as "semicritical" with caution to be executed for future groundwater development if the following criterion is fulfilled: the stage of groundwater development is greater than 70% but less than or equal to 90% and the water table during only one of the two intervals (either premonsoon or postmonsoon) shows a falling trend. Critical: A sub-unit is categorised as "critical" with only very marginal scope for future groundwater development if one of the following criteria is fulfilled: i) the stage of groundwater development is more than 90% and the water table during only one of the two intervals (either premonsoon or postmonsoon) shows a falling trend and ii) the stage of groundwater development is equal to 100% and the water table during both premonsoon and postmonsoon intervals shows a falling trend. Over exploited: A subunit is categorised as "over exploited" with practically no scope for any future groundwater development if the following criterion is met: the stage of groundwater development is more than 100% and the water table during both premonsoon and postmonsoon intervals shows a falling trend. Table 3-6: Categorization of Mandals with reference to Groundwater Exploitation Total No. Name ofthe of Safe Semicritical Critical Overexploited District Mandals No. % No. % No. % No. % 1 Adilabad 52 47 90.38 5 9.62 0 0 0 0.00 ------19 30.16 15 23.81 2 3.175 27 42.86 Samaj Vikas (IFti,:.~ siua18j \:~I\;IC. wg) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Note: SC : Semi Critical; C: Critical: OE: Over ex~loitation Samaj Vikas (!ti.fg~&~ig~a~~gIs<~rg) 53 ANDHRA PRADESH CATEGORISATION OF MANDALS BASED ON ( %) OF DEVELOPMENT OF GROUNDWATER- March 2004 ( Source:CGW@ *+, L LEGEND Category Stage (%) of Development No.Mdls < 70 % 647 175=166 +9 ( c 90-100% 77 =75 +2 ( c) 21 9 P 9 E 3 1 S r: L P. :, . -<:::%:- Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analvsis - Final Re~ort- November 2008 Implications for EMF Source selection criteria specified in the EMF will need to include sustainability of the available ground water (specifically, the category in which it falls; safe, semicritical, critical or over exploited). Source selection will generally be limited to safe and semicritical aquifers. In critical and over exploited zones, ground water recharge measures (including rain water harvesting) will be undertaken as Dart of the vrovosed schemes. 3.3.3 Artificial Recharge of Groundwater Under the State Government's watershed development programme, over 9,637 watershed projects were undertaken across 22 districts in Andhra Pradesh (till 2005) covering an area of 42 lakh ha. Mandals with stage of groundwater development at >70% and water levels >10 m with declining trend were given priority in these programmes. More than 30 per cent of the watershed projects are in the dry regions of the state, in Anantapur (1,204), Mahabubnagar (1,077) and Kurnool(981) districts, covering an area of 5.0, 4.4 and 4.3 lakh ha respectively. These three districts together constitute more than 32 per cent of the total area brought under the watershed development programme. Nearly 40 per cent of the rainfed area has been brought under watershed programmes in the state and across districts it ranges from over 70 per cent in Ranga Reddy, Nalgonda and Chittoor districts to 2 per cent in West Godavari district2'. Between 2004-08, RWSSD constructed the following groundwater recharging structures: Check Dams Percolation Tanks Sub Surface Dykes Roof Top Rain water harvesting structures Infiltration rings Recharge pits Runoff breakers Desilting of drinking water tanks Injection wells/ recharge wells Breach fillingsf runoff baniers The following table illustrates impact of the artificial recharge structures built as part of the watershed programmes on the groundwater regime. Table 3-7: Impact of artificial recharge structures on groundwater regime in water shedsareas District No. of water No. of wells Increase in % Increase in sheds Preproject Postproject water level Command evaluated (m) area Srikakulam Nellore 3 63 66 0.1 - 0.5 24 Cuddapah 5 142 3 9 5.0 - 5.2 2 3 20 Andhra Pradesh Human Development Report, 2007 Sarnaj Vikas (!~ti~/isu!li~,yik;ks.c?rv) 5 5 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Implications for EMF Ground water recharging structures (including rain water harvesting structures) should be incorporated as source sustainability measures in areas where the groundwater extraction is at critical or over-exploited levels. 3.3.4 Water Quality Water quality describes the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water with respect to its suitability for a particular use. Water quality criteria are based on specific levels of pollutants that would make the water harmhl if used for drinking, bathing, agriculture, fisheries, or industrial processes. 3.3.5 Surface Water Quality In Andhra Pradesh surface waters are mostly of good quality, but pollution is increasing. Rivers such as Godavari, Krishna, Musi, Pennar etc., are found to be polluted at different stretches, mainly due to industrial, domestic and agriculture pollution. Among all the rivers, Musi is the most polluted. The Godavari river water quality is within the safe limits until Manchiryal but polluted hrther down stream. The major source of pollution is sewage, discharges of untreated effluents from industries and agriculture run off. None of the main surface water sources in the state are safe for drinking or bathing without conventional treatment2'. Box 3-2: Water Quality Classes and Criteria CLASS - A: Drinking water source without conventional treatment but after disinfection. Note: There shall be no visible discharge of domestic and industrial wastes into the river CLASS - B: Out door bathing, swimming and water contact sports. Note: All the domestic and industrial wastewater discharges upstream of bathing places shall be so regulated that the stream standards are maintained and that there is no visible floating matter including oils at the bathing places. CLASS - C: Drinking water source with conventional treatment followed by disinfection. Note: All domestic and industrial wastewater discharges into this class waters shall necessarily be treated to ensure maintenance of stream standards and the discharge points shall be kept sufficiently away from the abstraction points. CLASS - D: Propagation of Wildlife and Fisheries I I 1 CLASS - E: Irrigation, cooling and controlled waste disposal Based on Designated Best Use: Source: APPCB 21 Source: State of Environment of Andhra Pradesh, 2003, APPCB, GoAP samaj Vikas (ir~ri?k~glj~~rlj>:i&a.;,s~:<)~) 5 6 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Kolleru lake and Pulicat lake have also been found to be polluted. Apart from these, several inland water bodies i.e. lakes and tanks have been polluted mainly because of industrial and domestic wastewater discharges. Implications for EMF Avoiding pollution of surface water bodies. Surface water quality should be protected by preventing contamination by sewage and solid wastes. Sewage should be treated, recycled and reused. Solid wastes should be segregated at the source and organic portion of the waste should be processed into compost and used in the agricultural field. Utilization of ground water for source selection. Source selection should give priority to groundwater whenever it is of better quality than surface water and requires less treatment. 3.3.6 Ground water Quality Groundwater is an important source of drinking water and is generally of better quality than surface water sources. However, it may also get polluted by the wastes generated in the industrial, agriculture and domestic sectors. In Andhra Pradesh, the groundwater in about 0.5 M Ha is of poor quality, mostly due to the geological salts and in the coast, due to marine influence. In Krishna and Godavari delta, the quality of groundwater varies with the depth. In the shallow zone it is within the potable limits, but deteriorates rapidly with depth. In 36 Mandals (East Godavari 6, West Godavari 17, and Krishna 13)" of coastal districts, shallow groundwater quality is found to be saline. The box below indicates the implications of groundwater to EMF (Source: Report on Groundwater Resources in AP). Implications for EMF l~eforeselecting the source for water supply scheme the quality of water should be tested to ensure I lthe water is safe for drinking. 1 In case the local ground water is unsafe, and no alternate safe source (surface or ground) is available, the ground water should be treated through RO to remove the excess concentration of pollutants before supply. Proper measures should be taken for the disposal of rejects from the RO plant (Refer Annexure 1I). RO schemes come under category 2 (Tools for categorization of schemes are included in Annexure 22). Fluorosis is widespread in some districts of Andhra Pradesh. Of the affected districts, Prakasam, Nalgonda, Khammam, Ranga Reddy, Kumool, Karirnnagar and Ananthapur districts are more severely affected. The groundwater in 3 121 habitations has high fluoride concentration beyond the permissible 1.5 mg/L'3. This affects several thousands of people. In Nalgonda district where the occurrence of fluoride is the highest, about 70,000 people in 2 15 villages are suffering from this disease. Overextraction of groundwater also leads to change in groundwater quality. It has been found that fluoride content in groundwater is increasing in nontraditional areas due to 22 State of Environment of AP, EPTRI, 2003 23 RWSS Department, GoAP, 2007 Samaj Vikas (i n ti$<.; ;lnjajjvfii~ssc)rg) 57 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 overextraction of water. Potassium content is also increasing due to use of potassium based fertili~ers~~.Salt water intrusion affects groundwater quality in Coastal Andhra. Mandal wise details of number of habitations affected by NSS are furnished in the table below: Table 3-8: Mandal wise NSS / Quality affected Habitations (as on APRIL 2007) S No. Name of District Total No. of No. of Mandals No. of NSS Mandals in the affected with Water Habitations district quality issues 1 Adilabad 52 10 22 2 Ananthapur 63 3 6 163 3 Eastgodavari 5 7 1 1 5 Kadapa 5 1 6 10 6 Karirnnagar 5 7 26 144 I 7 Khamrnam 46 9 155 .8 Krishna 5 0 15 76 9 Kurnool 54 9 20 10 Mahabubnagar 64 28 94 11 I Nalgonda ( 59 1 45 1 269 12 I Nellore 1 46 1 14 1 73 13 Prakasam 5 6 3 5 407 14 Rangareddy 37 16 34 15 Srikakulam 3 8 15 76 16 Visakhapatnam 43 3 10 17 Vizianagaram 34 20 133 18 Warangal 50 1 2 19 Westgodavari 46 10 76 20 Chittoor 66 0 0 21 Medak 46 0 0 22 Nizamabad 3 6 0 0 Total 1,108 334 1,946 - 24 State Groundwater Directorate Samaj Vikas (~nJo!iis:~~~~i~l>;~~jg~r~) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analvsis - Final Re~ort-November 2008 The following figure shows the type of water quality problems in the affected habitations. I Type of Water Contamination in Affected Habitations (2003) Hh& Fluiiide Nitrate Salirity 0Im ISllphate Rysid and E!idcgid CCdamiPalial Figure 3.8: Type of water quality problems in affected habitations The figures in the following pages illustrate the Status of Not Safe Source (NSS) habitations, brackish habitations and fluoride habitations. Samaj Vikas (~!~t<&~!r_~;_n~~~;i&~~o.rg) 5 9 ANDHRA PRADESH STATUS OF NSS HABITATIONS AS ON APR 2007 LEGEND Apdrsf. No.of Habs r-- lo ANDHRAPRADSEH STATUS OF BRAKISH HABITATIONS AS ON 2007 8 - LEGEND Apdist No of Habs r -0 Dl 12-3 m4-8 9-10 11 11 - 53 54 - 68 69 - 76 77 - 132 __1 Apdist . Apdist Apdist ', 4 DAIA:WAlER SVFT Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Source: AP RWSS Department Figure 3.11: Status of Fluoride water habitations as on April 2007 Samaj Vikas (~fo@.;;l~~~aj\.i&:!s~~~~g) 62 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 The Fluoride Problem Minimum of lmgllt. of fluoride may be required to prevent dental carries, but beyond 1.5 mg/lt. in drinking water may cause mottling of teeth or dental fluorosis, a condition resulting in the discoloration of the enamel, with chipping of the teeth in severe cases, particularly in children. In Indian conditions where the temperatures are high, the occurrence and severity of mottling increases when the fluoride levels exceed 1.0 mgll t. With higher levels, skeletal or bone fluorosis with its crippling effects are observed. The chief sources of fluorides in nature are (i) fluorapatite (phosphate rock), (ii) fluorspar, (iii) cryolite and (iv) igneous rocks containing fluorosilicates. Fluorides are present mostly in ground waters and high concentrations have been found in various districts of Andhra Pradesh. While majority of values range from 1.5 to 6.0 mg /It., some values as high as 16 to 18 mg/lt. have been reported. Treatment units set up in India for removal of excessive fluorides in rural water supply schemes are so far not functioning satisfactorily. Before selecting the source of water for the supply scheme, the quality of water should be tested to ensure that it is safe for drinking. Implications for EMF 1 A Flouride Strategy is developed as part of the EMF. This includes the safeguards with respect to ) source selection, technology alternatives, IEC requirements, etc. for addressing the fluoride problem. I 3.3.7 Current Water Supply and Treatment Practices The existing rural water supply schemes essentially have two sources: tube well and river/ canal. About 75% schemes are tube well based. The tube well schemes constitute a bore well fitted with a submersible pump. A chlorination unit is connected to the pumping main for the disinfection of water. The water, after being chlorinated, is pumped to the overhead tank where it is stored and subsequently supplied to the users through the distribution network and public stand posts. This may be for either SVSs or MVSs. The remaining 25% schemes are surface water (river/ canal) based. The raw water is transmitted through an intake point in the source to a water treatment plant. Water treatment is provided by means of slow sand filters followed by chlorination in the ground level clear water storage reservoir. The water is then pumped to an overhead tank. The canal based water schemes are dependent on Irrigation Department for release of water flow in the canal. Normally, canals receive water on a rotational basis. However, during harvesting season, the canal water supply is only once a month.There are certain issues faced during the operation and maintenance of the schemes: 1. Inadequate cleaning of filters, and OHTs. 2. Improper disposal of sludge from treatment plants. 3. Non flushing of pipelines. 4. Reduced duration of pumping due to reduced duration of electrical power availability. These actions severely impact drinking water supply. Im lications for EMF Maintenance of the water treatment plant, OHT and Pipelines 4Periodical cleaning of filters Flushing of transmission and distribution pipelines Samaj Vikas (ini~~~~~i~.fij~!k_~s.~~~r~) 63 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Periodic cleaning of OHTs Proper disposal of sludge from the settling tank of water treatment plant to avoid environmental pollution While designing considering hours of pumping to suit the electric power availability Maintaining diesel generators as standby to avoid disturbance to pumping due to scheduled and unscheduled power supply failures 3.3.8 Incidence of Water and Sanitation - Related Diseases Environmental factors account for about 20 per cent of all the diseases in Andhra Pradesh. More than 90 per cent of this is associated with traditional environmental problems such as lack of access to protected water supply and sanitation, and indoor air pollution resulting from the use of biomass fuelsz5. One fifth of the total ailments in the State are due to environmental causes. Water supply and sanitation related diseases emerge as largest in AP influenced by environmental causes. The prevalence of diarrhea clearly indicates a seasonal variation mainly due to lack of water (premonsoon) and poor availability of safe drinking water during the monsoon peak when protozoan and bacterial agents are rampant and overflow from sewers and latrines contaminating drinking water sources. Outbreaks of cholera, dysentery, typhoid, hepatitis and E.coli are all attributed to exposure to waterborne pathogens. The gastroenteritis is declining since., 1991 due to improved water supply as indicated in the figure below: S- I.IJ1I1Y* of- M*, Dlpf opahr 0 Wadr Wa*r/Mpu. xhdd Source: Institute of Preventive Medicine, Hyderabad Figure 3.12: Gastroenteritis cases in Andhra Pradesh from 1991 - 2002 The below table shows the trend in diarrhea incidences in the state from 1998-2002. Even though the overall numbers indicate a decreasing trend in the cases, the numbers are increasing in the districts of Ananthapur, Kurnool, Mahaboobnagar, Visakhapatnam, Ranga Reddy, Hyderabad, Srikakulam, East and West Godavari. 25 Andhra Pradesh Human Development Report, 2007. Samaj Vikas (!mt.od~ Table 3-9: Diarrhea incidence in Andhra Pradesh from 1998 to 2002, 20 )Visakhapatin/618 15 1274 12 1470 12 1338 1- (645 10 1 C: Cases; D: Deaths Source: Institute of Preventive Medicine, Hyderabad The below table shows the trend in gastroenteritis incidences for the same period. There is a declining trend in all the districts in the state. Table 3-10: Gastroenteritis incidence in Andhra Pradesh from 1998 to 2002 Samaj Vikas (~~n.l>.g!.s+!!l~rj y~!k;~.;.Org) 65 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 I I I I I I I I I I I I C: Cases; D: Deaths Source: Institute of Preventive Medicine, Hyderabad (2003) Implications for EMF l~heEMF integrates measures to monitor adequate continuous disinfection of water supply to >> - 1 lprevent the disease prevalence, (for example, moditoring of residual chlorine). 3.4 House Hold and Environmental Sanitation Access to sanitation facilities is low in Andhra Pradesh. Nearly 67% of the households in the state do not have latrines within the house. Of the households which have sanitation facilities, only 18% have water closet facilities while 8.5% of the households use pit latrines and 6.32% use other types of latrines. While among the urban households only about 22% do not have latrines in their houses, it is as high as 82% among rural households. The situation is slightly better in a few of the coastal districts like Knshna, East Godavari and West Godavari - however, even in these districts, about 70% of the households do not have latrines. Among other districts, the coverage is better in Ranga Reddy and Krishna districts where only 12 and 14% of the households do not have sanitation facilities. But in districts like Vizianagaram, Adilabad and Srikakulam, the percentage of households without any sanitation facility is as high as 40%. Across regions, Rayalseema has the maximum number of households without latrines in both urban and rural areas. The provision of drainage facilities in the state is also very inadequate. Nearly half the households in the state do not have any drainage facilities. Around 38% of the households with drainage are connected to open drains26. -Implications for EMF The EMF supports a focused and appropriate IEC campaign on personal, household and community and behaviour change communication for achieving the intended outcomes. 3.4.1 Status of Toilet Construction Traditionally sanitation in rural India relied heavily on high levels of subsidies for latrine construction. In Andhra Pradesh between 2001 and 2008 around 54.458 lakh Individual 26 Andhra Pradesh Human Development Report, 2007. Samaj Vikas (in tb(~i.samai\.;~l;~~.c,rg) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 House Hold Latrines (IHHLs) have been built. Out of which 53.756 lakh built as IHHLs, 66,096 as school toilets in schools and 3149 toilets in Balwadis. But only about 50% of them are in use. The details of types of sanitation facilities provided for the households are furnished in the figure below. Focus on 'Triggering' behavior change for the collective, and not simply for individuals is necessary. Details of toilets constructed in the last five years, district wise are furnished in the table below: Households with Sanitation Facilities (2001) 8.55% Pit latrine WaterClosets Other Latrines, 0No Latrines Figure 3.13 :Types of sanitation facilities provided for the households Table 3-11: District wise number of latrines constructed in AP between 2004 and 2008 Total School Balwadi S. No. District IHHL Toilets Toilets Total 1 Adilabad 88178 2037 126 90341 2 Anantapur 88977 1334 227 90538 3 Chittoor 189033 1562 141 190736 4 Cuddapah 96687 1918 242 98847 5 East Godavari 134950 3713 113 138795 6 Guntur 117860 1900 9 1 119851 7 Karimnagar 102623 956 98 103677 8 Khammam 48803 1094 224 50121 9 Krishna 973 68 853 36 98260 i 10 Kurnool 202155 642 121 202926 11 Mahbubnagar 302287 2316 32 304635 12 Medak 78053 63 8 20 1 78892 13 Nalgonda 124383 2005 0 126388 14 Nellore 55317 4265 106 59688 I 15 Nizamabad 104057 1688 32 105777 16 Prakasam 156244 2393 80 158717 - Samaj Vikas (~>J~.~&~~ni~l~,~~t~~~(~~~) 67 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 17 Rangareddi 71 128 354 3 1 71513 18 Srikakulam 65361 1406 8 1 6685 1 , 19 Visakhapatnam 55556 222 1 206 57983 20 Vizianagaram 193736 1703 132 195576 2 1 Warangal 637662 1339 136 639137 22 West Godavari 83544 873 166 854 13 Total 30,93,962 37,210 2,622 3 1,34,662 Samaj Vikas (i tifo<~is;111~;g\-s.~~~g) 68 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 4. Environment Management Framework 4.1 Environmental Analysis This chapter presents an overview of the key environmental issues related to the proposed APRWSS project and the Environment Management Framework (EMF). An analysis of the baseline environmental situation, observations during site visits, discussions with state, district and village level functionaries as well as the public consultations have clearly brought out the following key environmental issues that need to be addressed in the project design and implementation. While this report deals with the environmental issues related to APRWSSP, the social issues related to the project are dealt with by the Social Assessment (identifies all social issues related to the project), Resettlement Policy Framework (deals with land and displacement issues) and Tribal Development Plan (deals with the tribal groups affected by the project) by a separate study. 4.2 Key Environmental Issues 4.2.1 Water Availability Groundwater has been the major source of water for drinking, irrigation and industrial uses in Andhra Pradesh. Owing to large-scale extraction of groundwater for irrigation, combined with increasing demands in other sectors due to population and industrial growth, the aquifers are under stress. Some of the sources have become either unsustainable or contaminated (in coastal areas). For a large number of rural households which are dependent on handpumps or tubewells, the declining and fluctuating groundwater levels are adversely affecting the water supply. About 75% of RWSS schemes in Andhra Pradesh are based on groundwater supply. There are complaints from the community that some of these sources go dry during summer season (dry period). The remaining 25% of the water supply schemes in Andhra Pradesh are based on river1 canal water supply, and in some cases the water supply is adversely affected during the periods of river1 canal nonflowl maintenance shutdown. Estimation of additional water requirement The APRWSS project will involve augmentation, rehabilitation and implementation of single village schemes (SVS) and multivillage schemes (MVS), in about 1,878 NC, 199 NSS and 766 PC habitations as well as augmentation of water supply schemes of 1,389 SVSs and 754 MVSs. The project is expected to benefit a total population of about 22 million (about 40% of the state's rural population)27. Accordingly the additional estimated water requirement for this project is as under: Table 4-1: Additional Water Requirement Particulars Unit Quantity Population to be covered Lakhs 220 Average increased water supply Lpcd 40 27 APRWSS PIP, 2008 Samaj Vikas (in MCMI year ( 32 1.2 Compared to the estimated yield of the groundwater aquifers of 32,203 MCM, this additional withdrawal from groundwater resource is only about 1%. The sustainability of the groundwater aquifer is, therefore, depending on the extraction for irrigation. Since drinking water supply is the first priority as per the National Water Policy and also as per the provisions in APWALTA Act the required water extraction for the project is not a problem. Environmental Issues Inadequate andlor disrupted water supply affects human health and environmental sanitation. In coastal area tapping the overexploited aquifers will result in saline water intrusion and the groundwater becoming saline. It is an irreversible process. In upland hardrock areas further tapping of overexploited areas may cause quality deterioration with increased concentration of harmful substances like fluoride. Overextraction of groundwater for irrigation may lead to drying up of drihng water wells. Measures to Augment Water Supplies Augmentation of existing water supplies could be achieved through one or more of the following options. Augmentation through rehabilitation/ upgrading of existing water supply schemes should be a priority wherever feasible. The existing resources should be conserved and the availability augmented by maximizing retention, eliminating pollution and minimizing losses. For this, measures like rehabilitation of existing tanks for storing rainwater and augmenting groundwater recharge, recycling and reuse of treated effluents for nonpotable uses are to be implemented. In case where water supply from river1 canal based schemes is unreliable during the canal shutdown periods, the schemes should be designed either with enhanced storage commensurate with the shutdown periods, or with other sources which may be more distant but more reliable. Distant surface sources could be tapped to augment water supply with simple treatment (Slow Sand Filters or conventional Rapid Sand Filters), chlorination or appropriate blending of ground water and treated canal water to obtain a drinking water of desired quality standards. In cases where the drinking water supply source involves extraction from a critical or overexploited aquifer the emphasis must be on water conversation (including ground water recharge and rainwater harvesting). In the long term, regulation of extractions from the groundwater aquifers for irrigation needs to be ensured (by efficient implementation of the APWALT Act). Efficiency of use of water should be promoted through education, regulation, incentives and disincentives. 4.2.2 Water Quality 4.2.2.1 Surface Water Quality Samaj Vikas (hfo<~~.sp!n+g~kas,~~.r~) 70 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final ~e~ort- November 2008 The major canal networks of Andhra Pradesh are kept relatively free of industrial or municipal discharges, and the irrigation drainage flows are also seldom routed into the canal system. The water quality in the main canals is therefore generally better than the river courses, except in the upper reaches of rivers where the pollutant load is minimal. The quality problems with respect to surface water sources are more acute in the locations and during the periods when the flow in the river is not sufficient to cause acceptable dilution of the discharged effluents. Environmental Issues 1. Non point sources of pollution in the catchment areas due to the widely prevalent practice of open defecation, and agricultural run off containing fertilizers and pesticides, washing, bathing and other human activities in rivers/ irrigation canals serving as water supply sources 2. Discharge of inadequately treated municipal and industrial wastes in receiving water bodies or on land 3. Inefficient and irregular disinfection of drinking water supplies 4. Breakage1 leakage in rising main, distribution lines and valve chambers 5. Improper collection, storage and handling of water at the individual household level 4.2.2.2 Ground Water Quality The shallow groundwater quality in many parts of Andhra Pradesh is poor owing to natural presence of salinity and fluoride at concentrations exceeding the permissible levels for drinking water use. The groundwater quality in coastal area of Andhra Pradesh is poor owing to natural presence of salinity and groundwater quality in uplands with fluoride at concentrations exceeding the permissible levels for drinking water use. In addition, the quality of groundwater may also indicate bacteriological or chemical contamination due to inadequate treatment and disposal of sullage, effluent from septic tanks or industrial discharges. According to RWSS department estimates, about 45% of villages in Andhra Pradesh suffer from poor water quality conditions. Environmental Issues Presence of salinity and fluoride at concentrations exceeding the permissible levels for drinking water use; Bacteriological or chemical contamination due to inadequate treatment and disposal of sullage, effluent from septic tanks or industrial discharges. Operational problems including inefficient and irregular disinfection Mitigation Measures The siting, planning, design, and operation of the schemes should ensure that source selection is conducted with due regard to water quality of the source, and that water quality at household delivery level meets the drinking water norms. More specifically: 1. The selection of source for the water supply should be after thorough investigation of both surface and groundwater sources. The priority of the source for selection should be based on the guidelines provided in Annexure 12. The water quality testing should be done prior to source selection of water supply schemes (refer Samaj Vikas (jl~ti)~i;_a~~~.~&:~~rg) 7 1 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Annexure 8). Further a sanitary survey need to be taken up in accordance with the guidelines given in Annexure 13. Sanitary protection of water supply sources is prescribed in Annexure 14. Annexure 16 presents guidelines for sustainability of groundwater sources. 2. For fluoride affected villages the strategy should be distant safe groundwater (SVS) or distant surface water (MVS) as detailed in Annexure 15. 3. In case quality of available water is very poor and no distant surface water source is available, advanced treatment options like iron removal units, Reverse Osmosis (RO) plants can be opted. Dual water supply can be adopted, supply of limited quantity of safe, potable water (say 10- 15 Lpcd) from systems which are expensive to build operate and maintain (eg. RO Plant) and continue with existing supplies (rejected by community due to quality problem) for not potable purposes. 4. Effective and regular disinfection, as well as preventive and corrective maintenance of water distribution systems should be ensured. 5. Institutional arrangements should be put in place for preventive and corrective maintenance of water distribution system (leak detection, repair and control) and for preparedness in crisis management during major breakdowns. 6. Water supply sources need to be protected as per the guidelines given in Annexure 14. 7. A protocol for regular water quality testing and control (refer Annexure 8) has been developed by RWSSD, which will be implemented through the operations phase of the water supply schemes. Water quality testing for industrial and agricultural chemical contaminants shall be conducted by the RWSSD, in a phased manner based on an initial sampling of groundwater and river/ canal waters in all districts of the state before taking up subprojects in that area. This cost will be included in the project preparation cost. 4.2.2.3 Environmental Sanitation The present level of sanitation coverage in the rural areas of the state is only 53%. Only about half of the rural households with latrines are using them regularly. This implies that still nearly 75% of rural population resorts to open field defecation with its associated risk to water supply sources and public health. Open defecation constitutes a major nonpoint source of pollution of surface and ground waters. This problem is more acute in densely populated settlements, especially in coastal areas. Poor environmental sanitation conditions and lack of adequate supply of safe water are factors responsible for high incidence of water borne1 water related diseases among the rural population. Environmental Issues 1. Rampant open field defecation due to inadequate latrines, low usage of latrines and low levels of awareness. 2. Wastewater generated by the households, including the wastewater from cattle sheds, flows into open surface drains leading to stagnation in the lanes and bylanes. Instances have been reported of effluent overflowing from the septic tanks and finding its way to the village drains. 3. Without adequate arrangements for treatment and disposal, the wastewater often seeps into hand pumps, open dug wells and pipelines, and the village ponds leading to contamination of aquifers and loss of productive uses. Samaj Vikas (1.n fi)((I'sarnai\:~k:~.:.yrg) 72 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 4. The presence of stagnant water in the villages combined with poor personal hygiene leads to the incidence of malaria and other vector borne diseases, diahorreal diseases, etc. 5. Solid wastes of decomposable and nondecomposable natue are collected together and disposed by mere dumping along streets and public places leading to stinking and vector breeding. Mitigation Measures 1. Construction of latrines and awareness creation for increased usage. Selection of safe sanitation technologies and environmental considerations in location of toilets is given in Annexure 17. Annexure 18 presents recommended construction practices and pollution safeguards for Twin Pit Pour Flush Latrines. 