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The Documentation of a Prehistoric Rock Art Site on Pine Mountain in Southeastern Kentucky: an Archaeological Contextual Approach

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The Documentation of a Prehistoric Rock Art Site on Pine Mountain in Southeastern Kentucky: an Archaeological Contextual Approach University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 5-2004 The Documentation of a Prehistoric Rock Art Site on Pine Mountain in Southeastern Kentucky: An Archaeological Contextual Approach Anita Spears University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Spears, Anita, "The Documentation of a Prehistoric Rock Art Site on Pine Mountain in Southeastern Kentucky: An Archaeological Contextual Approach. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2004. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/3325 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Anita Spears entitled "The Documentation of a Prehistoric Rock Art Site on Pine Mountain in Southeastern Kentucky: An Archaeological Contextual Approach." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthropology. Jan F. Simek, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Walter E. Klippel, Charles H. Faulkner Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: 1 am submitting herewith a thesis written by Anita Spears entitled "The Documentation of a Prehistoric Rock Art Site on Pine Mountain in Southeastern Kentucky: An Archaeological Contextual Approach." 1 have examined the final paper copy of this thesis for fonn and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillmentof the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthropology. We have read this thesis and recommend hs acceptance: d-61. �- Acceptance�-� for the Council:-1 Vice Chancellor and Dean of Graduate Studies THE DOCUMENTATION OF A PREHISTORIC ROCK ART SITE ON PINE MOUNTAIN IN SOUTHEASTERN KENTUCKY: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXTUAL APPROACH A Thesis Presented for the Master of Arts Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Anita Spears May 2004 Copyright © 2004 by Anita Spears All rights reserved . ... 11 DEDICATION This Thesis is dedicated to those that we miss: My Mom, Betty Sue (Tackett) Kiser: December 10, 1947 - May 23, 200 1 My Aunt, Eartha (Tackett) Deitz, June 15, 1930 - August 17, 2001 My Aunt, Lucy (Tackett) Kraft, June 8, 1942 - January 28, 2000 My Aunt, Elsie (Kiser) Slone, February 3, 1929- November 29, 1993 My Papaw, Wi1Jiam "Bi1l" Tackett, January 23, 1904- January 8, 1986 My Papaw, Noah Kiser, April 12, 1905 - January 7, 1980 My Uncle, Blucher "Boody" Kiser, March 6, 1936- April 23, 1979 To my other aunts and uncles that have passed away, especially Ruby (Newsome) Kiser, Lee Hamilton, Josh Kraft, Charles Henson, and my great-uncle Georgie Hamilton To my cousins that have passed away, especially Sissy (Jona K. Kiser), Cracker (Richard Henson), Stevie Hamilton, Goo (Mark Anthony Slone), and Amos Bryant To my friends that I truly miss, especially Guida Kingrea, Kevin Brewer, Joey Jones, and Bobby Lucas (June 25, 1952- May 14, 2002) lll ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, J wish to thank my Adviser and committee members: Dr. Jan Simek, Dr. Charles Faulkner, and Dr. Walter Klippel for agreeing to be on my committee and for helping me complete my degree requirements. I'd also like to thank Joyce Bender, Kyle Napier, Ron Scott, and Roy Crawford. Without the support of these four people, this . thesis project would not have been possible. Next, I would like to thank all the crew that came out from the Archaeological Research Laboratory (ARL) to do fieldwork with me: Mike Brown, Chad Caswell, Brian Spinney, Brad Creswell, Richard Dale Darby, Elijah Ellerbusch, Kathym McKissick, Howard Haygood, Patrick Brogan, Dan Marcel, Danielle Smith. Others included Andrew Martin (Cultural Resource Analysts), Carletha Kosky (Washburn University, Kansas), Charlie Hanion (National Park Service), and Kinnie Belcher. I'd especially like to thank Kinnie Belcher for teaching me how to cave. He is the best caver in the world and a walking compass underground. Howard Haygood and Jan F. Simek also contributed some of the photos for this thesis. There were also three other crewmembers that I feel totally indebted to for the rest of my life: Paul Pironti, Paul Matchen, and Timothy James Smith. These three guys stayed with me during numerous trips and worked unbelievably hard to complete the archaeologicaland rockshelter surveys, the petroglyph mapping, and the pedestrian surveys. There is absolutely no way that I could have finished without these great guys helping me. IV l would especially like to thank Dr. Fred Coy and Mrs. Emily Coy, Cecil ]son, and Johnny Faulkner. These people have contributed tremendously to Kentucky rock art research, were always available to help me, and are just truly great people. Dr. Nick Herrmann (ARL) generated