Hokkien Chinese Borrowings in Tagalog
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PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Se��e� B - No. 71 HOKKIEN CHINESE BORROWINGS IN TAGALOG by Gloria Chan Yap Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacffic Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Yap, G.C. Hokkien Chinese borrowings in Tagalog. B-71, viii + 163 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1980. DOI:10.15144/PL-B71.cover ©1980 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUISTICS is issued through the Lingui6�ie Ci4eie 06 CQnbe44Q and consists of four series: SERIES A - OCCAS IONAL PAPERS SERIES B - MONOGRAPHS SERIES C - BOOKS SERIES V - SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS EDITOR: S.A. Wurm. ASSOCIATE EDITORS: D.C. Laycock, C.L. Voorhoeve, D.T. Tryon, T.E. Dutton. EDITORIAL ADVISERS: B. Bender, University of Hawaii J. Lynch, University of Papua New D. Bradley, University of Melbourne Guinea A. Capell, University of Sydney K.A. McElhanon, University of Texas S. Elbert, University of Hawaii H. McKaughan, University of Hawaii K. Franklin, Summer Institute of P. MUhlhausler, Linacre College, Oxford Linguistics G.N. O'Grady, University of W.W. Glover, Summer Institute of Victoria, B.C. Linguistics A.K. Pawley, University of Hawaii G. Grace, University of Hawaii K. Pike, University of Michigan; Summer M.A.K. Halliday, University of Institute of Linguistics Sydney E.C. POlome, University of Texas A. Healey, Summer Institute of G. Sankoff, Universite de Montreal Linguistics W.A.L. Stokhof, Jakarta L. Hercus, Australian National E. Uhlenbeck, University of Leiden University J.W.M. Verhaar, University of N.D. Liem, University of Hawaii Indonesia, Jakarta ALL CORRESPONDENCE concerning PACI FIC LINGUISTICS, including orders and subscriptions, should be addressed to: The Secretary, PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, Department of Linguistics, School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National university, Canberra , A.C.T. 2600. Australia. Copyright (§) G. Chan Yap. First published 1980. The editors are indebted to the Australian National University for help in the production of this series. This pUblication was made possible by an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund. National Library of Australia Card Number and ISBN 0 85883 225 9 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1 1.0. Preliminary Remark 1 1.1. Background of the Study: Related Literature 2 1.2. The Purpose of the Study 3 1.2.1. Phonological 3 1.2.2. Semantic and Cultural 4 1.3. Scope and Limitations of the Study 4 1.4. Methodology 5 1.4.1. Deciding on the Validity of the Corpus 5 1.4.2. Phonological Analysis 5 1.4.3. Semantic Analysis 6 1.5. Significance of the Study 6 1.6. Plan of the Study 8 Note6 9 CHAPTER 2 - THE PHONOLOGY OF HOKKIEN CHINESE LOANWORDS 12 2.0. Introduction 12 2.1. Generative Phonology Framework 13 2.1.1. Assumptions of Generative Phonology 13 2.1.2. The Phonological Framework 14 2.1.2.1. Levels of Representation 15 2.1.2.2. Morpheme Structure Conditions 15 2.1.2.3. Phonological Rules 16 2.1.3. The Phonetic Framework 16 2.1.3.1. Major Class Features 17 iii iv Page 2.1.3.2. Manner of Articulation Features 18 2.1.3.3. Cavity Features 18 2.1.3.4. Subsidiary Features 19 2.1.3.5. Prosodic Features 20 2.1.3.6. The Binariness of Phonetic Features 20 2.2. Distinctive Features of Tagalog and Hokkien 20 2.2.1. Major Class Features 22 2.2.2. Manner of Articulation Features 23 2.2.3. Cavity Features 23 2.2.4. Vowel Features 24 2.2.5. Subsidiary Features 24 2.2.6. Prosodic Features 25 2.2.7. Summary 25 2.3. Trans-Linguistic Rules of Hokkien Loanwords 28 2.3.1. Detona1isation 28 2.3.2. De-aspiration 30 2.3.3. Bi-segmenta1isation 31 2.3.4. De-nasa1isation 35 2.3.5. G1otta1isation 36 2.3.6. Glide Insertion 36 2.3.7. Glide Substitution 38 2.3.8. Vowel Raising 38 2.3.9. Vowel Cluster Simplification 39 2.3.10. Vowel Epenthesis 41 2.3.11. Metathesis 41 2.3.12. Morpheme Boundary Deletion 42 2.3.13. Order of Trans-linguistic Rules 43 2.3.13.1. Ordered Rules 43 2.3.13.2. Unordered Rules 46 2.4. Morpheme Structure Conditions of Tagalog 46 2.4.1. Condition of Medial Consonants 47 2.4.2. Condition on Syllable Structure 49 2.4.3. Condition on Disyllabic Structure 50 2.5. Phonological Rules of Tagalog 50 2.5.1. Stress Placement Rule 51 2.5.2. Vowel Deletion Rule 52 2.5.3. Palatalisation Rule 52 2.5.4. Nasal Assimilation Rule 53 2.5.5. Degemination Rule 54 2.5.6. Vowel Lowering Rule 55 2.5.7. Ordering of Tagalog Phonological Rules 57 v Page 2.5.7.1. Ordered Rules 57 2.5.7.2. Unordered Rules 58 2.6. Summary 58 Note� 63 CHAPTER 3 - THE SEMANTICS OF HOKKIEN CHINE SE LOANWORDS 69 3.0. Introduction 69 3.1. Domain of Kinship 70 3.1.1. Componential Analysis