2. Efficient design of surface sullage drains and adoption of good construction practices, along with a system of regular maintenance can ensure that stagnant pools of sullage are eliminated. Guidelines for safe sullage disposal at household and community levels is given in Annexure 19. 3. Installation of small bore sewer systems for conveyance of sewage can eliminate environmental and public health hazards associated with open drain system. Suitable consultants will be commissioned to do the required studies, preparation of detailed project reports and for construction supervision for these schemes. Costs of these consultancies will be borne under the project preparation and management costs. 4. Adopting the recommended practice of laying water and sullage lines on different sides of the road reduces the risk of cross contamination. 5. Existing ponds can be remodelled to accommodate increased sullage flow. 6. Adequate treatment and gainful utilization of the treated effluentl sullage is possible in agriculture, aquaculture and agro forestry. The treatment system could be any of the following: Stabilization ponds, Duckweed ponds, Constructed wetlands, etc. Suitable consultants will be commissioned to do the required studies, preparation of detailed project reports and for construction supervision for these schemes. Costs of these consultancies will be borne under the project preparation and management costs. 7. Vector control measures should be provided to the ponds and drains carrying sullage by way of avoiding stagnation and spraying with nonhazardous insecticides in accordance with OP 4.09. 8. The project will need to ensure that the benefits of improved water supply are not compromised by poor personal hygiene standards, by supporting sustained IEC campaign to create and enhance awareness on hygiene aspects pertaining to hand washing, safe water collection, storage and handling practices. 9. Solid waste management including segregation of wastes at source, collection at door step, recycling of nondegradable wastes, composting of biodegradable wastes, safe disposal of hazardous wastes, demarcated land fill sites, etc. Guidelines for community solid waste management are given in Annexure 20. 4.2.3 Construction Stage Environmental Impacts During the implementation phase of the project, there is a likelihood that the construction activities cause temporary negative environmental impacts, which would need to be addressed. Some of the likely issues are the following: Sarnaj Vikas (~nto;\,lnl,~l\ ~h,l>org) 73 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 During the construction of components of water supply schemes, underground drainage, drains and sanitation facilities, significant earth work may be involved, which may cause erosion of land and cutting of trees. Possible damage to places of cultural, heritage and recreational importance. Impact on human health and safety due to dust and noise pollution, and inadequate safety measures. The safety provisions (Building) convention 1937 (No. 62) is given at the end of annexures uinder Annexure 28. Mitigation Measures All project interventions will be appropriately designed to ensure that they do not impact the forest lands or wet lands. All the physical works should be on public/ Panchayat lands. Suitable changes in location1 alignment shall be made in the schemes to avoid cutting of trees and also avoid erosion and ensure soil stabilization. In the absence of an alternate location, permission from the forest department shall be obtained for felling of trees and the department's guidelines on compensatory afforestation will be followed. In case of some physical works associated with construction and maintenance there might be chance finds of objects of cultural/ archaeological importance. In such cases, the regional offices of the relevant agency (e.g. the Archaeological Survey of India) will be immediately notified. 4.3 Objectives of EMF The proposed Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project will finance investments in rural water supply and sanitation improvement schemes to serve the rural populations in Andhra Pradesh. The project interventions are, therefore, expected to result in public health benefits in the rural communities, through improved quality and delivery levels of RWSS services. Some of the main environmental health benefits expected under the project include: increased and better quality water supply for drinking, cooking, washing, bathing and cleaning purposes; time and energy savings through providing water supply closer to homes; improvements in personal hygiene and village sanitation levels; and reduced fecal oral contamination of drinking water resulting in lower occurrence of diseases. While the proposed project interventions are expected to result in overall environmental and public health improvements in the state, potential adverse environmental impacts can occur if the schemes are not properly designed, sited, implemented, and maintained. In order to ensure that the environmental issues are systematically identified and addressed in the various stages of the implementation of subprojects, an Environment Management Framework (EMF) has been developed for this project. The specific objectives of the EMF are as under: To provide a systematic approach for identifying the various possible environmental impacts at the different stages of the scheme cycle. To identify appropriate mitigation measures for addressing the identified environmental impacts. To devise an institutional arrangement for mainstreaming environmental management in project implementation processes. Sarnaj Vikas (ill t~~~~~~~~~>j.I.r:!s:rj~~) 74 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 4.4 Environmental Management Frame Work 4.4.1 Key Elements of the EMF The key elements of the EMF as applied to a project sponsored scheme are discussed below: 1. Collection of Basic Environmental Data: The EMF requires that basic environmental data pertaining to the proposed scheme be compiled at the field data collection stage. For this purpose, a simple Environmental Data Sheet (EDS) has been formulated for schemes on water supply, sanitation, solid and liquid waste management, etc. The formats for the EDSs for different types of schemes are furnished in Annexure 21. The AEEI EE of the RWSSD fills up the EDS in consultation with the GPWSC and with the facilitation support of the NGOI SO. 2. Environmental Classification of Schemes: At the Detailed Scheme Report (DSR) preparation stage, the available environmental information in the EDS will be evaluated and based on the level of expected environmental and public health impacts, the proposed scheme would be classified as either Category I (basic) or Category I1 (detailed environmental appraisal required). The EDS formats are given in Annexure 21. The screening tool for the categorization of schemes is furnished in Annexure 22. The environmental classification of schemes by using the screening tool is done by the EE of the RWSSD. 3. Environmental Appraisal and Approval: For all category I schemes, there shall be no separate environment appraisal other than filling up of EDS included in the DSR. For category I1 schemes, a detailed environmental appraisal of the proposed scheme is required. This will be done by the district level environmental expert attached to DPSU. In extreme cases, where the district level resources are not sufficient for conducting the environmental appraisal and designing the appropriate mitigation measures, support from the environmental experts of state level PSU may be requested. The environmental appraisal for category I1 schemes shall not take more than 30 days. The Detailed Scheme Report (DSR) for Category I schemes should be accompanied by the Environmental Data Sheet (EDS). The EE of the RWSSD will ensure this. The Detailed Scheme Report (DSR) for Category I1 schemes should be accompanied by the Environmental Data Sheet (EDS) as well as the Category I1 environmental appraisal. The EE of the RWSSD will ensure this. 4. Environmental Compliance Monitoring during Implementation and O&M phases: The EMF will ensure that: 1. The prescribed environmental mitigation measures (including construction stage measures) as identified through the environmental appraisal process are adequately implemented. The Implementation Completion Report of each scheme will include an Environmental Compliance Certificate given by the GPWSC for SVS and MWSC for MVS indicating that the mitigation measures identified in the appraisal have been implemented. Samaj Vikas (i~~fo~~~s:i~r~yi,~:~s.or~) 75 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 2. Periodic supervision and monitoring including an independent external audit is conducted, as a part of the overall project monitoring program (see section 4.4.3 for details). 3. Capacity building and IEC activities are undertaken to enable effective implementation of the EMF including assessment procedures, supervision, monitoring, etc. as well as for community awareness and sensitization on personal hygiene, environmental sanitation, water conservation, etc. 4.4.2 Application of EMF to Project In order to mainstream environmental management and to ensure that the EMF is systematically implemented for all the project sponsored schemes, the EMF needs to be integrated in the scheme cycle. The below table provides an overview of various EMF activities in the preplanning, planning, implementation and O&M phases of the proposed scheme cycle for the project sponsored schemes. The responsibilities are indicated in the table, against the respective tasks. Table 4-2: Environmental Management Framework Phase EMF Activity Objectives Process Responsibility Result PreplanningPla Environmental To collect basic Discuss scheme with NGOsiSOs, EDS prepared nning Data Sheet information on community and identify with assistance and attached to environmental environmental issues of of AEEIAEI DSR. aspect of the concern. RWSSD. proposed Complete EDS with AEEiAEi scheme. supplementary notes if RWSSD with required. assistance from SO and ~~0s~'. Environmental To ensure that Evaluate all the available EEIRWSSD Scheme classified classification of schemes with information on environmental with District as Category I or the scheme potentially aspects as provided in the Level Category I1 using significant Environmental Data Sheet Environmental the screening environmental and, assess whether the Expert, DPSU. tools. or public health proposed scheme is Category issues are I or Category 11 by referring identified at an to the Screening Tool. early stage for detailed environmental appraisal. Environmental To ensure that For category I schemes, there District level Environmental appraisal and relevant shall be no separate Environmental appraisal of the approval environmental environmental appraisal but Expert, DPSU. scheme is made required issues have been environmental aspects shall using the identified and be included in the normal Checklist for appropriate appraisal and evaluation Environmental mitigation process for the proposed Appraisal of measures have scheme, based on the EDS Category I1 been designed to included in the DSR. Schemes and L a~-*+.~~..l -c 28 If Technical Support is out sourced, then they should be part of EDS filling, classification and appraisal. Sarnaj Vikas (~nto&..unx\.!k..q ow) 76 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 For category I1 schemes, a detailed environmental appraisal of the proposed scheme is required, including evaluation of environmental and public health impacts, risk assessment if needed, and design of mitigation measures. To ensure that Technical Sanction for the EE for Category Technical mitigation scheme will not be accorded I schemes. Sanction for measures and without Environmental Category I1 scheme with their cost are Clearance from PSU schemes (upto environmental integrated in 10 lakhs EE, mitigation scheme design upto 50 lakhs measures and and SE and above accordingly its implementation 50 lakhs CE) costs are plans integrated in scheme design and implementation plans. Implementation Implementation To ensure that Implementation Completion GPWSC for ICR with of the prescribed Report (ICR) for scheme will SVSs. environmental Environmental environmental need to include compliance MWSC for compliance mitigation mitigation certificate that all prescribed MVSs. information. measures. measures environmental mitigation (including measures (including construction construction stage) have been stage) are 1 implemented. implemented. O&M Environmental To ensure that Water quality monitoring will State Level Water quality supervision, environmental be conducted as per project Environmental monitoring monitoring, and aspects are water quality monitoring Expert reports. evaluation integrated in the protocol. supported by IEC and O&M phase. Internal supervision will be District Level Periodic capacity conducted for 20% of the Environmental environmental building on schemes completed once in a Experts. supervision, hygiene and year. All UGDI Sewerage monitoring and environmental schemes will be supervised audit reports. issues. twice a year. State Level Monitoring of external Environmental Training and IEC environmental parameters Expert (SPSU) activity reports. relevant to the project will be with assistance conducted once in a year. from State Level Environmental Audit through Technical external agency will be Expert (SPSU). conducted once in a year by selecting about 10% of schemes completed IEC on (i) need for drainage improvementi sullage treatment in villages, (ii) personal and public hygiene, and (iii) need for water conservation. 4.4.3 Environmental Supervision and Monitoring The EMF requires detailed supervision, monitoring and evaluation of the impact of the project on the environment. This includes: Samaj V~kas(I II~I~!\.LITI~IJ \. I h:l>.org) 7 7 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analvsis - Final Re~ort-November 2008 3.1.1.1 Environmental supervision: A sample of 10% of the completed schemes will be visited at six monthly intervals by a team from the DWSC (including the District Resource Persons - Environmental Management) to check if all safeguard requirements are met and to identify any issues that need to be addressed. The selected sample will have representation of both Category I and Category I1 schemes in water supply, sanitation and waste management. All Under Ground Drainage schemes will be selected for supervision. Annexure 23 gives details of the sampling procedure for the supervision and Annexure 26 gives the format of the supervision report. However, internal environmental monitoring will be done as part of the regular monitoring by the RWSS Department. 3.1.1.2 Monitoring of relevant external environmental parameters: Once every year, the state Project Support Unit (PSU) will prepare a report of the environmental situation in the state including data and analysis of relevant parameters such as rainfall, depth to water levels, status of groundwater basins, incidence of water borne diseases, etc., as well as a listing of relevant new legislation and regulations that have a bearing on the environmental performance of the project. The EMF will be suitably revised annually on the basis of this document by the PSU. 3.1.1.3 Environmental audit: Once every year, the SPSU will appoint an external agency to undertake an independent audit of the environmental performance of the project. 5% of the completed schemes will be covered in the audit having representation of both Category I and Category I1 schemes in water supply, sanitation and waste management. All Under Ground Drainage schemes will be selected for audit. The Annexure 24 presents details of sampling and the Annexure 27 gives a list of performance indicators to be used in these audits. 4.5 Institutional Arrangements 4.5.1 Village Level GPWSC and SOs GPWSC is a local level institution set up as a subcommittee of the Gram Panchayat which is expected to shoulder full responsibilities for all activities related to RWSS at the village level. They will be supported by (non government) Support Organizations (SOs), selected for a cluster of villages within a particular geographical boundary. SOs will primarily be responsible for providing community development and external liaison support to the GPWSCs on a day to day basis. The responsibility of facilitating planning and implementation of EMF activities at the village level is vested with the GPWSC and SOs. One SO is expected to service 10-20 GPs. The TOR for the SO would include specific responsibilities pertaining to the EMF including facilitation of the GPWSC's participation in filling up the EDS, in certifying the implementation of the environmental mitigation measures, in identifying and meeting capacity building needs, etc. The AEEI AE, RWSSD will support the GPWSC and SOs in the execution of these functions. The project will develop capacities of both GPWSC and SO through training and other information sharing measures to execute these functions effectively. . Scheme Level Committee (SLC) for MVSs - - Samaj Vikas (~ntiQfi$y~uaj viki~s.o~g) 7 8 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Reuort - November 2008 Keeping in view the complexity of MVSs, the decisions regarding environmental appraisal, implementation of mitigation measures, supervision will be jointly taken up by the ZP or MP and RWSS department in consultation with the SLC. SLC will have one member from each of GPWSCs related to GPs of the MVSs. The EE, RWSSD will be the chair person of the SLC. 4.5.2 Mandal Level At the Mandal level the Mandal Water and Sanitation Committee (MWSC) will facilitate IEC and capacity building activities to the GPs and GPWSCs. The MWSC will do the scrutiny of the schemes, including EDS, submitted by the GP and then forward them to DWSC. MWSC will also cooperate with the SOs for social mobilization, capacity development, communication, project management and supervision. MWSC will also sensitize public representatives, officials and general public about the project principles. MWSC will provide guidance and support to institutions for imparting training for capacity development of all stakeholders, and undertaking communication campaign. Mandal Water & Sanitation Committee (MWSC) will be headed by a Deputy Executive Engineer (DEE). The DEE will be responsible for ensuring the EMF implementation at Mandal level. One of the resource persons, appointed by the DWSC, would be trained in Environmental management and would assist the MWSC in discharging the mandated duties and functions relevant to the EMF at Mandal level. 4.5.3 Disrtict Level Similar arrangements are envisaged in DWSMs through District Water and Sanitation Committee (DWSC) to ensure all RWSS plans follow and are in conformity with the EMF, and to ensure proper planning and monitoring of EMF activities at the district level, and coordination between the District and SWSM. The SE will be responsible for ensuring EMF implementation within the district. He will also select the external experts for appraisal of Category I1 schemes, if required. There will be a District Support Unit at the district level under the control of the SE. This DSU will be responsible for implementation of the environmental management activities in accordance with the EMF at the district level. The DSU will have a District Level Environmental Expert in the unit. The DSU will have number of District Resource Persons (DRPs) in the cadre of Executive Engineer (EE) and one of the DFWs will be trained in environmental management (EM). 4.5.4 State Level At the State level the EC committee prepares the environment policy and sets the guidelines for the EMF implementation, monitoring and evaluation. This committee also liaises with other departments with regard to environmental issues. The Project Director, SWSM will be responsible for ensuring the implementation of the EMF across the state. One State Level Environmental Expert in the state PSU will ensure that environmental management activities are in conformity with the EMF and that necessary guidance and budget is provided to implement these plans. Samaj Vikas (~to?~qan~'~ II L,I> o~g) 79 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 The following table depicts the role and responsibilities of the major players in implementing the EMF. Table 4- : Institutional irrangement for Implementation of the EMF Level Institution Function Res onsibili State State water Ensure overall implementation of the EMF in the project. Sanitation Arrange funds required for implementing the provisions of EMF. supported by Mission (SWSM)/ Ensure availability of required human resources for implementation of EMF. the State Level PSU Ensure that recommendations from supervision and monitoring are integrated Environmental into the project and the EMF is updated periodically as necessary. Expert Recruit external experts for conducting Environmental Audit once in a year and ensure that the relevant recommendations are integrated into the project. Conduct environmental supervision of all Under Ground Drainage/ Sewerage schemes on a half yearly basis. District District Water Training and Capacity Building of SOs, GPWSC, Mandal Resource Persons - and Sanitation Environmental Management (MRP-EM) and District Resource Person - supported by Mission Environmental Management (DRP-EM)on EMF. (DWSM)/ DWSC Coordination between various players and actors involved in EMF. District Level Coordinate with other line departments on environment related issues; in Environmental particular with State Ground Water Directorate for water level monitoring. DPSU Day-to-day management, responsible for undertaking all activities necessary for SE, DWSM, implementation of the EMF. District Level Cany out regular monitoring and supervision of the EMF implementation Environment hrough appropriate mechanisms (and report the same to SWSM and DWSM as Expert, DPSU, necessary). Supervising the accuracy of the environmental appraisal conducted by DRP-EM AEEJAE, RWSSD as part of the scrutiny of the schemes - including checking if the screening is accurate, if the Environmental Data Sheet has been filled in as required etc. Evaluation of EDS and categorize the scheme into one of the categories I & 11. Conduct Category 11 environmental appraisal using the Detailed Appraisal Sheet, if required or in cases where external technical support is required for conducting Category I1 appraisal - forwarding to the SE for decision on selection of suitable expert for conducting detailed appraisal for category I1 schemes and preparation of Detailed Appraisal Sheet (DAS) to identify the environmental impacts and designing mitigation measures. The mitigation measures are included in Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to be implemented along with various components of the scheme. Conduct supervision visits to 20% of the completed schemes twice in the year (in coordination with the PSU). Provide technical advice and guidance on environmental management to SO, GPs & GPWSCs. Provide inputs to DWSC on relevant environmental policies. Ensure capacity building of all stakeholders in environmental management. Design and implement IEC campaigns on environmental management. Maintain a database consisting of relevant baseline environmental information of the district, environmental appraisal of the various ongoing and completed schemes, findings of supervision, etc. Coordinate with institutions, agencies and individuals relating to environmental management including the regional offices of the APPCB, Forest Department, etc. Collect, collate and publish data and information on EMF implementation in the Mandal Mandal Water ~nvironmesalmanagement and monitoring of sector projects at the Mandal Chairman, 1 and Sanitation level. MWSM, Committee As part of the scrutiny of the schemes submitted by the GP- will check if DEE, RWSSD environmental screening and appraisal has been properly done before forwarding them to the DWSC. Coordination with NGOs for ensuring integration of EMF in all relevant project activities including capacity development, communication, project management and su~ervision. Sensitizing the public representatives, officials and the general public about the provisions of the EMF. Samaj Vikas (~fo~~sg!n~y\.:~.~a.;.~) 80 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Level Institution Function Responsibility Village GP Water and Participation in preparation of Environmental Data Sheet (EDS) to be enclosed President, Sanitation to Detailed Scheme Report (DSR). GPWSC, Committee The committee shall deliberate on environmental safeguards relevant to the so, (GPWSC) with schemes and adopt the same during construction and implementation AEEI AE, the support of Certifying the implementation of environmental mitigation measures as part of RWSSD Support the implementation completion report. Organization Facilitate IEC activities regarding water conservation, sanitation and hygiene (so) among the villagers. Support Provide support to the AEEIAE RWSSD in preparing the EDS. Directors of Organization Facilitating participation of the community in preparation of EDS as part of the SO (so) DSR preparation and in certification process (for environmental mitigation measures) for implementation completion report. Liaison with forest department, APPCB, and other related departments at scheme level for ensuring implementation of identified mitigation measures (permissions, technical support, etc.). Provide support in execution of the IEC activities on EMF. Provide support to the RWSSD in the supervision, monitoring and audit activities of the EMF. Train the GPWSCI MWSC in conforming to EMF requirements in operation and maintenance of Under Ground Drainage1 Sewerage schemes. Scheme Level Participation in EDS preparation of MVS. President, Committee (SLC) Participation in certification process for implementation of environmental GPWSC, mitigation measures as part of implementation completion report. so, To make efforts for spreading awareness regarding sanitation and hygiene AEE/ AE, among the member villages of the MVSs. RWSSD 4.5.5 Performance Indicators A list of environmental performance indicators which have been integrated with the overall project indicators for monitoring and evaluation of the project performance are given in Annexure 27. 4.6 Training and Capacity Building The state currently has limited capacity for environmental management. The capacity building and IEC strategy has been outlined as part of the EMF program developed for the project aims at building environmental awareness and environmental management capacity in the project administration structure as well as in the intended target communities. Capacity building for environmental management will be integrated with overall capacity building component of the project. 4.6.1 Objectives The objectives of the capacity building initiatives are: To build and strengthen the capability of rural water and sanitation service delivery institutions (PRIs and RWSSD) and other partners (NGOs, Contractors, Consultants) to integrate sound environmental management into water and sanitation service delivery. To orient the service delivery staff and elected PRI representatives to the requirements of the project's environmental management framework. 4.6.2 Approach Systematic capacity building initiatives will be introduced only after completion of training needs assessment. The training will be of cascade mode. All the trained staff and others will in Samaj Vikas (i11fo:ci~s;1r11:1iviki1s,~y:g) 8 1 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 turn conduct further trainings at state, district, mandal and village levels. However, since capacity building goes beyond mere imparting training, institutionalization of best practices becomes a prerequisite for improved service delivery. 4.6.3 Institutions for Training In view of the specialized training and capacity building envisaged under the EMF of the project, it is necessary to identify nodal training institutes that will work closely work with capacity building wing of PSU for conceptualizing, designing, conducting and managing training programs on the EMF. Some such specialized institutions are: Academy of Rural Development (AMR- APARD) National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) Engineering Staff College of India (ESCI) National Academy of Construction (NAC) 4.6.4 Details of Training Programmes TI. Training on the Environmental Management Framework Purpose of the training: To equip with knowledge and skills necessary for undertaking environmental appraisal as per the requirements of the EMF To prepare for undertaking periodic supervision of environmental performance of schemes To prepare for implementing Community Based System for Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Participants: Key officials of the project including AEEIAE, EE, SE as well as State and District Level Environmental Experts and District Resource Persons - Environmental Management. The Superintending Engineer of the district will be responsible for selection of suitable candidates for the training, and the expense will be borne by the overall project capacity building budget. Schedule: The training will include an initial orientation workshop, a main and annual refresher training workshops on environmental assessment. The main and refresher training programs will be for duration of 2-3 days each, whereas the initial orientation workshop will be of one day duration. 10 Training programs will be conduced during the first year and 5 refresher programs per year will be conducted for the next 4 years. This will total to 30 programs. T2. Training on Environmental Management Purpose of the training: To equip with knowledge and skills necessary for meaningful participation in the environmental appraisal as per the requirements of the EMF To prepare for planning and monitoring implementation of environmental mitigation measures identified through the appraisal process Samaj Vikas (&lfi,?>.i~nl:t i\.~ka?.~[?rg) 82 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 To equip with skills necessary for water quality testing using the field kits under the Community Based System for Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Participants: SOs, members of GPWSC and Mandal Resource Persons - Environmental Management. The Superintending Engineer of the district will be responsible for selection of suitable candidates for the training, and the expense will be borne by the overall project capacity building budget. Schedule: The training will include an initial orientation workshop, a main and annual refresher training workshops on environmental assessment. The main and refresher training programs will be for duration of 2-3 days each, whereas the initial orientation workshop will be of one day duration. There will be about 2,843 GPWSCs, about 284 SOs and about 100 Mandal resource persons totaling to about 3,200. At about 50 per batch there will be about 64 training programs. Considering that an equal number of refresher trainings will be conducted, the total T2 training programs will be about 120 for the project duration. T3. Environmental Awareness and Sensitization Purpose of the training: To build awareness on safe drinking water, water conservation, environmental sanitation and personal hygiene. Participants: AEEsI AEs, SOs, Members of GPWSC and NGOs. Schedule: The training will involve one day workshops at the mandal level. There will also be one day refresher workshops organized annually. There will be about 2,843 GPWSCs, about 284 SOs and about 100 resource persons totaling to about 3,200. At about 50 per batch there will be about 60 training programs. Considering that an equal number of refresher trainings will be conducted, the total T3 training programs will be about 120 for the project duration. T4. Quality Construction Practices for Artisans Purpose: To equip with knowledge and skills for quality construction and maintenance of water and sanitation structures (including aspects of environmental conservation, human health and safety, etc.) Participants: Masons, mechanics, electricians, plumbers etc., and for the contractors' workforce involved in the project. Schedule: The training will involve one day workshops at the mandal level. There will also be one day refresher workshops organized annually. There will be about 2,843 artisans at one per GPWSCs and about 200 resource persons totaling to about 3,000. At about 50 per batch there will be about 60 training programs. Considering that an equal number of refresher trainings will be conducted, the total T4 training programs will be about 120 for the project duration. The number of suggested training programs is presented in table below: Samaj Vikas (~!~fg~f&~gq~;~y~k_;~+,~?rg) 83 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Revort - November 2008 Table 4-4: Number of Training Programs ( . No. Topics I Number of Trainings- 1 1 T 1 - Environmental Management Framework 30 2 T2 - Environmental Management 120 3 T3 - Environmental Awareness and Sensitization 120 4 T4 - Quality Construction Practices for Artisans 120 Total 390 About 40 to 50 trainees would participate in each of the training programs. It is intended that these trained persons will in turn provide on site training to RWSSD staff, SOs, GPWSCs, NGOs, Contractor staff, etc. onsite at village level. 