the transit/petroglyph maps for me and was always helpful. l would like to thank Dr. Boyce Driskell, Director of the Archaeological Research Laboratory (ARL). He always offered encouragement and allowed me to use any ARL equipment any time I needed it. I'd also like to thank the following people for their help and support: Tiffanie, Josh, Steven, Twilia, and Jamsie Coleman, Jim Fowler (my cousin), Rosie Belcher (Kinnie's wife), Rick Murphy, Bill Gibson, Timothy Belcher, Jack Matney, Billy Williams, Mike Steely, Roy Price, Mike Crockett, Thor Bahrman III, Jean Allan, William Sharp, Randy Boedy, Barbara Graham, Dr. Mike Barber, Trent Park, William Hranicky, Dale Co11ins, Dr. Keith Egloff, Dr. Reinaldo Morales, Tommy Charles, Scott Ashcraft, Dr. P. Willey, Dr. William Dickinson, Dr. Paul Parmalee, Dr. Jay Franklin, Alan Cressler, Dr. Richard Jefferies, Dr. Don Linebaugh, Jo Stokes, Carl Shields, Anne Bader, Dan Davis, Charles Hockensmith, Dr. David Pollack, A. Gwynn Henderson, Nancy O'Malley, Patrick Trader, Ed Winkle, Phil Mink, Christina Pappas, Eric Schlarb, Dr. Darlene Applegate, Rick Alvey, .Gail Guymon, Dr. Mike Clark, Dr. Lynn Sullivan, Dr. Leonard Brinkman, Dr. Hal DeSelm, Dr. Judy Sichler, Dr. Sarah Sherwood, Bob Ward, Paul Tacon, John Clegg, and alJ the other great rock art people and archaeologists. I'd like to thank the employees of the Hodges Library, the Map Library, Special Collections, Graduate Student Services, and Human Resources. Three other employees, v Charlene Weaver, Pam Poe, and especially Donna Griffin, of the Anthropology Department, helped me survive my grad school experience. _Other people in my daily life that supported me included my landlord and his lovely daughter, Homer and Gina Mills. My neighbors, Mr. Hawkins, Ms. Payne, and Mr. And Mrs. Jack Farris helped me tremendously with my kids. Unwavering gratitude is expressed to my mentor, Ms. Peggy Davis, at Pikeville College. She always encouraged me and I can remember sitting in her office about 9 years ago repeating that there was no way I could leave my family network with two small children and fulfillmy dream of doing archaeology, especially cave and rock art archaeology. She just as earnestly repeated that I could do it. It has been unimaginably hard and I can only hope that if I ever get the opportunity to teach on a college level, it wiJJ be with the same dedication and caring that she has managed to exude so easily over her years at Pikeville College. Other people associated with PikeviJJe College that I would Jove to thank are Gene Love], Howard Roberts, and Carol Grizzard. Mr. Robbins, Ms. Evans, and Ms. Connie Maddox were always willing to help as well. All of these fine people were the backbone of my college education and I would not have made it without them. From Eastern Kentucky University, I would love to thank Dr. Steve Savage for seeing a little girl come into his office carrying artifacts in baggies, asking a million questions and then smiling happily upon hearing him say, "Yes, it would be possible to be admitted and obtain an undergraduate degree with a major in Anthropology from the University." Fortunately, I didn't scare him to death and after hearing "God Bless America!" about a million times throughout the year, he persevered and I obtained an vi undergraduate degree with a major in Anthropology. He is one of the best and most knowledgeable Professors I have ever met. I'd also like to thank my father, Jarvey, my brother, Greg, my sister, Marita, her husband, Shawn, Willena Moore, my Mamaws, aunts, uncles, cousins, and all the good people in Elkhorn City, Pike County, East Kentucky, and Southwest Virginia for spending numerous hours chatting with me about the Mountain. I'd also like to thank all the students that I taught at Elkhorn City Grade School, Elkhorn City High School, Millard Grade School, Millard High School, and Mullins Elementary while working as a substitute teacher in Pike County. Those children supported and encouraged me in so many ways and never tired of hearing me talk about archaeology and caves. Several of them (Steven Rowe, Cody Gortney, Jordan Looney, and Jacob Gilbert) even accompanied me on the hard treks. I wish every one of them good luck throughout their wonderful lives. I would also like to thank my children: Justin and Matthew. There were many times that Justin "checked Mommy's thesis numbers and pages." Matt constantly reminded me to eat and drink and made me go to bed at night. My boys are my world and they have spent the last few years learning to dread the word 'THESIS!" I can only hope that my literally carrying and dragging them all over Pine Mountain in Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee hasn't turned them against pursuing their own college educations! Suffice it to say, I think they are the best little cavers and archaeologists in the world! Last, but never least, I would like to thank Dr.
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