Applied to Kinship 70 3.1.2. Componential Analysis Applied to Tagalog Kinship Terminology 71 3.1.2.1. Hokkien Loanwords in the Domain of Tagalog Kinship 73 3.1.2.2. Componential Analysis as Index to Linguistic Acculturation 74 3.1.3. Hokkien Kinship System 75 3.1.4. Comparison of Tagalog and Hokkien Kinship Terminologies 82 3.1.4.1. Ego's Siblings Terminology 82 3.1.4.2. Ego's Elder Siblings' Spouses Terminology 86 3.1.4.3. Ego's Parents' Parents 87 3.2. Domain of Cookery 90 3.2.1. Taxonomic Analysis Versus Componential Analysis 90 3.2.2. Taxonomy of Hokkien Loanwords on Cookery 91 3.2.3. Lexical Content of Hokkien Loanwords on Cookery 94 3.2.4. Extended Use of Hokkien Loanwords on Cookery 98 3.2.4.1. Terminology Used 98 3.2.4.2. Proposed Formal Analysis 99 3.2.5. Semantic Shifts of Hokkien Loanwords on Cookery 100 3.3. Hokkien Borrowings and Lexical Acculturation 10 3 3.3.1. The Semantic Domains of Hokkien Loanwords 10 4 3.3.2. Semantic Extensions 10 9 3.4. Summary 110 Notu 113 CHAPTER 4 - CONCLUSION 117 4.0. Introduction 117 4.1. Review of Findings 117 4.2. Manuel's "Chinese Elements in the Tagalog Language" Revisited 120 4.3. Implications for Future Research 125 vi Page Appendix A - Taxonomic Classification of Hokkien Loanwords on Cookery 128 Appendix B - Classification of Hokkien Loanwords by Lexical Categories 130 BibUoglLa.phlj 147 ABSTRACT Hokkien Chinese borrowings in present-day Tagalog are subsumed under the category of dire ct loans or loanwords. Preliminary investigation reveals that there are one hundred and sixty three Hokkien Chinese loan words in present -day Tagalog . These loanwords constitute the data for the phonological and the semantic analyses in this study . The sound changes that have been undergone by the Hokkien Chinese loanwords upon entering the Tagalog language are determined. Such sound changes are then formulated in rules within a generative phonology framework , using distinctive feature analysis . Specifically , the analysi s dealt with the segmentals of Hokkien Chinese and the supra segmentals of tone . Investigation of the latter indicates the non correlation of the five Hokkien tones to Tagalog stress and non-stress . The following kinds of rules emerged: trans-linguistic rules , morpheme structure conditions and phonological rules . Trans-linguistic rules apply to Hokkien words as the latter are borrowed into Tagalog; they are rules that were synchronically present at the time Tagalog acquired the loanwords, therefore , they can also be called 'acquisition rules '. The analysis reveals that trans-linguistic rules , like the regular phono logical rules, are also ordered. The Tagalog morpheme structure conditions and phonological rules discussed are inherent in the linguistic system of Tagalog. A signifi cant finding in relation to morpheme structure conditions is apparent from the analysis , that is , morpheme structure conditions are also ordered; this finding runs counter to the claim that morpheme structure conditions are not ordered. Certain implications are evident from the analysis : (1) it could lead to a typology of borrowings wherein the latter can be classified and categorised on the bases of the number and the complexity of the trans-linguistic as well as the phonological rules of a language they vii viii have undergone ; such a typology would very likely re flect the degree of complexity of a donor language as opposed to a borrowing language or vice versa; (2) loanwords of different kinds , that is , coming from different language systems , can be studied - again using trans-linguistic and phonological rules as bases. Using the generative phonology framework for the analysis of the loanwords has shown that the model can provide valid and logical explanations for seemingly irregular forms , that is, sound correspon dences. It is also evident that the use of distinctive features and binary notat ion has simplified phonological generalisations extensively. The semantic analyses of Hokkien Chinese loanwords in the domains of kinship and cookery yielded certain significant findings of a cross cultural nature . Hokkien loanwords in the domain of kinship are sub Jected to componential analysis , while those in the domain of cookery are subjected to taxonomic analysis. The kin terms used by Ego to I I , I address and to refer to his elder siblings , i.e. kuya, ate, diko, ditse , I I I sa ngko , sa nse and dete, re sult from the inherent importance of the nuclear family within the Tagalog kinship structure . The borrowing of the above kin terms led to the inclusion of the semant ic dimension of borth order in a componential analysis of Tagalog kin terms ; this implies that componential analysis can be used as an additional technique in determining the degree of linguistic acculturation of loanwords .