4.6.5 Budget The total estimated cost of training on environmental management for members of GPWSCs, NGOsI SOs, Engineers of RWSSD, and artisans, under the proposed APRWSSP is presented in the table below: Table 4-5: Estimated cost of Training S. No. Training 1 T 1 30 1,00,000 1o,oo,ooo 2 T2 120 50,000 60,00,000 3 T3 and T4 240 20,000 48,00,000 5 Workshops (District) 25 20,000 5,00,000 Total 1,25,50,000 , The total budget for environmental management activities under the proposed APRWSS project has been worked out as Rs. 4.24 crore. The detailed break up of the budget is presented in the table below. Table 4-6: Budget for Environmental Management 1 S No. I Activity I Amount in Rs. ] IT Training and workshops (as estimated) 1,25,50,000 2 Internal supervision visits 3 Environmental Audit by the external agency once in a year (5 Nos) @ Rs. 15.0 lakhs per year 14 Preparation of specific environment related community awareness 1 materials @ 2 lakh per district and 6 lakh at state level 5 EA for Category 2 Schemes @ 10 lakhs per year for 5 years 50,00,000 6 External-- Environmental Monitoring @ Rs. 2.0 lakhs per year for 5 10,00,000 I yearsLy Sub Total 3,85,50,000 Contingencies @, 10% 38,50,000 Total 4,23,50,000 29 Includes remuneration to MRPs, DRPs and other resource persons. Samaj Vikas (i11fo:(i~s~l1l1ilkiki1>~&1a) 84 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 4.7 Guidelines 1 Environmental Code of Practices Guidelines1 Environmental Code of Practices (ECOP) have been prepared for addressing the following environmental issues and are furnished in the Annexures as indicated. 1. Guidelines for Identification and Selection of water supply sources: The criteria for the selection of source for water supply are specified in Annexure 12. 2. Guidelines for Sanitary survey of water supply sources: Periodic survey of the source is necessary to identify if any new pollution sources are emerging. The guidelines for groundwater surface water sources are detailed in Annexure 13. 3. ECOP for sanitary protection of water supply sources: The well to tap groundwater sources and intake arrangements to tap surface water sources are located at certain distance away from the pollution existing sources and the structures are protected with certain measures to protect the quality of water from getting contaminated. The detailed guidelines are furnished in Annexure 14. 4. Differential Pressure Bleach Powder Solution Dosing Equipment: The disinfection is an important treatment of both surface and ground water to ensure safe water supply. A simple disinfection method with bleaching powder applicable to small water supplies is sufficient. 5. Guidelines for Sustainability of Sources: The yield from the sources in. general and ground water source in particular is likely to decrease during summer. In order to ensure sustainable yield throughout the year certain measures such as artificial recharge of the groundwater source with rainwater harvesting structures are necessary. These measures are furnished in Annexure 16. 6. Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance: The water quality of the sources and in the distribution system is deteriorating due to contamination especially after rains in surface water sources and in summer months in groundwater sources. Water quality monitoring should be undertaken periodically in order to take corrective measures if the quality changes. The procedure and protocol for water quality monitoring and surveillance are described in Annexure 8. 7. Selection and installation of safe sanitation technologies; the checklist for choice of technology and selection of location is furnished in Annexure 17. 8. Recommended Construction Practice and Pollution Safeguards for Twin Pit Pour Flush toilets: Twin Pit Pour Flush Latrines (TPPFL) are the most commonly adopted sanitation technology which is suitable in most of the environmental conditions except coastal areas with high groundwater table. Recommended construction practice and Pollution Safeguards for TPPFTs are described in Annexure 18. 9. A format for attachment to the contracts of contractors/ consultants is given in Annexure 29. This format need to be filled for each contract package and signed by the respective contractor/ consultant for conforming to the EMF and implementing the measures suggested under the EMF. Samaj Vi kas (~inti~:~~_;!!naj~:i k~1.s.iwz) 8 5 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 ANNEXURES Samaj Vikas (i~lfi)~rr,sani:~j\:ik~~~;.-o!.g) 86 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Annexure 1 Terms of Reference for Environmental Analysis 1. Background 1. The main objectives for the proposed APRWSS Project are: o To improve the quality and quantity of rural water supply including environmental sanitation, service delivery, house hold sanitation and hygiene, o To achieve sustainability of investments and generate health and hygiene and income benefits in the rural Andhra Pradesh. o To assist the state in creating an enabling environment statewide for implementation of appropriate sector policy and institutional reforms; and, o To demonstrate sustainable modalities of delivering water supply in Single Village Schemes (SVSs) and Multi Village Schemes (MVSs). 2. The Project's geographical scope will aim at scaling up of the Swajaladhara concept and will include all the districts and besides Single village water supply schemes the Project will also study the scopes of Multi Village Schemes. The APPRED will be the nodal agency. The SWSMIPSU will be responsible for project planning and implementation. The DWSMPSU will be responsible for management of project implementation in the districts. The Gram Panchayats will be the responsible entity for undertaking planning and construction of the schemes and other community empowerment activities. The institutional arrangements of PRIs and RWSS sector may undergo changes and need to be taken into account, before finalization of the study report. 3. As a part of the project preparation, the PSU proposes to carry out a detailed environmental analysis of the project and prepare an appropriate environmental management framework and intends to hire a consultant to assist PSU in carrying out this task. 4. Water Quality Management: Chemical contamination mainly due to fluoride and salinity exits in the select pockets in the state. During the last 10 years, the PRED has installed community based Fluoride treatment units, hand pumps attached fluoride removal units and also provided activated alumina based house hold domestic filters. However, except for alumina based household domestic filter, none of these are functional today. While they are few reported cases of pesticide residue in the ground water samples (Ground Water Resources Report, May2005, and GOAP), the spread and the magnitude of the problem is yet to be established. As per Ground Water Department there is a possibility of heavy metal contamination in few industrial pockets of the state which may not be used as drinking water sources .The state has 52 laboratories at the district level which are managed by PRED, generally used field test kits with basic equipment. 5. Source Sustainability: Despite large scale investment in rural water schemes, the source protection and sustainability of these schemes remains a concern. . Past experience in the state suggests that the rural water supply projects are not able to provide the design supply. Source sustainability for these projects primarily relates to the quantity and quality of water supply, proximity to these sources and fluctuation in Samaj Vikas (in ij>:~i.>:~!l~~<~k~~~.~~!.g) 87 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 water discharge rate (at the source) especially during lean period .In addition the state has been facing wide spread water scarcity in the recent past due to successive years of drought . About 35% mandals (blocks) are in 'overexploited' and 'critical' areas which are declared as water stressed. The efforts of the PRED and ground water department in mapping different categories of water stressed areas, including overexploited, critical, semi critical, as well as safe areas will help in planning environmental mitigation measures. The GoAP is currently investing in large scale surface water irrigation projects which have a priority for rural drinking water supply and could be potential; sources of supply in water stressed are quality affected areas. 6. The Environmental assessment will provide insight into the environmental challenges that deal with source sustainability, water quality management, drainage and disposal and house hold sanitation issues. based on the analysis, a detailed Environmental Management Framework (EMF) shall be finalized 2. Objective of the Study: The key objective of the study is to conduct Environmental Analysis (EA) with a view to identify the critical environmental concerns in the RWSS sector and address them as an integral part of project design. The specific objectives include: i . To assess the existing status of environment in the state and to identify threats and issues which have effect on RWSS sector. i i . To identify the environmental issues associated with implementation of RWSS schemes (Single Village & Multi Village Schemes) and develop environmental codes of practices that need to be followed during various stages such as planning, construction and operation and maintenance. iii . To identify generic environmental issues that are beyond the scope of individual RWSS schemes, but related to the sector and recommend remedial measures to address them as part of the project. iv. To identify household and environmental sanitation issues as well as to make an assessment of pollution level with regard to water supply and its usages & propose appropriate sanitation technology options. v. To prepare an Environment Management Framework including well defined performance indicators for addressing the identified issues, through the various activities / tasks under the proposed project, and strategy for its implementation to achieve sustainable sources for water supply schemes and environmental sanitation benefits. 3. Scope of works: 3.1. The specific tasks of the study are to: a) Collect and compile district/mandal level data on water resources and water quality for assessing the availability of safe drinking water from surface / groundwater sources. In addition to presenting the present status, the consultant shall undertake a trend analysis such as depleting sources, declining ground water tables, degrading water quality and drying of surface sources in various districts/ mandals. District level maps need to be prepared by categorizing the water sources into distinct categories such as safe for drinking, safe with treatment and unsafe for drinking purpose. b) Examine the extent and possible causes of chemical and biological contamination of drinking water sources and propose mitigation plan for the same (district level). Wherever applicable the consultant should also identify any policy/regulatory measures - - Samaj Vikas (info~~i,~san~ai~:ika~.otg) 88 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 that may be required to protect the water resources from further contamination. The consultant shall also recommend various cost effective treatment options for contaminations that are very common in the state. The Consultant should collect information from secondary sources to examine possible point and nonpoint sources of contamination. The water quality hotspots need to be clearly identified for each district. c) Assess adequacy of current water quality monitoring programs and institutional capacity in the State, and provide recommendations for enhancing these as well as disseminating water quality information to the rural public. d) Assess current programs for disinfecting / treatment besides chlorination of drinking water supplies and provide recommendations for enhancing as well as making these effective. The accent should be on preserving water quality by up stream intervention and effective locally available and manageable low cost treatment techniques. e) Assess household and environmental sanitation issues, including personal hygiene, health, household environment and sanitation issues. Collect information on major diseases and their causes, and assess how these can be reduced through various project interventions. Assess need for personal health and hygiene programs; f) Assess environmental sanitation issues pertaining to the rural areas, including need for pavement of internal village roads and properly designed network of sullage and water drains. g) Review rural drinking water and sanitation sector related policies, legislations and institutions and recommend appropriate policies and institutions for addressing the environmental issues and attaining sustainable water and sanitation services. h) To find out alternate usages of wastewater and to explore possibility of economic recycling of solid waste for income generating activities. i) To assess the extent of usage of water by livestock in the villages from drinking water supply schemes and to find out effect of this practice on quantity and quality of available water and suggest appropriate recommendations to address the problem. j) Develop village environmental quality indicators and propose appropriate water quality monitoring indicators, along with the methodology and institutional arrangements for measuring / assessing and disseminating the same. k) Assess ecological impact of changes /alteration in natural water flow/path because of the tapping of natural sources and provide recommendations for synergizing the positive effects and minimizing the antagonistic effects for both short and long term durations and possible integration with socio economic development. 1) Prepare guidelines/environmental codes of practices (ECOPs) for addressing the identified environmental issues in RWSS schemes. Sample examples of guidelines to be prepared are given below: i. Guidelines/ECOPs for identification of sources of water supply ii. Guidelines/ECOPs on protecting surface water supply sources and ensuring sustainability iii. Guidelines/ECOPs on protecting ground water supply sources and ensuring sustainability iv. Guidelines/ECOPs on Water Quality Management. Samaj Vikas (jgf~.c~,~~ri!i~y!kk;!~,pg) 89 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 v. GuidelinesIECOPs on selection of Safe Sanitation Technology Options (including drainage) at individual household and community level. vi. GuidelinesIECOPs on selection of location for community toilets vii. Guidelines/ECOPs on Safe Sullage Disposal and Organic waste management. viii. Guidelines on Safe Solid Waste Management at individual household and community level. These guidelines/ECOPs shall be prepared, based on local soil characteristics, hydrogeology, and accessibility of water sources, socio cultural environment etc. The sanitation and environment related issues guidelines prepared by UNICEF, Rural Development Department, Watershed Management Directorate, etc. will be particularly useful in developing the guidelines for safe sanitation technology options. The "State Environment Report" of Government of Andhra Pradesh is under preparation by EPTRI, which should be studied, and WATSAN related issues must be analyzed and incorporated in the Environmental Management Plan. 4. The environmental issues should be presented in detail, using Charts, Tables and Maps for clarity. Use of pie charts will be especially useful for analyzing the hotspots. The EMP and performance indicators should be presented in a matrix format. The consultants will provide all relevant data / information in this regard. All assumptions made should be clearly stated along with their justification. 4. Suggested Methodology for the Study a) The consultant will collect the existing information about Environmental issues of RWSS sector, from the sector institutions and other sources like report of the surveys conducted in the past, the report of the relevant studies done earlier, official records of various concerned departmentstorganizations etc.. [The consultant shall preferably use latest satellite data to map the water resources including water quality for each district on a GIs platform to enable easy identification of safe drinking water supply sources by the implementing agency.] b) The consultant shall hold detailed interactions with the organizationststakeholders such as Rural Water Supply wing of PRED ISWSMPSU, EPTRI, NIT, JNTU,WALMTARI , APARD, NIRD, NG Ranga Agriculture University, AP pollution control Board , Depts. of Forests, Agriculture, Horticulture etc. to collect information regarding environmental issues done by them. c) The methodology to be adopted for conducting the field study will be on a participatory approach. The target groups will be consulted during the study both at the level of planning and also at the level of finalization and as and when required. The prime source of information will be based on the key informat, House-to-House interviews, field visits and observation, focus group discussion (members of PRIs, Community based organizations, other stakeholders etc.), Participatory Rural Appraisal, and household survey. The study will require sample examination and sample data collection from the field to prove environmental condition and to suggest remedial measures. The consultant will hold requisite number of interviews, observations, and group discussions in atleast 22 representative GPs (from each district). Samaj Vikas (i~~t~~csa~~~iviki~x.~~~'g) 90 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 5. All the sources of information will be required to be enlisted and validated by support documents. The final outcome of the study should meet the objectives and should cover the scope of the works. 6. Schedule and Outputs of the Study: The study is proposed to be carried out in five stages: Stage 1: Preparation of study tools, approach and methodology, identification of data requirements, mode of data collection and outline of the final report. Field Surveys in select, representative areas for getting information on the nature and severity of the water pollution and environmental issues prevalent in the State. Stage 2: Stakeholder consultations in representative Gram Panchayats; Data collection from secondary sources; A preliminary assessment of environmental issues, based on secondary sources of information, conducting field surveys and holding public consultations. Stage 3: Detailed analysis of baseline environmental issues, policies, legislations and institutions; analysis of alternative scenarios; and recommendations regarding mitigation measures, monitoring and evaluation strategies and institutional responsibilities; Preparation of the Environment Management Framework and Performance Indicators; and Preparation of Intermediate status Report-I1 covering full analysis and recommendation. All relevant data should be presented in detail in annexure. Stage 4: Preparation of Draft Final Report on Environmental Analysis, incorporating PSUISWSM comments on the Draft Report. Stage 5: Preparation of final Report, incorporating comments from PSUISWSM and World Bank on Draft Final Report. Bench Marks: The study should be completed within 16 weeks from the date of commissioning of the study. SWSM/PSU should provide comments at each stage of Report preparation within one week of submission of the report and the consultant should address these at each stage of report preparation. The following are the benchmarks from the date of commissioning of the Study: Stage I - Inception Report 2 weeks 2 weeks Completion of Stage 2 and Intermediate Status 4weeks 6 weeks Re~ort~-~ 1 Intermediate Status Report I1 4 weeks 1Oweeks Completion of Stage 4 and Draft Final Report 2 weeks 12weeks Final Report 4 weeks 16 weeks 7. Data, Services and Facilities for the Study The Project Director, PSU for the current project would supervise the study and facilitate interaction and exchange of information between the consultants, concerned GoAP departments and Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs) GPs, MPPs, ZPs. PSU staff may join the - -- Samaj Vikas (i!nfo~~sgl~~jy~.~!~) 9 1 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 consultant team during selected field visits. The Gram Sarpanch shall be involved to facilitate all processes during the field visit, wherever necessary. 8. The Outputs of the Study will be: a. Inception Report together with the tested check lists 1 instruments proposed to be used and the formats of the expected results (3 copies); b. Intermediate Status Report I after completing field work (5 copies): c. Intermediate Status Report I1 after completing field work (5 copies): d. Draft Final Report (5 copies): and e. Final Report (I 0 copies) In addition to the paper copies, the consultants will make available electronic copies of: a) All reports in MS Word. b) All raw data in tabulated form, together with relevant summary tables, in MS Excel /MS Access Oracle Database at the time of submission of draft report and revised final report 9. Review Committee to Monitor Consultants Work The Project Director, PSU or his nominee will be the chairperson of the review committee comprising of (i) Unit Coordinator (Environment), (ii) Unit Coordinator (Engineering) (iii) Unit Coordinator (M&E) & (iv) Finance Controller. The Director may include more experts in the committee. The committee may also seek comments and inputs on the consultants work from the World Bank staff and other experts as appropriate. The review committee to monitor the works of the consultant will monitor the progress of work done by the consultants. The presence of the consultants in these meetings is compulsory, which will incorporate the suggestions given by the committee. 10. Qualification of Key Professional Staff (Whose CV and Experience would be evaluated). The consultant should have considerable experience and professional expertise in the area of Water Resources and Environmental Management, especially relating to water supply and sanitation projects. List of Key Professionals and Required Experience Key personnel Minimum Qualification Minimum No. of Man Experience Personnel Months Environmental Post Graduate degree in Environmental Specialist and Engineering1 Environmental Science 15 years Team Leader with experience in Environmental Impact Analysis 1 Hydrologist1 Post Graduate degree in the relevant field Geologist with experience in Ground Water and Watershed Management. Knowledge on 10 years 2 4 interpretation of satellite data and GIs mapping preferred . Biochemistry/Mic Post Graduate degree in the relevant field robiology with experience in Community 10 years 2 4 Specialist Development/Social Projects. Water Supply & Post Graduate Degree in relevant field 10 years Sarnaj Vikas (i~~_fo~am~ii~~k~~~. i>~g) 92 Andhra Pradesh Kural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 Sanitation with experience in Rural water supply 2 8 Engineering sector Specialist The total man month's input is 20.0nly the CVs of key professionals shall be evaluated. Trained field investigators and research assistants, as necessary should assist the team for data collection and tabulation. The services of the team should be exclusively provided for the study and their contact addresses1 numbers should be provided to PSU to facilitate constant and regular contact. 11. Terms of Payment i. . 10% of the contract value on submission and acceptance of the inception report. 11 20% of the contract value on submission and acceptance of intermediate status report- I . . . 111 20% of the contract value on submission and acceptance of intermediate status report- I1 iv 30% of the contract value on submission and acceptance of draft final report. v 20% of the contract value on submission of test report on piloting of 66 GPs and final report Samaj Vikas (itifo'cdsalnaivika~.~)~'~) 93 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Annexure 2: List of Sample Habitations Selected for Field Study ( District I Mandal / Village 1 Habitation 1 Andhra Region Srikakulam 1 Seethampeta I Marripadu I Marripadu I Arnadalavalasa I Dusi I Dusi Ichapuram Bhirlangi Bhirlangi West Godavari Duduluru Dosapadu Dosapadu D. Tirumala Pangidigudem Pangidigudem Undi Vandram Vandram Rayalaseema Region Chittor I V. Kota I Pamuganipalli I Kothachinnaiahpalle Gurramkonda Kandriga Kandriga Satyavedu Kalamnaidupeta Kalarnnaidupeta Kumool Alur Moosanahalli Moosanahalli 1 Chevella 1 Malkapur 1 Malkapur I Kulkacherla I Adavi Venkatapur , Fluoride Affected Villages Prakasam Martur Martur Martur S. Konda S. Konda S. Konda Mundlamur Marella Marella Kanigiri Disrasavancha Disrasavancha Kanigiri Polavaram Polavaram Nalgonda Bhongir Basavapur Basavapur Bibinagar Bibinagar Bibinagar -- - 1 B. Ramaram Fakeerugudem Fakeerugudem Thurkapalli Gandhamalla Gandhamalla Kattangur Kattangur Kattangur Samaj Vikas (j!it:o~&pnl;lJ?jk~~ss_c~~~) 94 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Revort - November 2008 Annexure 3: Questionnaire for Field Data Collection 1. HH ENVIRONMENTAL INTERVIEW FORMAT Identification Habitation I Village Mandal I District Demographic Profile 1. Name of the Household Head: 2. Religion 1- Hindu/ 2- Muslim13- Christiad4-Others 3. Caste 1 - GeneraU2- SCI 3- STl4- BC 4. Sub caste 1 sub tribe HH Environmental Sanitation 5. Where do you defecate? 1- Individual Sanitary Latrine (ISL)l2 - Public Latrine1 3- Open 6. If ISL, do all members of your family use? 1- Yes1 2- No 7. Is your ISL /Public Latrine connected to 1 - Leach pit/ 2- Septic Tank 8. How do you dispose effluent from Septic Tank? 9. Where do you dispose septic tank/ leach pit 1- Outside village 12- In village 1 3- waste? Near fields1 Other 10. Do use this waste as Manure? 1- Yes1 2- No Open Defecation 11. If Open defecation, then where do you 1- Near Water Source1 2- Slope grounds1 go 3- Catchments1 4-Others 12. Do you resort to open defecation? 1 -Yes/ 2- No Sewerage 13. 1 Is your HH connected to Sewerage? I 1- yes1 2- NO 14. If Yes, any treatment is done? 1- Yes1 2- No 15. Where it is disposed finally? 1- NallaW 2-Tank/ 3- Irrigation canal1 4- Pond 5-Rivulet/ 6-Others Waste Water 16. Where do you dispose sullage? 1- Drain1 2- Soak pit 17. Where this waste water leads to 1- NallaW 2-Tank1 3- Irrigation canal1 4- Pond 5-Rivulet/ 6-Others 18. Do this waste water is treated? 1- Yes1 2- No Personal Hygiene I Do you practice hand washing aftcr 1- Yes1 2- No tJci;.c.LlllO1l? When do you generally wash hands? 1- Before & After eating/ 2- After Defecatiod 3 - Both 21. What do you use for cleaning hands? 1- Soap1 2- Mud 3- Ash1 4- Others 22. How often do member of your family 1. Daily1 2. Once in two days1 3. Twice a bath? week. 4. Weekly once1 5. DKCS Samaj Vikas (,~ifOii!~,~.~>i;il!:~k~,~~~). . 95 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 - - Cleaning practice after defecation in 1- Water1 2- Stone1 3- Leaves1 4- Sticks1 open 5- Paper/ 6- others Where do your children defecate? 1- Inside housel 2- Outside1 3- latrine1 4- Field 5- Others How do you dispose children fecal matter? 26. ' Do you wash your hands after cleaning 1 - Yesl 2- No children's feces? Drinking Water 27. Where from you get your drinking 1- Panchayat tap1 2- Hand pump1 3 - water? Public Open welY 4- Individual open well 28. Do you treat drinking water in case 1- Yes1 2- No obtained from open well? 29. If Yes, how do you treat? 1- Filtering using Cloth1 2- Candles1 3- Boiling1 4- Chlorine Tablets1 5- Alum or --- herbs1 6 - Others 30. How do you handle drinking water? I-Use ladle1 2- Cover or lid 3- Customized pot or tank with tapl 4- Other Solid Waste I 3 1. 1 Where do you dispose Solid waste? 1- In bins1 2- Outside on lane1 3. In front of housel 4. In compost pit 1 5. Livestock 32. Where do you dispose fodder wasteldung? 1- House back yard I 2- Outside village1 3 - Others 33. Do you have a compost pit for this waste? I. Yes1 2. No. 2. Village Information Format (Collect information form Village Sarpanch, Village Secretary and other responsible village leaders) Identification Name of the Habitation Name of the Village (GP) Name of the Mandal Name of the District General Information Terrain I 1. Plaid 2. Sloping1 3. Hilly1 4. Forest I 5. Other (Specify) 1 1 Area in Acres ~o~ulation I Distance from Mandal Headquarters in Krn Nature of Soil (Clay, sand, gravel, rock) Depth of Water Table (Location wise) 5. 2. 3. 4. Water Supply 1 Type of Scheme 1. SVS 12. MVSI 3. HPs Source 1. Bore well1 River1 =Specify) - - Samaj Vikas (~!lfi)~(~;sar~l~~v~ki~~org) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 Treatment 1. Yes1 2. No. Type of treatment 1. Slow sand Filtration/ 2. Defluoridatiod -- 3. Chlorination/ 4. Others (Specify) Type of Storage Distribution 1. HSCI 2. PSPI 3. Others Supply duration From Hrs to Hrs Supply Frequency 1. Daily1 2. Once in Days Quality Perception 1. Muddy1 2. Salty1 3. Fluoride1 4. Smell/ 5. Other (specify) Quality Parameter (Specify parameter and value in ppm) Environmental Sanitation No of ISLs ISL Coverage (% of households) No of Public Latrines Solid Waste Disposal? 1- Outside village I 2- In village I 3- Near fields/ Other t Use of waste as Manure? 1- Yes1 2- No Open Defecation places 1- Near Water Source1 2- Sloping grounds1 3- Catchments1 4-Others Presence of Sewerage 1- Yes1 2- No I Sewerage Coverage (% of households) Sewage treatment 1. Yesi 2. No. Where Sewerage is disposed finally? 1- Nallahi 2-Tank1 3- Irrigation canal1 4- Pond 5-Rivulet/ 6-Others Where this waste disposed finally? 1- Nallahi 2-Tank/ 3- Irrigation canal/ 4- Pond 5-Rivulet/ 6-Others Roads Total Road Length (Km.) Type of Roads (specify length in Km) 1. CC- 12. Metal I 3. Kutcha I 4. Other Presence of Road side Drains 1- yes1 2- No Coverage in Km Solid waste Where do you dispose solid waste? 1- Inside the Village1 2- Out Side1 3- I Others I / Where do you dispose fodder wasteldung? Locations Distance from village Km , What is done with the waste? 1- Compost/ 2- Burnt1 3. leave it alone1 4.0ther (specify) Health Health facility 1. PHCI 2. Sub-Centerl 3. Others Health staff in village 1. Govt. Doctor1 2. Private Qualifid Doctor1 3. ANMI 4. QuacW 5. None1 6.0thers (specify) Common Diseases 1 1. Malarial 2. Typhoid 3. GEI 4. JEI 5. 1 Others (Specify) / Season for Typhoid, Malaria, GE, JE, 1 1. Rainy Season/ 2. Winter1 3. Summer I Samaj Vikas (j!li:c?i.~s.a~n~j"kkgb.~~t~) 97 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 etc. Other Information Position Name Phone1 Mobile No. GP Secretary Revenue Secretary AE (RWS) in charge 1 Village" Leader 1 1 Village Leader 2 Village Leader 3 Village Leader 4 3. Focus Group Discussions/ Public Consultation Facilitator Checklist 1. Background Information , Date and Time of FGD Habitation , LocationNenue of FGD Focus Group Category General1 Women, SCISTI Others I I Sub-category (specify) Number of Participants I Men: Women: 4otal: ( Moderator Project introduction The Government of Andhra Pradesh is preparing the Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project. This project aims to make investments for augmentation, rehabilitation or construction of SVS and MVS, including improvement of water sources in about 15,000 habitations located in about 7,000 GPs, and representing a total population of about 12 million. This project further aims at improvement of operational performance of all SVS and MVS schemes and take up sanitation and environmental sanitation programs including liquid and solid waste management. Further this project aims at building capacity of the PRIs in the field of community mobilization, RWSS project formulation and implementation and management. Further this project will monitor water quality and put in place a management information system. This project is in preparation stage and your views during this public consultation on the possible project impacts (both positive and negative) and mitigation measures are invited for incorporation into the project design. 2. Water Sources What are the major sources of water supply? What are your main sources of drinking water? Which sources do you use for cattle purposes? What is the quality of these sources? How do these sources get contaminated? What are the probable areas for groundwater extraction? What are the groundwater levels during the last 10 years? 3. Present Sanitation (Human Waste, Waste Water, Animal Waste, Samaj Vlkas (111fof[1sanlillukai-o~g) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 How many have ISLs in the village? How many do use them? What are the reasons for not using the ISLs? What are the reasons for not building ISLs? Where do you dispose of the contents of the septic tanks1 leach pits? What percentage of village is covered with drainage? Why the remaining portion is not covered? How often your drainage is clogged? Who maintains the drainage? Would contribute for providing underground drainage to the entire village? How much? Would you contribute to maintain the underground drainage properly? How much? Where does the village wastewater go finally? Do you think your village is clean? How far it is clean? Can it be better? What are your suggestions to keep it clean? Are the roads paved in your village? 4. Water Quality What are your perceptions about the drinking water quality? If the water is not good do you have any other means? What is sustainability of these sources? Has the quality deteriorated over past few years? How and Why? (e.g. color, taste, smell) Due to what reasons the water quality has deteriorated? 5. Awareness Generation What are the various awareness programmes regarding water and sanitation taken up in your village? How can the people be motivated to water sources clean and keep water at home clean? How can people be motivated to built ISLs and use them? Who all need to be educated and on what specific aspects? (e.g. women, children, general public, officials) 6. Indigenous Knowledge1 Village Wisdom How do you protect your drinking water sources? How do you traditionally clean1 treat water? At household level1 community level: Are there any occasions during which the whole village is compulsorily cleaned and sanitized? 7. Suggestions What are the environmental problems that you perceive from the project? What are your suggestions to overcome these problems? Samaj Vikas (jpfil:o,>i~n~<~ixrika~~[?rg) 99 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 Annexure 4: Summary Analysis of Data Collected 1.0 Introduction The objectives of the primary data collection through household survey is to know water supply and sanitation situation in the sample villages, to gauge the extent of quantity and quality issues and to know the peoples perceptions on the services. This survey was conducted during January- February 2008 in about 3,000 sample households in the sample villages. 2.0 Water Supply 2.1 Type of Scheme An analysis of source of water supply vis-A-vis SVS and MVS has been made and the results are presented in the table below. Of the 1889 respondents, more than half (53. 47%) belong to SVS villages and 9.63% belong to MVS villages. The balance 36.9% depend on a variety of sources ranging from privately owned hand pumps and bore wells to sources belonging to the public domain such as public hand pumps and rivulets. / \ The detailed analysis of responses Source of HH Water Supply indicate that, of the 1,620 responses under the SVS, about 8.95% (own hand pump, own dug well and private bore well) depend entirely on privately owned sources; where as a large majority (over 90%) depend entirely on public sources other than SVS (public hand pump, public dug well, rivulet) When the same analysis is applied to MVS villages, SVS MVS Own Own Public Public Pvt. Riwlet HandpumpDu~UHandpumpDugweU Borewell the pre-dominance of privately \ J owned sources goes as high as 30.49%. 2.2 Scheme Sources Among the sampled villages majority SVS MVS Total (71%) of the villages depend on source YO(N0.s) YO(N0.s) % (N0.s) groundwater as scheme source, while Surface 26.76 (8) the remaining (29%) of the village Groundwater 73.340 schemes have surface water as source. Total 100 (30) When the type of scheme is taken into account, most (73%) of the SVS schemes have groundwater as source while the remaining (27%) of the SVS have surface water as source. Nearly half of the MVS schemes have surface water as source while the remaining half has groundwater as source. The below table explains these details by scheme and source. 2.3 Quantity of Water -~ - - Samaj Vikas (illff~);~~;sanii~~k:~~>rg) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 The overall analysis of quantity of water supplied per capita per day indicates the following: i. Only a small fraction of the surveyed households (0.42% and 3.18%) get supply either less than 20 litres per capita per day or more than 50 litres per capita per day, respectively. ii. A large majority of the households (96.4%) fall in the three middle bands viz. 20-30 litres, 30-40 litres and 40-50 litres per capita per day. ... 111. Considering the minimum supply standard of 40 litres of supply per capita per day, the percentage of households falling in the 'just about sufficient' (30-40 litres), 'deficient' (20- 30 litres) and 'extremely inadequate' (less than 20 litres) supply ranges works out to be 85.66%. Water is used for multiple domestic purposes. Data from the household survey was analyzed to understand the use of water by households for various purposes, under SVS and MVS. hue) It is evident from the results that there is no significant variation in the use of water, whether SVS and MVS. While the average 1 total consumption is about 34.46 litres per capita per day, close to one third (1 1.36 litres) of it is used for washing clothes; Dd4ng Coolung Washing Bathing Washing Toilers followed by 7.60 litres for bathing and Urend uorhr washing utensils (6.08 litres) stands third ST -- in consumption quantity. Cooking (4.1 1 - El- 1 likes), drinking (3.1 1 litres) and toilet use (2.20 litres) constitute the last three in descending order. 2.4 Quality of Water Based on the prior knowledge and experience of respondents and their visual and sensory observation of drinking water, the quality of water is classified into two categories: Good (sweet, colour less, odourless) and Bad (salty/sour, coloured, odour, fluoride content). While, close to 7 1% of the respondents perceived the quality of water to be 'Good', about 29% reported it to be 'Bad'. When this analysis is applied to SVS and MVS villages separately, the perception of 'Good' increases significantly under MVS villages (85%). Quality of Water SVS MVS Total YO % YO / Freq Hard Water 21.43 28.21 21.90 122 Saline 12.16 10.26 12.03 67 Bad Smell 6.37 12.82 6.82 38 1 Muddy Water 1 3.67 1 30.77 ( 5.57 ( 31 Samaj Vikas (!I&) ~~h~il,g\I ka\ UI~) 101 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analvsis - Final Re~ort- November 2008 1 Fluoride 54.63 0.00 50.81 283 Can't Say1 Don't Know 1.74 17.95 2.87 16 Total 100 100 100 557 Further analysis of the quality of water (MVS and SVS) and the reasons for the perception of 'Bad' quality points out issues as detailed out in the table. While the problem of high fluoride content is the key issue under SVS villages (54.63%), this problem is completely absent under MVS villages. The next level of quality problems under SVS villages includes hardness (21.43%), salinity (12.16%) and bad smell (6.37%). The major quality problems under MVS villages are reported to be i) muddy water (30.77%) followed by ii) hard water (28.21%) and iii) Bad smell (12.82%). It may be pertinent to note that drinking water quality problems such as hardness and salinity are directly related to the source and difficult to overcome. However, the problems of muddiness and bad smell can be efficiently managed. 2.5 Water Treatment and Handling Practices Various practices are used in handling water 7-- at the household level. In more than 85% of 1 HH Drinkinn Water HsndlingPractice the households water is consumed directly 1 without any treatment, even in fluoride I affected regions. About 11% of the 1 or herbs. Use Ladle Cover or Lid Customized Poflank ! with Tap 1 Using safe practices like taking water with laddle from the container is very rare (6.56%), but protecting water container with cover or lid is widely practiced (69.35%). Customized tanks or tanks with taps are used in about 25% of the households. 3.0 Sanitation 3.1 Latrine Ownership The phenomenon of owning of individual household latrines (IHL) is only 34% across the sample villages. It may be noted that the coverage for the state is about 53%. The situation is further worsened when we consider the fact that use of latrine is at least partly de-linked from owning one (refer usage). There is enough empirical evidence to indicate that owning a latrine does not necessarily mean putting it to use, because open defecation has a general social sanction. - - - Samaj Vikas (:!!~fo~(iIsanli~ivikns.c~~~) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Total 1 lOO(296) 1 lOO(451) 1 lOO(1142) 1 100 1 1889 1 The region-wise break-up of ownership of household toilets present a dismal picture. The percentage of households not owning toilets range from a minimum of 55% in Andhra region to a maximum of about 78% in Rayalseema region with Telangana region falling somewhere in between (64%). The sanitation situation and public hygiene in all the three regions therefore, is very poor and deserves a high priority attention. 3.2 Latrine Usage and Open Defecation The usage of latrine is about 25.89% in the state, which is a pointer to the fact that close to 75% of households do not use toilets, despite owning one. Typical example Latrine Usage is: Valbapur village in Elakathurtthy Andhr Rayalasee Telanga mandal of Karirnnagar district. This a ma na Total village won the NGP award in 2006, % YO 'YO % Freq but about 20 HH (of a total of 300 Yes 9.70 20.79 32.37 25.89 168 HH) continue to practice open No 90.30 79.21 67.63 74.11 481 defecation. Total 100 100 100 100 649 The use of latrine is as low as 9.7% in Andhra where as it is relatively high in Telangana region (32.37%). In Rayalseema region the use of toilets stands at 20.79%. While the reasons for this wide regional variation in toilet use are not known, significant investments are required to inform and educate community members on the merits of toilet use and the link between water When asked the reasons for not using individual latrine many of the HH (33.45%) have fear of getting pit filled fast. About 17% HH have expressed inconvenience in defecating in latrine that points to poor design and construction. 17% defecate while in fields during work and about 5% said that they are not in habit of defecating in confined places. Samaj Vikas (~~~V: The practice of open defecation is wide spread in almost all the villages. It is carried out either in the open fields or in earmarked corners of the village. In some extreme cases it is carried out in any open space, whether within the village or outside. Response was sought to the question, from those who do not own toilets, 'where do they defecate' and the results are that a a very high percentage (99.6%) responded that they do so in the open fields and only about 0.40% choosing public latrine options. 3.3 Personal Hygiene A series of questions were asked to understand the personal hygiene practices of respondents and the results are tabulated below. From the data it can be inferred that good personal hygiene practices exist in all the three regions with a high percentage of households washing hands before and after eating and also after defecation. Soap is the commonly used cleaning agent for washing hands followed by ash and mud. Only less than 5% of households wash hands with water alone. 3.4 Solid Waste Disposal Indiscriminate disposal of garbage are observed in all the surveyed villages. Drainage maintenance is poor; they remain clogged at many places due to careless dumping of solid wastes into the drains. Only about 12.28% of the households use compost pit options, with a large majority dumping the waste either on roads (44.10%) or filing it in bins (12.02%). Information regarding various methods of garbage disposal was sought from the surveyed households and based on the current practices they were categorized into four major types viz. i) bins ii) outside on the road iii) in front of the house and iv) in compost pits. Once again, large regional variation has been observed as summarized below: i. Dumping the waste in bins is observed by about 42% of the households in Andhra region, where as the same practice is relatively low in Rayalseema (13.30%) and Telangana region (3.68%). ii. Disposing off waste outside the road is common in Rayalseema (56.98%) and Andhra regions (48.99%), where as in Telangana this practice is lower with about 38% of the Samaj Vikas (111to(I >ani'l1\ I~:I>J>I~) 104 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 households practicing it. Dumping the waste infront of the house is practiced by about 45%, 14% and 9% in Telangana, Rayalseema and Andhra regions respectively. The unhygienic practice of disposing off waste in the open (outside the road or in ftont of the house) is widely practiced in all the regions. iii. Compost pit option is used by a very few number of households in all the three regions (0.34% in Andhra 15.74% in Rayalseema and 14.01% in Telangana). 3.5 Waste Water Disposal At an aggregate level, 45% of the households use soak pit for waste water disposal, followed by 36% opting for drains. About 19% leave the waste water in the open. - HH Waste Water Disposal / Andhra I Rayalaseema I Telangana 1 Total I - YO YO YO % Freq Drain 67.91 2.22 40.98 35.94 679 1 Soak Pit 25.34 93.13 31.61 45.31 856 Open 6.76 4.66 27.4 1 18.74 354 Total 100 100 100 100 1889 3.6 Sewage Disposal The region-wise analysis offers a different 'trend. While in Andhra region, disposing off the waste water in drains is the most frequently used option (68%), in the Rayalseema, soak pits take a precedent with an overwhelming majority (93%) choosing that option. In the Telangana region, it is roughly an even three way spilt between Drains (41%), Soak pits (32%) and Open Disposal (27%). Most (92%) of HH which have ISL let the sewerage into own pitfseptic tank. Only 3% HH let out the sewerage onto open ground and the remaining 5% chose other options, including letting it off in the drains. 3.7 Fodder Waste1 Dung Disposal Disposal of Fodder Waste/ Dung by Region % % % % Freq House Back Yard 85.71 44.38 51.91 52.77 276 Samaj Vikas (~j~f.~~~.~n~;~j>:ik~~s~>~g) 105 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 Outside Village 12.24 53.13 41.08 42.07 220 Compost Pit 2.04 2.50 7.01 5.16 27 Total 100 100 100 100 523 Live stock related waste is another major challenge faced by most villages. State-wide analysis indicates that about 53% of HH dispose it off in the house backyard (as a compost heap) and about 42% leave it outside the village (as a compost heap). Only about 5% use the compost pit option. Composting in heaps is a more inefficient practice as compared to pit composting. It is also unhygienic as the heap is rarely managed (covering, periodic turning, etc.). 3.7 Awareness of Water Borne Diseases Around 63% of HH in the state have reported that they have some knowledge about water borne diseases. However, deeper explorations revealed that their knowledge is limited to knowing about the occurrence diarrhea and other stomach related infections. The regional analysis of knowledge levels indicate that the awareness is relatively high (over 70%) in Andhra and Rayalaseema regions, where as Telangana region ranks low with only about 57%. 4.0 Conclusions There are multiple sources water supply and different type of schemes. l 7 1% of the schemes are ground water based. About 82% of the sample households get about 20 to 40 litres of water per day Most people perceive MVS water supply is good in terms of quality l Most respondents consume water without further treatment at household level. Only 34% of sample household have latrines and among them only 26% use them. Most (33%) households do hot use the latrines for fear of pits getting filled faster. Most (90%) wash hands both after defection and before eating food. l 76% household throw solid waste on roads and in front of their houses 45% households have soak pits for wastewater disposal. Most (92%) of households which have ISL let the sewerage into own pidseptic tank. Very few (5%) households have compost pits for fodder and dung disposal A significant number of households (37%) are not aware of waterborne diseases Samaj Vikas (hf(zsang~~ki~>org) 106 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analvsis - Final Report - November 2008 Annexure 5: Issues identified during Village level Public Consultations Samaj Vikas Development Support Organisation has conducted Environmental Analysis for this project preparation. During the field work consultations were conducted in the 34 sample villages using focus group discussions during January- February 2008. All the available stakeholders such as PRI representatives, SHG members, Panchayat Secretary, etc. were gathered at a central place. The Samaj Vikas field team facilitated the discussions. The issues brought out in these consultations are listed below: Water Supply Related Inadequate water supply, insufficient source Poor water quality, Fluoride contents in water Inadequate infrastructure: Inadequate distribution lines Inefficient use of infrastructure: Over Head Tank not in use, Chlorination system not in use Poor maintenance of infrastructure: Frequent breakdown of pumps, Bursting of pipes, Wastage of Water, Inadequate maintenance, No proper staff Disruptions in Water Supply: Inadequate water supply during summer, Frequent power cuts Sanitation Related Inadequate number of ISLs Low usage of latrines, Open defecation Low coverage of drains, Stagnation of sullage, Wastewater stagnation in streets; Improper solid waste disposal Poor sanitation conditions in SCI ST colonies - -- Samaj Vikas (I:l!f_ias;;mgyi~~) 107 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 Annexure 6: Summary of Public Consultation/ Disclosure Workshops 1.1 Organisation Samaj Vikas Development Support Organisation has conducted Environmental Analysis for this project preparation. It is the policy of the project to disseminate the study findings to the stakeholders and to invite their inputs. These workshops were planned in consultation with Project Director, APRWSSP. A detailed list of stakeholders to be invited was prepared and communicated to the Superintending Engineers. Accordingly Disclosure Workshops were planned and conducted at Vijayawada, Kadapa and Hyderabad. A final state level workshop was conducted at Hyderabad. 1.2 Vijayawada On 2"* June 2008, first disclosure workshop was conducted at Vijayawada at The Institution of Engineers (India), Vijayawada Local Centre. A total of 59 participants attended the workshop from districts of Guntur, Krishna, West Godavari, East Godavari, Prakasam, Vishakatpatnam, Vizianagaram and Srikakulam. The participants were drawn from key stakeholders like RWSSD staff, PRI representatives, NGOs, SHG leaders, Staff of other stakeholder departments like Health, Women and Child Welfare, etc. Also representatives fiom PSU, APRWSSP attended. A press meet was conducted on 31 May 2008 to invite interested persons and organizations to participate in the workshop and to give their suggestions. The workshop was inaugurated by Superintending Engineer (RWS) Krishna District and the dais was shared by SE (RWS) Viskhapatnam, Prof Narsimha Reddy, Consultant, PSU, APRWSSP and Dr BKD Raja, Samaj Vikas. The first session consisted of a brief introduction to the project including the objective and components by Dr. BKD Raja. Following this, the primary objective of the workshop was explained (to inform about the project, to share findings of the EA study and the draft EMF and to gather suggestions). After a detailed presentation on the findings of the EA study and the EMF was presented, a discussion session was held. The issues raised and the suggestions given by the participants were noted. The queries raised and clarifications requested were attended to. 1.3 Kadapa The second disclosure workshop was held in Kadapa on 4 June 2008 at The Institution of Engineer (India), Kadapa local Center. The number of participants attending was 64. They were fiom Kadapa, Nellore, Kumool, Chittoor and Ananthapur districts. The participants were drawn from key stakeholders like RWSSD staff, PRI representatives, NGOs, SHG leaders, Staff of other stakeholder departments like Health, Women and Child Welfare, etc. Also, a press meet was conducted by the Samaj Vikas representative on 30 May 2008 to invite interested persons and organizations. The workshop was started by a welcome note fiom Superintending Engineer (RWS), Kadapa. The other dignitaries present are SE (RWS) Ananthapur and DE, PSU, APRWSSP. Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 The first session was with brief introduction of the project and explaining the objective and components of the project by Dr. BKD Raja. He said that information on the project would be provided and the primary objective of the workshop was to inform the people about the project study findings and gather suggestions. The finding of the Environmental Analysis study was presented. After presenting the findings the next session started for discussions. The issues and suggestion given by the participants were noted. Replies to these queries and clarifications were given to the participants. 1.4 Hyderabad The workshop was held at Hyderabad on 7 June 2008. The programme was conducted at National Institute for Micro, Small and medium Enterprise (ni-msme) (formerly nisiet), Yousufguda, Hyderabad. A press note was released on 31 May 2008 for inviting interested persons and organizations to participate in the discussions. The workshop was attended by 56 participants from the districts of Hyderabad, Ranga Reddy, Nalgonda, Warangal, Mahaboobnagar, Nizamabad, Adilabad, Medak and Karimnagar. The participants were drawn fiom key stakeholders like RWSSD staff, PRI representatives, NGOs, SHG leaders, Staff of other stakeholder departments like Health, Women and Child Welfare, etc,etc. Mr. S.S.R. Anjaneyulu, Deputy Project Director, APRWSSP welcomed the dignitaries and the audience. He said that the primary objective of the workshop was to inform the people about the project and disseminate the EA study findings and gather suggestions on the EMF. The other dignitaries present were Superintending Engineer (RWS) Ranga Reddy, Superintending Engineer (RWS) Nalgonda and the World Bank Consultant. The first session was with brief introduction of the project and explaining the objective and components of the project by Dr. BKD Raja. He said that information on the project would be provided and the primary objective of the workshop was to inform the people about the project study findings and gather suggestions. The findings of the Environmental Analysis study was presented. After presenting the finding the next session started for discussions. The issues and suggestion given by the participants were noted. Replies to these queries and clarifications were given to the participants. 1.5 Hyderabad - State level workshop The workshop was held at Hyderabad on 30 June 2008. The program was conducted at Hampshite Plaza Hotel, Lakdi-ka-pul, Hyderabad. Interested persons and organizations wee invited by letters, emails, personal invitations and phone calls. The workshop was attended by 40 participants fiom Hyderabad as well as from a few districts. The participants were drawn from key stakeholders like RWSSD staff, PRI representatives, NGOs, SHG leaders, Staff of other stakeholder departments like Health, Women and Child Welfare, etc. Mr. V. Vaidyanatha Sastry, Project Director, APRWSSP welcomed the dignitaries and the audience. He said that the primary objective of the workshop was to inform the people about the project, disseminate the EA study findings and gather suggestions on the EMF. The first session was with brief introduction of the project and explaining the objective and components of the project by Dr. BKD Raja. He said that information on the project would be provided and the primary objective of the workshop was to inform the people about the project, study finding and gather suggestions. The finding of the Environmental Analysis - -- Samaj Vikas (,i!l_:o,if ~;IIJI~~~~~~~.c>!'~) 109 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 study was presented. After presenting the finding the next session started for discussions. The issues and suggestion given by the participants were noted. Replies to these queries and clarifications were given to the participants. 1.6 Thematic Issues - Vijayawada Water availability: In Tribal areas, there are pockets with 10 HH and even less, providing water supply to these pockets is very difficult and they always remain as NC. These HH pockets need to be clubbed with an existing near by village water supply scheme. Pit tapping and absence of taps for public fountains results in no supply/ inadequate pressure for the HH at end of distribution. What measures are planned to discourage usage of motor pumps for drawing water from pipelines? Water quality: In villages the sewage, waste water and agricultural waste water is let into tanks. The water from tanks is again used as source for supply of drinking water. Instead, water supply schemes for these villages should be designed drawing water from rivers. Waste management: People are constructing toilets near canal bunds without collecting pits. They are letting the waste into the canal and also depositing solid waste in the canal. The government needs to take necessary steps to stop this practice and also to strengthen. canal bunds. What measures are planned to address the problem of sewage being let into drains causing stagnation and posing as a health risk. Sanitation: What are the steps being taken to encourage people to stop practicing open defecation and for improving the utilization of ISLs? Project management: With whom does the responsibility for implementation and O&M of MVS lie? Is it with the RWS or with the PRIs? What is the duration of this project? More coordination between line departments is necessary. Training should be given to grass root level functionaries to achieve good results. As the plan is to conduct capacity building programs for 57,700 people, a detailed plan is necessary. The awareness programs on Pulse Polio and HIVIAIDS has created significant impact. Similarly IEC activities including street plays, video clips etc. can be used for awareness building on drinking water supply and sanitation schemes. 1.7 Thematic Issues - Kadapa Water Supply In AP about 80% women are members of SHGs. Inclusion of these SHGs in project from planning to implementation will crease the sustainability of the project as these can take up O&M issue if trained. Present water supply schemes are not being maintained properly. APRWSSP need to take these O&M problems into account and design the project accordingly? Samaj Vikas (infoitr sam,y 11,'is o~g) 110 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 Frequent power cuts are the major hurdle in running the water supply schemes. The project need to establish coordination between RWSSD and Electricity Dept. for proper running of water supply schemes. Sanitation As the construction cost has gone up the subsidy for ISL need to be revised as per the latest rates. 1.8 Thematic Issues - Hyderabad Water Supply Presently water supply schemes are designed taking present population into account. New water supply scheme should be designed to cater the needs of people at least for next 10 years The water supply schemes should be designed based on actual data. For example presently SVS schemes are designed for 16 hr pumping and 8 hr distribution. But practically villages in AP are getting power supply for 7 hr. only. Due to this, most of the schemes are not functioning to their designed capacity. In villages, schemes should be designed based on actual demand. As there are more than one scheme in some villages, the maintenance suffers and water is wasted. This is leading to stress on ground water level. A committee should be formed to look after O&M and some amount should be earmarked for this. The project should insist on proper implementation of WALTA Act Sanitation Generally the Tribal HHs are scattered and are used to open defecation. These people should trained to use pit latrines then gradually to use ISLs. Care should be taken to design and construct drains and UGD with proper slope and outlets for final disposal. 1.9 Thematic Issues - Hyderabad - State level Water Supply Community need to be involved in regular water quality monitoring, in particular during monsoons. The project should propose initiatives to prevent new sources from getting contaminated in the future. Rain water harvesting should be made mandatory for all housing schemes and schools. Likewise recharge structures be made mandatory in low ground water table areas. The Project should have a fluoride policy to tackle fluoride contamination. It will be good if the project forms Hand Pump Level Committee with about 5 members from the users, care takers, Self Help Groups, Hygiene Educators and Sanitation Educators. As the Electric supply is a major problem, the project should think of alternate energy resources like solar power. Sanitation Samaj Vikas (i!jJ:(~s.:'~g>:ilia$.erg) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 Littered solid waste is a major source for contamination for ground water. The project should look into this issue as well. Project Management The community need to be trained in filling of EDS and segregation of negative and positive impacts due to the project. The project should involve the existing IKP staff at mandal and village level. Samaj Vikas (infoi,itr;sarn~tivilia~.org) 112 Andhra Pradesh Rural .Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Annexure 7: List of projects requiring prior environmental clearance as per EIA Notification 2006 Category with threshold limit Conditions if any I I Mining, extraction of natural resources and power generation (for a specified 1 production capacity) (2) (3) 1 (4) (5) Mining of minerals 50 ha. of mining- lease ( <50 ha General Condition shall area G 5 ha .of mining lease apply area. Note Asbestos mining Mineral prospecting (not irrespective of mining involving drilling) are area exempted provided the concession areas have got previous clearance for physical survey Offshore and All projects Note onshore oil and gas Exploration Surveys (not exploration, involving drilling) are development & I----exempted provided the production concession areas have got previous clearance for physical survey River Valley (i) 3 50 MW (i) < 50 MW 25 MW General Condition shall projects hydroelectric power hydroelectric power apply generation; generation; (ii) 0 10,000 ha. of (ii) < 10,000 ha. of I culturable command area ( culturable command area I l(d) I Thermal Power I 500 MW 1 < 500 MW 1 General Condition shall 1 Plants (coal/lignite/naphta & gas (coalilignitelnaptha & gas based); based); i3 50 MW (Pet coke <50 MW diesel and all other fuels 5MW (Pet coke ,diesel 1 and all other fuels ) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 1(e) Nuclear power All projects projects and processing of nuclear fuel 2 Primary Processing Coal washeries General Condition shall throughput of coal throughput of coal apply (If located within mining area the proposal shall be appraised together with the mining proposal) Samaj Vikas (inrotli s~111:1ivika>.org) 113 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Category with threshold limit I Conditions if any A B G 0.lmillion tonlannum ( < 0.lmillion tonlannum General Condition shall beneficiation mineral throughput I mineral throughput 1 apply (Mining proposal with I Mineral beneficiation shall be appraised together for grant of clearance) Materials Production $+-- (3) (4) (5) 3(a) Metallurgical a)Primary metallurgical industries (ferrous industry & non ferrous) All projects b) Sponge iron Sponge iron General Condition shall manufacturing manufacturing apply for Sponge iron 2 200TPD <200TPD manufacturing c)Secondary metallurgical processing Secondary metallurgical industry processing industry All toxic and heavy metal i.)All toxic producing units and heavy metal I7 20,000 tonnes lannum producing units <20,000 tonnes lannum ii.)All other non -toxic secondary metallurgical processing industries >SO00 tonneslannum 3( b) Cement plants C 1.0 million 4.0million General Condition shall 4- tonneslannum production tonneslannm production apply capacity capacity. All Stand alone grinding units Materials Processing (3) (4) (5) All projects industry I 4(b) Coke oven plants 72,50,000 tonneslannum <2,50,000 & 7 25,000 tonneslannum ---- - 4(c ) Asbestos milling All projects and asbestos based products p Samaj Vikas (info~ii,sa~n;~iviI;:~s.~) 114 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 I Category with threshold limit ( Conditions if any A B Chlor-alkali 0300 TPD production <300 TPD production Specific Condition shall industry capacityor a unit located capacity apply out side the notified and located within a No new Mercury Cell industrial areal estate notified industrial area/ based plants will be estate permitted and existing units converting to membrane cell technology are exempted from this Notification Soda ash Industry All projects Leatherlskinhide New projects outside the All new or expansion of Specific condition shall processing industry industrial area or projects located within a apply expansion of existing notified industrial area/ units out side the estate industrial area I I I 5 ManufacturingIFabrication 5(a) I Chemical fertilizers All projects 5(b) Pesticides industry All units producing and pesticide technical grade pesticides specific intermediates (excluding formulations) 5(c) Petro-chemical complexes (industries based on processing of petroleum fractions & natural gas andlor reforming to 1 aromatics) I I 5(d) Manmade fibres Ray on I Others I General Condition shall manufacturing apply Petrochemical based I Located out side the Located in a notified Specific Condition shall processing notified industrial area/ industrial area/ estate (processes other estate than cracking & reformation and not covered under the complexes) I Synthetic organic Located out side the Located in a notified I Specific Condition shall chemicals industry notified industrial area/ industrial area/ estate (dyes & dye estate intermediates; bulk drugs and intermediates excluding drug formulations; Samaj Vikas (info>cs:ln:ii\ ika?:~?~) 115 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 1 Category with threshold limit 1 Conditions if any synthetic rubbers; basic organic chemicals, other synthetic organic chemicals and chemical intermediates) Distilleries (i)All Molasses based All Cane juicelnon- distilleries molasses based distilleries - (ii) All Cane juice1 non- <30 KLD molasses based ( distilleries 030 KL 5(h) Integrated paint All projects 1 General Condition shall industry (2) Pulp & paper General Condition shall industry excluding industry without pulp manufacturing of Pulp& Paper manufacturing paper from waste manufacturing industry paper and manufacture of paper from ready pulp with out bleaching - Sugar Industry O 5000 tcd cane General Condition shall crushing capacity apply Inductiodarc All projects General Condition shall fumaces/cupola apply furnaces 5TPH or more Service Sectors Oil & gas All projects transportation pipe line (crude and refinery/ petrochemical products), passing through national parks /sanctuaries/coral reefs /ecologically sensitive areas including LNG Terminal 1 (5) Isolated storage & 1 General Condition shall handling of hazardous chemicals (As per Samaj Vikas (infoctr:sam;~;vikas.org) 116 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Category with threshold limit 1 Conditions if any A B threshold planning quantity indicated in column 3 of schedule 2 & 3 of MSIHC Rules 1989 amended 2000) 7 Physical Infrastructure including Environmental Services 7(a) Air ports All projects All ship breaking All projects yards including ship breaking units Industrial estates/ If at least one industry in Industrial estates housing Special condition shall parks/ complexes/ the proposed industrial at least one Category B apply areas, export estate falls under the industry and area <500 processing Zones Category A, entire ha. Note: (EPZs), Special industrial area shall be Industrial Estate of area Economic Zones treated as Category A, below 500 ha. and not (SEZs), Biotech irrespective of the area. housing any industry of Parks, Leather category A or B does not 1 Complexes. Industrial estates with Industrial estates of area> require clearance. area greater than 500 ha. 500 ha. and not housing and housing at least one any industry belonging to Category B industry. Category A or B. All integrated facilities All facilities having land I General Condition shall waste treatment, having incineration fill only apply storage and disposal &landfill or incineration 1 facilities (TSDFs) alone (3) (4) (5) 5 million TPA of cargo < 5 million TPA of cargo General Condition shall handling capacity handling capacity andlor ' apply (excluding fishing ports/ harbours U 10,000 harbours) TPA of fish handling capacity 7(f) 1 Highways i) New National High i) New State High ways; 1 General Condition shall ways; and and apply ii) Expansion of National High ways greater than ii) Expansion of National 30 KM, involving / State Highways greater additional right of way than 30 km involving greater than 20m additional right of way involving land acquisition greater than 20m and passing through more involving land than one State. acquisition. 7(g) Aerial ropeways 1 All projects ) General Condition shall , apply 7(h) Common Effluent All projects General Condition shall Treatment Plants apply (CETPs) Samaj Vikas (~nlbtr sarnal\ ~hdko~g) 117 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Category with threshold limit I Conditions i- A B 7(i) Common Municipal All projects General Condition shall Solid Waste apply Management Facility (CMSWMF) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 8 Building /Construction projectslArea Development projects and Townships Building and ?20000 sq.mtrs and #(built up area for <1,50,000 sq.mtrs. of covered construction; in ~ :;~;rtion built-up area# the case of facilities open to the sky, it will be the --- activity area ) 8(b) Townships and Covering an area 1 50 ha *All projects under Area Development and or built up area Item 8(b) shall be projects. ?1,50,000 sq .mtrs ++ appraised as Category B 1 General Condition (GC):Any project or activity specified in Category 'B' will be treated as Category A, if located in whole or in part within 10 krn from the boundary of: (i) Protected Areas notified under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, (ii) Critically Polluted areas as notified by the Central Pollution Control Board from time to time, (iii) Notified Eco-sensitive areas, (iv) inter-State boundaries and international boundaries. Specific Condition (SC): If any Industrial Estate1 Complex1 Export processing Zones/ Special Economic Zones1 Biotech Parks1 Leather Complex with homogeneous type of industries such as Items 4(d), 4(f), 5(e), 5(f), or those Industrial estates with pre-defined set of activities (not necessarily homogeneous, obtains prior environmental clearance, individual industries including proposed industrial housing within such estates1 complexes will not be required to take prior environmental clearance, so long as the Terms and Conditions for the industrial estate1 complex are complied with (Such estates/ complexes must have a clearly identified management with the legal responsibility of ensuring adherence to the Terms and Conditions of prior environmental clearance, who may be held responsible for violation of the same throughout the life of the complex/ estate). Note: 7h and 7i are not applicable to APRWSSP as the project will not build any common effluent treatment plans are common solid waste management plants. APRWSSP is basically rural water and sanitation project where the quantities of sewage and solid waster generated are too little when compared to municipal areas. The APRWSSP opts for individual latrines (in some cases groups latrines) and composting of solid waste. Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 Annexure 8: Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Water Quality Standards The Bureau of Indian Standards specifications IS:10500-1991 govern the quality of drinking water supplies in India by public agencies. These are based on International standards for drinking water quality issued by the WHO and the manual of standards of quality for drinking water supplies, ICMR, 1971. Physical and chemical Parameters S1.No. Characteristics Acceptable limits Maximum Limits 1. Turbidity (NTU) 1 .O 10 2. Colour (unit on Pt. Cobalt scale) 5.0 25.0 3. pH 7.0 to 8.5 <6.5 or >9.2 4. TDS (mg/L) 500 2000 5. Total hardness (mg/L) 200 600 Bacteriological Parameters In 100 ml sample, the count of coliforrn organism and E-coli should be zero. Current Water Quality Monitoring Efforts Therer are 51 Water Quality Testing Laboratories functioning at the divisional level in all districts. There also exists a state level Water Quality Testing Laboratory. The details of these laboratories are provided at the end of this Annexure 8. However, lack of manpower and infrastructure coupled with resource constraints has been a major obstacle for water quality monitoring. In view of this, the Government of India through the Department of Drinking Water Supply has established a community based Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance system. Under this programme, the RWSS Department of the Government of Andhra Pradesh has procured field kits for testing water quality and organized state, district and block level training programmes in 2007-08. RWSSD procured 24,000 field kits and 13,50,000 H2S Vials were procured and are being distributed to all the laboratories (mentioned in this annexure), Mandal and Gram Panchayats offices. As on August 2008, more than 50% of the procured material has been distributed. Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission of Department, Drinking Water Supply, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India has issued an Implementation Manual for National Rural Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Programme during 2004. Based on this, the SWSM, GoAP has forwarded these guidelines for water quality monitorin of the RWS schemes vide Memo No. Chemist/ SLLI SWSMI Epidemics1 451 2008 dated 20 Guidelines for WQM&S in APRWSS Samaj Vikas (i~l~f~"lz'.:~~~ii~~i~~ik:is.(~r~) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 The guidelines given in this Annexure are in line with the guidelines of the Community-based Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance system documented in the Implementation Manual on National Rural Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Programme published in 2004 by the Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission, Department of Drinking Water Supply, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India. These guidelines will be applied in the APRWSS. Plan for WQM&S in APRWSS Community-based systems for Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance: The actions planned for integrating a Community-based systems for Water. Quality Monitoring and Surveillance programme as part of the APRWSS are: Identifying suitable user-friendly field kits for Water Quality Testing. Initiating an action research (pilot) on Community-based systems for Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance in few villages. Using the piloting experience to develop a scaling-up strategy for all the project villages. Using the pilot villages as models for training (a) first, the Technical and Community Development Staff of all DSUs, and through them, (b) the engineers at mandal/ sub- division level and technical staff of Sos, and (c) the GPWSCs. Implementing the Community-based systems for Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance programme in all the project villages through the use of user-friendly Water Quality Testing Kits and by involving the GPWSCs, community institutions (such as SHGs), local educational institutions, PHCs, etc. Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance through Laboratory Infrastructure: The water to be supplied is tested at two stages. Firstly, at the time of development of source to ascertain if the source would yield water within safe chemical-content limits. Secondly, after commissioning of the water supply schemes, to monitor any change in quality of the water supply source over the years. Water samples, apart from the source, are also taken from different points in the distribution system including the consumer end and tested in the laboratories. Testing personnel Frequency Responsibility Pump operator1 caretaker Once in a day Checking and ensuring the safety of water of water distribution Maintaining a record of residual chlorine Assistant Executive Once in a Checking turbidity of treated water from filters in case of Engineer week surface water sources Testing residual chlorine Checking the water quality record maintained by operator Maintaining the record of treated water quality Deputy Executive Once in a Testing residual chlorine in the water sample Engineer month Checking the record of tests conducted by the pump operator and AEIAEE and will record his comments over the results. Once in three Collecting and sending samples for bacteriological months analysis; Maintaining the records of bacteriological water quality Samaj Vikas (jnfo'irsa~~~;livikas.q) 120 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 Twice in a Collecting and sending samples to district laboratories year before for Chemical analysis; I and after Maintaining the records of chemical water quality I monsoon 1 Key guidelines for WQM&S in the APRWSS Objective of the water quality monitoring: To ascertain the quality of water in various rural water supply schemes (tubewells or canal based) as well as in the distribution network. To examine physico-chemical and bacteriological quality to establish whether the drinking water is fit for human consumption and meets the drinking water standards as laid down in IS - 10500: 199 1. Sampling: Recommended Frequency: Source Minimum frequency of sampling and analysis Remarks Bacteriological I PhysicaVChemical Ground Water Shallow tube Every fortnight Once initially, then 4 Situations requiring testing: wells with times yearly change in environmental hand pump conditions, outbreak of water Deep tube Once initially, then as Once initially, then borne disease or increase in wells with situation demands 4 two4 times yearly. incidence of waterborne hand pump times yearly Residual chlorine test - diseases daily Once initially, then 4 demands residual chlorine if Surface Water Filtered and/or Once monthly Once initially, then 4 Increase frequency of chlorinated times yearly. bacteriological test if situation and piped Residual chlorine test - demands supplies daily Recommended Location: Selection of location for sampling should indicate true representative samples. Public stand posts (PSPs) Selected consumer locations at random In addition to above, raw water source and treated water should also be analyzed in case of canaVsurface water based water supply schemes. Water Quality Record: The water quality test results should be entered in a logbook as per the prescribed format (sample shown below) and should be submitted to the DSU once every 3 months. Samaj Vikas (G~l'o!cl >iit~~i~i~ik>~>.(~~_g) 121 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Turbidit Quantity of Initials of Initials Remarks Sampling Y bleaching Pump of (Distributio (NTU) powder1 operator Engineer n system) MPNI sodium carrying carrying lOOmL hypochlorite test being addedlday 6 The information on water quality will be integrated into the Computerized Sector Management Information System. Details of laboratories under the control of RWSSD 1. State level Laboratory at Hyderabad 6 .Locations and Addresses of District Laboratories under the control of RWSSD Name of the Location of the No' Address of the Laboratory (Office of) ' district Laboratory 1 1.Srikakulam Srikakulam E.E, RWS, Srikakulam 2 Uddanam Dy.E.E, RWS (P), Uddanam 3 Palasa E.E, RWS, Palasa 4 2.Vizainagaram Vizianagaram E.E, RWS, Vizianagaram 5 Parvathipuram E.E, RWS, Vizianagaram 6 3.Visakhapatnam Visakhapatnam E.E, RWS, Visakhapatnam 7 Paderu E.E, PR, Paderu 8 4.East Godavari Kakinada E.E, RWS, Kakinada 9 Raj ahmundry E.E, RWS, Rajahmundry 10 5.West Godavari Eluru E.E, RWS, Eluru 11 Kovvuru E.E, RWS, Kovvuru 12 6.Krishna Vijayawada E.E, RWS, Vijayawada 13 Gudivada E.E, RWS, Gudivada 14 7.Guntur Guntur E.E, RWS, Guntur ' 15 Narasaraopet E.E, RWS, Narasaraopet ----16 Tenali E.E, RWS, Tenali 1 17 8.Prakasam Ongole E.E, RWS, Ongole 18 Darsi Dy. E.E, RWS (NAP), Darsi I 19 9.Nellore Nellore E.E, RWS, Nellore 20 Gudur E.E, RWS, Gudur , 21 10.Chittoor Chittoor E.E, RWS, Chittoor 22 Tirupat i E.E, RWS, Tirupati 23 Madanapalli E.E, RWS, Madanapalli 24 1 11.Kadapa I Kadapa I E.E, RWS, Kadapa 25 I Rajampet 1 E.E, RWYs, "Kajampet I Pulivendula I E.E, RWS, Pulivendula 27 I 12.Ananthapur ( Anan thapur (South) 1 E.E, RWS, Ananthapur (South) I Ananthapur (North) I E.E, RWS, Ananthapur (North) 1 28 - 29 Penukonda E.E, RWS, Penukonda 30 13.Kurnool Kurnool E.E, RWS, Kurnool 3 1 Adoni E.E, RWS, Adoni 32 Nandyal E.E, RWS, Nandyal Samaj Vikas (~nl'o:tr\arn:yiv~l<,~\ 11%) 122 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - Novemkr 2008 Samaj Vikas (i~lfoi~~:s~i~~~.;~~kjj~~) 123 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Annexure 9: District Wise- Fluctuation in water level in observation wells between May 2007 and November 2007 Range of Fluctuation (m) No. of wells/ Percentage showing fluctuation No. of wells Districts anlaysed Rise Fall Rise Fall Total No. of wells Min Max Min Max 0 to 2 2 to 4 > 4 0 to 2 2 to 4 > 4 Rise Fall Adilabad 4 1 0.55 23.12 0.21 6.68 13 20 4 3 0 1 37 4 31.71% 48.78% 9.76% 7.32% 0.00% 2.44% Anantapuram 3 9 0.37 12.06 0.21 0.73 8 10 19 2 0 0 37 2 20.51% 25.64% 48.72% 5.13% 0.00% 0.00% Chittoor 36 0.35 9.76 0.12 7.45 7 9 12 4 3 1 2 8 8 19.44% 25.00% 33.33% 11.11% 8.33% 2.78% Kadapa 27 0.68 12.54 2.61 2.61 1 4 2 1 0 1 0 26 1 3.70% 14.81% 77.78% 0.00% 3.70% 0.00% East Godavari 3 9 0.25 9.49 0.59 0.59 20 10 8 1 0 0 3 8 1 51.28% 25.64% 20.51% 2.56% 0.00% 0.00% Guntur 4 1 0.07 14.22 - 20 14 7 0 0 0 4 1 0 - 48.78% 34.15% 17.07% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Hyderabad 10 0.7 7.28 0.16 0.16 3 4 2 1 0 0 9 1 30.00% 40.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% 0.00% Karimnagar 3 2 0.08 6.6 1.05 1.05 11 14 6 1 0 1 -0) A-P 34.38% 43.75%-- 18.75% 3.13% 0.00% 0.00% Khamrnam 40 0.27 8.23 0.5 0.5 8 22 9 1 0 0 39 1 20.00% 55.00% 22.50% 2.50% 0.00% 0.00% -- Krishna 24 0.34 5.9 - 11 10 0 3 0 - 0 24 0 45.83% 41.67% 12.50% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Kumool 3 0 0.49 13.62 0.22 3.9 8 8 12 1 1 0 28 2 26.67% 26.67% 40.00% 3.33% 3.33% 0.00% Samaj Vikas (~~~,:asamit~i\~iki~s.org) 124 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis -Final Report -November 2008 Samaj Vikas (iiifo:r~.saniaiviki~s.c~rg) 126 PP'OP~PS'SS 06'1 66's SS'ZC OC'L 60'11 SI'OP 1 1 a5a~iiZTad LLZ ZOP €1 ZP CZZ 0s 9L SLZ S6'L 10'0 SO'CI 10'0 SS9 IEJ0.L %00'0 %00'0 %ZE'9Z %00'0 %6L'SI %68'LS S PI 0 0 5 0 E 11 ZS'I PO'O 8Z'E Z0'0 61 pv~epof)~sa~ %00'0 %90'9 %ZP'ZP %00'0 %ZI'ZI %6E'6E Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analvsis - Final Re~ort- November 2008 Annexure 10: Categorisation of Mandals In Andhra Pradesh According To Groundwater Exploitation As On April 2007 (Terminologies as per Box. 3.1) No. of S. Semi-critical S.N Critical S'N Over-exploited 1 S.N0 ( Districts ( MandPls I No I I 0 1 1 0 1 I I 11 I Srikalahasti / 1 I 1 Ramasamudram I Samaj Vikas (rnt'o'tr \:+rnal\ rl,ds org) 128 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 Samaj Vikas (~nlo'lrs~lrn;ll\ ihas ol g) 129 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 Samaj Vikas (ir~lb/c~.sam;~ivikas.o~~~) 130 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Samaj Vikas (~nlb'ctsa~llukas or?) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 (Data source: CGWB-2007) Samaj Vikas (111io/(1s:1111~111 ikab OIE) 132 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analvsis - Final Revort - November 2008 Annexure 11: Disposal of Reject brine from RO Plant Desalination process with RO plant for treating the brackishlsaline groundwater with high TDS is the solution to supply drinking water to isolated habitations where the groundwater is brackish and supplying water from the distant surface water source is not feasible. Production and disposal of reject brine are an intagxi: part of an overall desalination process. Reject brine is in the range of 4Q :O bO% of the feed water depending upon the TDS of the feed water. For in!zn;nd jiocated away from the sea coast) desalination plants, this poses a serious challenge, as the option of ocean disposal of reject brine is not available. Various disposal options currently used for the reject brine are: disposal in lined evaporation ponds (lined with polyethylene or other polymeric sheets), where land is available disposal in unlined evaporation ponds, where land is available deep well injection after assessment of geological conditions disposal in natural depressions if no drinking water supply is depending on ground water in the vicinity of 100 m. An alternative approach is further processing the reject brine to extract all the salts involving multiple-evaporation andlor cooling, supplemented by chemical processing. However, this may not be economically viable. Of all the disposal options, disposal of brine in lined evaporation ponds is preferable (technologically simple, risk of groundwater contamination is lesser). Samaj Vikas (c!fo'tr5:imaivil;as or.) 133 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analvsis - Final Re~ort- November 2008 Annexure 12: Guidelines for the Identification and Selection of Water Supply Sources Groundwater aquifers are the main source of water in AP state for tapping water for various uses. The aquifers are classified as confined aquifer and unconfined aquifer. The wells tapping water from confined aquifer are called deep wells, which have the recharge zone far away from the well location. In some locations the water quality of deep wells may have problems (fluoride/salinity/nitrate/iron etc.). The wells tapping water from unconfined aquifer are called shallow wells, which have the recharge zone around the wells. These wells are likely to dry up during summer and liable for contamination from local pollution sources unless they are sanitary protection is provided. Presently the RWSSD broadly follows the below procedure for identification of sources. A. Priority for the selection of sustainable sources for rural water supply 1. Groundwater source with acceptable quality (without any treatment except disinfection). These sources are preferred for single village schemes (SVSs). 2. When option (1) is not possible as the groundwater quality is problematic (fluoride/brackish/nitrate/iron etc.), distant surface water source which requires only simple filtration and disinfection will be preferred. These sources are preferred for multi-village schemes (MVSs) involving number of habitations (MVSs may be located away from the habitations and require treatment and pumping adding to O&M costs). 3. When option (1) and (2) are not possible due to isolation of the habitation and its location at high elevation, and if the local groundwater source is sustainable throughout the year but high TDS (> 2000 mg/L) is the only problem, the local source will be selected. Water from the local source will be treated with innovative technology such as Reverse Osmosis (RO). As RO plants have certain problems (for example, safe disposal of brine) as listed in Annexure 11, this option will be chosen only under exceptional circumstances. B. Water Quality Testing Before selecting the source the raw water quality will be tested to check conformity with the drinking water standards. C. Spacing between'the proposed well and the existing groundwater structure to avoid interference When a new well is located close to an existing well, the cone of influence of both wells may overlap and affect the yielding potential of both the wells. While locating new wells the spacing between new well and the existing well will, therefore, be fixed appropriately. The following table recommends the spacing between the existing groundwater abstraction structures and the proposed wells. S. No. Situation Recommended spacing between any two wells (m) Filter point or shallow wells I Deep bore wells 1. Non-command area 120 ( 300 - 500 Samaj Vikas (infoitr samalk &?>AS) 134 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 2. I Command area 160 200 - 300 1 3. I Near perennial source like 160 200 - 300 I river or pond (within 200 m) I 4. I Non-perennial stream 1 180 ( 300 - 500 Source: NABARD Samaj Vikas (infoitr srl~naivikrlh11;) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 Annexure 13: Sanitary Survey of Water Supply Sources Current Practice The RWSSD has an existing practice of sanitary survey of rural water supply sources while initially installing the source. However annual survey of the sources after installation is not being done systematically. Guidelines for Sanitary Survey in APRWSS The guidelines for Sanitary Survey given in this Annexure are in line with the guidelines documented in the Implementation Manual on National Rziral Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Programme published in 2004 by the Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission, Department of Drinking Water Supply, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India. These guidelines will be applied for Sanitary Surveys in the APRWSS. Sampling Frequency SOURCE AND MODE Minimum number of sanitaty inspections per year OF WATER SUPPLY By CPWSSC, SO By AEE I DEE By EE I DSU Ground Water Shallow tubewells with 4 (including once Once initially (while hand pumps initially while filling the filling the EDS) and EDS of the scheme) thereafter as situation demands - ~ee~&bewells with 4 (including once Once initially (while1 hand pumps initially while filling the filling the EDS) and EDS of the scheme) thereafter as situation 1 demands Wells and piped supplies 1 (including once 1 (including once Once initially thereafter initially while filling the initially while filling the once every 5 years or as EDS of the scheme) EDS of the scheme) situation demands (SurfaceWater and/or chlorinated and piped supplies I 1 Population upto 5000 12 (including once 2 (including once Once initially thereafter initially while filling the initially while filling the once every 5 years or as EDS of the scheme) EDS of the scheme) 1 situation demands (Population 5000-20000 24-48 (including once Once a year 1 initially while filling the I EDS of the scheme) - - Community rainwater 1 (including once 1 (including once 1 collection systems initially while filling the initially while filling the EDS of the scheme) EDS of the scheme) 1 Sanitary Survey Procedure and Recording Forms Sanitary inspection requires detailed examination of the water-supply system, especially at its key points in order to check whether the installations are satisfactory and whether the various operations are being carried out properly. The recommended method of undertaking an Samaj Vlkas (~nlbiz zarnai, ilaorg) 136 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analvsis - Final Report - November 2008 inspection is to follow the natural sequence: starting with the source water and its intake, and going on to treatment, disinfection, storage, distribution, etc. Observations are recorded on preset forms. Formats for various sources are given below: Samaj Vikas ([nth (1 \a~rraiv~kasorg) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 SANITARY SURVEY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF RISKS OF CONTAMINATION OF DRINKING WATER SOURCES I Type of facility : SHALLOW AND DEEP HANDPUMPS (TUBEWELL) General Information i. Location : Village ...... : Gram Panchayat...... : District...... ii.... CodeNo HI. Water authority Panchayat President Community Representative Signature iv. Date of Visit v. Is Water Sample Taken------Sample No------Acceptable/Rejectable 11. Specific Diagnostic Information for Assessment Risks Yes No 1. Is there a latrine with in 10 m of handpump 2. The nearest latrine or ground than the handpump? a pit latrine --- that 3. Is there any other source of pollution within 10m of the handpump? 4. Is there any of stagnant water with in 2m of the cement floor of handpump? 5. Is the handpump drainage channel ? It is broken perrninege Containment Risk Score: 9:10 = V.high 6-8 = High 3-5 = Intermediate 0-3 = low Number of YES to be counted 111. Result and recommendation: The following importance point of risks (Senirallly from top) were noted and the authority advised on remedial action. - Samaj Vikas (~lfo!c~;sarn;~ivikaz.o~'~) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 SANITARY SURVEY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF RISKS OF CONTAMINATION OF DRINKING WATER SOURCES I Type of facility : DEEP BOREHOLE General Information i. Location : Village...... : Gram Panchayat...... : Distnct...... ii. Code No ... 111. Water authority Panchayat President Community Representative Signature iv. Date of Visit v. In Water Sample Taken...... Sample NO------Acceptable Rejectable 11. Specific Diagnostic Information for Assessment Risks I Yes I No 3. Is there any other source of pollution within 10m of the handpump? 4. Is there any other source of pollution within area of the well? 5. Is the drainage are samed the pumphouse fully? 6. Is there fencing around the installation drainage is any way which allow animals access or any entry? 7. Is the floor of the handpump permanent to water? I I I I 8. 1 Is the well seal insanitarv? 10. Is the free chlorine residual at the sample tap less than 0.2 mgll? Total Score of risks I10 Containment Risk Score: 9-10 = V.high 6-8 = High 3-5 = Intermediate 0-2 = low Number of YES to be counted 111. Result and recommendation: UIUl The following importance points of risk (serially from top) were noted and the authority advised on remedial action. Samaj Vikas (~fih'c~sarnai\ ikas o1.g) 139 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 SANITARY SURVEY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF RISKS OF CONTAMINATION OF DRINKING WATER SOURCES I Type of facility : GRAVITY FEED PIPED SUPPLIES General Information i. Location : Village...... : Gram Panchayat...... : District...... ii. Code No iii. Water authority Panchayat President Community Representative Signature iv. Date of Visit v. 1s water Sample Taken ...... Sample NO ------Acceptable/Rejectable 11. Specific Diagnostic Information for Assessment Risk Containment Risk Score: 9-10 = V.high 6-8 = High 3-5 = Intermediate 0-2 = low Number of YES to be counted 111. Result and recommendation: UlzU The following importance points of risk (serially from top) were noted and the authority advised on remedial action. Samaj Vikas (III~OI(LS~ITIZLI\~ha, erg) 140 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 SANITARY SURVEY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF RISKS OF CONTAMINATION OF DRINKING WATER SOURCES I Type of facility : RAIN WATER TANK CATCHMENT General Information i. Location : Village...... : Gram Panchayat...... : District ...... ii. Code No iii. Water authority Panchayat President Community Representative Signature iv. Date of Visit V. 1s Water Sample Taken...... Sample NO------AcceptableRejectable 11. S~ecificDiannostic Information for Assessment Risks I Yes I No I Containment Risk Score: 9-10 = V.high 6-8 = High 3-5 = Intermediate 0-2 = low Number of YES to be counted 111. Result and recommendation: Emn The following importance points of risk (serially from top) were noted and the authority advised on remedial action. Samaj Vikas (~nTo[I sslrncll\ has 012) 14 1 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 Annexure 14: Sanitary Protection of Water Supply Sources Presently the RWSSD is following some of the sanitary protection measures given below. The recommended procedures are for strengthening the existing RWSSD practices for ensuring safe quality water supplies. The objectives of sanitary protection of the water supply sources are to avoid the sources getting contaminated. 1. Sanitary Protection of Surface Water Supply Sources The area around the source should be inspected at least once in a year to identify and control any new pollution source. Discharge of industrial/domestic wastewater on the upstream of the off-take arrangement should be prevented. Activities that lead to contamination of the water such as washing clothes, washing cattle, dumping of solid waste and defecation should be prevented. The area around sources including intake arrangements and upstream of river should be well protected and fenced. Trespassing by people and cattle around the source should be prevented. 2. Sanitary Protection of Ground Water Supply Sources 1. Direct runoff of rain water into bore well sources should be prevented; 2. A concrete mat of sufficient thickness for 75 cm radius around the bore well shall be provided to seal the outer periphery of the bore well. The casing pipe should be raised 60 cm above ground level and provided with a sanitary plug until the pump is installed. 3. Rainwater harvesting and recharge structure should be located at least 15 m away from the bore well to avoid direct contamination. 4. Soak pit for the disposal of effluent from septic tank or other sanitation facility should not allowed within 15 m radius from the bore well of water supply source to avoid direct contamination. 5. For bore wells, the annular open space on the outside of the well casing needs to be filled with neat cement grout. 3. Other preventive measures for maintaining quality of drinking water i. Sources of water supply including wells fitted with hand pumps should be disinfected regularly. Free residual chlorine level of not less than 0.2 mg/L and more than 0.5 mg/L should be maintained through out the distribution system ii. OHTs and storage sumps should be periodically cleaned at least once in three months iii. Leakages in pipelines should be arrested iv. Pit taps both at public stand posts and house service connections should be prevented- all taps and stand posts should be above ground level provided with platforms around v. Surroundings of the OHTs, public stand posts and hand pumps should have clean and hygienic environment Samaj Vikas ~san~;~ivil;a~.org) 142 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Annexure 15: Fluoride Mitigation Effects of excess fluoride in water Excessive fluoride > 1.5 mg/L in drinking water may cause dental fluorosis, a condition resulting in the discoloration of the enamel, with chipping of the teeth in severe cases, particularly in children. With higher levels of fluorides > 3 mgL, skeletal fluorosis with its crippling effects is observed. Non-skeletal and allergic manifestations of fluorosis can also occur. The effects of fluorosis are irreversible and there is no treatment. Avoiding excessive intake of fluoride can help in prevention. Fluorides are present mostly in ground waters and high concentrations have been found in Prakasam, Nalgonda, Khammam, Ranga Reddy, Kurnool, Karirnnagar and Anantapur districts of Andhra Pradesh. Strategy for mitigation When high levels of fluoride are detected in local ground waters, the ideal course of action to take would be: 1. Using alternate water sources. 2. Improving the nutritional status of the population at risk. 3. Removing excess fluoride (defluoridation). Experience with Mitigation in Andhra Pradesh 1. Using alternate water sources: In the table below, the number of fluoride affected habitations has reduced from 12,068 habitations (or 17%) in 1990 to 1,269 habitations (or 1.8%) in 2005 as a result of supply of alternate water sources. However, in some districts (including the worst-affected Prakasam, Nalgonda and Ananthapur) the fluoride problem is yet to be addressed completely. Status of NSS Habitations (Fluoride) in Andhra pradesh3' Fluoride Habitations Number of Identified in Remaining Not Not Covered % affected 1990-9 1 Covered in out of 1990-91 mandals October 2005 habitations 30 RWSSD, 2006 as quoted in Hutchison, A. 2006, An Investigation into Groundwater DeJluoridation Techniques and Management in Andhra Pradesh, India. M.Sc. Thesis. Cranfield University. Sarnaj Vikas (~nlbrtr.;a~nal>ikax or.) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analvsis - Final Reuort -November 2008 Srikakulam 11 128 2 1.6 Vizianagaram 17 185 2 1.1 Visakhapatnam 10 276 0 0 East Godavari 6 24 0 0 West Godavari 10 14 0 0 Krishna 16 624 8 1.3 Guntur 2 8 425 12 1 28.5 Prakasam 36 1122 371 33.1 Nellore 2 3 298 2 7 9.1 Chittoor 2 296 0 0 Kadapha 5 538 0 0 Ananthapur 22 149 1 112 7.5 Kurnool 6 574 16 2.8 Mahabubnagar 24 627 40 6.4 Ranga Reddy 11 41 9 2 3 5.5 Medak 4 602 10 1.7 Nizamabad 6 535 12 2.2 Adilabad 11 3 10 20 6.5 Karirnnagar 26 643 188 29.2 Warangal 5 1382 15 1.1 Khammam 10 43 3 203 46.9 Nalgonda 15 1122 8 8 7.8 TOTAL 3 04 12068 1269 10.5 The Government of Andhra Pradesh under the Medium Term Sector Program (MTSP) plans to provide safe and adequate water supply to 100% of the Not Covered (NC) and No Safe Source (NSS) habitations and 12% of the PC habitations by 2013. Of this, the APRWSS project aims at covering a total of 2,843 habitations, including: 1878 Not Covered (NC), 199 No Safe Source (NSS) and 766 Partially Covered (PC) habitations. Thus, all the NSS Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 habitations (including fluoride affected habitations) are planned to be covered with safe water supply schemes. However, there may still exist a need for alternate water sources in view of seasonal disruptions in water supply, remoteness of certain habitations preventing coverage by a supply scheme, etc. 2. Alternate water sources include surface water, rainwater and low-fluoride groundwater. The Government of Andhra Pradesh has explored the use of rooftop rainwater harvesting structures for fluoride mitigation. For example, in 2006, the state government had approved installation of 1 193 rooftop rainwater,harvesting structures for individual households in the most fluoride affected districts of Anantapur, Nalgonda and Prakasam. 3. Removing excess fluoride (defluoridation): The following table gives an overview of the various defluoridation technologies that have been implemented in Aridhra Pradesh. Defluoridation Principle Advantages Limitations Experience in AP Process Activated Adsorption Removes fluoride Sensitive to pH Both community scale Alumina up to 90%. fluctuations, treatment plants as well Treatment is cost- TDS, presence of as domestic effective. other elements, defluoridation units etc. (DDFs) for individual Regeneration households promoted needed every 4-5 by both Government months. and NGOs (DDFs were Effectiveness distributed to BPL reduces with each households in regeneration. Ananthapur, Nalgonda, Disposal of Guntur, Prakasam, fluoride sludge is Karimnagar, Warangal a problem. and Ranga Reddy). I Some are in operation. Nalgonda Coagulation Does not involve Removes only Both hand pump technique and I regeneration of 18-33% of attached plants as well precipitation media. fluoride. as large community using alum Employs Regular analysis treatment plants (fill and lime chemicals which of feed and and draw type) were are readily treated water is installed. However the available. Colour, required to majority are now odour, turbidity, calculate the inoperative. bacteria and correct dose of organic chemicals to be contaminants are added, because - -- Samaj Vikas (hfoilzsa111i1jvikw.c~rg) 145 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 water quality changes with time and season. High maintenance costs. Large space requirement for drying of sludge. RO membrane Physical Flouride removal Expensive. Community operated process filtration (up to 98%) and Nearly all ions plants and plants run by through semi- disinfection are are removed so private entrepreuners permeable achieved remineralization are in existence. membrane simultaneously. and pH correction Low maintenence may be needed. and regeneration Lot of waste brine requirements. water is generated and its disposal poses a problem. Bone Charcoal Adsorption Efficiency of the There is no Community material in technology to defluoridation units fluoride removal regenerate used installed - some are in is independent of bone char, so the operation. raw water material must be characteristics replaced such as hardness periodically. and alkalinity. Recommended Strategy for Flouride Mitigation In any attempt to mitigate fluoride contamination, it is recommended that the provision of safe, low fluoride water from alternative sources, either as an alternative source or for blending, should be investigated as the first option3'. The following table presents the available options for fluoride affected villages and the situation for which they seem appropriate. Recommended Options for Fluoride Affected Villages 1 Available options I Situation for which the option seems appropriate 1. Alternate local 1 distant ground water Where isolated small number of source (with appropriate water 1 habitations are affected recharge arrangements) 2. Localldistant surface source Where large number of contiguous 3 1 2006 World Health Organization (WHO). Fluoride in Drinking-water by J. Fawell, K. Bailey, J. Chilton, E. Dahi, L. Fewtrell and Y. Magara. - - Samaj Vikas (i t~fo;~~,s:iln:l iIii(11:g) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Projecf Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 villages are affected 3. Blending with non-fluoride water wherever Where fluoride concentration is feasible I marginally higher (1.5-2 mg/l) and fluoride free water is available J 4. Dual supply with different service level Where community is aware and able to (drinking, cooking and other purposes) distinguish the difference (on pilot basis) Information, Education, Communication (IEC): In addition to providing alternative safe water, the project will focus on creating awareness on fluoride in the affected habitations. The focus of the IEC efforts will be on generating awareness: fluoride, flurosis and flurosis prevention the role of nutrition (reducing fluoride-rich foods and cosmetics, intake of calcium and Vitamin C rich foods, etc.) in fluoride mitigation the need for use of alternate safe water sources identification of unsafe water and need to discontinue its use for consumption The IEC on fluoride will be part of the overall IEC strategy of the project. Samaj Vikas (Illfotr sarn;il\ ~h,\sor Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Annexure 16: Guidelines for Sustainability of Groundwater Sources Existing Practices in Ground Water Recharge in Andhra Pradesh The RWSS Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh has implemented schemes involving several different types of water harvesting structures (depending on the local site conditions). These include: Check Dams Percolation Tanks Sub-surface Dykes Rooftop Rain Water Harvesting Structures Infiltration Rings Recharge Pits Injection WellsIRecharge Wells Guidelines for Ground Water Recharge in APRWSS The guidelines presented in this Annexure are based on the guidelines provided in the publication Water Harvesting and Artijcial Recharge published by the Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission, Department of Drinking Water Supply, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India (2004). These guidelines will be followed in the APRWSS. The Recommended Water Harvesting Measures for Andhra Pradesh are presented in the following table. Recommended water harvesting measures for Andhra pradesh3' Agro-climatic zone Region in Andhra Recommended water harvesting structures Pradesh South-Central Deccan Deccan plateau Ponds Plateau Zone I Check dams Percolation tanks Bandhara Gully plugging Sub-surface dams Contour bunding -- ~ - South-Eastern Brown Part of the plains Traditional ponds, tanks Red Soil Zone (excluding the 4-5 Percolation tanks and krn wide coastal Sub-surface dams in the vicinity of drinking water belt) sources like dug wells, hand pumps and tube wells Eastern Coromandal Entire coastal belt Ponds, tanks, kuntas Nadi Check dams Percolation tanks Sub-surface dams Gully plugging 32 Department of Drinking Water Supply, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India, 2004 Samaj Vikas (i~ilb:~-sani;~ivik~~.c~!:g) 148 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 Roof Top Water Harvesting Systems Roof top water harvesting systems can provide good quality potable water with the design features outlined below are taken into account: The substances that go into the making the roof should be non-toxic in nature Roof surfaces should be smooth, hard and dense since they are easier to clean and are less likely to the damage and released material / fiber into the water. Roof painting is not advisable since most paints contain toxic substances and may peel off. No overhanging tree should be left near the roof. The nesting of birds on the roof should be prevented. All gutter ends should be fitted with a wire mesh screen to keep out leaves etc. A first-flush rainfall capacity, such as detachable down pipe section, should be installed. A hygienic soak away channel should be built at water outlet and a screened overflow pipe should be provided. The storage tank should have a tight fitting roof that excludes light a, manhole cover and a flushing pipe at the base of the tank (for standing tanks). There should be a reliable sanitary extraction device such as a gravity tap or a hand pump to avoid contamination of the water in the tank. There should be no possibility of contaminated wastewater flowing into the tank (especially for tanks installed at ground level) Water from other sources, unless it is reliable source, should not be emptied into the tank through pipe connections or the manhole cover. During the rainy season, the whole system (roof catchment, gutters, pipes, screens, first-flush and overflow) should be checked before and after each rain and preferably cleaned after every dry period exceeding a month. At the end of the dry season and just before the first shower of rain is anticipated, the storage tank should be scrubbed and flushed all sediment and debris (the tank should be re-filled afterwards with a few centimeters of clean water to prevent cracking). Ensure timely service (before the first rains are due) of all tanks features, including replacement of all worm screened and servicing of the outlet tap or handpump. Percolation Tanks Percolation tanks should normally be constructed in a terrain with highly fractured and weathered rock for speedy recharges; in case of alluvium the bouldary formations are ideal. However, the permeability shouldn't be to high that may result in the percolated water escaping the downstream. Submergence area should be uncultivated as far as possible. Rainfall pattern based on long-term evaluation is to be studied so that the percolation tanks gets filled up fully during mansoon ( preferably more than once) Soil in the catchment area should preferably be of light sandy type to avoid silting upon the tank bed. The location of the tank should preferably be downstream of runoff zone or in the upper part of the transition zone, with a land slope gradient of 3 to 5%. Samaj Vikas (ililbrir saln:~iviLas.oi.g) 149 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 While designed, due care should be taken to keep the height of the ponded water column about 3 to 4.5 m above the bed level. It desirable to exhaust the storage by February since evaporation losses becomes substantial from February on wards. It is preferable that in the downstream area, the water table it is depth of 3 to 5 m below level during the post monsoon period, impaling that the benefited area possesses a potential shallow aquifer. Construction-wise there is not much difference between a percolation tank and a minor irrigation tank, except for providing outlets for surface irrigation and the depth of the cut-off trench. The cut-off trench is to be provided below the earthen bund with depth limited to one fourth of the height between bed level and full storage level. Check Dams Check Dams are constructed in the drainage course of narrow streams in low rainfall area to impound run-off rainwater. The following are some guidelines for consturcin of check dams. The total catchment of the nala should normally be between 40 to 100 hectares though the local situations can be guiding factor in this The rainfall in the catchment should be less than 1000mm/ annum The Nala bunds should be preferable located in area where contour or graded bunding of lands have been carried out The rock strata exposed in the ponded area should be adequately permeable to cause ground water recharge through ponded water Nala bund is generally a small earthen dam with cutoff core wall of bricks work, though masonry and concrete bunds/plugs are now prevalent Dams should be built at sites that can produce relatively high depth to surface area so as to minimize evaporation loses. Rocky surface should not be fractured or cracked, which may cause the water to leak away to deeper zones or beneath the dam. Dam foundation must of solid impermeable rock with no soil pockets or fracture line No soil erosion in the catchment area Dams should be site along the edges of depressions or directly across the lower ends of deep gullies into rock. Ponds/ Tanks A good pond should possess the following traits: The site should be narrow gorge with a fan shaped valley above: so that amount of earthwork gives a large capacity. Junctions of two tributaries, depressions and other sites of easily available fill material and favourable geology should be preferred The capacity catchment ratio should be such that the pond can be fill upto about 2-3 months of rainfall. The capacity should not be too small to be choked up with sediments very soon The pond should be located where it could serve a major purpose e.g. if irrigation it should be above irrigated field The site should not have excessive seepage losses The catchment areas should be put under conservative practices Samaj Vikas (info:i~samai\:ikaa.o~'g) 150 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Bandhara The following care need to be taken in maintaining Bandhras: Periodically it should be checked for seepage of surface pollutants Periodic checking of the dam site for erosion after each large flood and correction by refinishing the clay and protecting it with large rocks. Any any channel erosion that might undermine or expose the dam should be arrested by filling it with large boulders and using silting traps to catch sandy material. With raised dams, the gravity pipe should be checked frequently along its length for signs of damage or leaks and the tapping station should be kept in good order. Ensure there is no open defecation idnear the river bed upstream No tethering of animals at the well Check bathing1 laundry upstream of the dam There must be no pit-latrines on the bank upstream There must be no unprotected wells in the river bed near the protected well Regular maintenance of the protected well-site and the hand pump must be assured Ensure use and maintenance of a downstream gravity out-take Avoid use of pesticides1 chemicals upstream of the dam site Nadis Precaution should be taken while adopting Nadis due to poor maintenance and improper utilization, the Nadi water is highly polluted and is not free from health hazards. Periodically test water to ensure guinea worm not present. Make sure that water hyacinth, mosses, algae etc. does not grow. Gully plugging, Contour bunds The gully plugging measures includes vegetative plantings and brushwood check dams, boulder bunds, brick masonry and earthen bunds or a combination of both, sand bag plugs etc. Contour bunds involve construction of horizontal lines of small earthen or boulder bunds across the slopping land surface. Ensure there is no open defecation idnear strucrture No tethering of animals at the site There must be no pit-latrines on the bank upstream Avoid use of pesticides1 chemicals upstream of the site Rainwater Harvesting Structures Guidelines for Implementation of Rainwater Harvesting Structures for Sustainability of Drinking water supply sources: Samaj Vikas (~nfo~cisamaix ika> ow) 151 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 The rainwater harvesting (RWH) structures should be site specific closer to the source but 15 m away from the bore well to prevent direct contamination; the location should be certified by the hydrogeologist of the APRWSS department. The local geological and hydrogeological conditions have to be studied in conjunction with the location of the groundwater source to facilitate maximum recharge from the structure. No RWH structure should be installed in the supplylfeeder channel of tanks. RWH structure should be simple and suitable to the location and economically viable to the community. All the works of RWH structure should be implemented before the onset of the monsoon. Pre and post water level and water quality monitoring should be camed out in the well for water supply source to evaluate the benefit accrued of the RWH structures. Erosion control in catchment There is no unique solution for erosion control. The following are some of the erosion control measures used in many parts of the country. Conservation cover: Establish and maintain perennial vegetative cover to protect soil and water resources. Contour bundingttrenching: Forming contour bunding or trenching along the contour in steep sloped areas may be taken up for reducing runoff and erosion. Terraces are constructed with earthen embankments that retard runoff and reduce erosion by breaking the slope into numerous flat surfaces separated by slopes that are protected with permanent vegetation. Critical area planting: Planting vegetation such as trees, shrubs, grasses or legumes on highly erodable or eroding areas. While undertaking any plantation programme care must be taken to plant only indigenous species with involving and close coordination with local people Samaj Vikas (inf~~:trsamaivik~~s_~~~) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Annexure 17: Selection of Safe Sanitation Technologies and Environmental Considerations in Location of Toilets Selection of Safe Sanitation Technology Selection and installation of safe sanitation technologies to suit the local soil characteristics and hydrogeology is necessary so as to minimise ground water contamination. For selecting the most appropriate system for any location the following factors are to be considered: Number of people to be served Per capita water supply rate and the water availability for ablution and flushing Extent of space available within the plodstreet for sanitation facility Hydrogeologic characteristics of the subsoil Depth to groundwater table from the ground surface (summer and rainy season) Quality of groundwater in the vicinity and their present uses Locations of the existing water supply wells sources Technology Different Suitable Suitable for Suitable for high areas prone for soils Ground to floods, Suitable of low requi Ease of Latrine Water tidal floods for loose permeabil Type table or flushes soils ity nt uction ance Remarks Direct Single Pit Yes, if Latrine fillly Without Yes, if clay soils Sludge Pour flush raised Yes, if raised lined Not for No Easy Easy unsafe Direct Twin Pit Latrine Yes, for Without Yes, if fillly Not for, Pour flush raised Yes, if raised lined clay soils No 1 Easy 1 EASY 1 :::ge 1 Offset Yes, if Single Pit raised and Yes, for Latrine with with soak fillly Yes, with Pour-flush away 1 Yes, if raised lined soak away Offset Twin Yes, if Pit Latrine raised and Safe with Pour- 1 with soak 1 1 1 Yes, with Fairly sludge flush away ( Yes, if raised 1 lined I soak away Yes Easy Fairly easy Solar Heated 1 Single-vault eco-sanitary latrine with Safe urine dehydrate 1 separation Yes Yes Yes Yes Difficult "a1 Single-vault 1 1 ecosanitary dehydrate latrine with Yes Difficult d material Samaj Vikas (info urine separation ------Yes a Urinal Yes Yes Yes Yes bit Easy Easy Considering the various sanitation options available and the factors to be considered, the following on-site sanitation options are recommended as suitable sanitation for the rural habitations: two-pit pour-flush toilet (TPPT) composting toilet or eco-sanitation (Eco-san) The SOs should play a crucial role in facilitating the choice of appropriate sanitation system for the site specific situation. Environmental Considerations in Location of Toilets Specific topic on which information/ data is needed Considerations Type of soil -stability I 1 Line the pits. In very sandy soils,sink cement rings that are perforated or set on top of each Loose, sides of wall collapse other without cement. Use the pits. In very sandy soils, sink cement rings that are perforated or set on top of each Hard to dig other without cement. permeability (how water is absoorder by soil) I Test by pouring water into a hole and measuring how long it takes to be absorbed. Pits in dense clay may need back filling about Clay soil 1.2 meters with more sandy soil. Back fill around the rings with denser soil and lor locate the latrine pipes far 9 for example, 40 meters or more)from a well used for oarses sand 1 drinking. I If there might be cracks in the laterine, the latrine pits can pollute nearby drinking water sources. Place the latrine far from these Hard Latrine sources. -Ground water level in wet season (deepest level) Water rises higher than one meter from bottom of Locate thelatrine pit far from any well used the latrine pit,-but never completely floods the for drinking purpose and should be away for latrine pits example, 40 meters or more Raise the latrines above the ground level so that the top third of the pit is always above the Water rises to or above the ground level and sludge water level. Place latrines far from drinking comes out the latrines water sources. Distance to Water sources Distance from latrines pit to drinking water sources I At least 15 meters Samaj Vikas (& samalr ~l~b-ol~) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 Children or teachers may be spent extra time, for example, more than 15 minutes going one-way to collect water. VIP latrine is preferred as it uses less water. Samaj Vikas (~nfoiczsan~al~~kas erg) 15.5 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 Annexure 18: Recommended Construction Practice and Pollution Safeguards for Twin Pit Pour Flush ~atrines" Construction of Pits 1. Pits in Water logged, Flood Prone and High Sub-soil Water Areas In high sub-soil, water logged or flood-prone areas, the pits should be raised above the ground level to a height such that the invert of the incoming drainslpipes is just above the likely flood water or sub-soil water level. Raising the pipes will necessitate raising the latrine floor also. In pits located in water logged or flood prone areas, earth should be filled and well compacted all around the pits in 1000 mm width and up to the top. It is not necessary to raise the pits by more than 300 rnm above the plinth of the house. In these situations, the pits should be designed as wet pits, taking into consideration the infiltration rate of the type of soil. 2. Pits in Rocky Strata In rocky strata with soil layers in between, leach pits are designed on the same principles as those for low sub-soil water level taking the infiltration capacity of the soil as 20 litres per sq.m per day. However, in rocks with fissures, chalk formations, or old root channels, pollution can flow over a very long distance; hence these conditions demand careful investigation and adoption of pollution safeguards. In impervious rocky strata the pits will function as holding tanks since there will be no infiltration of liquid. In such situations, a PF latrine with leaching pits is not a suitable system. 3. Pits in Soils with Low Infiltration Capacity Leaching capacity tends to be the limiting factor when the infiltration capacity of soil is low. In these circumstances, there are two options: construct a larger pit, or increase the critical leaching area by backfilling and compacting with brick ballast, gravel, sand etc., for the required width all around the pit. Emptying of PitsISeptic tanks Emptying of pits becomes essential when they get filled. The three most important issues related to emptying of pits are frequency, cost, and hygiene. Manual methods of emptying are common for pour-flush latrines. The responsibility for emptying latrines is with the users. The main guidelines relating to latrine emptying include Advising householders that the filling1 emptying cycle is likely to be between three to six years and that they need to make their own arrangements for emptying the pits. Emptying costs are location-specific; anticipated emptying costs should be ascertained with local contractors during programme planning. Groundwater pollution -- -- - 33 Technical Guidelines on Twin Pit Pour Flush Latrines (1992), Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India - - - - Samaj Vikas (info~sanii~il~iI;:~~.(~~_g) 156 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 A problem that is related to on-site sanitation is the potential for pollution of groundwater that is associated with these systems. Groundwater under or near pit latrines may become polluted, which can be a serious problem when it affects the quality of drinking-water drawn from wells and boreholes. Water in leaky pipes may also be contaminated if the pressure drops and polluted groundwater levels are above the pipes. A particular problem in densely populated areas is the possible proximity of latrine pits and shallow wells on neighbouring plots. The key guideline is that a minimum distance of 15 m, other than in fractured formations, between a pit and a downstream water-point, is normally sufficient to remove all contaminants. Pollution safeguards for twin pit pour flush latrines To ensure that the risk of polluting ground water and drinking water sources is minimal, the following safeguards should be taken while locating the pits of the pour flush latrines: Drinking water should be obtained from another source or from the same aquifer but at a point beyond the reach of any fecal pollution from the leach pits. If the soil is fine (effective size 0.2 rnm or less), the pits can be located at a minimum distance of 3 m from the drinking water sources, provided the maximum ground water level throughout the year is 2 m or more below the pit bottom (low water table). If the water table is higher, i.e., less than 2 m below the pit bottom, the safe distance should be increased to 10 m. If the soil is coarse (effective size more than 0.2 mm), the same safe distances as specified above can be maintained by providing a 500 rnrn thick sand envelope, of fine sand of 0.2 mrn effective size, all around the pit, and sealing the bottom of the pit with an impervious material such as puddle clay, a plastic sheet, lean cement concrete, or cement stabilized soil. If the pits are located under a footpath or a road, or if a water supply main is within a distance of 3 m from the pits, the invert level of the pipes or drains connecting the leach pits should be kept below the level of the water main, or 1 m below the ground level. If this is not possible due to site considerations, the joints of the water main should be encased in concrete. Operation and Maintenance - Dos and Don't s of Twin-pit Pour-flush Latrines Keep a bucket full of water outside the toilet. Keep a 2 liters can in the toilet filled with water for fushing. Before use, pour a little quantity of water to wet the pan so that excreta can slide smoothly into the pit. Flush the excreta after each use. o Pour a little quantity of water, say half a liter, in the squatting pan after urination. o The squatting pan should be cleaned daily with a soft broom or soft brush with a long handle after sprinkling a small quantity of water and detergent powderlsoap. Samaj Vikas (1nFo (L sarn'ii~ihas osg) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 o Use minimum quantity of water in washing the pan and toilet floor. o Wash hands, using soap or ash, after defecation at the assigned place. o If any construction defect is observed during the defect-liability period, report the matter to the local authority or the construction agency. o When the pit in use is full, divert the flow to the second pit o If the trap gets choked, rodding should be done from the pan side as well as from the rear side by means of a split bamboo stick, after removing the cover of the drain or junction chamber. Care should be taken while desludging the pits located in water-logged or high water sub-soil water areas and in case of combined pits, as humus may not be safe for handling. DON'T s Do not use both the pits at the same time. Do not use more than 2 litres of water for each flushing (if the waste is not flushed with 2 litres, pour more water at the specific spots for flushing the waste). Do not use caustic soda or acid for cleaning the pan. Do not throw sweepings, vegetable or fruit peelings, rags, cotton waste, and cleaning materials like corn cobs, mud balls, stone pieces, leaves, etc. in the pan or the pits. Do not allow rain water, kitchen or bath waste to enter the pits. Do not provide water tap in the toilet. Do not throw lighted cigarette butts in the pan. Do not desludge the pit before 1% years of its being in use. Samaj Vikas (IIII~o~(~ bani;^^^ ~ba~urz) 158 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Annexure 19: Guidelines for Safe Sullage Disposal at Household and Community Levels 1.0 Introduction The APRWSS will undertake the following sullage disposal activities during the project period: Drains and liquid waste disposal in 55 major Gram Panchayats 2843 soak pits at household level in Gram Panchayats Underground drainage and liquid waste disposal in 55 mandal head quarters The guidelines in this annexure on sullage disposal at household and community levels are based on the guidelines in the publication - 'Solid and Liquid Waste Management in Rural Areas - A Technical Note' (TSC, UNIECF). These guidelines will apply to the sullage disposal activities undertaken in the APRWSS. 2.0 Technical options for household level management The village level water management system should be as simple as possible for a village level person to understand and implement and it should be decentralized. The technological options should based on domestic (Household) level management and/ or community level management. It will always be better to manage and treat domestic greywater generated in the house in the area,courtyard/land surrounding the house. The following technological options will be suitable for this purpose: Kitchen Garden with piped root zone system Kitchen Garden without piped root zone system Leach pit Soakage pit. Out of these options only soak pits are planned in APRWSS. There is a possibility that the other options may be taken up as innovative sub-projects. 3.0 Soak Pit Soak pit is a dug out pit .lled with stones or preferably over burnt bricks. The large numbers of stones or bricks increase the surface area over which biological and chemical action takes place. The water seeps into the ground and reduces danger of polluting the ground water sources. Advantages This is the cheapest technology for management of water at household level Prevents greywater stagnation Prevents vector breading. Operation and maintenance (O&M) Samaj Vikas (hfoicr sainalb ihas org) 159 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 Filter to be cleaned every fortnight or month, depending on accumulation of dirt Make a hook of thick wire and pierce it in the .lter and take .lter media out and cleanlwash it and dry and replace it in the earthen pot Soak pit looses its capacity within a period of 7 to 8 years of work. At that time take out the boulders from the pit, scrap the walls of the pit in order to remove the oily layer; let the pit dry for a period of 2 to 3 days and clean and dry the boulders and replace into the pit. Limitations Soakage pit is not suitable for rocky terrain It will over .ow if wastewater .ow in the pit exceeds the design .ow If suspended solids get into the pit, the choking of the pit will take place earlier. 4.0 Off Site Community Level Management: For the community greywater of this type, the .rst step would be to establish a system for collecting and transporting this greywater for the final treatment on a suitable location. It will be necessary to establish a suitable drainage system for this purpose. This drainage system could be of two types a. Open drain with technically sound design, involving semicircular base and trapezoidal cross section so as to maximize self cleansing velocity for carrying away silt in greywater b. Closed drain-small bore greywater draining system with intercepting tanks at suitable points. 1. Open or Surface Greywater Drainage System For collection and transportation of greywater .owing out from the houses, surface drain has been the simplest system, whereby, the community greywater is carried away from the village for onward .nal treatment. This system can be established easily with available local mason at minimum cost. Operation and maintenance (O&M) Gram Panchayat will have to establish a system for periodical cleaning and silt removal from the drain Community will have to be educated to keep the drain free from garbage, so as to avoid blockages in drain Care needs to be taken to avoid over. flow water (effluent) from septic tank, from .owing to the open drain. This effluent should be led to leach pit covered at the top. 2. Closed Drainage a. Small bore greywater drainage system Samaj Vikas (~nt'o(I balnalv~kam) 160 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 1n rural areas, closed drain system alun to conventional sewerage systems will not be feasible because of the excessive capital & operation maintenance expenditure and the elaborate maintenance requirements. The small bore greywater drainage system which is laid close to the soil surface is suitable and appropriate as it is low cost and requires minimum maintenance which is easy. Advantages: As the system is closed, materials like garbage, road side solid wastes, plastics, building materials etc. will not .nd access to the system Operation and maintenance becomes easily manageable by Gram Panchayat Construction cost is comparable to the cost for surface drain. It may be only marginally varying Road space is fully utilized. 5.0 Final Treatment of Community Greywater Once the community greywater is collected at one or multiple points outside the village, final treatment is required to convert it into harmless and reusable water. The treatment technologies need to suit the following requirements. As low cost as possible O&M should be easy and low cost for Gram Panchayat Same cost recovery may be possible by the farmers Selling the treated water. Treated water could be used for public gardens or horticulture. The produce may be sold portably Vector breeding is avoided Pollution of water from nala or river is prevented. Some appropriate technologies easily manageable by Gram Panchayat could be as follows: o Sullage stabilization pound and reuse o Sedimentation and .Itration and reuse o Screening stabilization tank systems like DOSIWAM, DEWATS etc. A. Sullage Stabilization Ponds The greywater collected via drainage system is passed to large shallow basins or ponds excavated at suitable land site and placed serially as a stabilization system in which greywater is stabilized, its pathogenicity is reduced and the stabilized water becomes useable. a. Anaerobic ponds The greywater reaching the pond via drain, usually has high solid content. In the anaerobic pond, these solids settle at the bottom, where these are digested anaerobically. Thus, the partially clari.ed liquid is discharged onwards into a facultative pond for further treatment. b. Facultative ponds The partially clari.ed water is led to facultative pond. 1n this pond oxidation of greywater takes place. It is called 'facultative' because in this pond in the upper layer aerobic conditions are maintained while in the lower layer, anaerobic conditions exist. Samaj Vikas (~nfotr san~i~~v~ha~org) 161 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 c. Maturation pond The stabilized water from facultative pond is led to a maturation pond. The main function of the maturation period is the destruction of pathogens. This pond is wholly aerobic. Operation and maintenance It will be the responsibility of GP Maintenance requirements are minimal. Regular cutting of grass on embankments and removal of any .oating scum from pond surface are the only requirements Occasional anti mosquito spraying treatment may be necessary. B. Screening, Sedimentation and Filtration The greywater collected from drainage system can be passed through a screening, sedimentation and filtration tank system. The treated water can be used for irrigation etc. C. Reuse of Stabilized Water Greywater stabilized and cleaned by the use of any of the above mentioned systems can be reused in many ways. Irrigation for agricultural use Irrigation for horticulture Fish farming. - Samaj Vikas (1jlfi1(1 \;~ITI~IIVI~L~~01%) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Annexure 20: Guidelines for Community Solid Waste Management 1.0 Introduciton The APRWSS will undertake the following solid waste disposal activities during the project period: Solid waste disposal in 55 major Gram Panchayats Solid waste disposal in 55 mandal head quarters The guidelines in this annexure on solid waste disposal at household and community levels are based on the guidelines in the publication - 'Solid and Liquid Waste Management in Rural Areas - A Technical Note' (TSC, UNIECF). These guidelines will apply to the solid disposal activities undertaken in the APRWSS. Types of Solid Waste Non-biodegradable Biodegradable and recyclable Recyclable Non-recyclable Plastic - carry bags, milk covers PVC pipes etc. Syringes, Glucose bottles etc. Cotton and nylon cloth Tyres & Nitrozen sealed packing for Kitchen waste Tubes chi~s Tetrapacks Thermo cal Carbon Food Cow dunglanimal waste paper Plastic coated visiting Agriculture Leaves Egg cells Shampoo Bottles Glass cards Sachets Modern packing Henna paste Vegetable Peels, Bookslnotebook Wires Caps of mineral materials (plastic) for food Meat, Bones Dead animals Paper water bottles Plastic Tin can Metal packing PET mineral water Wood Ashldirt bottles 2.0 Approaches for Solid Waste Management For effective management of solid waste in rural areas, focus should be on management at household level. That which cannot be managed at household level should be managed at the community level. In general, the ldwlaatld~~~.~ following approach should be followed: sddrrtr Segregation of solid waste at the I household level (Biodegradable and -mu- non biodegradable) * Reuse of non biodegradable waste at ebaor*kb*. the household level to the extent r r""""" possible Household level treatment of bio degradable waste Collection and transportation of segregated waste at the household ~~srrtnlnqdi level to a place identified at the *wmp community level (in cases where dulm household level treatment is not possible) Community level treatment or recyclinglreuse of waste Samaj Vikas (!gtm.qa~~~:~lvika> erg) 163 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 o All the biodegradable waste should be composted at the community level o Non biodegradable waste may be further segregated and sold or recycled o Waste which cannot be composted, reused or recycled may be disposed at the land.11 sites following appropriate procedure, (such waste may usually be construction waste, debris etc). 3.0 Community level composting Community level composting may be resorted to when management of solid waste at household level is not possible. For community level composting, Panchayat should select a suitable site as Compost Yard for the village. Site should be selected taking into consideration wind flow direction, so that the inhabited areas don't get any foul odour. The site should be easily accessible for transportation of waste and manure. It should not be a low lying area to avoid water logging. A. Underground unlined manure pit or garbage pit: This is applicable for rural areas with low rainfall and villages where there is lack of space at household level for composting. This is not suitable for heavy rainfall areas and rocky terrain. Use and maintenance of the pits Go on adding collected garbage in the pits (only biodegradable type) Wherever possible, it is advisable to add cow dung slurry to the garbage to enhance the composting process Spread a very thin layer of soil over it (once a week) to avoid odour & .y nuisance Continue to add garbage everyday Follow the above procedure & repeat the layers till the pit is full. It is recommended to .I1 the pit up to about 300mm above ground level After 3-4 days the garbage above ground settles down Plaster it with soil Leave the pit as it is for 3-6 months for maturation and start other pits sequentially After 3-6 months take out the compost & use it in the .fields. B. Under ground brick lined manure pit or garbage pit: This is applicable for rural areas with low rainfall and villages where there is lack of space at household level for composting. This is not suitable for heavy rainfall areas and rocky terrain and is a capital intensive option Use and maintenance of the pit Go on adding collected garbage from the houses in the pits (only biodegradable type) Wherever possible, it is advisable to add cow dung sluny to the garbage to enhance the composting process Spread a very thin layer of soil over it (once a week) to avoid avoid odour & fly nuisance Continue to add garbage everyday Follow the above procedure & repeat the layers till the pit is full. It is recommended to .ll the pit up to about 300mm above ground level After 3-4 days the garbage above ground settles down Plaster it with soil Leave the pit as it is for 3-6 months for maturation and start other pits sequentially After 3-6 months take out the compost & use it in the .elds. - - Samaj Vikas (~lfoiiiis:~~~~:~irikls.c~r..) 164 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 C. Overground heap: This is applicable for rural areas with high rainfall and rocky terrain and for villages where there is lack of space at household level for composting. Use and maintenance of the heap Go on adding garbage collected from the houses over the platform (only biodegradable type) Wherever possible, it is advisable to add cow dung slurry to the garbage to enhance the composting process Spread a very thin layer of soil over it (once a week) to avoid odour & .y nuisance Continue to add garbage everyday The heaps should be sprinkled with water periodically to maintain the moisture level Follow the above procedure & repeat the layers till the heap attains the height of 0.8m After 3-4 days the garbage above ground settles down Plaster it with soil Leave the heap as it is for 3-6 months for maturation and start another heap After 3-6 months take out the compost & use it in the .elds Till the manure in the heap matures, make another heap of the same dimensions at a minimum distance of lm from the .rst heap. D. Overground brick lined compost tank: This is applicable for rural areas with high rainfall and rocky terrain and for villages where there is lack of space at household level for composting. Use and maintenance of the tank Go on adding collected garbage from the houses in the tank (only biodegradable type) Wherever possible, it is advisable to add cow dung slurry to the garbage to enhance the composting process Spread a very thin (1-2 inch) layer of soil over it (once a week) to avoid odour & .y nuisance Continue to add garbage everyday Follow the above procedure & repeat the layers till the heap attains the height of lm After 3-4 days the garbage above ground settles down Plaster it with soil Leave the heap as it is for 3-6 months for maturation After 3-6 months take out the compost & use it in the .elds Till the manure in the tank matures, make another tank of the same dimensions at a minimum distance of lm from the first tank. 4.0 Vermicomposting at Community Level The following steps need to be followed for vermicomposting at community level: Appropriate site selection: the site should be protected from direct sunlight and should not be in low lying areas Vermiculture site preparation; Proper ramming of soil or preparation of platform is required before preparation of vermicompost beds Samaj Vikas (infohl.sam~livik;~s.ol.~) 165 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Construction of appropriate shed: thatched roof/tin sheds on bamboolmetal poles with proper slope to drain rain water, and proper ventilation The biodegradable waste should be predigested in a separate bed before transferring to the treatment beds. Precautions to be taken Proper covering of feed bed (local available materials such as coconut leaves etc may be used for covering of the vennicompost pit) Avoid excess water (only sprinkling) Protect the shed area and the beds from red ants, cockroaches etc. by using haldi (turmeric) sprinkling atta (.our) all around the perimeter of the shed and the bed Keep the feed beds away from birds/chicken/ducks/rodents from eating the worms. 5.0 Recycling A. Recycling of Papers It is possible to convert waste paper into useful recyclable product. Making pulp from waste paper is an old art. The process has now been refined. Various articles including showpieces may be made using the pulp. The articles are so sturdy that they can be an alternative to wood to some extent. Hence it is also called Pepwood. Women/ SHG members1 Unemployed youths after receiving thorough training can undertake this activity. It is also necessary to attain a certain level of skill. Materials such as Waste paper, Flour of fenugreek or tamarind seed as adhesive, Water, Rough .at stones for macerating paper, Colors, Moulds of different shapes and sizes, Well ventilated cupboard for storing the articles, etc. are required. B. Recycling of Plastics In all types of solid waste in rural areas, plastics have become a major cause of concern due to Non-biodegradability, nuisance value in waste stream and blockage of drainage channels, pollution of surface water and random burning here and there causing air pollution problem. There is no proper collection or disposal system of plastic waste. 6.0 Land Fill In spite of composting, re-use and recycling, some waste remains untreatedunmanaged which requires final disposal, either by incineration or by land filling. Incineration is a technology where waste is burnt in a specially engineered machine called Incinerator. Incineration is not simply burning, but complete combustion. Incinerators are considered to be causes of air pollution. This is not a viable option for waste management. A landfill is a properly designated area and used for the disposal of non-biodegradable and non-recyclable inorganic solid waste. Landfill is considered to be a viable option. This land fill takes care of the problem of disposal of non recyclable solid waste. Selection of Landfill Site: Gram Panchayat in consultation with Zilla ParishadBlock Panchayat (as the case may be) should select the landfill site which should be: o Located at the outskirts of the village o Accessible Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 o On vacant/uncultivated land o Located in the natural depressions with slight slopes o Waste from landfills leaches into the aquifer below site should be such as to avoid surface water and groundwater pollution o Before establishing any landfill site, baseline data of ground water quality in the area shall be collected and kept as a record for future reference. Procedures to be followed for landfill construction o Wastes should be compacted to achieve high density o Wastes should be immediately covered with a minimum 10cm of soil/debris/ o Before the monsoon season, an intermediate cover of soil approximately 40-65cm thick should be placed on the landfill to prevent infiltration o Proper drainage system should be constructed to divert run-off water o After the completion of landfill a final cover should be provided to prevent infiltration and erosion. This should be according to the given diagram o Landfill site should be properly fenced with a provision of a gate with locking arrangements by the gram panchayatlcommunity o Plantation at landfill site should be encouraged to combat pollution. It should be in sufficient density to minimize soil erosion o The plants should be locally adapted, non-edible, drought and extreme temperature resistant, short rooted and of low nutrient demanding variety. Operation and maintenance Gram Panchayatlcommunity should prevent entry of stray animals and unauthorized persons through protective measures Regular Monitoring of groundwater is required for maintaining groundwater quality. Avoid entry of cattle and grazing on the landfill site in an unfenced landfill as it would be hazardous. Samaj Vikas (111fortr sarnaix ikw) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Annexure 21: Formats for Environmental Data Sheets (EDS) Formats for Environmental Data Sheets (EDS) A. EDS for Water Supply .S. No. 1 Description Particulars Remarks GENERAL 1. Name of Habitation -2. Name of Gram Panchayat -- 3. Name of Mandal 4.1 ~zkne of District - 5. Population (present) 6. Total water demand (Litres per day) 7. Present water supply (Litres per day) 8. 1 Present classification of habitation NC I NSS I PC 9. 1 Problem with present water supply 10. ( Net demand of water from the proposed source (Litreslday) 1 1. 1 Type of source Groundwater source Surface water Single Village Scheme 12. 1 Type of scheme (SVS) (MVS) 13. ( Is de-fluoridation planned? Yes No LOCATION 14. ] Where is the source located? Has a sanitary survey of the source location been done? 15. (Enclose the report of the sanitary survey) Refer to Annexure: 13 If yes, obtain permission in writing from the 16. Is any component of the scheme located in a forest area? Yes Forest Department Avoid the sensitive areas. If not possible, obtain permission in writing from the Forest Department and follow mitigation Is the source is near (within 5 km) any ecologically sensitive measures as suggested by the Forest 17. area (National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries)? Yes Department Are any trees likely to be cut at the location for construction If yes, obtain permission in writing from the of the scheme? If yes, mention the number of trees. Forest Department --18. Samaj Vikas (ilj,fi~m~~~~l~~yilias.(~g) 168 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 IN CASE OF GROUNDWATER SOURCE AQUIFER STATUS AND SUSTAINABILITY 19. What is the type of aquifer? Shallow aquifer Deep aquifer 20. Total depth of well (metres) 2 1. Depth to groundwater table below GL (m) 22. Summer 23. Winter Is the groundwater tapping in safe zone (classified based on 24. exploitation)? Yes No Groundwater Limiting the draft to 25. What are the measures proposed for source sustainability? recharging structure safe yield LOCATION OF THE WELL What is the distance of this source from the nearest leach pit of any existing sanitation facility? (It should be more than 15 26. metres) What is the distance of this source from the nearest rain 27. water harvesting pit? (It should be more than 15 metres) What is the distance of the source from the nearest existing 28. well? (It should be more than 300 metres) 29. STRUCTURE OF THE WELL Will the well be provided with sanitary plug till the pump is 30. installed? Yes No Is a concrete mat (of at least 75 cm radius) planned around 3 1. the bore well? Yes No 32. Is grouting of the space outside the well casing planned? Yes No WATER QUALITY Is the quality of water acceptable? (enclose the water quality 33, test report) Yes No 34. If not acceptable, mention the type of water quality problem 35. What is the alternative proposed? 36. If the water is to be treated, mention the treatment process What is the frequency planned for testing water for bacteriological contamination? (should be I initially and later 37. as required) What is the frequency planned for testing water for physical 38. and chemical contal~lination?(should be 4 timeslyear) Samaj Vikas (iiifb!g~samajvik~~s.i~~) 169 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 What is the frequency planned for testing residual chlorine? 39. (should be at least once a week) What is the frequency planned for sanitary inspection by 40. GPWSSC? (should be 4 timeslyear) What is the frequency planned for sanitary~ inspection- by 41. 1 AEE? (should be onleiyear) IN CASE OF SURFACE WATER SOURCE m,"ill m,"ill there be anv, significant- land disturbance resulting- in 11 42. erosion, subsidence and instability? I yes ( No ti' Will the scheme involve alteration of natural drainage? If --I 1 43. 1 yes, indicate the measures for the drainage. I Yes I No SUSTAINABILITY Is the expected safe yield from the source greater than water I I Yes I What is the Turbidity of raw water (NTU)? (Enclose water 45. 1 quality test report) I Is this source within 100 m from the nearest 1 I sewage/industrial effluent disposal point (disposal into the I ( yes I NO 1' present? If yes, furnish the 1' 47. details. (~nclosewater q;ali& test report) - Yes No What is the frequency planned for testing water for 48. bacteriological contamination? (should be 1 every month) What is the frequency planned for testing water for physical 49. 1 and chemical contamination? (should be 4 timeslyear) $1 I What is the frequency planned for testing residual chlorine? I AEE? (should be 2 times /year if population serviced is less than 5000; should be 24-48 times /year if population serviced 52 is between 5000-20000) WATER TREATMENT Samaj Vikas (iufo:icsania,ivikas.org) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 53 What is the method of water treatment proposed? How will the sludge and other residue from the water 54. treatment plant be disposed? Note: Refer Guidelines Vide Annexures 8 to 10 and 12 to 16. Samaj Vikas (i11fo:l~.banl,Ijv!kah.org) 17 1 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 B. EDS for Rainwater Harvesting S. No. I Description Particulars Remarks GENERAL 1. I Name of Habitation 2. Name of Gram Panchayat 3. Name of Mandal 4. Name of District 5. Population (present) 6. Total water demand (Litres per day) 7. Present water supply (Litres per day) Source is Water table is inadequate in depleted in summer 8. Problem with present water supply summer LOCATION What is the distance of the RWH Structure from the nearest borewell? (should be 15 m 9. away) Is the RWH located away from any supply / feeder channel of tanks? (RWH must not RWH structure been certified by a hydrogeologist of the I I. I RWSSD? - 12. 1 Is there any possibility of contaminated water flowing into the RWH structure? STRUCTURE 13. Type of RWH structure 14. Intended use of rain water HOUSEHOLD ROOFTOP RWH STRUCTURE 15. Is the roof smooth, free from any toxic materials (including paint)? 16. Are there any overhanging trees nearby? 17. Is there provision planned for discarding first flush of rain water? 18. Is there provision planned for wire mesh screens at gutter heads? Is there provision for safe extraction of the harvested rain water? (filtration. 19 disinfection, gravity tap) MAINTENANCE What is the planned frequency of conducting complete maintenance check and cleaning of the RWH system? (recommended before and after every rain; cleaning after every dry period of I month) Samaj Vikas (i~.g~;aniaivikiissc~::) 172 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 rjhatis the planned frequency of cleaning storage tank? (recommended at end of dry I 1 2 1. 1 season, before the first rain) 2 Note: Refer Guidelines Vide Annexures 16. Samaj Vikas (1~lfo((1~~:1nxi\1iki1s.olg) 173 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 C. EDS for Sewerage Schemes (All the sewerage schemes are classified as Category I1 Schemes) Description Particulars Remarks - - 2. 1 Name of Gram Panchayat 3. 1 Name of Mandal 5. Population (present) 6. Total water demand (Litres per day) 7. Sewage generation (Litres per day) 8. Length of roads in the habitation LOCATION 9. Is any component of the scheme located in a forest area? Yes No Avoid the forest area If yes, obtain permission in writing Are any trees likely to be cut at the location for construction of the scheme? If from the 10. yes, mention the number of trees. Forest Department 1I. I Type of substrata 1 Will there be any significant land disturbance resulting in erosion, subsidence 1 12. and instability? Yes No Will the scheme involve alteration of natural drainage? If yes, indicate the 13. measures for the drainage. Yes No 14. Depth to groundwater table 15. *winter 16. *summer STRUCTURE 17. 1 How many pumping stations will be required? 18. / What is the type of land proposed for pumping station? Municipal/ Private If private land, follow recommended I guidelines for acquisition Is the proposed sewer line involved any crossing of Railway/ Highway/ I Obtain permission from the concerned Canal/ Water course? Yes No department been made for safety gear for the operating and maintenance ' TREATMENT 21. 1 What is the type of sewage treatment proposed? Samaj Vikas (inti,:~~~:lnl,~~~I 22. What is the type of land proposed for pumping station? Municipal1 Private If private land, follow recommended Panchayat guidelines for acquisition 23. What is the extent of land required for the STP? 24. What is the mode disposal of treated effluent? Obtain clearance from APPCB 25. Is reuse of treated effluent is planned? Furnish details. 26. How will the sludge and other residue be disposed? Obtain clearance from APPCB Note: Refer Guidelines vide Annexure 7 Samaj Vikas (iilfo:(~,.s:mnxij\~ik;~s.org) 175 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 D. EDS for Sanitation Schemes S. No. I Description Particulars Remarks GENERAL I. Name of Habitation 2. Name of Gram Panchayat 3. Name of Mandal 4. Name of District 5. Population (present) 6. No. of ISL proposed LOCATION If yes, obtain permission in Are any trees likely to be cut at the location for construction of the scheme? If yes, writing from the 7. mention the number of trees. Forest Department 8. Type of substrata Pervious Impervious 9. Depth to groundwater table, in metres 10. *winter I I. *summer 12. Is a shallow aquifer used as source for drinking water supply in the habitation? 13. Is the habitation located in an coastal area? Is a minimum distance of 15 metres maintained between the pits and the nearest 14. drinking water sources? (for all the ISLs proposed) Yes No In case of high ground water table and in case of highly permeable soils, is a minimum distance of 40 metres maintained between the pits and the nearest drinking water sources? (for all the ISLs proposed) Yes No Not applicable STRUCTURE 16. What is the type of toilet proposed? Refer Annexure 17. 17. For ISL 18. What are the precautions taken to prevent groundwater contamination? In case of high ground water table, is raising of platform, bottom sealing of pit and Not applicable 19. 1 earth filling outside along sides of pit planned? 1 Yes I No In case of flood prone area, is is raising of platform and earth filling outside along Not applicable 1 I I - - 20. sides of pit planned? Yes No 2 1. In case of loose soils, is lining of pits with perforated cement rings planned? Yes No Not applicable In case of soils with low permeability, is back filling of part of pit with more sandy Not applicable - ~ 22. 1 soil planned? I Yes I No 23. ] In case of soils with high permeability, is earth filling around rings with denser soil I Yes I No I Not applicable Samaj Vikas (~II~O;~+S;I~~~~~~Y~I<~IS.LII~~) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 I planned? MAINTENANCE Is an awareness programme for prospective users on proper use and maintenance of 24, the IHLs being planned? 25. Is adequate water available for use? (2 litres per each use) What is the expected cleaning interval of pits? (a pit should not be emptied before I 26. 1 '/2 years after its being in use) 27. 1 What is the method of disposal of materials removed from pits? Note: Refer Guidelines vide Annexure 17 and 18 Samaj Vikas (~&,~!2~amai\.iIiq~~) 177 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 E. EDS for Storm water / Sullage Drainage Scheme Are any trees likely to be cut at the location for construction of the Samaj Vikas (ill fo:i~~s:lni;tiuikas.org) 178 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 I removal from the drains? 23. 1 Is there a plan to educate the community to avoid throwing solid waste I I into the drain (to keep it free from blockages)? TREATMENT 24. What is the treatment proposed for the sullage? (Suspended solids must be removed through settling - for example, in sullage stabilization pond) 25. Is a single treatment pond planned or are a series of ponds planned? (a series of interconnected shallow ponds is recommended - it is better to I have multiple ponds of smaller size than few large ponds) 26. 1 Is the soil very permeable? (If yes, plastic sheeting topped with soil may be laid at bottom) 27. Is any reuse proposed for the sullage? - 28. What are the precautions taken to prevent -groundwater contamination I from sullage? Note: Refer Guidelines vide Annexure 19 Samaj Vikas (i11fo;g,~~:1n1i1ivikiis.<~r~) 179 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 F. EDS- for- Household Soak Pits S. No. I Description 1 Particulars I Remarks GENERAL ' 1. Name Habitation 2. Name of Village Panchayat P 3. Name of Mandal 4. Name of District 5. 1 Population (present) T nn A rp~nx~ I I I I -ak -ak pit located in rocky terrain? (Not suitable for rocky terrain) I Yes I No STRUCTURE Will the wastewater flow exceed the design flow of the soak pit? (calculate design flow as per requirement for bathing 20-30 llpld, kitchen 5-10 Vpld, washing clothes 15-20 7. Ilpld, and other uses) Yes No Is filling material of appropriate size available? (Should be pebbles of sizes 125 - 150 8. mm, I00 -125 mm and 50- 75 mm) Yes No 9. Is the pit to be filled loosely? (Filling material must not be tightly packed) Yes No Is the pit to be filled with murram, brickbats or sand? (These materials must not be 10. used) Yes No MAINTENANCE What is the frequency planned for cleaning the filter of the soak pit? (Must be cleaned I 1. every fortnight or month) What is the frequency planned for cleaning the pit and replacing the filling material? Samaj Vikas (i.qt&gc~~!iii~il G. EDS for Communitv Solid Waste Management S. No. I Description Particulars Legal requirements GENERAL 1. I Name of Habitation 2. 1 Name of Gram Panchavat 4. 1 Name of District 5. 1 Population (present) LOCATION 6. Type of substrata Pervious Impervious 7. Depth to groundwater table in metres 8. *winter expected quantity of non-biodegradable waste (waste that can be I composted) per day? (tons) WASTE MANAGEMENT WASTE SEGREGATION AND COLLECTION 13. Are awareness programmes on household waste segregation planned to be organized? Yes No 14. Is segregation of wastes at household level (into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes) being planned? Yes No 15. How will the household waste be collected? Community Door-to-door I waste bins I collection the community waste bins planned to be located at least 15 m away from any water ( 1 sources? 14 17. 1 What is the planned frequency of collecting waste (from community bins or from I individual households)? COMPOSTMG OF BIODEGRADABLE WASTE 18. What is the type of composting planned? Underground (lined or unlined) pits - suitable for low rainfall areas Overground heap or tank - suitable for high rainfall areas and rocky terrain I Vermi-compost units FOR COMPOSTING UNITS I I Samaj Vikas (~iifo:(r~.~an~~tlviki~~.og) 181 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 19.Will the wind flow direction at the composting yard cause four odor in the habitation? 20. Is the compost yard in a low lying area (likely to get water logged)? Will weekly covering of the compost pitlheap with thin soil layer planned to avoid odour and fly nuisance? FOR VERMI-COMPOSTING UNITS 22. What is the variety of earthworms planned? (local or exotic) (local variety - Lumpito mnzrritii is preferred to exotic varieties - Eiseniujbetida and Eudrilus euginiae) 23. Is the vermi-composting unit located in an area that is not low-lying and has adequate slope (to prevent water-logging)? 24. What pest control (control of red ants, cockroaches, etc.) methods are planned at the vermi-composting unit? (Only non-chemical methods such as application of turmeric and flour around perimeter of the tank must be practiced) MANAGEMENT OF NON-BIODEGRADABLE WASTE 25. What part of the non-biodegradable waste will be recycled? (sold to the kabadiwalla, recycled through any SHG enterprise, etc.) 26. What part of the non-biodegradable waste will be sent to the land fill? 27. Is the site identified for the land fill located in a forest area? Yes No Avoid the forest area 28. Is the site located for the land fill near (within 5 km) any ecologically sensitive area Avoid having the land fill (National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries)? site near the sensitive area (Seek Forest Department Yes No permissions) 29. What is the extent of land available for the land fill site? Obtain clearance from APPCB 30. What is the ownership of the land identified for the land fill site? If private land, follow Government I recommended guidelines for Panchayat land Private land acquisition 3 1. What is the distance of the land fill site from nearest water supply source/catchment boundarylwater body (less than 100 m?) 32. What are the precautions takenlplanned to prevent surface and groundwater contamination? 33. Is periodic covering of waste with minimum 10 cm of soilldebris planned? 34. Is covering of waste with 40-65 cm thick soil cover planned before every monsoon (to prevent infiltration)? 35. Is an appropriate drainage system planned at the land fill site to divert run off water? -36. Will the land fill site have fencing and a gate to prevent entry of stray animals and Samaj Vikas (i~~fo~(~~.~anl~~i\~~kas.org) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Re~ort- November 2008 I unauthorized persons? 37. 1 Has baseline data on groundwater quality in the area been collected (for future I reference)? Enclose report water quality test. 38. 1 Is periodic and regular monitoring of ground water quality in the area planned? Note: Refer Guidelines vide Annexure 20 Samaj Vikas (i~ifo:~;~~_nl~~i\~iI~i~s.~~rg) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis -Final Report - November 2008 Annexure 22: Screening Tool for Categorizing Schemes - - - Category I Category I1 A. Water Supply Schemes 1. SVS with source in shallow aquifer in safe and semi-crtitical zone 1.SVSsMVSs with shallow groundwater source located in either critical or over exploitation zones of groundwater exploitation and deep groundwater source in semi- critical and over exploited zones 2. SVS with source in deep aquifer located in safe zone of exploitation 2. SVSsMVSs with sources located at or nearer (within 1 krn) to natural habitatslsensitive ecosystem such as National Park I Wildlife Sanctuaries (Seek Forest Department permission) 3. SVS with perennial surface water source requiring slow sand 3. SVSsMVSs with the water quality at the source is not treatable with conventional filtration only treatment , and involves special treatment/RO treatment. - 4. MVSs with surface water source requiring treatment B. Artificial Recharge Structure 1. Individual house hold roof top rainwater harvesting 1. All types of rain water harvesting structures to improve water supply sources C. Underground Drainage Schemes No scheme 1. All types of underground drainage schemes D. Sanitation Schemes 1. Construction of ISL where subsoil strata is not favourable (hard rock or low infiltration capacity) for adoption of twin pit pour flush toilets 2. Construction of ISL where subsurface strata is favourable for 2. Construction of group owned latrines where subsoil strata is not favourable for adopting twin pit pour flush toilet and groundwater table is at depth adoption of twin pit pour flush toilets greater than 3.0m below ground level Samaj Vikas (~ifo:c~,,~an~~\:(kj!~qg) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 3. Construction of group owned latrines where the subsoil strata is 3.Construction ISL or group owned latrines where groundwater table is at depth lesser favourable for adoption of twin pit pour flush toilets and groundwater than 3.0m below ground level table is at depth greater than 3.0m below ground level E. Storm water /Sullage Drains If all the following conditions are satisfied: If any of the following conditions are satisfied Construction of drains where groundwater table is at depths > 3.0m Construction of drains where groundwater table is at depths < 3.0m Subsoil is having sufficient bearing capacity Soil bearing capacity is < 5 t/m2 Length of drain is not more than 250 m Length of drain is more than 250m , F. Solid Waste Management No scheme 1. All types of solid waste management with source segregation and installing vermi- composting 1 composting Samaj Vikas (i~lfo[~/;s:~niaj\~ikas.o~) 185 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 Annexure 23: Internal Supervision of the Completed Schemes INTERNAL SUPERVISION OF THE COMPLETED SCHEMES Objectives: Objectives of internal supervision are to verifylcheck the following: To check the adequacy/correctness of EDS, screening and environmental assessment of the Category I1 schemes; To check in the field the quality of implementation and effectiveness of the environmental mitigation measures with reference to the performance indicators. Scope: Internal supervision will be carried twice a year for about 11% of schemes (as given in table below) completed in each districts. The supervision will be done by a team of officials formed from DWSCs of other districts by the PSU. Supervision of UGDI SLWM schemes will be done by Environmental Expert from PSU. Internal supervision should be done prior to taking up of the external audit. Sampling of Schemes for Internal supervision: Purposive sampling of schemes for Internal Supervision will be done considering the significance of the scheme-type to the environment. The following table indicates the number of samples of each type of scheme that will be included in the supervision: Table: Sampling of schemes for internal supervision 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- Components 09 10 11 12 13 Total Remarks SVS 354 311 426 345 367 1,803 About 20% sample as environmental Supervision Sample - SVS 70 130 200 280 360 360 impacts are significant MVS 213 226 213 178 210 1,040 About 20% sample as environmental Supervision Sample - MVS 40 80 120 160 200 200 impacts are significant Rain water harvesting 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 5,000 Samaj Vikas (i~iib:i~;sanlaiviki~s.<~rg) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 10% sample as household RWH is not likely to have significant 400 1 500 1 500 I environmental impacts I I 1 100% sample. Innovative technolow I Supervision Sample - Innovative may include RO treatment which has technology 10 20 5.5 70 75 significant environmental impacts Improvements Augmentation of SVS Supervision Sample - Augmentation of SVS (distribution 120 140 140 About 10% sample. Augmentation of MVS (distribution system) 345 244 Supervision Sample - Augmentation of MVS (distribution system) 35 60 7 5 7 5 About 10% sample. Improving ground water sources 441 44 1 1,323 1,764 4,410 Supervision Sample - Improving ground water sources 45 90 260 440 440 About 10% sample. Catchment area protection for surface sources 10 10 Supervision Sample - Catchment area protection. for surface sources 1 10 1 20 1 40 1 50 1 50 ( 100% sample. -I 7,845 8,655 42,645 About 10% sample. Individual soak pits have limited impact on Supervision Sample - HHSLs I 850 ( 1600 3400 4260 4260 environment Samaj Vikas (jaI'o;c~,,san~aivikas.c~~'g) 187 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 Pavements, drains and SLWM in major GPs 10 10 11 12 12 55 100% sample. Component has Supervision Sample - Pavements, possible negative impact on drains and SL WM in major GPs 10 20 3 1 43 55 55 environment Soak pits in GPs 567 537 639 523 577 2,843 Supervision Sample - Soak pits in 10% sample. Individual soak pits have GPs 56 110 175 225 285 285 limited impact on environment UGD and SLWM in Mandal head quarters 10 10 11 12 12 55 100% sample. Component has Supervision Sample - UGD and possible negative impact on SL WM in Mandal head quarters 10 20 3 1 43 55. 55 environment Total Projects each year 12,165 11,294 12,441 11,294 12,925 60,119 Total Sample each year . 1306 2450 3812 5026 6495 6495 Percentage of sample 10.74 21.69 30.64 44.50 50.25 10.80 Guidelines for Internal supervision: A. Documents to be referred to prior to and during the Supervision visit: Filled in EDS of the scheme type Filled in Checklist for Environmental Assessment of the Category I1 Schemes (if applicable) Scheme specific supervision checklist given in Annexure 23 and 25 Format of report of field visits undertaken during supervision given in Annexure 26 B. Process of supervision: The supervision visit must include the following methodology: Interaction with AEEIAE Interaction with SO Interaction with GPWSC - Samaj Vikas (j!~li,:r~sanl;~i~ikiis.org) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 Field inspection of all components of the scheme under supervision Interaction with beneficiaries Photo documentation (highlighting any significant issues) C. Report of Supervision: For each scheme visited in the supervision, a separate report should be prepared as per the format given in Annexure 26. The report must be submitted to the DPSU for action. A copy must be sent by the DPSU to the SPSU for reference. Samaj Vikas (~,rr,.s~inlitivikiis.org) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Annexure 24: External Audit of the Completed Schemes EXTERNAL AUDIT OF THE COMPLETED SCHEMES Objectives: Objectives of external audit are to verifylcheck the following: To check the adequacylcorrectness of EDS, screening and environmental evaluation of the Category I1 schemes; To check in the field the quality of implementation and effectiveness of the environmental mitigation measures with reference to the performance indicators. To assess the effectiveness of supervision and capacity building initiatives undertaken as part of the EMF Scope: External audit will be carried once in a year for about 6% (as given in the table below) of all schemes completed in each districts. The audit will also conduct a desk review to verify whether the environmental assessments procedures are followed correctly. The external audit will be done by an external agency appointed by the SPSU. Sampling of Schemes for External Audit: Purposive sampling of schemes for External Audit will be done considering the significance of the scheme-type to the environment. The following table indicates the number of samples of each type of scheme that will be included in the supervision: Table: Sampling of schemes for external audit 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- Components 09 10 11 12 13 Total Remarks SVS 354 311 426 345 367 1,803 About 10% sample as environmental Audit Sample - SVS 35 65 100 140 180 180 impacts are significant MVS 2 13 226 213 178 210 1,040 Audit Sample - MVS 20 40 60 80 100 100 About 10% sample as environmental Samaj Vikas (~infiy<~~gnxiivikas.osg) 190 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 impacts are significant Rain water harvesting 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 5,000 5% sample as household RWH is not likely to have significant environmental Audit Sample - RWH 50 100 150 200 250 250 impacts Innovative technology 10 10 15 20 20 75 100% sample. Innovative technology may include RO treatment which has Audit Sample - Innovative technology 10 20 35 55 70 75 significant environmental impacts Improvements Augmentation of SVS (distribution system) 700 440 70 26 153 1,389 Audit Sample - Augmentation of SVS (distribution system) 35 50 50 60 70 7 0 About 5% sample. Augmentation of MVS (distribution system) 345 244 20 145 754 Audit Sample - Augmentation of MVS (distribution system) 15 30 30 35 3 5 About 5% sample. Improving ground water sources 44 1 44 1 44 1 1,323 1,764 4,410 Audit Sample - Improving ground water sources 25 45 65 130 220 220 About 5% sample. Catchment area protection for surface sources 10 10 10 10 10 50 Audit Sample - Catchment area protection for surface sources 10 20 30 40 50 50 100% sample. Environmental sanitation 42,64 HHSLs 8,505 8,055 9,585 7,845 8,655 5 About 5% sample. Individual soak pits Audit Sample - HHSLs 425 800 Samaj Vikas ~fo:rr~sani~ijvikiis.c)~) 191 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Pavements, drains and SLWM in major GPs 10 10 11 12 12 5 5 Audit Sample - Pavements, drains and 100% sample. Component has possible SLWM in major GPs 10 20 3 1 43 55 55 negative impact on environment Soak pits in GPs 567 537 639 523 577 2,843 About 5% sample. Individual soak pits Audit Sample - Soak pits in GPs 25 50 8 5 125 145 145 have limited impact on environment UGD and SLWM in Mandal head quarters 10 10 11 12 12 5 5 Audit Sample - UGD and SLWM in 100% sample. Component has possible Mandal head quarters 10 20 3 1 43 5 5 55 negative impact on environment 60,ll Total Projects each year 12,165 11,294 12,441 11,294 12,925 9 Total Sample each year 670 1260 1967 2416 3335 3335 Percenta ge of samp le 5.51 11.16 15.81 21.39 25.80 5.55 , 50% of the schemes taken up for external audit will be selected on the above basis from the schemes already supervised internally to assess the effectiveness of internal supervision. A. Documents to be referred to prior to and during the External Audit: EAIEMF of the APRWSS Reports of all supervision reports List of performance indicators (Annexure 27) Reports of previous External Audits (if applicable) Reports of all capacity building programs related to the EMF Latest MIS of the APRWSS showing district-wise, scheme-type wise list of schemes For the specific schemes selected for field visits: 7. Filled in EDS of the scheme-type 8. Filled in Checklist for Environmental Assessment of the Category 11 Schemes (if applicable) 9. Report of any previous internal supervision visit undertaken to the scheme (if applicable) Samaj Vikas (i~ifo~(r~san~iiiviki~s.org) 192 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 10. Scheme-specific audit checklist given in Annexure 24 and 25 11. Format of report of field visits undertaken during audit given in Annexure 26 B. Process of External Audit: The audit include the following methodology: Interaction with the SPSU and at least 30% of the DPSUs Desk review of all relevant EMF documents (mentioned in A) For the specific schemes selected for field visits: Interaction with AEE/AE Interaction with SO Interaction with GPWSC Field inspection of all components of the scheme under supervision Interaction with beneficiaries Photo documentation (highlighting any significant issues) Report of Audit: A detailed report of the external audit as per the format given in Annexure 26 must be submitted to the SPSU for action. The report must include the following: Description of methodology including details of sampling -. Review of the following (implementation and issues): Effectiveness of the environmental assessment system in identifying issues and implementing appropriate mitigation measures Institutional arrangements for implementation of the EMF Capacity building on the EMF Responsiveness of EMF to emerging environmental concerns Overall environmental performance of the APRWSS with respect to the performance indicators (Annexure 27) Recommendations for strengthening the EMF Individual reports of the field visits undertaken as per the Annexure 26 (Sample Report of Field Visits Undertaken During Internal Supervision / External Audit). A copy of the report of the Audit must be sent to all the DPSUs by the SPSU for reference Samaj Vikas (i11fo;~1~.sanl:~iviki1~.<~~) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 Annexure 25: Check list for Environmental SupervisionIAudit Check list for Environmental Supervision / Audit CHECKLIST FOR SUPERVISIONIAUDIT OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES Groundwater sources Construction: Well construction: Total depth of well. Type of casing: diameter, material and length from surface. Screen or perforations: diameter, material, locations and lengths. Formation seal: Material (cement, sand, bentonite, etc.), depth intervals, annular thickness and method of placement. Protection: Protection of well at top: presence of sanitary well seal, casing height above ground or flood level, protection of well from erosion and animals. Is there any source of contamination within 15 m radius from the well? Is direct runoff of rain water into bore well sources prevented? Is a concrete mat of sufficient thickness for 75 cm radius around the bore well provided to seal the outer periphery of the bore well with the casing pipe raised 60 cm above ground level? Is rainwater harvesting and recharge structure located within 15 m of the bore well subject to direct contamination of the source? Is there any soak pit for the disposal of effluent from septic tank or other sanitation facility is within 15 m radius from the bore well of water supply source subject to direct contamination? Is there any sand mining in the river bed within a radius of 500 m from the wells? Water Oualitv: Is there any unsafe supply available, usable in place of normal supply, hence involving danger to the public health? What is the type of disinfection arrangement provided? Is the test kit provided for testing residual chlorine? What is the monthly consumption of bleaching powder? Surface water sources Protective measures in connection with the use of watershed to control fishing, boating, swimming, wading, permitting animals on marginal shore areas and in or upon the water etc. Treatment of water: kind and adequacy of equipment; duplication of parts; effectiveness of treatment; adequacy of supervision and testing; contact period after disinfection; free chlorine residuals carried. Pumping facilities: pump house, pump capacity and standby units, storage facilities. Rainwater Harvesting Structures - Samaj Vikas (jnf(~tr.sa~~~;~ivika~gz) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Are the rainwater harvesting (RWH) structures site specific closer to the source but 15 m away from the bore well? Whether the location of the RWH structures was certified by the hydrogeologist of the APRWSS department? Whether the RWH structure was implemented before the onset of the monsoon'? Water Quantity Any register maintained to record daily water supply to the habitation? What are the average, maximum and minimum daily water supplies to the community for each month? What is average per capita water supply for each month? What is the duration of supply? Water Quality Are water quality monitoring is being done as per protocol? Are records of water quality tests are maintained in a register? What are the parameters tested and the frequency of testing? Is the residual chlorine test carried out daily? What is the number of days in a month that the residual chlorine is absent? Analyze the results and report what percentage of the results are complying with the drinking water standards. Samaj Vikas (inlbkr sa~naivika>.o~.g) 195 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Re~ort-November 2008 CHECKLIST OF SUPERVISION / AUDIT OF SANITATION SCHEMES Sanitation Coverage Details of existing toilets in the habitation with types and categories 1 Category I open I VIP I Twin-pit 1 Water closet I Total 1 pit Toilet PFT connected to Septic tank 1 Existingprior to Percentage population having access to toilets = f (E 1 +E2) + (P 1+P2) } Population of the habitation * 100 Structure Is the junction chamber of the toilet constructed with proper slope and Y pipe? Are the leach pits properly connected and covered with pre-cast slab? Is the facility for cleaning linked to soak pit? Selection Whether the selection of the toilet is appropriate to the substrata and groundwater table? Operation and Maintenance What is the condition of the toilet (including pan and fixtures such as doors)? Has the pan been cleaned after fixing and is free of cement droppings? Is the toilet and its surrounding area clean? Are the toilets being used? Is water supply available for the toilet? Are the people adopting the hygienic practices (such as cleaning hands after using toilets)? What is the volume of the pit filled? Samaj Vikas (info~ci~samz~jvilia~.g!~) 196 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Revort - November 2008 CHECKLIST OF SUPERVISION / AUDIT OF SANITATION SCHEMES Sullagel Drainage Coverage Proiect Total I E+P Percentage population have access to sullagel drainage = (E+P) / (Population of the habitation * 100) Structure Is the drain designed for the project population? Is the drain having proper slope and shape to maintain free flow without silting? Are there silt traps at the household connection and at the junctions? Is this drainage linked treatment facility? Selection Whether the selection of the pipe material appropriate to village population and soil conditions? Operation and Maintenance What is the condition of the drain (including manholes and treatment facility)? Is silt being removed from the drains and manhole chambers? Is the removed silt taken away to land fills? Is there is any pooling water in the open drains? Is there any mosquito breeding in the manholes and open drains? Do the Gram Panchayat has equipment for cleaning the drains? Samaj Vikas (i~ll'ukrsalnj~ivikas.n~~) 197 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 CHECKLIST OF SUPERVISION I AUDIT OF SANITATION SCHEMES Soak Pits Coverage Details of existing soak pits in the habitation I Category I Total Existing prior to projects I E Constructed under the I P Project Total E+P Percentage population having soak pits = (E+P) 1 (Population of the habitation * 100) Structure Is the soak pit filled with ballast/ boulders or brick bats? Is the soak pit filled with filter sand on top? Is there a pot with a holes attached to out let pipe to collect grit and debris? Is the soil permeable? Selection Whether the selection of the soak pit as choice made based on the local soil conditions? Operation and Maintenance Is the soak pit cleaned every fortnight/ month? Is the filter media being cleaned on a regular basis? Is there dirty water around the soak pit? Is the soak pit overflowing? Is there any mosquito breeding around the soak pit? Samaj Vikas (inro:tr sa~n;Qyjl;,?=~~g) 198 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Sanitation Coverage Details of existing Solid Waste Management systems in the habitation with types and categoriesU Category Vermicomposting Land Fill Total Existingprior to projects E Constructed under the P Project Grand total Percentage population have access to SWM = (E+P) / (Population of the habitation * 100) Structure Are the walls of the Vermicompost pit sufficiently high to keep away predators? Is the land fill site out side the village in a vacant area? Is the land fill site fenced and locked? Is there a plantation around the land fill site? Selection Whether the selection of the land fill site made based on the substrata and groundwater table? Operation and Maintenance What is the temperature in the vermicompost pit (range 20 to 30°c)? Is there too much of water in the vermicompost plant? Is the compost being turned? Are there any solid inorganic objects or metals in the compost? Are there any ants, cockroaches, etc. around the plant? Are there any stray animals in the land fill site? Is there any foul smell at the land fill site? Is the ground water quality being monitoring regularly near the land fill? Samaj Vikas (infokc. samaivikas.org) 199 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 Annexure 26: Sample Field Visit Reports for Internal Supervision / External Audit Name and designation of team members Date of the visit: 1. 2. 3. Name of district: Name of Mandal: Name of Gram Panchayat: Name of habitation: Type and category of scheme: Brief description of the scheme components: Has the EDS been filled in and attached to the DSR? Has the screening been done correctly? Has the Checklist for Environmental Assessment of Category I1 Schemes been filled in properly (if applicable)? What are the mitigation measures prescribed in the EDS andlor specified in the Environmental Management Plan? What is the implementation status of these mitigation measures? Mitigation measure implemented: Mitigation measures not implemented: What environmental concerns were noted during the field visit: Recommendations for managing the environmental concerns noted: Did the beneficiaries of the scheme receive any relevant IEC? Give details of participation in any training or awareness programme, any communication material received, etc. Any other findings: Signature of GPWSC Signature of AEEIAE Signature of the Leader of Member SupervisionIAudit Team Samaj Vikas (inii)i[~s:~~~~:~j\,i!ia~~~:g) 200 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 Annexure 27: Environmental Performance Indicators I. Water Quantity: 1. No. of habitations with availability of at least 40 Lpcd of drinking water during the year as a percentage of total project habitations completed, 2. No. of habitations which have now been provided an alternative sustainable source as a percentage of total project habitations previously depending on critical and overexploited basins 3. No. of wells providing sustainable yield (throughout the year) as a percentage of total wells constructed in the project 4. No. of functional rainwater harvesting structures as a percentage of total rainwater harvesting structures supported by the project 11. Water Quality: 1. No. of habitations which were dependent on NSS (excess fluoride, brackishness, etc.) that have now been provided a safe water source as a percentage of project-covered NSS habitations 2. No. of habitations with bacterial/chemical contamination in drinking water supplies as a percentage of total project habitations 3. No. of habitations with no residual chlorine levels at the public taps as percentage of project habitations 4. No. of project habitations with disinfection facility as percentage of total project habitations 111. Environmental Sanitation: 1. Number (and %) of households and institutions with access to safe sanitation facilities 2. Number (and %) of households and institutions with regular use of sanitation facilities 3. Number of habitations with solid waste management including composting as percentage of all project habitations 4. Number of habitations with liquid waste management including drainage and safe disposal of sullage as percentage of all project habitations 5. Percentage of length of streetlroads in project habitations provided with storm waterlsullage drains IV. Institutional Arrangements and Capacity Building: 1. No. of districts with DRPs to anchor responsibility of EMF implementation as percentage of all project districts 2. No. of project staff at state, district and mandal levels trained in EMF as a percentage of all project staff at each level 3. No. of community institutions (VWSCs and SLCs) that participated in IEC programmes conducted on EMF as a percentage of all community institutions involved in the project 4. Number of external audits conducted as against the target number of audits for the project duration Samaj Vikas (infdct sam;~i\~ikas.or~) 201 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 Annexure 28: Safety Provisions (Building) Convention, 1937 (No. 62) Part 11. General Rules as to Scaffolds Article 7 Suitable scaffolds shall be provided for workmen for all work that cannot be safely done from a ladder or by other means. A scaffold shall not be constructed, taken down, or substantially altered, except-- (a) under the supervision of a competent and responsible person; and (b) as far as possible by competent workers possessing adequate experience in this kind of work. All scaffolds and appliances connected therewith and all ladders shall-- (a) be of sound material; (b) be of adequate strength having regard to the loads and strains to which they will be subjected; and (c) be maintained in proper condition. Scaffolds shall be so constructed that no part thereof can be displaced in consequence of normal use. Scaffolds shall not be overloaded and so far as practicable the load shall be evenly distributed. Before installing lifting gear on scaffolds special precautions shall be taken to ensure the strength and stability of the scaffolds. Scaffolds shall be periodically inspected by a competent person. Before allowing a scaffold to be used by his workmen every employer shall, whether the scaffold has been erected by his workmen or not, take steps to ensure that it complies fully with the requirements of this Article. Article 8 1. Working platforms, gangways and stairways shall-- (a) be so constructed that no part thereof can sag unduly or unequally; (b) be so constructed and maintained, having regard to the prevailing conditions, as to reduce as far as practicable risks of persons tripping or slipping; and (c) be kept free from any unnecessary obstruction. 2. In the case of working platforms, gangways, working places and stairways at a height exceeding that to be prescribed by national laws or regulations-- (a) every working platform and every gangway shall be closely boarded unless other adequate measures are taken to ensure safety; (b) every working platform and gangway shall have adequate width; and (c) every working platform, gangway, working place and stairway shall be suitably fenced. Article 9 1. Every opening in the floor of a building or in a working platform shall, except for the time and to the extent required to allow the access of persons or the transport or shifting of material, be provided with suitable means to prevent the fall of persons or material. Samaj Vikas (int'o(ir sarn;lll.il;a~~!~) 202 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report -November 2008 2. When persons are employed on a roof where there is a danger of falling from a height exceeding that to be prescribed by national laws or regulations, suitable precautions shall be taken to prevent the fall of persons or material. 3. Suitable precautions shall be taken to prevent persons being struck by articles which might fall from scaffolds or other working places. Article 10 1. Safe means of access shall be provided to all working platforms and other working places. 2. Every ladder shall be securely fixed and of such length as to provide secure handhold and foothold at every position at which it is used. 3. Every place where work is carried on and the means of approach thereto shall be adequately lighted. 4. Adequate precautions shall be taken to prevent danger from electrical equipment. 5. No materials on the site shall be so stacked or placed as to cause danger to any person. Part 111. General Rules as to Hoisting Appliances Article 11 1. Hoisting machines and tackle, including their attachments, anchorages and supports, shall-- (a) be of good mechanical construction, sound material and adequate strength and free from patent defect; and (b) be kept in good repair and in good working order. 2. Every rope used in hoisting or lowering materials or as a means of suspension shall be of suitable quality and adequate strength and free from patent defect. Article 12 1. Hoisting machines and tackle shall be examined and adequately tested after erection on the site and before use and be re-examined in position at intervals to be prescribed by national laws or regulations. 2. Every chain, ring, hook, shackle, swivel and pulley block used in hoisting or lowering materials or as means of suspension shall be periodically examined. Article 13 1. Every crane driver or hoisting appliance operator shall be properly qualified. 2. No person under the age to be prescribed by national laws or regulations shall be in control of any hoisting machine, including any scaffold winch, or give signals to the operator. Article 14 1. In the case of every hoisting machine and of every chain, ring, hook, shackle, swivel and pulley block used in hoisting or lowering or as a means of suspension the safe working load shall be ascertained by adequate means. 2. Every hoisting machine and all gear referred to in the preceding paragraph shall be plainly marked with the safe working load. 3. In the case of a hoisting machine having a variable safe working load each safe worlung load and the conditions under which it is applicable shall be clearly indicated. Samaj Vikas (&fb!cr samaivikas ore) 203 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Analysis - Final Report - November 2008 4. No part of any hoisting machine or of any gear referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article shall be loaded beyond the safe working load except for the purpose of testing. Article 15 1. Motors, gearing, transmissions, electric wiring and other dangerous parts of hoisting appliances shall be provided with efficient safeguards. 2. Hoisting appliances shall be provided with such means as will reduce to a minimum the risk of the accidental descent of the load. 3. Adequate precautions shall be taken to reduce to a minimum the risk of any part of a suspended load becoming accidentally displaced. Article 16 1. All necessary personal safety equipment shall be kept available for the use of the persons employed on the site and be maintained in a condition suitable for immediate use. 2. The workers shall be required to use the equipment thus provided and the employer shall take adequate steps to ensure proper use of the equipment by those concerned. Article 17 When work is carried on in proximity to any place where there is a risk of drowning, all necessary equipment shall be provided and kept ready for use and all necessary steps shall be taken for the prompt rescue of any person in danger. Article 18 Adequate provision shall be made for prompt first-aid treatment of all injuries likely to be sustained during the course of the work. Samaj Vikas (inPo~a.s:~nlai~:i k:is,cj:g) 204 Annexure 29: Formt for Declaration by Contractor1 Consultant Contract Package: Contract No.: Wehereby declare that we have read and understood the Environmental Management Framework for the Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project. We will implement all the necessary mitigation measures, procure required goods and equipment, provide the required services, build/ construct necessary works, etc. in order to comply with the EMF. The following guidelines (delete the guidelines which are not applicable) given as annexures to the EMF are applicable for our package. Annexure 7: List of projects requiring prior environmental clearance as per EIA Notification 2006 Annexure 8: Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Annexure 11 : Disposal of Reject brine from RO Plant Annexure 14: Sanitary Protection of Water Supply Sources Annexure 15 : Fluoride Mitigation Annexure 16: Guidelines for Sustainability of Groundwater Sources Annexure 17: Selection of Safe Sanitation Technologies and Environmental Considerations in Location of Toilets Annexure 18: Recommended Construction Practice and Pollution Safeguards for Twin Pit Pour Flush Latrines Annexure 19: Guidelines for Safe Sullage Disposal at Household and Community Levels Annexure 20: Guidelines for Community Solid Waste Management Annexure 27: Environmental Performance Indicators Annexure 28: Safety Provisions (Building) Convention, 1937 (No. 62) Signature of Authorized Representative of Contractor1 Consultant Name in Full: Designation: Company Seal Place: Date: Samaj Vikas (~nlbi'crsarnalh IL~>org) 205